Director of the Central Supplies "Burevestnik", which is part of the Uralvagonzavod concern, George Transzyna He stated the KADEX-2016 arms exhibition held in Kazakhstan that by 2017 a prototype of the self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery complex "Deriviation-Air Defense" will be ready. The complex will be used in military air defense.

In 2015, the international exhibition of Arms Arms Expo-2015 armored vehicles in Nizhny Tagil, this statement may seem strange. Because even then the complex was demonstrated with exactly the same name - "Deriviation-Air Defense". It was built on the basis of BMP-3, produced at the Kurgan Machine-Building Plant. And the uninhabited tower was equipped with exactly the same 57 mm caliber instrument.

However, it was the prototype created in the framework of the Deriviation OCD. Head Developer, TsNII "Petrel", chassis, apparently not arranged. And in a prototype, which will go to government tests, will be a chassis created on Uralvagonzavod. Its type is not reported, but with a high degree of confidence it can be assumed that it will be "armat".

OCD "Deriviation" - the work is extremely relevant. According to developers, the complex in its characteristics will not be equal in the world that we comment below. In the creation of Zack-57, 10 enterprises take part "Deriviation-Air Defense". The main work, as mentioned, performs the Tsevnia "Petrel". It creates a uninhabited combat module. The KB is placed extremely important role. A.E.Nadelman, who developed a managed artillery shell for a 57-mm anti-aircraft gun with a high probability of lesion of the target approaching the indicators of anti-aircraft missiles. The probability of damage to a small-sized target having sound speed, two shells reaches 0.8.

Strictly speaking, the competence of "Wood-airflows" is beyond the scope of the anti-aircraft artillery or an anti-aircraft cannon complex. A 57-mm gun can be used when shooting under ground targets, including armored, as well as the lively enemy. Moreover, despite the extremely notteracurity of developers caused by the interests of secrecy, there are information about the use of the system of anti-tank missiles "Cornet" in the system of armament system. And if you fit here a paired machine gun of a 12.7 mm caliber, then a universal machine is obtained that can affect both air targets, covering the troops from the air, and participate in ground operations as weapons of support.

As for the solution of air defense tasks, Zak-57 is able to work in the near zone with all types of air targets, including drones, winged rockets, shock elements of salvo-fire systems.

At first glance, anti-aircraft artillery is yesterday air defense. The use of SPC is more efficient, in extreme cases - sharing in one complex of the rocket and artillery component. It is not by chance that in the West, the development of anti-aircraft self-propelled installations (ZSS), armed with automatic guns, was discontinued in the 80s. However, Zak-57 developers "Deriviation-Air Defense" managed to significantly increase the effectiveness of artillery firing for air targets. And, given that the costs of the production and operation of self-propelled anti-aircraft guns are significantly lower than that of SPR and SRAP, it is necessary to recognize: the Central Supplement "Petrel" and KB, the exact weapons have developed a highly actual weapon.

Noviza Zak-57 is to use the guns of significantly greater caliber than it was practiced in similar complexes, where the caliber did not exceed 32 mm. Smaller caliber systems do not provide the necessary shooting range and are ineffective when shooting on modern armored objects. But the main advantage of choosing the "wrong" caliber is that due to this it was possible to create a shot with a managed projectile.

This task was not simple. Create such a shell for a 57-mm caliber was much more complicated than to develop such an ammunition for CAU "Coalition-SV", having an armor of a caliber of 152-mm.

The managed artillery projectile (WAS) was created on the KB to the exacting system under an artillery system based on the P-60 gun, created in the mid-40s.

The UAS glider is made according to the "Duck" aerodynamic scheme. Charge and shot diagram is similar to full-time ammunition. The cover of the projectile consists of 4 wings laid in the sleeve, which deflect the steering drive located in the nasal part of the projectile. It works from the incident air flow. The photodetector of the laser radiation system of targeting the target is located in the end part and is closed by the pallet, which is separated in flight.

The mass of the BC is 2 kilograms, an explosive - 400 grams, which corresponds to the mass of the second-handed artillery shell of a caliber of 76 mm. Especially for Zak-57 "Deriviation-Air Defense" is also developed by a multifunctional projectile with a remote fuse, whose features are not disclosed. Star shells of 57 mm caliber are also used - fragant tracing and armor-piercing.

UAS is shot from the cutting trunk in the direction on the target or in the estimated preemptive point. Guidance is conducted on a laser beam. Shooting range - from 200 m to 6-8 km on piloted targets and up to 3-5 km on unmanned.

To detect, tracking the purpose of and guide the projectile, a television control system is used with automatic capture and tracking, equipped with a laser rangefinder and a laser guidance channel. The optoelectronic control system ensures the use of the complex at any time of the day with any weather. There is a possibility of shooting not only from the place, but also with the go.

The cannon has high rapidity, making up to 120 shots per minute. The process of reflection of air attacks is fully automatic - from finding a target before selecting the required ammunition and shooting. Air targets with flight speed up to 350 m / s are affected in the circular horizontal zone. The range of archery angles vertically - from minus 5 degrees to 75 degrees. The height of the flight of the resulting objects reaches 4.5 kilometers. Legging terrestrial objects are destroyed at a distance of up to 3 kilometers.

The advantages of the complex should also be attributed to its low weight - a little over 20 tons. What contributes to high maneuverability, passability, speed and buoyancy.

In the absence of competitors

It is impossible to argue that Deriviation-Air Defense in the Russian army will not be replaced by any similar weapon. Because the nearest analogue is an anti-aircraft self-propelled installation on the caterpillar chassis "Shilka" hopelessly outdated. It was created in 1964 and a dozen three years was quite relevant, releaseing from four caliber of 23 mm 3400 shells per minute. But low and not far. And the accuracy left much to be desired. Even the introduction into the target radar system in one of the latest modifications did not significantly affect accuracy.

Already one decade, either SPR or SRRK, where the guns are used as a low-range air defense. To this kind of mixed complexes, we belong to Tunguska and Poles-C1. Deriviation gun is more effective than rapid tools of smaller calibers of both complexes. However, even slightly exceeds the indicators of Tunguska missiles, adopted in 1982. The rocket is completely new "Pacre-C1", of course, out of competition.

