For more than half a century, more than 20 types of anti-aircraft missile systems and portable anti-aircraft missile systems have real combat successes. Thanks to the CRKK to shoot down the planes and even more so, the helicopters were able to infantry and even partisans and terrorists.

Attempts to create anti-aircraft missiles were made during World War II, but at that moment no country reached the corresponding technological level. Even war in Korea passed without anti-aircraft missile systems. For the first time, they were seriously applied to Vietnam, having enormous influence on the outcome of this war, and since then is one of the most important classes of combat technology, without their suppression it is impossible to conquer superiority in the air.

C-75 - "World Champion" forever

For more than half a century, more than 20 types of anti-aircraft missile systems (SPC) and portable anti-aircraft missile systems (CRKK) have real combat successes. At the same time, in most cases, accurate results find out very difficult. Often it is objectively difficult to establish what exactly the concrete aircraft and a helicopter are shot down. Sometimes the fighting parties are purposefully losing in propaganda purposes, and it is not possible to establish objective truth. Because of this, only the most proven and confirmed by all parties will be shown below. The true effectiveness of almost all of the SPK is higher, and in some cases - at times.

The first SPC, which had a combat success, and very loud, became the Soviet C-75. On May 1, 1960, he knocked down the U-2 American intelligence aircraft over the Urals, which caused a grandiose international scandal. Then the C-75 was shot down five more U-2 - one in October 1962 over Cuba (after which the world was one step from the nuclear war), four - over China from September 1962 to January 1965.

"Star Hour" C-75 happened in Vietnam, where 95 S-75 and 7658 anti-aircraft controlled missiles (zur) were put in 1965 to 1972. The calculations of the SPC were first completely by Soviet, but gradually they began to replace the Vietnamese. According to Soviet data, they shot down or 1293, whether even 1770 American aircraft. Americans themselves recognize the loss from this SPK about 150-200 aircraft. At the moment, confirmed by the American side of the loss by type of aircraft are as follows: 15 strategic bombers in-52, 2-3 tactical bomber F-111, 36 attack aircraft A-4, nine A-6, 18 A-7, three a-3, three A-1, one AC-130, 32 fighter F-4, eight F-105, one F-104, 11 F-8, four RB-66 scouts, five Rf-101, one o-2, one transport 123, as well as one helicopter CH-53. As mentioned above, the real S-75 results in Vietnam are obviously much more, but they are already impossible to say.

Vietnam himself lost from C-75, more precisely from his Chinese clone HQ-2, one fighter MiG-21, which in October 1987 accidentally invaded the Airspace of the PRC.

The Arab anti-aircraft people in terms of combat training have never walked into any comparison with the Soviet or Vietnamese, therefore their results were significantly lower.

During the "War of Exhaustion" from March 1969 to September 1971, the Egyptian C-75 was shot down over the Suez Canal of at least three Israeli fighters F-4 and one "Mr.", one attack aircraft A-4, one transport "Piper Cube" and one Air team (WCP) C-97. Real results can be higher, but unlike Vietnam slightly. During the October 1973 war, the C-75 account was at least two F-4 and A-4. Finally, in June 1982, Syrian S-75 hit the Israeli fighter "KFIR-C2".

Iraqi C-75 During the war with Iran, 1980-1988, I shot down at least four Iranian F-4 and one F-5E. Real results could be more than more. During the "Buri in the Desert" in January-February 1991, the US Air Force F-15E Air Force (onboard number 88-1692), one deck fighter USA F-14 (161430), one F-14 (161430), one English bomber "Tornado" (ZD717). It is possible to add two or three planes to this number.

Finally, on March 19, 1993, during the war in Abkhazia, Georgian S-75 hit the SU-27 Russian fighter.

In general, at the account of the C-75, not less than 200 shot down aircraft (at the expense of Vietnam there can actually be at least 500, or even for a thousand). According to this indicator, the complex exceeds all other SPK in the world together. It is possible that this Soviet SPC will remain a "world champion" forever.

Decent heirs

The C-125 anti-aircraft missile complex was created a little later than the C-75, so I did not have time in Vietnam and debuted during the "war to exhaust", and with Soviet calculations. In the summer of 1970, they shot down to nine Israeli aircraft. During the October war, their account was at least two A-4, one F-4 and Mirage-3. Real results could be significantly higher.

Ethiopian C-125 (perhaps with Cuban or Soviet calculations) During the war, 1977-1978 was shot down at least two Somali MiG-21.

Iraqi C-125 have in their account two Iranian F-4E and one American F-16C (87-0257). At least they could actually hit Iranian aircraft, but direct confirmations are no longer found.

Angolan C-125 with a Cuban calculation in March 1979 he knocked the Yaarovsky bomber "Canberra".

Finally, the Serbian C-125 comes all the losses of NATO aviation during aggression against Yugoslavia in March-June 1999. This is a bomber "Invisible" F-117 (82-0806) and F-16C fighter (88-0550), both belonged to the US Air Force.

Thus, the number of confirmed victories of C-125 does not exceed 20, the real can be 2-3 times.

The most long-range anti-aircraft missile system (VIS) C-200 does not have any confirmed victory on his account. It is possible that in September 1983, the Syrian C-200 with the Soviet calculation was shot down by the Israeli aircraft DROL E-2C. In addition, there are assumptions that during the conflict between the United States and Libya in the spring of 1986, the Libyan C-200 were shot down two American decks of the A-6 attack aircraft and the bomber F-111. But not even all domestic sources agree with all the specified cases. Therefore, it is possible that the only "victory" of C-200 is the destruction of the Ukrainian VIR of this type of Russian passenger Tu-154 in the fall of 2001.

The most modern VSUS of the former military air defense troops, and now the Russian Air Force, C-300P, has never been applied in battle, respectively, its high tactical and technical characteristics (TTX) did not receive practical confirmation. The same applies to C-400.

Conversations of "Sofa Experts" about the "failure" of Russian VSS in April of this year. When shelling the American "Tomahaws" of the Syrian air base Shaurat testifies only to the complete incompetence of "experts". No one has yet created and will never create radar capable of seeing through the ground, for radio waves do not apply to the solid. American Crimi has passed very far from the positions of Russian VIS, with a huge value of the course parameter and, most importantly, under the folds of the terrain. Russian radars simply could not see them, respectively, was not guided by Zur on them. With any other VIS, too, would have happened such a "trouble", because it was not possible to cancel the laws of physics. At the same time, the base Shayrat VIS did not cover formally, neither actually, so what does the failure of the failure?

"Cube", "Square" and others

The Soviet Soviet air defense air defense service was widely used in battle. First of all, we are talking about the SQADAT SPC (the export version of the USSR "Cube" SSSR "cd air defense troops). For the range of shooting, it is close to the C-75, so abroad was often used for strategic air defense than for air defense forces.

During the October War of 1973, the Egyptian and Syrian "squares" were summed up with a total of at least seven A-4, six F-4, one fighter "Super Mr.". Real results can be significantly higher. In addition, in the spring of 1974, Syrian "squares" may have shot down six more Israeli aircraft (however, it is one-sided Soviet data).

On the account of the Iraqi Sprink "Square" at least one Iranian F-4E and F-5E and one American F-16C (87-0228). Most likely, one or two dozen Iranian aircraft can be added to this quantity and, possibly, 1-2 American.

During the war for the independence of Western Sahara from Morocco (this war is not completed so far) on the side of the firm for this independence of the front Polysario acted Algeria, who handed the rebels a significant amount of air defense. In particular, with the help of the SPRT "Square" was shot down at least one Moroccan F-5A (in January 1976). In addition, in January 1985, the "square", belonging to Algeria herself, knocked down the Moroccan fighter "Mirage-F1".

Finally, during the Libyan-Chad War of the 1970s - 1980s, the children seized several Libyan "squares", one of which in August 1987 was shot down by the Libyan Tu-22 bomber.

Serbs were actively used by the SQADAT Sprink in 1993-1995 during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In September 1993, the Croatian MiG-21 was shot down, in April 1994 - the English "Si Harrier" FRS1 from the Ark Royal aircraft carrier (however, according to other data, this aircraft was shot down by PZRK "Strela-3"). Finally, in June 1995, the victim of the Serbian "Square" was the F-16C United States Air Force (89-2032).

Thus, in general, according to the effectiveness among domestic "large" SPC "Square", apparently bypassing C-125 and ranks second after C-75.

Clamp "Beech" and today is considered quite modern today. On his account there are shot down airplanes, although we cannot cause his successes of joy. In January 1993, during the war in Abkhazia, the Abkhaz attack aircraft L-39 was mistakenly shot down by the Russian Bukuk. During the five-day war in the Caucasus in August 2008, Georgian SPC "BUK", obtained from Ukraine, shot down Russian Tu-22M and Su-24 bombers and, possibly, up to three SU-25 attack aircraft. Finally, a story is remembered with the death of Malaysian Boeing-777 over the Donbass in July 2014, but there is too much unclear and strange.

