Using social science knowledge, name three positive consequences of the emergence of global problems of our time.


Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.

In our century, the solution of a number of problems can no longer be limited to the scale of one country, they have to be solved on the scale of our entire planet. Such a perception of the planetary nature of man's relationship with nature first arose in connection with the appearance of the atomic bomb and the threat of a world nuclear war. It is generally accepted that such a war, wherever it may arise, in a few hours could poison the entire globe and end the life of a person. This threat is what makes people refuse to use nuclear weapons.

Now the world population is estimated at 3.7 billion people. If it continues to grow at the same rate (on average 2% per year) as in this century, then in 700 years our planet will be so densely populated that there will be one person for every square meter of the entire surface of the globe. Of course, this is impossible, and the process of increasing human reproduction must be interrupted long before that. When and under what factors this will happen and what civilization will turn into is the most important global problem of the near future.

One of the most important global problems is related to energy, since the use of natural energy resources by people is the main factor determining the level of modern civilization and the well-being of mankind. Now the largest source of raw materials in the energy sector is coal, and if its consumption stops at the current level, then coal reserves will be enough for about a thousand years. Even if humanity does not grow, but per capita energy consumption grows at the same rate as in the last 100 years, then coal reserves will only last 100-150 years. An even closer crisis can be foreseen for other types of raw materials. For example, silver will last within 13-40 years, lead - 20-60 years, etc. (taking into account the use of new, not yet found natural reserves on a fivefold scale).

The depletion of raw materials of some important substances already threatens our generation. And therefore, the solution of issues related to the technical and economic aspect of the problem of "man and nature" should be considered urgent. But here the socio-political aspect immediately arises: due to the global nature, the solution of these issues is impossible on a national scale, it is real only with broad international cooperation based on the principles of peaceful coexistence of states with different social systems.

The next problem - ecological - arises as a result of imbalance in nature due to environmental pollution on the same global scale. The difficulty in solving this problem lies in the fact that the global scale of technical processes at the current level of civilization began to change the environment around us in such a way - pollute the air, water and soil, destroy forests, change natural landscapes - that the biological balance that existed in nature until now can no longer be preserved, and this begins to lead to the death of fauna and flora, which are necessary for the existence of people.

When a shortage of materials and energy resources begins to arise on a global scale and this begins to catastrophically affect the level of people's well-being, then humanity will have no other choice but to start reducing weapons, since the risk of death from aggression will be less real than the danger of death from lack material resources. In addition, since the solution of global problems should take place with close international cooperation, people will begin to feel that they live in a common apartment and that all of humanity has only one common enemy: this is the upcoming global crisis, with which, forgetting all strife, we must begin fight together.

(according to P. L. Kapitsa)

Explanation.

1) the answer to the first question:

Under the global problems of mankind, the author understands the problems that cannot be solved by the efforts of one country, and the solution of which is possible only on the scale of the entire planet;

2) answer to the second question:

The author connects the awareness of the global scale of human impact on nature with the appearance of atomic weapons and the threat of the termination of life on Earth as a result of an atomic war.

What three categories of global problems of mankind are named in the text? Based on social science knowledge, name another category of global problems of mankind that is not indicated in the text.

Explanation.

A correct answer must contain the following elements:

Demographic;

environmental;

Energy (the problem of depletion of raw materials);

2) among those not named in the text, the following categories of global problems can also be given:

Socio-economic (the problem of uneven economic development of different regions, the problem of poverty, uncontrolled migration);

Political (the threat of world terrorism, the threat of nuclear war);

3) change in natural landscapes (for example, the reduction in the area of ​​the Aral Sea; soil erosion as a result of improper management during the development of virgin lands in the USSR).

Explanation.

The following consequences can be given:

1) a lack of resources will lead to a reduction in armaments among countries;

2) the need to solve global problems of our time contributes to the development of international cooperation;

3) the need to find ways to solve the global problems of our time contributes to the development of science and technology.

Other positive effects can be cited.

A partner is not only someone with whom we share a bed or a dining table, it is a person with whom we have decided to build a life and a family.

When problems arise in a relationship, it becomes fairly obvious. However, we are often reluctant to see or admit that things are going wrong or that we are unhappy. In this article, we will give you some clues and signs to look out for in order to tell you that your relationship is not the way you would like it to be.

Important relationship issues

1. Lack of communication

Communication is perhaps the most important key to all relationships. We need the support of a partner, including understanding and attention.