Anti-aircraft missile complex "Tunguska" (photo: Vladimir Sindev / Tass)

As for the situation on the other side of the border, then if somewhere "clean" self-propelled anti-aircraft guns are operated, they were created mainly during the period of the first flights into space. This includes American SSA M163 "Volcano", adopted in 1969. In the US "Volcano" is already written off, but it continues to be operated in the army of a number of countries, including Israel.

In the mid-1980s, the Americans decided to replace M163 new, more efficient SSA M247 "Sergeant York". If it were adopted, the constructors of the "volcano" would be taken away. However, the manufacturers of M247 were drawn up, since such monstrous design flaws were revealed on the experience of exploitation of the first fifty installations that "Sergeant York" was immediately sent on peace.

Another ZSU continues to be operated in the army of its country's country - in Germany. This is "Cheetah" - created on the basis of a leopard tank, in connection with which it has a very solid weight - more than 40 tons. Instead of paired, quad, etc. zenith guns, which is traditionally for this type of weapon, has two independent guns from two sides of the gun tower. Accordingly, two fire management systems are used. "Cheetah" is able to strike a strongly armored technique, for which 20 subcalacer shells are included in the amplifier. Here, perhaps, the whole overview of foreign analogues.

Zras "Cheetah" (photo: wikimedia)

Moreover, it is necessary to add that against the background "Deriviation-air defense" pale looks a whole range of well-modern SRRK. That is, their anti-aircraft missiles do not reach the possibilities to the Wash, created in the KB of the point. Such, for example, belongs to the American LAV-AD complex, which is in service with the US Army since 1996. He is armed with eight "stinger", and a 25-mm gun shooting at a distance of 2.5 km, he inherited from the Blyzer complex of the 80s.

In conclusion, it is necessary to answer the question that the skeptics are ready to ask: why create a type of weapons if everything in the world refused the world? Yes, because, according to the efficiency of Zack-57, there is little different from the SPC and at the same time its production and operation are significantly cheaper. In addition, the ammunition of shells includes significantly more than rockets.

Ttx "Deriviation-Air Defense", "Shilka", M163 "Volcano", M247 "Sergeant York", "Cheetah"

Caliber, mm: 57 - 23 - 20 - 40 - 35

Number of trunks: 1 - 4 - 6 - 2 - 2

Footing range, km: 6 ... 8 - 2.5 - 1.5 - 4 - 4

Limit height of affected goals, km: 4.5 - 1.5 - 1.2 - N / d - 3

Rapidity, squandering / min: 120 - 3400 - 3000 - N / d - 2 × 550

Number of shells in ammunition: N / D - 2000 - 2100 - 580 - 700

It is difficult to shoot on a moving tank. Quickly and accurately should artillery led the gun, quickly charge, as soon as possible to release a shell for a projectile.

You were convinced that when shooting at a moving goal, almost every time before the shooting, it is necessary to change the instrument of guns depending on the movement of the target. At the same time, it is necessary to shoot with the absorption so that the shell flew is not where the target is at the time of the shot, and in the point to which the target should be approached and simultaneously flying a projectile. Only then, as they say, the task of meeting the projectile will be solved with the aim of.

But the enemy appeared in the air. The opponent aircraft help their troops, attacking from above. Obviously, our artilleryrs should give a decisive oppositor to the enemy and in this case. They have rapid and powerful guns that successfully cope with armored cars - with tanks. Is it possible to hit the anti-tank gun from the anti-tank gun - this fragile car, which is clearly shattered on the cloudless sky?

At first glance it may seem that it makes no sense to even put such a question. After all, the anti-tank gun, with whom you are already familiar, can throw projectiles to a distance of 8 kilometers, and to airplanes, attacking infantry, the distance can be much smaller. As if in these new conditions, shooting over the aircraft will be little different from the firing on the tank.

However, in reality it is not at all. Shoot the aircraft is much more difficult than on the tank. Airplanes may unexpectedly appear in any direction regarding the gun, while the direction of movement of tanks is often limited to various types of obstacles. Airplanes flour at high speed, reaching 200-300 meters per second, the speed of the movement of tanks on the battlefield (376) usually does not exceed 20 meters per second. From here and the duration of the stay of the aircraft under the fire of artillery is also small - approximately 1-2 minutes or even less. It is clear that for firing on airplanes, we need tools that have a very large turnover and rapidity.

As we will see on, determine the position of the target in the air is much more complicated than the goals moving on the ground. If when shooting on a tank is enough to know the range and direction, then when shooting, you need to take into account the height of the goal. The latter circumstance greatly makes it difficult to solve the task of the meeting. To successfully shoot air targets, you have to enjoy special devices that help to quickly solve the complex meeting task. Without these devices, it is impossible to do here.

But let's say that you still decided to shoot the aircraft from a familiar 57 mm anti-tank gun. You are her commander. The opponent aircraft rushing to you at a height of about two kilometers. You quickly decide to meet them with fire, realizing that you can't lose one second. After all, over each second, the enemy approaches you at least one hundred meters.

You already know that with any shooting, first of all, you need to know the distance to the target, range to it. How to determine the range to the aircraft?

It turns out that this is not easy. Recall that the distance to the tanks of the enemy you determined quite accurately to the eye; You knew the terrain, you represented how far away the selected local items - landmarks. Using these guidelines, you were determined at what distance from you is the goal.

But there are no objects in the sky, no landmarks. Determine on the eye, a plane is far or close, at what height it flies, it is very difficult: you can make a mistake not only on a hundred meters, but even 1-2 kilometers. And for the opening of fire, you need to determine the range to the goal with greater accuracy.

You quickly take binoculars and decide to determine the range to the enemy aircraft along its corner size with the help of a binocular grid.

It is not easy to bring the binoculars to a small goal in the sky: a little bit the hand, and the caught was the plane disappears from the field of view of binoculars. But now, almost by chance you manage to catch the moment when the binoculant grid just follows the aircraft (Fig. 326). At this point, you define the distance to the aircraft.