The Syrian Army Syrov's military Syrov, according to Soviet data, from April 1981 to May 1982, eight Israeli aircraft were shot down - four F-15, three F-16, one F-4. None of these victories, unfortunately, has no objective confirmation, apparently, they are all completely invented. The only confirmed success of Syrian Syrian SPC is the Israeli F-4E, shot down in July 1982.

Front Polysario received air defense agents not only from Algeria, but also from Libya. It was the Libyan "OSAM" in October 1981, Moroccan "Mirage-F1" and the C-130 transport aircraft were shot down.

Angolan (more precisely, Cuban) SPK "OSA" in September 1987 was shot down by the Yaarovsky AM-3CM (easy-to-spoke exp for Italian production). Perhaps on the account "wasps" a few more South African aircraft and helicopters.

Perhaps the Iraqi "axis" in January 1991 was shot down by the British "Tornado" with the sort number of ZA403.

Finally, in July-August 2014, the Trophy "Ospa", the Donbass militias were shot down, presumably, the Su-25 attack aircraft and the Military Transport An-26 of the Air Force of Ukraine.
In general, the successes of the SPK "OSA" are quite modest.

The successes are also very limited to the "Strela-1" and its deep modification "Strela-10".

In December 1983, in the period of battles between the Syrian and NATO countries, the American deck aircraft A-6 (onboard number 152915) was shot down (onboard number 152915).

In November 1985, the Soviet Soviet transport aircraft of the An-12 was shot down over Angolan Arrive-1. In turn, in February 1988, the Violent Mirage-F1 was shot down in the south of Angola or "Arrow-1" or "Arrow-10". Perhaps, there were several other South African aircraft and helicopters on the account of these two types of SPC in Angola.

In December 1988, the American Civil DC-3 was mistakenly shot down over the Western Sugar "Arrow-10" Front Polysario.

Finally, during the "storm in the desert" on February 15, 1991, two attack aircraft A-10 US Air Force (78-0722 and 79-0130) were shot down by the Iraqi "Arrow-10". Perhaps there were several other American aircraft on the account of the Iraqi SPC of these two types.

The most contemporary Russian military SPC of the small range "Tor" and anti-aircraft missile-cannon complexes (CRPC) "Tunguska" and "shell" participation in hostilities did not take, respectively, airplanes and helicopters were not shot down. Although there are completely untested and no confirmed rumors about the successes of the shelter in the Donbas - one bombard Su-24 and one percussion helicopter Mi-24 of Ukraine.

Modest successes of Western "colleagues"

The successes of Western SPK are much more modest than Soviet. This is explained, however, not only and not so much of their TTX, as a feature of the air defense. The Soviet Union and the countries-focused on him in the fight against the opponent's aviation traditionally made focus on landfall air defense, and Western countries are for fighters.

The Americas "Hawk" and his deep modification "Advanced Hawk" achieved the greatest success. Almost all the successes fell on Israeli SPC of this type. During the "war of exhaustion", they shot down one IL-28, four SU-7, four MiG-17, three MiG-21 of the Egypt Air Force. During the October War, their account had four MiG-17, one MiG-21, three Su-7, one "Hunter", one "Mirage-5", two Mi-8 of Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Libya. Finally, in 1982, Syrian MiG-25 was shot down over Levan and, possibly, MiG-23.

During the Iran-Iraq war, the Iranian SPK "HOC" shot down two or three of their F-14 fighters and one F-5, as well as up to 40 Iraqi aircraft.

In September 1987, the Libyan bomber Tu-22 was shot down on the capital of Chad, the Libyan Bombardor Tu-22 was shot down.

On August 2, 1990, Kuwaiti SPC "Advanced Hawk" shot down one Su-22 and one MiG-23BN of Iraq Air Force during the invasion of Iraqi troops in Kuwait. All Kuwaiti SPCs were captured by Iraqis and then applied against the US and their allies, but without success.

Unlike the C-300P, its American alter ego, the American VIS of the Large Distance Patriot was used during both Iraqi wars. It is mainly its goals were outdated Iraqi ballistic missiles of Soviet production P-17 (the notorious "SCD"). The effectiveness of Patriots turned out to be very low, in 1991 it was from the missing R-17 Americans suffered the most serious losses in people. During the second Iraq war in the spring of 2003, the first two shot down aircraft appeared on the Patriot's account, which, however, did not give Americans of pleasure. Both were their: British Tornado (ZG710) and F / A-18C Aviation US Navy (164974). At the same time, the F-16C United States Air Force destroyed the RLS anti-radiolocation rocket of one of the Patriot battalions. Apparently, the American pilot did it not by chance, but deliberately, otherwise he would have become the third victim of his zenith.

Israeli "Patriots" also fired in dubious success in the same 1991 on Iraqi P-17. In September 2014, it was the Israeli Patriot that hit the first for this VSA opponent's plane - Syrian Su-24, accidentally flown into the airspace of Israel. In 2016-2017, Israeli "Patriots" were repeatedly shot at the drone from Syria from Syria, in most cases - without success (despite the fact that the price of all drowned unmanned aerial vehicles together was lower than the same rocket of the Patriot VS).

Finally, Saudi "Patriots" may have shot down one or two R-17, launched by Yemen Husitis in 2015-2017, but much more missiles of this type and more modern missiles of the "point" type successfully struck goals in Saudi territory, applying extremely Significant damage to the troops of the Arabian coalition.

Thus, in general, the effectiveness of the VIS "Patriot" should be recognized extremely low.

Western SPRs of low-ranges have very modest successes that, as mentioned above, partly explains not by technical disadvantages, but the peculiarities of combat use.

On the account of the American SPRC "Chaparal" only one aircraft - Syrian MiG-17, shot down by Israeli SPK of this type in 1973.

Also, one plane shot down the English Rapier SPC - an Argentine fighter of the Israeli production "Dagger" over Falkland in May 1982.
A little more tangible successes has the French SPC "Roland". The Argentine "Roland" over Falklands was shot down by the British Harrier-FRS1 (XZ456). On the account of the Iraqi "Roland" at least two Iranian aircraft (F-4E and F-5E) and, possibly, two British Tornadoes (ZA396, ZA467), as well as one American A-10, but all these three planes are not Fully confirmed victories. In any case, it is interesting that all aircraft shot down by French SPC on different TVD - Western production.

A special category of air defense tools are ship's shipprint. Combat successes have only British SPK due to the participation of the English Navy in the war for Falkland. SI DART SPC shot down one Argentine bomber of English production "Canberra", four A-4 attack aircraft, one transport aircraft "Lyrjet-35", one helicopter of French production SA330L. On the account of the SI KET SP, two a-4s. With the help of SI VOLF SPM, one Dagger fighter and three A-4B are shot down.

Split "arrows" and sharp "needles"

Separately, it is necessary to stop on portable anti-aircraft missile systems, which have become a special category of air defense tools. Thanks to the CRKK to shoot down the planes and even more so, the helicopters were able to infantry and even partisans and terrorists. In part more than this, to establish the exact results of a specific type of CRKK even more difficult than for "big" SPC.

Soviet Air Force and Army Aviation in Afghanistan lost 72 aircraft and helicopter from CRCK in 1984-1989. At the same time, the Afghan partisans applied the Soviet Soviet CRKK "Strela-2" and their Chinese and Egyptian copies of HN-5 and Ain-al-Sacre, American CRKK "Red A" and "Stinger", as well as the British "Blupaire". It was not always possible to install, one or another aircraft or a helicopter is shot down from which SPRK. A similar situation took place during the "storm in the desert", wars in Angola, Chechnya, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, etc. Accordingly, the results of all CRCs, especially Soviet and Russian, should be considered significantly understated.

At the same time, however, there is no doubt that among the CRCC, the Soviet complex "Strela-2" is in the same status as C-75 among the "large" SPC - absolute and, not excluded, unattainable champion.

For the first time "arrows-2" were applied by the Egyptians during the "War of Exposure". In 1969, they shot down over the Suez Canal from six (two "Mirage", four A-4) to 17 Israeli aircraft. In the October War on their account, at least four A-4 and the CH-53 helicopter. In March 1974, Syrian "arrows-2" was shot down from three (two F-4, one A-4) to eight Israeli aircraft. Then, from 1978 to 1986, four aircraft were shot down by the Syrian and Palestinian CRKK of this type (one "KFIR", one F-4, two A-4) and three helicopters (two An-1, one UH-1) of Israel Air Force and a-7 deck aircraft (onboard number 157468) of the US Navy.