Here are some signs that our relationship is lacking in communication: our words are not heard, the partner does not look us in the eye, and we are not able to build an open and constructive dialogue. And if we talk, we only do what we argue and quarrel. These are the situations that most often push couples apart because there is no longer the support that was there in the past. In this case, our emotions may fade or too many resentments prevent a sincere dialogue.

Note that sometimes the lack of communication is also due to periods of high stress. Work, for example, can take up so much time that it is almost not enough for a partner, making communication difficult. Keep this in mind and never neglect this most important component of our relationship.

2. Lack of enthusiasm when it comes to planning

There may come a time when we notice a lack of enthusiasm when it comes to leisure activities together: going out to restaurants, relaxing on the weekends… We may even notice a certain monotony of life or notice that our partner does not look at us with the same favor as before. . The magic is being lost and we don't know why.

We must be attentive to how our partner reacts when we propose something - something for the future that both of you would like to do. If the partner reacts coldly and does not seem to be entirely interested in what we are talking about, we should ask ourselves what is wrong. Maybe something has changed. An important sign of this is the lack of enthusiasm.

3. If there are more tears than joy

Bad things do happen in life. Love sometimes goes through a difficult period, and relationships require effort and sacrifice. But be careful, if there comes a time when you have only reasons to be sad, and rarely rejoice, little by little this will take its toll on your emotional health. This is a negative sign.

There are couples who love each other very much but fail to make each other happy. We must take care of relationships and do our best to make them healthy and successful. But if your efforts don't equal those of your partner, you may end up feeling bad about yourself. You cannot carry this burden on your own shoulders and in your heart. In a relationship, there are two people - both must work.

4. When trust disappears

5. When we are no longer important

Relationships require that both partners recognize the importance of each other, that their problems are common problems, that their well-being is important to both. If the day comes when we notice that we are no longer important in our partner's life, suffering and disappointment follow.

Factors such as our work, personal space, and hobbies are also important in a relationship, but the person we love should always come first and be the one we care about first. If there comes a time when we put other people or work ahead of our partner, then we will have relationship problems.

Remember that any time you notice signs of relationship problems, you should talk to your partner about it. Sometimes there are external factors that need to be considered and addressed. For example, difficulties at work, as well as economic or personal problems, can lead to relationship instability. But with trust, love and communication, you can overcome them.

Systematic problem solving Yury Nikolaevich Lapygin

Chapter 6

Chapter 6

If we delve deep enough into the problem, we are bound to see ourselves as part of the problem.

Ducharme's axiom

It is believed that one of the most pressing challenges facing organizations is to find the right people who can be trained to deal effectively with any problems.

However, such a formulation of the question does not take into account the fact that the key to a qualitative solution to any problem will be its identification and analysis, since the successful solution of the “wrong” problem has even more detrimental consequences than complete inactivity. Or, as Winnie the Pooh used to say, “if you choose the wrong problem, then after you solve it - if you solve it - you still have to solve the right one, right?”.

To clarify the essence of the problem in the search, tools such as identifying a critical difficulty, checklist, Pareto chart are often used.

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    The concept, signs and types of global problems.

    North-South problem;

    The problem of poverty;

    food problem;

    Energy problem;

    The problem of ecology and sustainable development;

    demographic problem;

    The problem of the development of the oceans.

    Ways to solve global problems of our time

    The concept, signs and types of global problems.

Under global problems of our time one should understand the totality of problems on the solution of which the further existence of civilization depends.

Global problems are generated by the uneven development of different areas of the life of modern mankind and the contradictions generated in the socio-economic, political, ideological, socio-natural and other relations of people. These problems affect the life of mankind as a whole.

Global problems of mankind- these are problems that affect the vital interests of the entire population of the planet and require the joint efforts of all states of the world for their solution.

Signs of global problems:

    global character, i.e. affect the interests and destinies of all (or at least the majority) of mankind;

    the threat to humanity of a serious regression in the conditions of life and the further development of the productive forces (or even the death of human civilization as such);

    the need for an urgent and immediate solution;

    interconnected:

    joint actions of the entire world community are needed to solve

The global problems of our time include:

    the North-South problem;

    the problem of poverty;

    food problem;

    energy problem;

    the problem of ecology and sustainable development;

    demographic problem;

    the problem of human development;

    the problem of the development of the oceans.