You see: the plane occupies a little more than half of the small division of the grid - in other words, the span of his wings visible at an angle of 3 "thousands". On the outlines of the aircraft, you learned that this is a fighter-bomber; The scope of the wings of such an aircraft is approximately 15 meters. (377)

Without thinking, you decide that the range to the aircraft is 5000 meters (Fig. 327), calculating the range, you understand, do not forget about the time: your view is falling on the second clock arrow, and you remember the moment when you have determined the range to the aircraft .

You are quickly serving the team: "By plane. Shard grenade. Sight 28.

The gunner snorkeling performs your team. Turning an instrument towards the aircraft, he quickly twists the flywheel of the lifting mechanism, without tearing away the eyes from the eyepiece tube panorama.

You think alarming seconds. When you commanded the sight, you took into account that the preparation of the guns to the shot will need about 15 seconds (this is the so-called cost-time time), and the projectile flight to the target is about 5 seconds. But for these 20 seconds the aircraft will have time to approach 2 thousand meters. Therefore, you and commanded the sight for 5, but by 3 thousand meters. It means that if the tool is not ready for the shot after 15 seconds, if the gunner is late to put the gun, then all your calculations will go to the pump, - the gun will send a projectile to the point that the plane has already flown.

Only 2 seconds remained, and the gunner still works as a flywheel of the lifting mechanism.

Faster caress! - You shout with the gun.

But at that moment the handproof hand stops. The lifting mechanism no longer acts: the tool is given the highest elevation angle for it, but the target is an airplane - not visible in panorama.

The aircraft is located outside the reeling zone of the gun. 326): Your instrument cannot (378)


hit the aircraft, since the trajectory of the projectile of the anti-tank gun rises not higher than one and a half kilometers, and the plane flies at a height of two kilometers. Increase the reach zone does not allow you to lift mechanism; He is so arranged that the angle of exaltation is impossible to the tool more than 25 degrees. From this and "dead funnel", then-there is a non-rigneled part of the space above the gun, it turns out very large (see Fig. 328). If the plane penetrates into a "dead funnel", he can fly over a gun with impunity even at an altitude less than one and a half kilometers.

In this dangerous moment for you around the aircraft, hassmen unexpectedly appear from the breakdowns of the shells, and you hear the rear fire of guns. This is airy enemy special guns designed to shoot air targets - anti-aircraft guns. Why did they manage the fact that for your anti-tank gun turned out to be unbearable?

From an anti-aircraft machine

You decided to go to the firing position of the zenith guns to see how they shoot.

When you still approached the position, you have already paid attention to the fact that the trunks of these guns were directed upwards almost vertically.

You involuntarily flashed my thought - and whether it was possible and the barrel of the anti-tank cannon somehow put at a large elevation angle, for example, to impose land for this under the coupling or lift the guns of the gun. This sooner and "adapt" for firing for air targets, field 76-millimeter guns of the 1902 sample. These cannon put on the wheels not to the ground, but on special stands - anti-aircraft machines of primitive design (Fig. 329). Thanks to this machine, the tool could be given a significantly greater angle of elevation, and therefore, and eliminate the main obstacle that did not allow from the usual "ground" gun to shoot an air enemy.

The anti-aircraft machine gave the opportunity not only to highly raise the trunk, but also to quickly turn all the gun in any direction to the full circle. (379)

However, the "adapted" instrument had many flaws. Such an instrument had a significant "dead funnel" (Fig. 330); True, she was smaller than the gun that standing right on Earth.

In addition, the gun raised to the anti-aircraft machine, although there was a ability to throw projectiles to a large height (up to 3-4 kilometers), but at the same time, due to an increase in the smallest elevation angle, a new drawback appeared - "Dead Sector" (see . Fig. 330). As a result of this zone of reaching the gun, despite the decrease in the "dead funnel", increased slightly.

At the beginning of the First World War (in 1914), "adapted" guns were the only means of combating aircraft, which then



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fly over the battlefield relatively low and at low speed. Of course, these guns would be completely unable to fight modern aircraft that fly significantly higher and faster.

In fact, if the plane flew at an altitude of 4 kilometers, he would have been fully safe. And if he flew at a speed of 200 meters per second at an altitude of 2 1/2-3 kilometers, he would have passed the entire zone of reaching a length of 6-7 kilometers (not counting the "dead funnel") for no more than 30 seconds. In such a short period of time, the "adapted" tool at best would have time to produce only 2-3 shots. Yes, it would not be able to shoot. After all, in those days, there were no automatic devices that quickly decide the task of the meeting, so it was necessary to use special tables and graphs to determine the settings, it was necessary to produce various calculations, submit commands, manually install commanded divisions on the aimed tools, manually open and close the shutter when Charged, and all this was a lot of time. Besides, the shooting was then not distinguished by sufficient accuracy. It is clear that in such conditions it was impossible to count on success.

"Adapted" guns were used throughout World War II. But even then special anti-aircraft guns began to appear, which possessed the best ballistic qualities. The first anti-aircraft gun of the 1914 sample was created on the Putilovsky factory by the Russian designer F. F. Lender.

Aviation development went fast forward. In this regard, anti-aircraft guns were continuously improved.

For decades, after the end of the Civil War, we had new, even more advanced samples of anti-aircraft guns, capable of casting their shells to height even more than 10 kilometers. And thanks to the automatic fire management devices, modern anti-aircraft guns have acquired the ability to shoot a shooting very quickly and accurately.

Anti-aircraft guns

But you came to the firing position, where there are anti-aircraft guns. See how shooting is conducted from them (Fig. 331).

Before you, the 85-millimeter anti-aircraft guns of the 1939 sample. First of all, the position of the long stems of these cannons is striking: they are directed almost vertically upwards. Put the barrel of the anti-aircraft gun in such a position allows its lifting mechanism. Obviously, there is no main obstacle here, because of which you could not shoot at a highly flying aircraft: with the help of the lifting mechanism of your anti-tank gun, you could not give her the desired elevation angle, you remember. (381)

Going closer to the anti-aircraft gun, you notice that it works quite differently than a gun designed for firing ground targets. The anti-aircraft gun has no mills and such wheels like you have guns. The anti-aircraft gun has a four-wheeled metal platform on which the stand is fixed. The platform is fixed on the ground allotted by side supports. In the upper part of the couch, there is a rotating swivel, and the cradle is fixed together with the barrel and anti-tilt devices. The swivel and lifting mechanisms are mounted on the swivel.