"Arows-2" were applied at the final stage of the Vietnamese war. From the beginning of 1972 until January 1973, they were shot down 29 American aircraft (one F-4, seven OV-1, three O-2, four OV-10, nine A-1, four A-37) and 14 helicopters (one CH-47, four An-1, nine Uh-1). After the departure of American troops from Vietnam and before the end of the war in April 1975, there were from 51 to 204 aircraft and helicopters of Sun South Vietnam on the account of these CRKK. Then, in 1983-1985, the Vietnamese shot down over Cambodia "Arles-2" at least two storms of the A-37 Air Force of Thailand.

In 1973, the rebels Guinea-Bissau shot down the "Arrow-2" three Portuguese attack aircraft G-91 and one transport aircraft DO-27.

In 1978-1979, FRONT FRONT FRONT POLISARIO was shot down from these CRKK over Western sugar French attack aircraft "Jaguar" and three Moroccan fighters (one F-5A, two "Mirage-F1"), and in 1985 - German scientific DO-228, flying In Antarctica.

In Afghanistan, the SU-25 SU-25 SU-25 attack aircraft was lost in Afghanistan.

Libyan "Arles-2" in July 1977 may have been shot down by Egypt MiG-21, in May 1978 - French "Jaguar". At the same time, the trophy of the Libyan "Arrow-2" in August 1982, the Chids shot down the Libyan SU-22 attack aircraft.

In Angola, the PZRK of this type was also shot in both directions. The trophy "Arrow-2" the Surrivans were shot down by Angolsky (Cuban) fighter MiG-23ML. On the other hand, the Cubans were shot down from these CRKs at least two Yaarsh attack aircraft "Impala". In reality, their result was significantly higher.

In October 1986, the American transport aircraft C-123 was shot down in Nicaragua with a cargo for contrace. In 1990-1991, Salvador Air Force lost from "arrived", obtained by local partisans, three aircraft (two O-2, one A-37) and four helicopters (two "Hughes-500", two Uh-1).

During the "Storm in the Desert" by the Iraqi "Arles-2" are shot down by one British Tornado (ZA392 or ZD791), one "Ganeship" AC-130 US Air Force (69-6567), one AV-8V US Marine Corporation (162740 ). During the second Iraq war in January 2006, Iraqi militants shot down the IRRK anti-64d APRA Aviation Aviation (03-05395).

In August 1995, a French bomber "Mirage-2000N" (onboard number 346) was shot down over the Bosnia Serbian "Arrow-2" (according to other data.

Finally, in May-June 1997, Kurds were shot down by Arles-2 Turkish Helicopters AH-1W and AS532ul.

The more modern Soviet CRCK, "Arhele-3", "Needle-1" and "Needle", was not lucky, almost the victories were almost uncoupled. On the "Arrows-3" is recorded only by the British Harrier in Bosnia in April 1994, which also claims to be mentioned above, Svadrat Sprink. CRKK "Needle" "divides" with "Arrow-2" The aforementioned "Mirage-2000N" No. 346. In addition, the F-16C (84-1390) of the US Air Force in Iraq (84-1390) of the US Air Force is recorded in Iraq in February 1991, two Georgian Mi-24 combat helicopter and one SU-25 attack aircraft in Abkhazia in 1992-1993 and, alas, Russian Mi-26 in Chechnya in August 2002 (127 people died). In the summer of 2014, three storms of the Su-25, one fighter MiG-29, one intelligence aircraft An-30, Three Mi-24 helicopters, and two Mi-24 helicopters and two Mi-24 helicopters and two multi-purpose Mi-8 helicopters and two multi-purpose helicopters of the Mi-8 and two Mi-8 helicopters of Ukraine were shot down.

Really, all Soviet / Russian CRKK, including "Arright-2", at the expense of wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, Chechnya, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, feel much more victories in their account.

From Western PZRK, the most success in the American "Stinger". In Afghanistan, they are shot down at least one stormmaker SU-25 USSR Air Force, one MiG-21U of the Air Force of Afghanistan, Soviet transport aircraft An-26RT and An-30, six Mi-24 combat helicopters and three transport Mi-8. The real successes of "Stinger" in this war are many times more (for example, only Mi-24 could be shot down to 30), although it is very far to the overall result of "arrows-2".

In Angola, the Jaarovtsians were shot down by "Stinger" at least two MiG-23ml.

The British on Falkland These CRCs destroyed one Argentinean attack aircraft "Pukara" and one SA330L transport helicopter.

An older American CRCK "Red A" was used by the Israelites against the Syrian Air Force. With its help, seven Syrian Su-7 and MiG-17 were shot down during the October War and one MiG-23BN in Lebanon in 1982. Nicaraguan "contrace" shot down "Red-like" four helicopters Mi-8 government troops in the 80s. The same CRCK was shot down by several Soviet aircraft and helicopters in Afghanistan (perhaps - up to three Mi-24), but there is no concrete compliance with their victories.

The same can be said about the use in Afghanistan British CRKK "Blupupayp". Therefore, on his account only two exactly established victories. Both are achieved during the Falkland War, in which this CRKK was used by both parties. The British shot down to them Argentinean attack aircraft MV339A, Argentines - English Fighter "Harrier-GR3".

Waiting for a new big war

"To overthrow from the pedestal" C-75 and "Arrow-2" will be able to "only if a big war happens in the world. True, if it turns out to be nuclear, the winners in it will not be in any sense. If this is the usual war, the main applicants for the "championship" will be Russian SPC. Not only because of high TTX, but also due to the features of application.

It should not be noted that high-speed small-differed high-precision ammunition are becoming a new most serious problem of air defense, which is extremely difficult to hit precisely because of small sizes and high speeds (it will be especially difficult if hypersonic ammunition appear). In addition, the range of these ammunition is constantly growing, withdrawing media, that is, airplanes, from the air defense zone. This makes the position of air defense frankly hopeless, for the fight against ammunition without the possibility of destroying the carriers knowingly losing: sooner or later it will lead to the depletion of ammunition SPC, after which they will be easily destroyed both the objects themselves and the objects are easily destroyed.

Another no less serious problem is unmanned aerial vehicles (bla). At least this is a problem because they are simply becoming very much, which further aggravates the problem of shortage of ammunition SPC. It is much worse that a significant part of the UAG is so small-sided that no existing air defense facilities cannot detect them, neither more to hit, because neither the RLS nor Zur is simply designed for such purposes.

In this regard, the case occurred in July 2016 is very indicative. The extremely high level of technical equipment and combat training of the personnel of Israel is well known. However, the Israelites could not do anything with a small, low-spirited, unarmed intelligence Russian blah, who appeared over the northern regions of Israel. First, the air-to-air rocket from the F-16 fighter, and then the two zur VSS "Patriot" passed by, after which the Uniform went into the airspace of Syria.

In connection with these circumstances, the criteria for the effectiveness and effectiveness of air defense can be completely different. Like the means of air defense.

On November 27, the press service of the Kolomna State Enterprise "KB Mechanical Engineering" (CBM) reported that portable anti-aircraft missile systems (CRKK) 9k333 "Verba" of the production of this enterprise began to enter the Russian army. Ground troops received a brigadier, and the Airborne Forces is a Division set of PZRK. In just a year, the Armed Forces of Russia received two brigadiers and two divisional set of this weapon. Representatives of the manufacturer also reported that earlier KBM signed a contract with the Ministry of Defense of Russia for the supply of this weapon and has already begun its serial production.

Portable anti-aircraft missile complex "Verba"
TOPWAR.RU.

PZRK is a small-sized anti-aircraft missile weapon, designed for transportation and maintenance of fire by one person. Thanks to low weight and sizes, it is very convenient to use, disguise, transportation and storage. At the same time, the CRCs have a sufficient capacity of a combat part in order to knock down any air target within reach - from small unmanned aerial vehicles to transport aircraft. The predecessors of modern PZRK were portable reactive anti-aircraft missiles of the period of World War II, produced in Germany.


CRKK 9K333 and rocket 9m336
TOPWAR.RU.

The portable complex "Verba" was developed in 2007, then the flight design tests was passed and was supplied in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation since 2008. Additionally, PZRK passed state tests in 2009-2010, military tests - in 2011 and another test for efficacy under conditions of abnormally low Arctic temperatures - in 2014.

Modernization of the IDP "Verba" is to use an improved homing system, in terms of efficiency, one and a half or two times superior to all existing systems. This improvement gives the Rockets of the CRKK unusual stability against active thermal or optical electronic interferences created by aircraft to disorient the rocket and lead it from the course to false goals. The identification of the target of the Rocket Rocket "Verba" carries out three parameters (optical, infrared and ultraviolet), and therefore the probability of misacle is minimized. CRKK "Verba" confidently "holds" and overtakes even little-increasing goals - such as the CAPP.


Rocket CRKK "Verba" ignores false goals
SIMHQ.com.