This set is not permanent, and as human civilization develops, the understanding of existing global problems changes, their priority is adjusted, and new global problems arise (space exploration, weather and climate control, etc.).

2. North-South problem

North-South problem- This is the problem of economic relations between developed countries and developing ones.

Its essence lies in the fact that in order to overcome the gap in the levels of socio-economic development between developed and developing countries, the latter require various concessions from developed countries, in particular, expanding the access of their products to the markets of developed countries, increasing the flow of knowledge and capital (especially in the form of assistance), debt relief, etc.

The backwardness of developing countries is potentially dangerous not only at the local, regional and interregional levels, but also for the global economic system as a whole. The backward South is its integral part and, therefore, its economic, political and social problems will inevitably find and are already finding manifestation outside. Concrete evidence of this can, for example, be large-scale forced migration from developing countries to developed ones, as well as the spread in the world of both new and previously considered infectious diseases. That is why the North-South problem can be legitimately interpreted as one of the global problems of our time.

New international economic order

The North-South problem began to receive international resonance in the second half of 60s 20th century. after a broad wave of decolonization, which led to the development concepts of a new international economic order and a movement among the developing countries for that order.

The key ideas behind this concept were:

    firstly, the creation of a preferential regime for participation in international economic relations for developing countries

    secondly, the provision of assistance by developed countries to developing countries on a stable, predictable basis and in volumes corresponding to the scale of the socio-economic problems of these countries, as well as alleviating their debt burden.

As a result, the movement for the establishment of a new international economic order was defeated, but North-South problem remains.

Ways to solve the North-South problem

There are three ways to solve the North-South problem:

    liberal;

    anti-globalization;

    structuralist.

Supporters liberal approach adhere to the point of view that it is precisely the inability to establish a modern market mechanism in the national economies of developing countries that prevents these countries from overcoming backwardness and taking their rightful place in the international division of labor. In their opinion, developing states should adhere to the course of ensuring macroeconomic stability, economic liberalization and privatization of state property, i.е. Washington Consensus. In recent decades, the liberal approach has been quite clearly expressed in the positions of many developed countries at multilateral negotiations on foreign economic issues.

Anti-globalists they believe that the modern system of international economic relations is unequal, and the world economy is largely controlled by international monopolies, which in turn makes it possible for the North to actually exploit the South. Arguing that the developed countries are deliberately seeking to reduce the level of world prices for raw materials, while overestimating the prices of processed goods, anti-globalists demand a radical revision of the entire system of North-South economic relations in favor of developing countries in a strong-willed manner. In other words, they act in modern conditions as ultra-radical followers of the supporters of the concept of a new international economic order.

Structuralists agree that the existing the system of international economic relations creates serious difficulties for developing countries. But unlike anti-globalists, they admit that without structural changes in the developing countries themselves, ensuring sectoral diversification of their economies, and increasing their competitiveness, it is simply impossible to change the position of these countries in the international division of labor. The existing system of international economic relations, in their opinion, needs to be reformed, but in such a way that the changes introduced into it facilitate the implementation of reforms in the developing states themselves. As a result, in multilateral economic negotiations, supporters of this approach insist that developed countries take into account the peculiarities and objective difficulties of the economic growth of developing countries and the expansion of the system of trade preferences for them by developed countries. It is this balanced approach to the North-South problem that in modern conditions is increasingly recognized by the international community, and it is with its implementation that it is legitimate to associate the prospects for solving the problem of economic relations between developed and developing countries.

The global problems of mankind affect our planet as a whole. Therefore, all peoples and states are engaged in their solution. This term appeared in the late 60s of the XX century. Currently, there is a special scientific branch that deals with the study and solution of global problems of mankind. It is called globalization.

Scientific specialists from various fields work in this area: biologists, soil scientists, chemists, physicists, geologists. And this is no coincidence, because the global problems of mankind are complex in nature and their appearance does not depend on any one factor. On the contrary, it is very important to take into account the economic, political and social changes taking place in the world. Life on the planet in the future depends on how correctly the modern global problems of mankind will be solved.

You need to know: some of them have existed for a long time, others, quite “young”, are connected with the fact that people began to negatively affect the world around them. Because of this, for example, the environmental problems of mankind have appeared. They can be called the main difficulties of modern society. Although the problem of environmental pollution itself appeared a long time ago. All varieties interact with each other. Often one problem leads to another.