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The swivel mechanism of the gun is designed so that it allows you to quickly and without much effort to turn the barrel to the right and left to any angle, on the full circle, then-there is a gun that has a horizontal shelling by 360 degrees; At the same time, the platform with a table always remains fixed in their place.

With the help of the lifting mechanism, acting easily and smoothly, you can also quickly give a cannon any angle of elevation from -3 degrees (below the horizon) to +82 degrees (above the horizon). The gun can really shoot almost steeply up, in Zenith, and therefore it is called a sense with full right.


When shooting from such a gun "Dead funnel", it turns out quite insignificant (Fig. 332). The opponent's plane, penetrating into the "dead funnel", quickly comes out of it and again falls into the amazed space. In fact, at an altitude of 2000 meters, the diameter of the "dead funnel" is approximately 400 meters, and to pass this distance, the modern aircraft you only need 2-3 seconds.

What are the features of the shooting of anti-aircraft guns and how is this shooting?

First of all, we note that it is impossible to predict where the enemy aircraft will appear and in which direction it will fly. Therefore, it is impossible to put the guns in the target in advance. And yet, if a goal appears, it immediately needs to open fire on the defeat, and for this it takes a cleaner to quickly determine the direction of firing, the angle of elevation and installing the fuse. However, it is not enough to determine these data once, they must be determined continuously and very quickly, since the position of the aircraft in space changes all the time. Also, these data should be transmitted to the firing position so that the tools cannot be shifted at the right moments. (383)

Previously, it was already said that to determine the situation of the target in the air, two coordinates are not enough: In addition to the range and direction (horizontal azimuth), you need to know another target height (Fig. 333). In anti-aircraft artillery, the range and height of the goals are determined in meters using a rangefinder-high-volume (Fig. 334). The direction on the target, or the so-called horizontal azimuth, is also determined using a rangefinder-high-volume or special optical instruments, for example, it can be determined using the TZK commander's anti-aircraft pipe or the BI commander tube (Fig. 335). The azimuth is counted in the "thousandth" from the direction south against the course of the clockwise.

You already know that if you shoot at that point where the plane is located at the time of the shot, it will turn out to be a slip, since during the flight of the projectile the plane will have time to move away for a considerable distance from the place where the gap will occur. Obviously, guns must send shells to another,



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in the "preconnected" point, then-there is where the projectile and flying plane should be met by calculations.


Suppose our weapon is induced in the so-called "current" point A. B, then-there is a point in which the plane will be at the time of the shot (Fig. 336). During the flight of the projectile, then-there is to the moment of its gap at the point A. in, the plane will have time to move to the point BUT y. From here it is clear that to defeat the target you need to send an instrument to the point BUT Y Align \u003d "Right"\u003e and give a shot at the moment when the plane is still at the current point BUT in.

The path passing by the aircraft from the current point BUT in to a point BUT In, in this case, is a "pretented" point, it is not difficult to determine if you know the flight time of the projectile ( t.) and aircraft speed ( V.); The product of these quantities and will give the desired path ( S \u003d Vt.). {385}

Sheard flight time ( t.) A shooting can determine the tables available from it. The speed of the aircraft ( V.) You can define an eye or graphically. This is done like this.

With the help of optical observation instruments used in anti-aircraft artillery, the coordinates of the point in which the plane is at the moment, and the point is applied to the tablet - the projection of the aircraft on the horizontal plane. After some time (for example, after 10 seconds), the coordinates of the aircraft are again determined - they are already different, as the aircraft moved during this time. The tablet is applied and this second point. Now it remains to measure the distance on the tablet between these two points and divide it on the "observation time", then-there is a number of seconds that passed between two dimensions. This is the speed of the aircraft.

However, all these data for calculating the position of the "pretented" point is not enough. It is necessary to take into account the "Working Time", then-there is the time required to fulfill all the preparatory work for the shot



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(Processing guns, ticking, etc.). Now, knowing the so-called "deficient time", consisting of "standby time" and "flight time" (service time of the projectile), you can solve the message of the meeting - to find the coordinates of the preemptive point, then-there is a pretense horizontal range and auction azimuth (Fig. 337) with unchanged target height.

Solving the task of the meeting, as can be seen from the previous reasoning, it is based on the assumption that the goal for "due time" moves on the same height in direct direction and at the same speed. By making such an assumption, we do not make a big mistakes in the calculations, as for "due time", calculated by seconds, the goal does not have time to change the height of the flight, the direction and speed so so that this is significantly reflected on the shooting accuracy. It is also clear that, the smaller the "due time", the more accurate shooting.

But artilleryrs shooting from 85-millimeter anti-aircraft guns does not have to make calculations to solve the meeting task. This task is completely solved using a special device for controlling artillery anti-aircraft fire, or, abbreviated Poazo. This device specifies quite quickly determines the coordinates of the preemptive point and produces the installations of the gun and the fuse for firing at this point.

Poazo - an indispensable assistant Zenitchik

We will come closer to Poazo's instrument and see how they use it.

You see a large quadrangle box installed on the end (Fig. 338).

At first glance, you are convinced that this device has a very complex design. You see many different details on it: scales, discs, flywheels with handles, etc. Poazo is a special kind of counting machine that automatically and accurately produces all the necessary calculations. Of course, it is clear to you that this car itself cannot solve a difficult task of a meeting without the participation of people well-knowledgeable technique. These people, specialists of their work, are located near Poazo, surround it from all sides.

On one side of the device there are two people - azimuth gunner and height installer. The gunner looks into the eyepiece of azimuthal vizier and rotates the flywheel of the azimuth guidance. He holds the goal all the time on the vertical line of the Vizier, as a result of which the coordinates of the "current" azimuth are continuously produced in the instrument. Height installer, working as a flywheel located on the right of azimuthal (387)

>
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vizier, sets on a special scale against a pointer a commanded height of the goal flight.