Most experts agree that modern CRCCs are the most efficient anti-aircraft weapon against aircraft, helicopters, and UAVs. Detect the arrow with the CRCK on the area with the means of air intake is almost impossible. At the same time, the attack of such a weapon is made, as a rule, unexpectedly for the enemy and strikes the target with high accuracy. As a result, combat aviation can no longer dominate the heights available to the CRC, despite the fact that it is from these heights of its attack most effective. To increase its survival in the attack of terrestrial targets, aircraft and helicopters are forced to use various technical and tactical techniques (such as actuators of active interference, shooting of heat missiles, flights on ultra-low altitudes) or work with heights inaccessible to CRCK, which significantly reduces the accuracy of air strikes . In addition, the fact of appearance on the battlefield of the PZRK forces the enemy to sharply reduce the number of combat departures in order to avoid catastrophic losses of expensive aviation equipment. As a result, its terrestrial troops are deprived of air support and cover, as a result of which their effectiveness is significantly reduced.


CZRK "Needle" works against aviation
Lemur59.ru.

CRKK "Verba" is a development in which technical achievements are embodied, making this weapon more efficiently, rather than its predecessors - Russian CRKK "Strela" and "Needle". In addition, the manufacturer claims that the "Verba" exceeds the best overseas analogs - such as the American "Stinger", French "Mistral", Chinese QW-3, British Starstrik, Swedish RBS 70. The Verba Complex is able to hit air targets At altitudes from 10 to 4500 meters, removed to the distance from 500 to 6400 meters and moving at a speed of up to 500 meters per second. For comparison, "Stinger" these parameters look not so impressive: the height is up to 3,800 meters; Defeat range - from 200 to 4800 meters. Despite the fact that, according to individual indicators (for example, by the power of the combat part), some foreign analogues may exceed the Russian development, according to their main characteristics - height, range, speed and noise immunity - Verba PZRK is out of competition.


CRKK "Stinger" in the hands of the Afghan Mujahed
Vichivisam.ru.

For the first time, PZRK began to be actively applied during the Vietnamese War, later - in the war for the Falkland Islands, but this type of weapon acquired particularly fame during the years of the Afghan war. It is believed that it is the large-scale American supply of anti-aircraft missiles "Stinger" Afghan Mujahedam and training their skills to the use of this weapon helped the Islamists win the war against the Soviet Union. According to some researchers, Soviet aviation began to carry such significant losses that, as a result, the USSR leadership decided to leave the conflict and bring troops from Afghanistan. Military statistics do not confirm this theory, since the percentage of aircraft and helicopters, shot down with the help of CRC, was relatively small and amounted to from 10 to 20% of the losses of Soviet aviation. For example, the 40th Army of the Soviet military contingent reported on 16% of lost aircraft, which were shot down from CRK. However, this data is not entirely accurate, since it would be correct to consider the percentage of losses as a result of the hits of "Stinger" not from the number of lost equipment for the entire war, but only for that period when CRCC was widely used by the enemy.


Mobile Rocket Installation CRCK "Start"
vpk.name.

Being a convenient and efficient weapon, CRCs enjoys well-deservedly popular with the rebel and extremist movements, which willingly use it as a manual weapon of single shooters, as well as assemble anti-aircraft missile systems for various stationary or mobile platforms. Developed countries and international organizations are making significant efforts to establish control over the dissemination of this weapon in the world due to its big danger to civil aviation, but it is not possible to make this control yet. In fact, today in the world illegally acts from several hundred to several thousand portable anti-aircraft complexes, abducted from military warehouses during revolutions and mass riots. Russia also participates in international projects to control the spread of this type of weapon - in particular, it is reported that the Verba PZRK is not supplied to export.

FIM-92 "Stinger" (english FIM-92 Stinger - sting) - this is portable anti-aircraft missile complex (CRK) American production. Its main purpose is the defeat of low-fat air facilities: helicopters, airplanes and CAP.

Development CRKK "Stinger" GENERAL DYNAMICS led. It was created as a replacement for CRKK FIM-43 Redeye. First batch of 260 units. Anti-aircraft missile systems introduced into trial operation in mid-1979. After that, the manufacturer ordered another batch of 2250 units. For.

"Stinger" accepted in 1981, they became the most common in the world PZRKwhich are equipped with army more than twenty states.

Total created three modifications "Stinger":

  • Basic ("Stinger")
  • "STINGER" -RMP (REPROGRAMMABLE MICROPROCESSOR),
  • "STINGER" -POST (Passive Optical Seeking Technology).

They have the same composition of the means, the height of the purpose of the target and the range of firing. The difference between them in the homing heads ( GSN) used on anti-aircraft missiles FIM-92. (Modifications A, B, C). Currently, Raytheon produces modifications: FIM-92D., FIM-92E BLOCK Iand II.. These upgraded options have the best sensitivity of GOS, as well as interference protection.

Device and TTX PZRK "Stinger"

GSN POST applied to Zour(Anti-aircraft controlled rocket - approx. Last Day Club.) FIM-92B., It works in two ranges of wave-ultraviolet length (CC) and infrared (IR). If in Rocket FIM-92A. IR GSN receives data on the position of the target relative to its optical axis from the signal, which modulates the rotating raster, then the PSN POST uses a non-obvious target coordinator. UV detectors and IR radiations work in a circuit with two microprocessors. They can carry out a rosework scanning that provides a high possibility of choosing a target in strong background interference conditions, as well as protected from the means of opposition working in the IR range.

Production Zur fim-92b With the GSH Post launched in 1983. However, in 1985, General Dynamics began developing Zur fim-92c, Therefore, the issue rate has slightly decreased. The development of a new rocket was completed in 1987. It uses the HCH Post-RMP, the processor of which can be reprogrammed, which ensures the adaptation of the guidance system to targeted and interference conditions with the help of the appropriate program. The "Stinger" -RMP trigger starter trigger case contains interchangeable memory blocks with typical programs. Recent modifications PZRK Provided the equipment of the rocket FIM-92C. Lithium battery, ring laser gyroscope, as well as an upgraded sensor of angular velocity by roll.

You can highlight the following main elements. CRKK Stinger:

  • Transport and starting container (TPK) with zur;
  • An optical sight that allows you to conduct visual detection and maintenance of the target and determine the approximate range to it;
  • Launcher and cooling and power supply unit with a capacity of liquid argon and electrical batteries;
  • Also installed the instrument "its foreign" AN / PPX-1 with an electronic media, which is fixed on the belt arrow.

On rockets FIM-92E. Block I. Two-band noise immovable sockets of homing heads (GSN) are installed, which work in UV and IR ranges. In addition, fragantive fugasar combat parts whose weight is three kilograms. Their flight range is 8 kilometers, and the speed m \u003d 2.2 in the rocket FIM-92E BLOCK II The incomplete thermal imaging GSN is established, in the focal plane of which is the optical system of the IR-detector matrix.

In the production of rockets, the Aerodynamic scheme "Duck" was used. The nose part contains four aerodynamic surfaces: two play the role of the steels, and the other two retain the immobility relative to the rocket housing. When maneuvering, with one pair of steering wheel, the rocket rotates around the longitudinal axis, while the control signals that arrive on them are consistent with the movement of the rocket around this axis. The initial rotation of the rocket ensures the inclined nozzles of the starting accelerator relative to the hull. Rotation in flight is maintained due to the disclosure of the planes of the tail stabilizer when exiting TPK, which are also located at an angle to the housing. The use of a pair of steering wheels significantly reduced the mass and the cost of flight control devices.

The rocket is driven by a solid-propelled two-mode Marsh Engine atlantic Research MK27, providing acceleration to the speed M \u003d 2.2 and supporting it throughout the flight to the target. This engine begins to work after the starting accelerator separated, and the rocket moved to a safe distance from the arrow - about 8 meters.

Weight of combat equipment Zour Makes three kilograms - this is a fragmentation fugasal part, a shocking fuse, as well as a safety-actuating mechanism that ensures the removal of protective steps and gives a team to the self-destruction of the rocket in the event that it did not hit the target.

To accommodate Zour A sealed cylindrical TPK from TPK is used, which is filled with inert gas. The container has two covers that are destroyed upon start. The material of the front misses IR and UV radiation, which makes it possible to capture the goal without having to break the seal. The container is quite reliable and sealed to ensure the storage of missiles without the need for maintenance for ten years.

To attach the starting mechanism that prepares the rocket to launch and running it, special locks are used. When preparing to start in the trigger case, the cooling and power supply unit with an electrical battery is established, which connects to the onboard rocket system using the plug connector. The container with liquid argon is connected to the mainstream of the cooling system by means of fitting. At the bottom of the starting mechanism, there is a plug connector that is used to connect the electronic sensor of the "Alien" system.

On the handle is a trigger, which has one neutral and two working positions. When transferring the hook in the first working position, cooling and power supply blocks are activated. On board the rockets begin to flow electricity and liquid argon, which cooled GOS detectors, spin the gyroscope and perform other operations for training. SP to launch. When transferring a hook in the second working position, the onboard electrical battery begins, which provides the power of the rocket electronic instrument for 19 seconds. The next step is to start the work of the rocket starting engine.