Sometimes it happens that the global problems of mankind can be solved and completely get rid of them. First of all, this concerns epidemics that threatened the lives of people on the entire planet and led to their mass death, but then they were stopped, for example, with the help of the invented vaccine. At the same time, completely new problems are emerging that were previously unknown to society, or already existing ones are growing to a world level, for example, the depletion of the ozone layer. The cause of their occurrence is human activity. The problem of environmental pollution allows you to see this very clearly. But in other cases, too, there is a clear tendency for people to influence the misfortunes that befall them and threaten their existence. So, what are the problems of humanity that have planetary significance?

environmental disaster

It is caused by daily environmental pollution, depletion of terrestrial and water resources. All these factors together can accelerate the onset of an environmental catastrophe. Man considers himself the king of nature, but at the same time does not seek to preserve it in its original form. This is hindered by industrialization, which is proceeding at a rapid pace. By negatively influencing its habitat, mankind destroys it and does not think about it. No wonder pollution standards have been developed that are regularly exceeded. As a result, the environmental problems of mankind may become irreversible. To avoid this, we must pay attention to the preservation of flora and fauna, try to save the biosphere of our planet. And for this it is necessary to make production and other human activities more environmentally friendly so that the impact on the environment is less aggressive.

demographic problem

The world's population is growing at a rapid pace. And although the “population explosion” has already subsided, the problem still remains. The situation with food and natural resources is deteriorating. Their stocks are shrinking. At the same time, the negative impact on the environment is increasing, it is impossible to cope with unemployment and poverty. There are difficulties with education and health care. The solution of the global problems of humanity of this nature was undertaken by the UN. The organization created a special plan. One of his items is the family planning program.

Disarmament

After the creation of a nuclear bomb, the population tries to avoid the consequences of its use. For this, treaties between countries on non-aggression and disarmament are signed. Laws are being adopted to ban nuclear arsenals and stop the arms trade. The presidents of the leading states hope in this way to avoid the outbreak of the Third World War, as a result of which, as they suspect, all life on Earth can be destroyed.

Food problem

In some countries, the population is experiencing food shortages. The people of Africa and other third countries of the world are especially affected by hunger. To solve this problem, two options have been created. The first is aimed at ensuring that pastures, fields, fishing zones gradually increase their area. If you follow the second option, it is necessary not to increase the territory, but to increase the productivity of existing ones. For this, the latest biotechnologies, methods of land reclamation, and mechanization are being developed. High-yielding varieties of plants are being developed.

Health

Despite the active development of medicine, the emergence of new vaccines and drugs, humanity continues to get sick. Moreover, many ailments threaten the lives of the population. Therefore, in our time, the development of methods of treatment is actively conducted. Substances of modern design are created in laboratories for effective immunization of the population. Unfortunately, the most dangerous diseases of the 21st century - oncology and AIDS - remain incurable.

The ocean problem

Recently, this resource is not only actively explored, but also used for the needs of mankind. As experience shows, it can provide food, natural resources, energy. The ocean is a trade route that helps restore communication between countries. At the same time, its reserves are used unevenly, military operations are conducted on its surface. In addition, it serves as a base for the disposal of waste, including radioactive waste. Mankind is obliged to protect the wealth of the World Ocean, avoid pollution, and rationally use its gifts.

Space exploration

This space belongs to all mankind, which means that all nations should use their scientific and technical potential to explore it. For the deep study of space, special programs are being created that use all modern achievements in this area.

People know that if these problems do not disappear, the planet may die. But why do many do not want to do anything, hoping that everything will disappear, “dissolve” by itself? Although, in truth, such inaction is better than the active destruction of nature, the pollution of forests, water bodies, the destruction of animals and plants, especially rare species.

It is impossible to understand the behavior of such people. It would not hurt them to think about what to live, if, of course, it is still possible, on a dying planet their children and grandchildren will have to. You should not count on the fact that someone will be able to rid the world of difficulties in a short time. The global problems of humanity can only be solved jointly if all of humanity makes an effort. The threat of destruction in the near future should not frighten. Best of all, if she can stimulate the potential inherent in each of us.

Do not think that it is difficult to cope with the world's problems alone. From this it seems that it is useless to act, thoughts appear about powerlessness in the face of difficulties. The point is to join forces and help the prosperity of at least your city. Solve the little problems of your habitat. And when every person on Earth begins to have such responsibility to himself and his country, large-scale, global problems will also be solved.