Next to the azimuth flooring in the neighboring wall of the device also employs two people. One of them - the combining lateral control - rotates the flywheel and seeks that in the window, which is above the flywheel, the disk rotated to the same side and at the same speed as the black arrow on the disk. Another - combining the range of range - rotates his flywheel, seeking the same disk movement in the corresponding window.

From the opposite side of the gunner on azimuth, three people work. One of them is the gunner at the corner of the goal - looks into the eyepiece of the corner of the corner of the place and turning the flywheel, combines the horizontal line of the vizire for the purpose. The other rotates at the same time two flywheel and combines the vertical and horizontal thread with the same point specified by it on the parallaxer disk. It takes into account the base (the distance from Pouazo to the firing position), as well as the speed and direction of the wind. Finally, the third works on the zerlers installation scale. Rotating the flywheel, it combines a scale indicator with a curve that corresponds to a commanded height.

In the latter, the fourth wall of the device work two. One of them rotates the flywheel combining angle angle, and the other is a flywheel combining the flight time of the projectile. Both of them combine pointers with commanded curves on the corresponding scales.

Thus, working at Poise has only to combine arrows and pointers on disks and scales, and depending on this, all data required for firing is precisely produced by mechanisms that are inside the instrument.

In order for the device to start working, it is only necessary to establish ya a goal height relative to the device. The other two input values \u200b\u200bare azimuth and an angle of the target of the target - the instrument you need to solve the task of the meeting, are introduced into the device continuously in the process of the vendor itself. The height of the target comes on Poazo usually from a rangefinder or from a radar station.

When Puazo works, Massely, at any time, find out at what point the space is now the plane is now, - in other words, all three coordinates.

But Poazo is not limited to this: its mechanisms also calculate the speed and direction of the aircraft movement. These mechanisms operate depending on the rotation of the azimutal and angle of the place, through the eyepieces of which the gunners are continuously watching the plane.

But there is little and this: Poazo not only knows where the plane is at the moment, where and at what speed he flies, "he also knows where the plane will be through a certain number of seconds and where it is necessary, to send a shell to meet with the aircraft. (389)

In addition, Poazo continuously transmits the necessary installations to the tools: azimuth, elevation angle and an explosion installation. How does Poazo do it, what way does he control the tools? Poazo is connected with wires with all battery guns. According to these wires and rush with the speed of lightning "orders" PUAZO - electric currents (Fig. 339). But this is not an ordinary telephone transfer; The phone in such conditions is extremely uncomfortable in such conditions, since the transfer of each orders or the team would take several seconds.

The transfer of "orders" here is based on a completely different principle. Electrical currents from Poazo do not enter telephone sets, but in special devices, fortified on each gun. The mechanisms of these devices are hidden in small boxes, on the front side of which are discs with scales and arrows (Fig. 340). Called such devices "host". These include: "Taking Azimuth", "Taking angle of Elevation" and "Taking Fur". In addition, on each gun there is another device - a mechanical fuse installer, which is connected by a mechanical transmission with the "receiving fuse".

The electric current coming from Poazo causes the rotation of the arrows from the receiving instruments. The number of the instrumental calculation, which are at the "host" azimuth and angle of elevation, always follow the arrows of their devices and, rotating the flywheels of the turning and lifting mechanisms of guns, combine zero risks of the scale with the arrow signs. When zero risks The scales are combined with the shooters of the arrows, this means that the gun is directed so that when the shell shot will fly to the point where, on the calculation of Poise, a meeting of this projectile with an airplane should occur.

Now let's see how the fuse is made. One of the gun numbers, located near the "receiving fuse," rotates the flywheel of this device, achieving the alignment of the zero risks of the scale with the arrow pointer. At the same time, another number, holding the cartridge for the sleeve, puts the shell into a special jack of a mechanical explosion installer (in the so-called "receiver") and makes two turns of the "receiving fuse" drive handle. Depending on this, the fuse installer mechanism turns the explosive remote ring just as much as it requires (390)


Poise. Thus, the installation of the fuse is continuously changing in directions to Poise in accordance with the movement of the aircraft in the sky.

As you can see, no teams do not need to install the guns into the plane. Everything is performed by instructions.

On the battery silence. Meanwhile, the trunks of the tools all the time turn, as if following the movement of the aircraft barely visible in the sky.

But the "Fire" team is distributed ... In an instant, the cartridges are removed from the instruments and invested in the trunks. The shutters are automatically closed. Another moment - and the volley of all guns rattles.

However, aircraft continue to fly quietly. The distance to the aircraft is so great that shells cannot immediately get to them.

Meanwhile, the salts follow one after another at equal intervals. 3 volley sounded, and there is no discontinuity in the sky.

Finally, smoke breaks appear. They surround the enemy from all sides. One plane is separated from the rest; He burns ... leaving behind the black smoke trail, it falls down. (391)

But the guns do not silent. Shells overtake two more aircraft. One also lights up and drops down. Another sharply goes to reduce. The task was solved - the link of enemy aircraft was destroyed.

RADIO

Not always, however, it is possible to use a rangefinder-altimeter and other optical devices to determine the coordinates of the air target. Only in conditions of good visibility, it is a day, you can successfully apply these devices.

But anti-aircraft anti-aircraft people are not unarmed and at night, and in foggy weather, when the purposes are not visible. They have technical means that make it possible to accurately determine the position of the target in the air under any visibility conditions, regardless of the time of day, the time of year and the state of the weather.

Relatively even recently the main means of detecting airplanes in the absence of visibility were sounding. These devices had large horns, which, as a giant ears, could capture the characteristic sound of the propeller and an airplane motor located at a distance of 15-20 kilometers.

The sound by the sound operator had four widespread "ear" (Fig. 341).

One pair of horizontally located "ears" made it possible to determine the direction to the source of the sound (azimut), and the other pair of vertically located "ears" is an angle of place of purpose.

Each pair of "ears" turned up, down and on the sides until hearing people seemed to be the aircraft right in front


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with them. Then the sound selector was directed to the plane (Fig. 342). The position of the direction point to the goal was noted by special devices, with which it was possible to determine at each moment where the so-called finder-seeker should be guided so that his ray made a plane visible (see Fig. 341).