During the battle process, information about the goals is transmitted by the external detection and target design system or the calculation number, which is observed over the airspace. After the purpose is detected, the arrows operator puts PZRK On the shoulder, starting guidance on the chosen goal. After capturing the goal of GSN Rocket, the beep is triggered, and the optical sight starts to vibrate using a device adjacent to the operator's cheek. After that, by pressing the button turns on the gyroscope. In addition, before starting the arrow, you must enter the necessary correction angles.

When you click on the trigger bracket, the onboard battery is activated, which goes to the normal mode after the cartridge is triggered with a compressed gas, discarding the tear-off plug by turning off the power transmitted by the cooling and power supply unit. Then the pyropathron starts starting the starting engine.

CRKK "Stinger" Possesses the following tactical and technical characteristics:

  • Loop Zone:
    • Distance - 500-4750 m
    • Height - 3500 m
  • Mass set: 15.7 kg
  • Mass rocket: 10.1 kg
  • Rocket dimensions:
    • Length - 1500 mm
    • Case diameter - 70 mm
    • Scope of stabilizers - 91 mm
  • Rocket speed: 640 m / s

As a rule, calculations PZRK During the fighting, tasks are performed independently or as part of the unit. Fire calculation controls its commander. Autonomous choice of target, as well as using commands that commands the commander. The fire calculation produces a visual detection of an air target, whether it determines whether it belongs to the enemy. After that, if the goal reaches the calculated range and the team is given for destruction, the calculation launches the rocket.

In existing instructions for conducting a battle, there are receptions for making fires for settlements PZRK. For example, to destroy single piston aircraft and helicopters use a method called "Start-observation-start" for a single jet aircraft "Two start-observation-starts". In this case, by the goal simultaneously shoot both the arrows and the calculation commander. With a large number of air targets, the fire calculation chooses the most dangerous purposes, with the arrows and the commander shells different purposes using the "Start-New Purpose" method. The following distribution of the functions of members of the calculation is occurring - the commander shells the led or flying to the left of itself, and the arrow attacks the lead or right extreme object. Fire leads to a complete consumption of ammunition.

Coordination of fire between different calculations is carried out using pre-negotiated actions for the selection of installed sectors of the shelling and choice of target.

It is worth noting that the fire at night demasses fire positions at night, so in these conditions it is recommended to conduct shooting in motion or during short stops by changing the position after each start.

List of CRKK "Stinger"

First combat baptism CRKK "Stinger" Passed during the British Argentine conflict in 1982, the cause of which the Falkland Islands became.

With help PZRK The cover was ensured for the British landing, which landed ashore, from the blows of the Argentine Army attack aircraft. According to the British military, they shot down one aircraft, and even several attacks. At the same time, an interesting thing happened when the rocket, which was released in the Turbu-co-attack aircraft "Pukara", was struck by one of the shells released by the attack aircraft.

But this "fame" this PZRK I received after it began to apply Afghan Mujahideen for attacks on government and Soviet aviation. Since the beginning of the 1980s, American systems used "Red ah", Soviet "Strela-2"as well as British rockets "BlupupaP".

It is also worth noting that until the mid-80s with PZRK Not more than 10% of all aircraft belonging to government troops and a "limited contingent" were shot. The most effective rocket at that time is supplied by Egypt "Strela-2M". She surpassed all competitors in speed, maneuverability and battle power. For example, the American rocket "Red ah" There were unreliable contact and contactless fuses, another rocket was divided into a trim and flew away from the helicopter or aircraft. In any case, successful starts occurred regularly. However, the probability of hitting was almost 30% lower than the Soviet "Arrows".

The range of both rockets did not exceed three kilometers for fire on reactive aircraft, two for Mi-24 and Mi-8. And in the piston Mi-4, they did not come at all due to the weak IR signature. Theoretically, the British PZRK "Blupupyp" There were much greater opportunities.

It was an all-term system that could fire on a combat aircraft in the oncoming course at a distance of six kilometers, and by helicopter - up to five kilometers. She easily accounted for thermal traps, and the weight of the combat part of the rocket was three kilograms, which ensured an acceptable power. But it was one thing, but ... guidance by means of a manual radio command when a joystick was used to control the rocket, moving with a thumb, with a lack of experience, the arrow meant an inevitable slip. In addition, the whole complex weighed more than twenty kilograms, which also prevented its widespread.

The situation has changed dramatically when the newest American missiles hit the territory of Afghanistan "Stinger".

A small 70-mm rocket was allocress, and the guidance was completely passive and autonomous. The maximum speed reached the values \u200b\u200bto 2m. In just one week of use with their help, four SU-25 aircraft was shot down. The car could not save the thermal separations, and the threekilogram combat part was very effective against the Su-25 engines - they broke them into them to control stabilizers.

During the first two weeks of hostilities using CRKK "Stinger" In 1987, three Su-25 were destroyed. Two pilots died. At the end of 1987, losses amounted to eight aircraft. When shooting on the Su-25, the "offset" method has proven well, but it was ineffective against the Mi-24. One day two came to the Soviet helicopter "Stinger"And in the same engine, but the damaged machine managed to return to the database. To protect the helicopters, shielded exhaust devices were used, which reduced the contrast of IR radiation by about twice. A new generator for the supply of pulse IR signals called L-166B-11E was installed. He took the rocket to the side, and also provoked the false seizure of the goal of GOS PZRK.

But W. "Stinger" There were also weaknesses that first attributed to the pros. The start-up has been a radio engine that was detected by the SU-25 pilots, which made it possible to use traps preventively, increasing their effectiveness. Dreshans could use the "all-roundness" of the complex only in the winter, since the heated front edges of the wings of the attack aircraft lacked the contrast to start a rocket in the hemisphere in front.

After the start of use CRKK "Stinger" It took to make changes to the tactics of the use of combat aviation, as well as to improve its protection and interference. It was decided to increase the speed and height during the fire for land targets, as well as create special links and covers for the cover, which began shelling, in which were discovered PZRK. Very often, the Mujahideen was not solved to use PZRK, knowing about the inevitable retribution from these aircraft.

It is worth noting that IL-28 became the most "unrest" aircraft - hopelessly outdated bombers of the Afghan Air Force. This was largely due to a fireproof 23-mm gun installed on the feed point, which could suppress the firing positions of calculations. PZRK.

CIA and Pentagon Armed the Mujahidees complexes "Stinger"pursuing a number of goals. One of them - the tests of the new PZRK In real battle. The Americans corrected them with the supply of Soviet weapons in Vietnam, where Soviet rockets shot down hundreds of American helicopters and aircraft. However, the USSR helped the legitimate authorities of the sovereign country, while the United States sent weapons for anti-government armed Mujahedov - or "international terrorists, as the Americans themselves now classify them.

The official Russian media support the opinion that subsequently Afghan PZRK Used by Chechen militants for fire in Russian aviation during the "counter-terrorist operation". However, this could not correspond to validity for some reason.

First, one-time power batteries are stored for two years, after which they need to be changed, and the rocket itself can be stored in a hermetic packaging for ten years, after which it needs maintenance. Afghan Mujahideen could not independently replace the batteries and provide qualified service.

Most "Stinger" Poted in the early 1990s, Iran, who was able to introduce some of them back into operation. According to the Iranian authorities, at the moment the "Corps of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution" has about fifty complexes "Stinger".

In the early 1990s, the territory of Chechnya brought the division of the Soviet military, and after them there were many warehouses with weapons. Therefore, special need for "Stinger" did not have.

During the second Chechen campaign, the militants were used PZRK Different types that have come to them from different sources. Mostly these were complexes "Needle" and "Arrow". Sometimes met I. "Stinger"who fell into Chechnya from Georgia.

After the operations of international forces began on the territory of Afghanistan, not a single case of the use of CRC Stinger was recorded.

In the late 80s "Stinger" Used soldiers of a foreign French Legion. With their help, they led fire on Libyan combat machines. But there is no reliable detail in "open sources".

Currently CRKK "Stinger" Became one of the most efficient and common on the planet. Its rockets are used in various anti-aircraft complexes for grounding - ASPIC, Avenger and others. In addition, they are used on combat helicopters as self-defense arms from air objects.

On September 26, 1986, Soviet aviation in Afghanistan first came under the blow of a new weapon - the American portable anti-aircraft missile complex (CRKK) "Stinger". If previously Soviet attack aircraft and combat helicopters felt the full owners in the Afghan sky, now they were forced to act at extremely small heights, hiding behind the rocks and folds of the terrain. The first use of Stinger was worth the Soviet troops of the three Mi-24 helicopters, in just the end of 1986, 23 combat cars were destroyed.

The appearance of the PZRK "Stinger" in service with the Mujahideen not only seriously complicated the life of the Soviet and Afghan Air Forces, but also forced the command of a limited contingent to change the tactics of fighting partisans. Earlier to combat partisan groups, special forces were used, which were thrown into the helicopters in the desired area. New IDPs made such raids very risky.