Rotating the flywheels of the instruments, with the help of electric motors, the searchlight was rotated to the side indicated by the sound by the sound. When the bright beam of the searchlight-seeker broke out, a sparkling silhouette of an airplane was clear at the end of it. He immediately picked up two more beams of scholars (Fig. 343).

But the sound selector had a lot of flaws. First of all, it was extremely limited. Calculate the sound from the aircraft from the distance of more than two tens of kilometers for the sound selector - an unbearable case, and after all, for artilleryrs, it is very important to obtain information about the approaching opponent aircraft as possible in order to prepare them in a timely manner.

The sound selector is very sensitive to an extraneous noise, and as soon as the artillery opened fire, the sound of the sound selector was significantly complicated.

To determine the range of the aircraft, the sound selector could not, he only gave direction to the source of the sound; He also could not detect the presence of silent objects in the air - gliders and balloons. (393)

Finally, when determining the location of the target according to the sounds, significant errors were obtained for the reason that the sound wave applies relatively slowly. For example, if Before the target of 10 kilometers, then the sound comes from it for about 30 seconds, and during this time the plane will have time to move a few kilometers.

The specified disadvantages do not have another means of detecting aircraft, widely used during World War II. This is radar.

It turns out that with the help of radio waves, you can detect aircraft and ships of the enemy, to accurately recognize their location. Such application of radio to detect the goals is called the radio column.

What is the basis of the action of the radar station (Fig. 344) and how can I measure the distance using radio waves?

Each of us is aware of the Echo phenomenon. Standing on the banks of the river, you will emit a ripple cry. The sound wave caused by this cry extends in the surrounding space, comes to the opposite of the sheer coast and reflected from it. After some time, the reflected wave reaches your ear and you hear the repetition of your own cry, significantly weakened. This is echo.

Under the second clock arrow, you can see, for what time the sound passed from you to the opposite shore and back. Suppose that Yun passed this dual distance in 3 seconds (Fig. 345). Consequently, the distance in one direction sound passed in 1.5 seconds. The speed of propagation of sound waves is known - about 340 meters in one second. Thus, the distance that sound passed in 1.5 seconds is approximately 510 meters.

Note that you could not measure this distance if you were empty not exhausted, but a pulling sound. In this case, the reflected sound would be drunk by your cry. (394)


Based on this property - reflections of waves - and the radar station works. Only here we are dealing with radio waves, whose nature, of course, is completely different than sound waves.

Radio wave, spreading in a certain direction, are reflected from obstacles that are found on the way, especially those that are electrical current conductors. For this reason, the metallic aircraft "visible" with radio waves is very good.

Each radar station has a source of radio waves, then-there is a transmitter, and, moreover, a sensitive receiver capturing very weak radio waves.


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The transmitter emits radio wave into the surrounding space (Fig. 346). If the target is in the air - the aircraft, then the radio wave is scattered (reflected from it), and the receiver takes these scattered waves. The receiver is arranged so that when he accepts radio waves reflected from the target, electric current occurs in it. Thus, the presence of current in the receiver indicates that somewhere in space there is a goal.

But this is not enough. It is much more important to determine the direction in which the goal is currently. It can be easily made thanks to a special device of the transmitter antenna. Antenna sends radio waves not in all directions, but a narrow beam, or directed radar. "Catch" the goal by radar as well as the light beam of the ordinary spotlight. Radilar rotate in all directions and follow the receiver. As soon as the receiver appears and, consequently, the goal is "caught," you can immediately determine the azimuth and angle of the purpose of the target (see Fig. 346). The values \u200b\u200bof these angles are simply read by the appropriate scales on the device.

Now let's see how with the help of a radar station, the range is determined to the target.

The usual transmitter emits radio wave for a long time continuous flow. If the transmitter of the radar station also worked, then the reflected waves would have come to the receiver continuously, and then it was impossible to determine the range to the target. (396)

Remember, because only with a breakdown, and not upon lengthy sound you managed to catch echo and determine the distance to the item reflecting the sound waves.

Similarly, the transmitter of the radar station radiates electromagnetic energy does not continuously, but by individual pulses, representing very short radio signals, following equal intervals.

Reflecting from the goal, the radar, consisting of individual pulses, creates a "radio", which allows you to determine the distance to the target just as we determined it using sound echo. But do not forget that the speed of radio waves is almost a million times the speed of sound. It is clear that it contributes great difficulties in solving our task, as you have to deal with very low time intervals calculated by the million dollars of a second.

Imagine that the antenna sends a plane radio pulse. Radio waves, reflected from the aircraft in different directions, partially fall into the receiving antenna and further into the receiver of the radar station. Then the next impulse is emitted, and so on.

We need to determine the time that passed from the start of the emission of the pulse before receiving its reflection. Then we will be able to solve our task.

It is known that radio waves apply at a speed of 300,000 kilometers per second. Consequently, in one millionth of a second, or in one microsecond, radio wave will take 300 meters. To make it clear how small the time interval is calculated by one microsecond, and how large the speed of radio waves is sufficient to bring such an example. The car racing at a speed of 120 kilometers in tea, has time to go through one microsecond path equal to only 1/30 more millimeter, then-there is a thickness of the sheet of finest tissue paper!

We assign that 200 microseconds passed from the start of the radiation of the pulse before receiving its reflection. Then the path passed to the pulse to Delhi and back is 300 × 200 \u003d 60,000 meters, and the range to the target is 60 000: 2 \u003d 30,000 meters, or 30 kilometers.

So, radio itself allows you to determine the distances in the same way as in the sound echo. Only the sound echo comes in seconds, and radio pool - through the million shares of a second.

How do you practically measure such short intervals? Obviously, the stopwatch is not suitable for this purpose; Here you need completely special devices.

CATHODE-RAY TUBE

To measure the extremely small periods calculated by millions of seconds, the so-called electron-beam tube made of glass is used in radar, made of glass (Fig. 347). (397) The flat bottom of the tube, called the screen, is covered with the inner rone with a layer of a special composition, which can glow from the impact of electrons. These electrons are the smallest particles charged by negative electricity - a piece of metal is flying out of the tube in the neck when it is heated.