It is believed that the appearance of the CRKK "Stinger" seriously affected the course of the Afghan war and significantly worsened the situation of Soviet troops. Although this question is still very debated.

In many respects, precisely thanks to the Afghan war, CRKK FIM-92 Stinger has become the most famous portable anti-aircraft complex in the world. In the USSR, and then in Russia this weapon turned into a real symbol of that war, it fell into literature, about FIM-92 Stinger even removed several films.

The FIM-92 Stinger CRKK was developed by the American company General Dynamics in the late 70s, the complex was adopted by the US Army in 1981. Stinger is the most famous and popular weapon of its class: since the start of production, more than 70 thousand complexes were made, it is currently in service with the thirty armies of the world. Its main operators are the US Armed Forces, Great Britain and Germany. The cost of one PZRK (for 1986) was 80 thousand US dollars.

"Stinger" passed a huge number of hot spots. In addition to Afghanistan, this weapon was used during hostilities in Yugoslavia, in Chechnya, Angola, there are information about the presence of FIM-92 Stinger in Syrian rebels.

History of creation

The portable anti-aircraft missile systems appeared in the early 60s and were first massively applied in the Middle East during the next Arab-Israeli conflict (1969). The use of PZRK against low-tie airplanes and helicopters turned out to be so effective that in the future the CRCK became a favorite weapon of various partisan and terrorist groups. Although it should be noted that the anti-aircraft complexes of that time were far from excellence, their characteristics were insufficient for confident lesion of aircraft.

In the mid-60s, the ASDP program was launched in the United States, the purpose of which was to study theoretical grounds for creating a new portable anti-aircraft complex with a rocket equipped with all-arctic GOS. It was this program that the start of the creation of a promising CRC, who received the designation Stinger ("Powered"). Work on the "Stinger" began in 1972, they conducted General Dynamics.

In 1977, a new complex was ready, the company began to make an experienced party, the tests were completed in 1980, and the next year he was adopted.

The first armed conflict in which the Stinger was used by the Falkland War of 1982. With the help of this portable complex, the Argentine Pucara attack aircraft and the SA.330 Puma helicopter was shot down. However, the real "star hour" FIM-92 Stinger was the war in Afghanistan, which began in 1979.

It should be noted that the Americans have not decided to put the newest (and very expensive) weapons to the unfinished detachments of Islamic fanatics. However, at the beginning of 1986, the decision was still accepted, and 240 launchers and a thousand anti-aircraft managed missiles were sent to Afghanistan. In service with the Mujahidee, there were already several types of PZRK: Soviet "Strela-2M", delivered from Egypt, American Redeye and British Blowpipe. However, these complexes were quite outdated and not too effective against Soviet aviation. In 1984, with the help of portable anti-aircraft complexes (62 launched), the Mujaheds managed to bring down only five Soviet aircraft.

CRKK FIM-92 Stinger could affect aircraft and helicopters for a range of up to 4.8 km and height from 200 to 3,800 meters. After arranging firing positions high in the mountains, the Mujahideen could affect air targets that are at much more significant altitudes: there is information about the Soviet An-12, which was bridged at an altitude of nine kilometers.

Immediately after the appearance of "Stinger" in Afghanistan, the Soviet command had a strong desire to get acquainted with this weapon closer. Special detachments were formed, which was set to obtain the trophy samples of these CRK. In 1987, luck smiled at one of the groups of Soviet special forces: during the carefully prepared operation, it was possible to defeat the caravan with weapons and capture three FIM-92 Stinger units.

Soon after the start of the application of "Stinger", countermeasures were taken, which were quite effective. The tactics of the use of aviation, airplanes and helicopters were equipped with interference installation systems and shooting false thermal traps. To put a point in the dispute about the role of the PZRK "Stinger" in the Afghan campaign, it can be said that during the fighting Soviet troops lost more aircraft and helicopters from the fire of ordinary anti-aircraft machine guns.

After the end of the Afghan war, the Americans had a serious problem: how to get their "stingers" back. In 1990, the United States had to buy out the former Allied-Mujahideen CRK, they paid 183 thousand dollars for one complex. In total, 55 million dollars were spent on these purposes. The Afghans handed over part of the FIM-92 Stinger Iran (there are information about 80 launchers), which is also unlikely to have pleased Americans.

There is information that "Stinger" used against coalition troops in 2001. And even about the American helicopter, shoven with this complex. However, it looks unlikely: For more than ten years, PZRK had to sit down the battery and come into disrepair by a managed rocket.

In 1987, FIM-92 Stinger was used during a military conflict in Chad. With the help of these complexes, several Libyan Air Force aircraft were shot down.

In 1991, a civilian aircraft L-100-30 was shot down by UNITA militants in Angola with the help of Stinger. Passengers and crew members died.

There is information that the FIM-92 Stinger was used by Chechen separatists during the first and second campaigns in the North Caucasus, but these data cause skepticism from many experts.

In 1993, the Su-24 Air Force of Uzbekistan was shot down using this CRCC, both pilots were catapulted.

Design Description

CRKK FIM-92 Stinger is a lightly portable anti-aircraft missile complex, designed to destroy low-fat air targets: airplanes, helicopters, unmanned aircraft and winged rockets. The defeat of air targets can be made both on the oncoming and outgoing courses. Officially, the CRKK consists of two people, but the fire can lead one operator.

Initially, three modifications "Stinger" were created: basic, Stinger-Post and Stinger-RMP. Starting installations of these modifications are absolutely identical, only rocket homing heads differ. The basic modification is equipped with a rocket with infrared GSN, which is guided by thermal radiation of the operating engine.

GSN Modifications Stinger-POST works in two ranges: infrared and ultraviolet, it allows the rocket to avoid interference and more confidently affect air targets. Modification of FIM-92 Stinger-RMP is the most modern and has the most advanced characteristics, its development was completed in 1987.

CRKK of all modifications consists of the following elements:

  • an anti-aircraft controlled rocket (zur) in a transport and starting container (TPK);
  • starting mechanism;
  • aiming tool for searching and maintaining a goal;
  • power supply and cooling unit;
  • the detection systems "their own strangers", its antenna has a characteristic lattice appearance.

Zur PZRK "Stinger" was performed according to the aerodynamic scheme "Duck", with four aerodynamic surfaces in the front, two of which are manageable. In flight Zur is stabilized by rotation, to give it the rotational motion of the nozzle of the starting accelerator are located at an angle relative to the central axis of the rocket. At the angle there are also rear stabilizers that are revealed immediately after the rocket output from the starting container.

Zur is equipped with a solid-propelled two-mode march engine that accelerates the rocket to a 2.2 maha speed and supports its high speed throughout the flight.

The rocket is equipped with an agricultural fuzasny combat part, a shock fusion and a protective and executive mechanism, which ensures the self-destruction of ZUR in the event of its misair.

Zur is located in fiberglass disposable container, which is filled with inert gas. The front cover is transparent, which ensures the guidance of the Rocket on IR and UV radiation directly in the launch container. The shelf life of the rocket in a container without maintenance is ten years.

A starting mechanism is joined using special locks to the TPK, an electrical battery is installed in it during preparation for shooting. Also, before use, a liquid nitrogen container is connected to the starting container, which is necessary to cool the GHN detectors. After pressing the trigger, the launch of gyroscopes of rockets and cooling its GOS, then the rocket battery is activated and the starting engine starts.

Aircraft capture is accompanied by a beep, which gives to know the operator that the shot can be performed.

The last versions of IDPs are equipped with an AN / PAS-18 thermal imaging sight, which provides the ability to use the complex at any time of the day. In addition, it works in the same IR range as the GOS detector Rocket, so it is ideal for detecting air targets outside the maximum range of Zur (up to 30 km).

Ways to deal with CRKK "Stinger"

The appearance in Afghanistan PZRK FIM-92 Stinger has become a serious problem for Soviet aviation. She was trying to solve in different ways. The tactics of the use of aviation was changed, it concerned both shock machines and transport helicopters and aircraft.

Flights of transport aircraft steel is carried out at large altitudes, where they could not get the stinger rocket. Landing and takeoff from the airfield took place on a spiral with a sharp set or loss of height. Helicopters, on the contrary, began to be pressed against the ground using ultra-low heights.

Soon there were systems that influenced IR Detectors of GOS Rocket. These are usually sources of infrared radiation. In the traditional way to deceive the rocket is the shooting of thermal false goals (TLC) by aircraft or helicopter. However, heat traps have a lot of drawbacks (for example, they are fairly firewood), and to deceive modern CRCK with the help of the TLC is quite difficult.

Immediately after shooting, the aircraft is obliged to perform an anti-missile maneuver, otherwise it will still be affected by a rocket.