In the tube, in addition, there are cylinders charged with positive electricity with holes. They attract electrons flying out of the heated metal and thereby informing them a rapid movement. The electrons fly through the holes of the cylinders and form an electronic beam, which hits the bottom of the tube. Electrons themselves are invisible themselves, but a luminous trail is left on the screen - a small luminous point (Fig. 348, A.).


Look at Fig. 347. Inside the tube you see another four metal plates, located pairwise - vertically and horizontally. These plates serve in order to control the electronic beam, it is to force it to deviate to the right and left, up and down. As you will see further, the deviations of the electron beam can be counted with negligible intervals.

Imagine that the vertical plates are charged with electricity, and the left plate (if you look from the screen side) contains a positive charge, and the right is negative. In this case, electrons like negative electric particles, when passing between vertical plates, are attracted by a plate with a positive charge and repel from the plate with a negative charge. As a result, the electronic ray deviates to the left, and we see the glowing point on the left side of the screen (see Fig. 348, B.). It is also clear that if the left vertical plate is charged negatively, and the right one is positive, then the glowing point on the screen turns out to be right (see Fig. 348, IN). {398}

And what happens if gradually weaken or strengthen the charges on vertical plates and, in addition, change the signs of charges? Thus, you can force the luminous point to take any position on the screen - from the leftmost to the extreme right.

We assign that the vertical plates charged to the limit and the luminous point takes the leftmost position on the screen. We will gradually relax charges, and we will see that the glowing point will start moving around to the screen center. It will take this position when the charges on the plates will disappear. If then we charge the plates again, change the signs of charges, and at the same time we will gradually increase the charges, then the glowing point will move from the center to the extreme right position.

>

So adjusting the weakening and strengthening of charges and producing the shift signs at the right moment, you can force the luminous point to run out of the leftmost position in the extreme right, so-there is one and the same way, at least 1000 times within one second. The right point of movement, the glowing point leaves a continuously luminous trail on the screen (see Fig. 348, G.), just as it leaves the tray of the smoldering match, if it is quickly moving to the right and left.

The trail left on the glowing point screen represents a bright luminous line.

We put that the length of the luminous line is equal to 10 centimeters and that the glowing point runs up this distance is exactly 1000 times for one second. In other words, we will assume that the distance in 10 centimeters is a glowing point runs for 1/1000 seconds. Therefore, (399) The distance of 1 centimeter it will run for 1 / 10,000 seconds, or for 100 microseconds (100/1 000 000 seconds). If under the luminous line of 10 centimeters long put a centimeter scale and place its divisions in microseconds, as shown in Fig. 349, it will turn out a kind of "clock", on which a moving luminous point marks very low intervals.

But how to count the time on this watch? How to find out when a reflected wave comes? For this, it turns out, and need horizontal plates located in front of the vertical (see Fig. 347).

We have already said that when the receiver perceives radio itself, a short-term current arises in it. With the advent of this current, the upper horizontal plate is immediately charged with positive electricity, and the bottom is negative. Due to this, the electronic beam is deflected upward (in the direction of a positively charged plate), and the glowing point makes a zigzag protrusion - this is the signal of the reflected wave (Fig. 350).

It should be noted that the radio pulses are sent to the transmitter space just in those moments when the luminous point is against zero on the screen. As a result, every time the radio comes to the receiver, the signal of the reflected wave is obtained in the same place, then-there is against the figure that meets the time of the reflected wave. And since the radio pulses follow one after another very quickly, the protrusion on the screen scale is represented by our eye continuously luminous, and it is easy to remove the required counting from the scale. Strictly speaking, the protrusion on the scale moves as the target moves in space, but due to the smallness of the scale, it is moving for (400) A small period of time is completely negligible. It is clear that the farther from the radar station is a goal, the later comes radioee, and therefore, the right to the luminous line there is a zigzag signal.

In order not to make calculations related to the definition of the distance to the target, the range of range is usually applied to the electron-beam screen.

Calculate this scale is very difficult. We already know that for one microsecond of radio wave passes 300 meters. Therefore, for 100 microseconds, it will take 30,000 meters, or 30 kilometers. And since the radio wave passes during this time a double distance (to the target and back), the division of the scale with a mark 100 microsecond corresponds to a range of 15 kilometers, and with a 200 microsecond marker - 30 kilometers, etc. (Fig. 351). Thus, the observer standing at the screen can directly read the distance to the detected target.

So, the radar station gives all the three coordinates of the target: azimuth, angle of place and range. These are the data that are necessary anti-aircraft artillers for shooting using Poazo.

The radar station can at a distance of 100-150 kilometers to detect such a small point as it seems the aircraft flying at an altitude of 5-8 kilometers above the ground. Trace the goal path, measure the speed of its flight, recalculate the number of flying aircraft - all this can make a radar station.

In the Great Patriotic War, the anti-aircraft artillery of the Soviet army played a big role in providing victory over the Hitler's invaders. Interacting with fighter aviation, our anti-aircraft artillery shot down thousands of enemy aircraft.

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One of the components of artillery was an anti-aircraft artillery intended for the destruction of air targets. Organizationally anti-aircraft artillery was part of the delivery of troops (Navy, Air Force, Ground Forces) and at the same time amounted to the country air defense system. It provided as the protection of the country's airspace in general, and the cover of individual territories or objects. Anti-aircraft guns, usually large-caliber machine guns, guns and rockets treated the weapon of anticented artillery.

Under an anti-aircraft gun (gun) means a specialized artillery gun on a boat or self-propelled chassis, with a circular shelling and a large elevation angle, intended to combat opponent's aviation. It is characterized by a high initial rate of projectile and the accuracy of the tip, due to these, anti-aircraft guns were often used as anti-tank.

According to the caliber, anti-aircraft guns were subdivided into small-caliber (20 - 75 mm), an average caliber (76-100 mm), a large caliber (over 100 mm). According to constructive features, automatic and semi-automatic guns distinguished. According to the method of placement, the guns were classified into stationary (serfs, ship, armored vehicles), self-propelled (on a wheeled, half-satellite or caterpillar) and trailed (tow).