Another way to protect aircraft from the lesion of the CRCK can be to increase their booking. In this way, the creators of the Russian shock helicopter Ka-50 "Black Shark" went.

Characteristics

Below are the main TTX CRKK FIM-92 Stinger.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments under the article. We or our visitors will gladly respond to them

Portable anti-aircraft missile systems are among the "poor weapons". Having gained widespread in the world, they allow third-country armies, national liberation and terrorist movements relative to cheap and effectively deal with aviation. The Soviet complex "Strela-2" became the first applied in real combat actions - this happened in 1969 during the "war to exhaust" between Egypt and Israel. Then he got into Southeast Asia, and there for the first time "became acquainted" of the US Armed Forces. The Americans called him SA-7, Northwestnames - A-72. Soviet / Russian statistics for the application of CRKK in Southeast Asia is extremely scoop. It is usually indicated that 589 launches were produced and 204 was reached. Either hitting. At the same time, there are statements by the chief designer of the Sergey complex invincible about the more significant "arrows" successes. Here is a quote from the book "Lomo. Through the prism of time" (St. Petersburg, 2002; Fragment is available on the website http://pvo.guns.ru) concerning the first combat episodes in Egypt and Vietnam: " And in August 1969- First fight. Ten rockets- Six aircraft! This was immediately reported to the Kremlin Brezhnev, Grechko. Caused me. In addition to the general approval, wishes were made to increase the lesion zones and increase the speed to shoot down even more speed targets. And in eight months we did "Arright-2M". She destroyed 40 aircraft of different types in Egypt. The goal was achieved: Israeli aviation managed to tear off the Earth and make a vulnerable to other air defense. Later- Vietnam. Teach Vietnamesev- And those shot down 205 American aircraft ..." In September 2011, the following was invincible in an interview with the Russian newspaper: "For the time of the war in Vietnam, 205 American aircraft and helicopters were shot down during the War in Vietnam." It remains incomprehensible, which means 205 knocked out according to the general designer version - only aircraft or aircraft and helicopters. From the American and South Side, the full open statistics of losses from CRKK was not found. Despite this, the available sources (first of all, the classic book of Chris Hobson and the Army Air Crews website) allow you to compile a sufficiently complete list of downed aircraft USA. To begin with, it should be declared when and how the aviation confrontation occurred and "arrows." In some Russian-speaking publications, it is argued that the Americans first noted the use of CRCs during the Lao Campaign of February-March 1971 (Lam Son 719 operation). But it is for Americans that such information is not found. On the contrary, it is emphasized everywhere that the first meeting with new weapons occurred during the "Easter offensive" in the spring of 1972. It is believed that the first reliably fixed start was marked on April 29, when one rocket was unsuccessfully released on the "phantom" north of the city of Kuangchi (Military Region I). After the loss of four aircraft during May 1-2, the Americans began to take measures to combat CRK, including the use of heat traps and constructive changes aimed at reducing infrared signatures of aircraft and helicopters. The "rocket boom" lasted during May-June, after this period the loss decreased significantly and were episodic in nature until the signing of the Paris Agreement in January 1973, when the United States left the war. The practical effectiveness of the "arrows" was not too high, but their appearance had a certain psychological effect on American pilots, as the experience of the first weeks showed that it was impossible to survive the getting of rocket to the helicopter. In the case of detection of the start of the CRKK helicopter, it was prescribed three times to transfer the warning "Rocket!". Without a doubt, some assistance to the Americans had a study of complexes captured by the Army of South Vietnam. In particular, on May 22, the divisions of the South National Division of Marines seized two CRCs in the Military Region I; Another "boom" was taken by Morpes in the province of Thyatchiene during the local operation 8-9 June, and four - during the offensive in the province of Kuangchi on June 18. Further lists the US aircraft, the destruction of which is attributed to the CRC account. May 1 - an advanced guidance aircraft O-2 shot down in the area of \u200b\u200bCuangchi, the pilot jumped up with a parachute. May 1 - attack aircraft A-1 is affected by a rocket in the area of \u200b\u200bKuangchi, participating in the search and rescue operation. The pilot retped on a chopped car to the Tonkin Bay and catapulted. On May 2 - two A-1 attack aircraft are shot down in Cuangchi Province, participating in the search and rescue operation. Both pilots have eaten. On May 2, the UH-1 transport helicopter is shot down, participating in the search and rescue operation in Cuangchi Province. 5 people died. May 11 - AH-1 impact helicopter is shot down in the anlock area, the crew died. May 11 - Two front guidance aircraft O-2 are shot down near Anlak. It is allowed to be the fact that they have become victims of the CRK, although it is not fixed for sure. May 14 - an advanced guidance aircraft O-1 shot down in the anlock area, the pilot jumped up with a parachute. On May 22, the F-4 fighter-bomber shot down by anti-aircraft fire or a Rocket of the CRKK after an attack of the ground target in Cuangchi Province. The crew catapulted. On May 24 - the UH-1 transport helicopter is shot down in the Hue district. 4 people died. On May 24, the AH-1 impact helicopter is shot down in the anlock area, the crew died. May 25 - Advanced Airplane OV-10 shot down in the area of \u200b\u200bHue, the crew catapulted. On May 26, the Ta-4 attack aircraft is struck by a rocket in the area of \u200b\u200bHue and fell into the Tonkin Bay on the adjustment to the Danang airfield, the crew catapulted. June 11 - Oh-6 observation helicopter is shot down by an unknown rocket in the province of Thyatchien. It has not been reliably established than he was amazed. The crew died. June 18 - the aircraft support aircraft AC-130 is shot down in the Ashau Valley area, three of the 15 crew survived. June 20 - the AH-1 impact helicopter is shot down in the anlock area, the crew died. June 21 - AH-1 shock helicopter is shot down in the Anlyl area, the crew survived. On June 29, the plane of advanced guidance OV-10 is amazed by a rocket in the area of \u200b\u200bCuangchi and made a forced landing for water in the Tonkin Gulf. The pilot was killed (posthumously awarded the Honor Medal), the observer survived. July 2 - Advanced Airplane O-1 is shot down above the territory of Cambodia near the border with Vietnam. The pilot obviously survived. July 5 - A-37 attack aircraft shot down in the area of \u200b\u200bHue, the pilot catapults. July 11 - the CH-53 transport helicopter is amazed by a rocket during the landing of the landing in the area of \u200b\u200bCuangchi, made an emergency landing and burned down. On board were 6 Americans and 50 South Names, survived 3 Americans and 7 Vietnamese. October 31 - the CH-47 transport helicopter is shot down in Dintyong Province. 15 people died (according to the name list; in the sources there are numbers to 22 dead). November 23 - Advanced Airplane O-2 shot down in the Anlyl area, the pilot saved. December 3 - AH-1 shock helicopter, the crew survived. December 19 - the plane of advanced guidance OV-10 is amazed by a rocket in the area of \u200b\u200bKuangchi, the pilot tried to reach the Tonkin Gulf. The crew catapulted, one pilot survived, the other died. January 8 - the UH-1 transport helicopter is shot down by two rockets in the Kuangchi area. 6 people died. January 27 - Advanced Airplane OV-10 shot down in the Dongha area, participating in the search and rescue operation. The crew catapulted and shot by Severgatenamed soldiers in the air or already on Earth. The list is subject to a certain extent (it was not always possible to establish the exact cause of the loss of the aircraft, the shooters of the RPG could be taken for the RPG launches, and so on), but it reflects the overall picture. It includes all fixed aircraft losses, as well as all the loss of helicopters, accompanied by the death of crew members and passengers. The only category for which there is no complete information is the loss of helicopters without victims, but such cases, apparently, was extremely small. Generalized statistics on established American losses from CRKK for May 1972 - January 1973: - A total of 24 aircraft (14 aircraft and 10 helicopters), 4 more presumably; - by types of Armed Forces: Air Force - 13, Army - 9, Marine Corps - 2; - airplanes - four OV-10, three A-1, two O-1 and O-2, one A-37, AC-130, TA-4, as well as two O-2 and one F-4 allegedly; - helicopters - five AH-1, three UH-1, one by one CH-47 and CH-53, as well as one OH-6 allegedly; - on board the shot down aircraft were 79 Americans and about 50 yuzhnovythnamsev; - from among Americans 24 survived and saved, 53 died during a shot, 2 killed by an opponent after a catapulting; From the number of Southern Names 7 survived and saved, about 43 were killed. The greatest part of the "arrows" was piston and turboprop aircraft, only two shotguns were reactive (attack aircraft A-37 "Dragonfly" and TA-4F "Skyhok"). Other major USA combat aircraft of that time (F-4, F-8, A-6, A-7) were not affected, with the exception of one possible case of sling F-4. Almost always the loss of the aircraft happened after one hit; Only on January 8, the UH-1 helicopter was amazed twice. The only case is known when the aircraft managed to return to the database with damage from the "arrows" hit - the aircraft aircraft support AC-130, hit on May 12. Interestingly, ten of