The composition of anti-aircraft batteries of large and medium-sized calibers, as a rule, included control devices for artillery anti-aircraft fire, radar stations of reconnaissance and target designation, as well as the stationery station stations. Such batteries later began to call the anti-aircraft artillery complex. They allowed to detect targets, carry out automatic tip on them of guns and fire in any weather conditions, season and day. The main ways of maintaining fire are a barrier fire at pre-installed turns and fire on the turns of the likely discharge of bombs aviation opponent.

Shells of anti-aircraft guns hit the targets by fragments formed from the rupture of the shell (sometimes ready-made elements available in the projectile case). The projectile undermined was carried out using contact (small-caliber shells) or remote explosives (middle and large calibers shells).

Anti-aircraft artillery arose before the beginning of the First World War in Germany and France. In Russia, 76 mm, noctile guns were made in 1915. As the aviation develops, anti-aircraft artillery has been improved. To defeat bombers flying at high altitudes, it took artillery with such an inception in height and with such a powerful projectile, which could only be achieved in the guns of large caliber. And to destroy low-fat high-speed aircraft, the rapid small malocaline artillery was needed. So, in addition to the former secondary gallerine anti-aircraft artillery, artillery of small and large caliber appeared. Anti-aircraft guns of various calibers were created in mobile (towed or mounted on vehicles) and less often in the stationary version. The guns were shot by fragantic tracing and armor-piercing shells, were highly shaped and could be applied to reflect the attacks of the enemy's armored forces. In the years between the two wars, work continued both above the weapons of the secondary-caliper anti-aircraft artillery. At the best 75-76-mm guns of this period, reaching in height accounted for about 9,500 m, and rapidity - up to 20 shots per minute. In this class, a desire to increase the calibers to 80 was manifested; 83.5; 85; 88 and 90 mm. The reach of these guns in height increased to 10 to 11 thousand m. The guns of the last three calibers were the main weapons of the secondary-caliper anti-aircraft artillery of the USSR, Germany and the United States during the Second World War. All of them were intended for use in combat order of troops, were relatively light, maneuverable, quickly made to battle and shot fragmentation grenades with remote fuses. In the 1930s, new 105-mm anti-aircraft guns were created in France, in the US, Sweden and Japan, and 102-mm in England and Italy. The maximum reach of the best of 105-mm guns of this period is 12 thousand m, an angle of elevation - 80 °, rapidity - up to 15 shots per minute. It is on the guns of large-caliber anti-aircraft artillery for the first time the power electric motors for the tip and a complex energy service, which posted the beginning of electrification of anti-aircraft guns. In the interwar period, rangefinders and spotlights began to be used, telephone interconnect communication was used, prefabricated trunks appeared, which allowed the items that served.

In World War II, rapid automatic guns, shells with mechanical and radio drivers, control devices of artillery anti-aircraft fire, radar stations of intelligence and target designation, as well as tooltock stations are already used.

The structural unit of anti-aircraft artillery was the battery, which consisted, as a rule, from 4 to 8 anti-aircraft guns. In some countries, the number of guns in the battery depended on their caliber. For example, in Germany, the battery of heavy guns consisted of 4-6 guns, the battery of light guns - from 9-16, a mixed battery is from 8 medium and 3 light guns.

The batteries of light anti-aircraft guns were used to counteract low-tie aircraft, because they had high rapidity, mobility and could quickly maneuver trajectories in vertical and horizontal planes. Many batteries were equipped with an artillery anti-aircraft fire control device. They were most effective at an altitude of 1 - 4 km. Depending on the caliber. And on ultra-low altitudes (up to 250 m.) There were no alternatives. The best results achieved multi-resistant installations, although they had a greater consumption of ammunition.

Light guns were used to cover the infantry troops, tank and motorized units, defense of various facilities, were part of the anti-aircraft parts. They could be used to combat the live strength and armored vehicles of the enemy. Malocaliberian artillery during the war years was the most massive. The best tool is a 40-mm gun of the Swedish company "Bofors".

The batteries of medium-sized guns were the main means of combating opponent aircraft, subject to the use of fire control devices. It is from the quality of these devices that depended the effectiveness of fire. The average guns have high mobility, used both in stationary and mobile installations. The effective range of tools was 5 - 7 km. As a rule, the area of \u200b\u200baircraft defeat by fragments of a broken projectile reached the radius of 100 m. The best gun is considered to be 88-mm German gun.

Batteries of heavy guns were used mainly in the system of air defense system for the cover of cities and important military facilities. Heavy tools for the most part were stationary and equipped, in addition to appliances with radar radar. Also on some instruments, electrification was used in the system of guidance and bipient. The use of towed heavy guns limited their maneuverability, so they were more often mounted on railway platforms. Heavy guns were most effective when defeating high-mouth 15th targets at an altitude of up to 8-10 km. At the same time, the main task of such guns was rather a barrier fire than the immediate destruction of the opponent aircraft, since the average consumption of ammunition for one shot down aircraft was 5-8 thousand shells. The number of heavy anti-aircraft guns issued, compared with fine-caliber and average, was significantly less and accounted for about 2 - 5% of the total number of anti-aircraft artillery.

Based on the outcomes of World War II, Germany had the best air defense system, which not only had almost half of anti-aircraft guns, from the total number of countries issued by all countries, but also possessed the most rationally organized system. This is confirmed by the data of American sources. During the war years, US Air Force lost 18,418 aircraft in Europe, 7,821 (42%) of which were shot down by anti-aircraft artillery. In addition, due to the anti-aircraft cover, 40% of bombing was produced outside the established purposes. The effectiveness of the Soviet anti-aircraft artillery is up to 20% of shot down aircraft.

Approximate minimum amount of anti-aircraft guns issued by some countries in the context of the species of guns (without transmitted / received)

Country

 Malocalibe tools Average caliber Big caliber

Total
Great Britain 11 308 5 302
Germany 21 694 5 207
Italy 1 328 —
Poland 94 —
the USSR 15 685 —
USA 55 224 1 550
France 1 700 — 2294

Czechoslovakia.

 129 258 —
36 540 3114 3 665 43 319

Total

 432 922 1 1 0 405 15 724

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