the top of the crews of the aircraft safely survived a shot. At the helicopters of business were much worse - there were only two out of ten crews, both of them piloted drum helicopters AH-1 "Cobra". The first of these cases occurred in detail, which occurred near the Anlylock on June 21. The helicopter was amazed leaving a combat sunset and being at an altitude of more than 1 km. The pilot (captain Mike Brown) received a timely warning warning about the launch of the rocket, knew what his car was amazed, and he called it a key factor that contributed to their survival. Keeping the minimum control over the incident machine, he undertook all actions that thought over in advance precisely for such a situation. "Cobra" fell on trees mitigating a blow. There was no fire, the pilots did not have serious injuries and successfully left a broken helicopter. The geography of losses shows that in 1972, portable anti-aircraft missile systems were wearing, apparently, in the few divisions of the VNA. They were most successful in the military region I (mainly near Kuangchi and Hue), where the "arrows" appeared before all. Anlock in the Military Region III became another dangerous place, the first launches were seen on May 8-9. At the extreme south of the country, in the military region IV, there was only one loss (CH-47 "Chinook") at 43 registered launches. Finally, in the military region II first launch was seen on June 10, the losses were not available. Some Russian-speaking authors have information about the use of "arrows", causing certain doubts. So, in Article Mikhail Zhirohov and Alexander Kotlobovsky "Shaitan Arba" under fire. Losses and damage Mi-24 in Afghanistan "(Aviation and Time, 2006, N 5) written as follows: "As a retreat from the topic andnoter Statistics Application "arrows" vs" Cob" in indochite. The 25th launch of the missiles were destroyed 18" Cob "(all - in 1972). A black day for Americans turned out to be on May 12. When during the battles in the area of \u200b\u200bthe unlock for half an hour, five An-1 were shot down by the calculations of PZRK.. " As already mentioned, only five losses "Cobra" from CRKK are reliably installed. With a lot of confidence, we can say that for the whole war there was not a single day when the losses of AH-1 were five cars (for any reasons). Five aircraft, including one "Cobra", were shot down near Anlas, including one "Cobra", the missiles were destroyed with rockets, including three American and one Yuzhnovyetnamen, and on May 12, the only known loss in the area became AC-130, a knockdown rocket and safely returned to Base. Kotlobovsky in his earlier work "SPC in local wars" (1998) led other data on the use of CRKK against helicopters: 46 launches and 13 shotgun (four "cobra" and nine "Iroques"). There, with reference to US data, he reported that at least three AC-130 gancipes were driven by portable complexes. The circumstances of the loss of all six "spectra" in Southeast Asia are well described (in particular, at the same hobster), and anti-aircraft missiles as a cause of loss appear only for two aircraft, and one was shot down by the "arrow", and the other 75. In addition to US military aviation in Southeast Asia, AIR America flew by CIA. The following losses related to Vietnamese rockets are known: February 9, 1973 - the C-123 transport aircraft is shot down by a rocket (type unknown) in Laos. 3 people died (including two Americans) and 1 survived. On April 7, 1973, the UH-1 transport helicopter, which was transporting employees of the International Commission for Control and Observation (their task was to follow the observance of the truce), shot down in Cuangchi Province. 9 people were killed, including four employees of the Commission and two representatives of the NFA / VN (at least one of them was an officer of the Vietnamese People's Army). On May 13, 1974, the C-123 transport airline Air China, who completed the flight under a contract with Air America, is struck by the enemy's fire (probably a Rocket of the CRKK) and made a forced landing in the Tainin area. Of the 4 crew members, one was injured, the plane was thrown. July 27, 1974 - the C-123 transport airline Air China airlines, which completed the flight under the contract with Air America, is shot down in the Mokho area. Died 5 people (4 Chinese and Filipinets). January 3, 1975 - the C-123 transport aircraft is shot down in the Nha Trang area, 9 people died (Chinese crews and unknown passengers). The South Names Aviation suffered from "arrows" much longer than the American - until the very end of the war in the spring of 1975. The threat of CRKK forced the attack aircraft to work from large heights, thereby reducing their combat effectiveness. Loss statistics in 1972 is absent. It is known that 6 aircraft were shot down by missiles, and these data are probably concerned, only the Military Region I. Japanese newspaper "Jipan Times" reported that by the middle of the summer in the Mekong Delta (Military Region IV) Victims of CRCK became At least 8 aircraft, including the Transport of C-119. January 28, 1973 formally entered into force in the truce in Vietnam. For the first five civilians, until the end of June, 22 PZRK starts were noted, which crossed out from the South National Air Force 7 of the aircraft. There is their list indicating the date and place of the shot down (see William Le Gro, "Vietnam: Cease Fire to Capitulation"): February 4 - Stormware A-37, Kuangchi March 28 - A-1 attack aircraft, Binilong March 29 - A- Stormmovik 1, Bignilong March 29 - F-5 fighter-bomber, Bitlong April 7 - the UH-1 transport helicopter, Kuangchi (it is included in the number of South Names of this period, although this is a helicopter AIR ARICA, his shot is described above) April 20 - Stormware A -1, Chienfonge April 20 - the UH-1 transport helicopter, Kyenho June 3 - the CH-47 transport helicopter, Tainin, as in the case of American aviation, aircraft were destroyed more than helicopters. Under the period from January 1973 to the summer of 1974 there is data from two sources belonging to the American military attache in Saigon, but these sources contradict each other. The GlobalSecurity.org website contains statistics of South Vietnam Air Force, from an unnamed document as if until June 1974. There are losses from PZRK by type of aircraft: A-1 - 5 A-37 - 5 AC-119 - 1 F-5 - 1 UH-1 - 3 CH-47 - 2 TOTAL - 17 aircraft (12 aircraft and 5 Helicopters, 20% of the total combat losses in the air for the specified period of time) Another source is a report of military attache for the period from December 12, 1972 to August 21, 1974. It says that from the beginning of the truce and until June 30, 1974, over 130 PZRK launches were recorded, half of which occurred in the military region III, and the smallest number in the Military Region I. Located 23 aircraft. As of December 31, 1974, the number of confirmed losses of the South Names Air Force from anti-aircraft missile systems (probably, including from C-75, deployed in South Vietnam) from the beginning of the truce amounted to 28 aircraft. The successes of the "arrows" in 1975 remain for the most part of the mystery. In the penultimate day of war, on April 29, A-1 attack aircraft and at least one aircraft support AC-119 were shot down over Saigon. The effectiveness of portable complexes against the reactive aviation of Yuzhnovythnamsev, as in the case of the Americans, was limited. Anthony Tambini, a civil adviser for the South Vietnam Air Force in 1974-1975, in its book on the use of F-5 bombers in Southeast Asia describes two cases when F-5 returned to the base after the "arrow" defeat. In one plane broke the chassis when landing due to hydraulic failure; The damages obtained were maintainable, but the repair did not take place due to the seizure of the Bienho Air Base of the Northwenthenemian army. In another, the landing passed safely and the plane restored. According to Tamibini's testimony from a different source, all he saw three F-5, who returned to Bienho with damage from the MSRK missiles. Using "arrows" on other fronts of the Indochinese Peninsula - in Cambodia and Laos - a solid "white spot" of history. The only reliable fact - the first successful start in Cambodia took place on August 8, 1972, when the rocket destroyed the helicopter of the Government Army UH-1, transporting refugees; 14 people died. Lack of data allows us to make only approximate conclusions about the results of using portable anti-aircraft missile systems in the Vietnamese War. Establish the cause of the fall of the aircraft is not always possible; This problem in particular concerned the South Vietnam Air Force, the quarter of the losses of which from 1973 to mid-1974 occurred under uncertain reasons. On the other hand, with Severgatenam / Soviet / Russian data, not everything is also clear. Summarizing everything above, it can be concluded that the "Strela-2" complexes in Vietnam were destroyed up to 30 US aircraft and over 40 aircraft of the South Vietnam (and some number - suppose, from ten to thirty - not taken into account). In Cambodia and Laos, losses were unlikely to be significant. Thus, the total number of aircraft and helicopters, knocked down by PZRK's missiles in the sky of Southeast Asia between 1972 and 1975, can reach or somewhat exceed 100 units. The results of the use of "arrows" are ambiguous. They were not reliably struck by any of the most modern American jet aircraft (F-4, A-6, A-7), the losses of helicopters were moderate, and in general, the appearance of the CRCK did not lead to the fracture in the fight against aviation in South Vietnam. At the same time, the "boom" confidently destroyed in one hit by most of the goals, including specialized combat helicopters, demonstrated the ability to successfully affect the screw and light jet aircraft (A-37, F-5), made it difficult to use the South Nadget Assault Aviation. Yuzhanam had to be reckoned with this weapon. Regardless of quantitative indicators, portable anti-aircraft missiles contributed to the victory of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.