Reproduction by killing. Types of mushrooms breeding by killing. Live creatures breeding by killing

Reproduction is the ability of all organisms to reproduce themselves like that ensures continuity and acceptability of life. The main methods of breeding are presented:

In the heart of the clarity reproduction lies cell division by mitosis, in which two equivalent subsidiaries (two organisms) are created from each maternal cell (organism). The biological role of the clarity reproduction lies in the occurrence of organisms identical to the parental content of hereditary material, as well as anatomical and physiological properties (biological copies).

Distinguish the following methods of crucible breeding: division, kinding, fragmentation, polyembryphony, sporing formation, vegetative reproduction.

Division - The method of non-milk breeding, characteristic of single-celled organisms, in which the mother's individual is divided into two or more subsidiaries. It is possible to select: a) simple binary division (prokaryotam), b) mitotic binary division (protozoa, single-celled algae), c) multiple division, or sidesogonia (malaria plasmodium, tribanosomes). During the division of Parametion (1), the micronucleus is divided by mitosis, macronucleus - amitosis. During schistogonia (2), the kernel is rejuvenated by mitosis at first, then each of the subsidiary nuclei is surrounded by cytoplasm, and several independent organisms are formed.

Binding - The method of inside reproduction, in which new individuals are formed in the form of increased parental individuals (3). Subsidiaries can be separated from maternal and move to an independent lifestyle (hydra, yeast), can remain attached to it, forming in this case the colony (coral polyps).

Fragmentation (4) - The method of inside reproduction, in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts), for which the mother's sinphs decomposes (ringed worms, starfish, spirohyder, element). The basis of fragmentation is the ability of organisms to regeneration.

PolyEmbriancy - Method of useless reproduction, in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts) to which embryo (monosigitious twins) decays.

Vegetative reproduction - The method of non-reproduction, in which new individuals are formed from either parts of the vegetative body of the maternal individual, or from special structures (rhizome, tuber, etc.) specifically designed for this form of reproduction. Vegetative reproduction is characteristic of many groups of plants, used in gardening, gardening, plant selection (artificial vegetative reproduction).

Sporing (6) - reproduction by dispute. Spore - Specialized cells, most species are formed in special organs - sporangies. Higher plants forming a dispute precedes Meiosis.

Cloning - A complex of methods used by a person to obtain genetically identical copies of cells or individuals. Clone - A combination of cells or individuals that occurred from the overall ancestor by the use of mineral reproduction. The basis of receiving a clone lies mitosis (in bacteria - simple division).

When sexually reproduction in prokaryotes, two cells exchange hereditary information as a result of the transition of the DNA molecule from one cell to another along the cytoplasmic bridge.

Boringone of the methods of cull (vegetative) reproduction of animals and plants. P. is carried out by education on the motherboard of the kidney - increased, from which a new individual is developing. From plants to P. Able certain sample mushrooms (eg, yeast,for to-rye P.-Osn. The method of reproduction), a number of basidial mushrooms, as well as mosses of livenies (multiply by t. n. brood kidneys). Among the animals P. multiplies the simplest (some flagella, infusories, disputes), sponges, shepherds, nose worms, msanka, roofing-birk and shells. In animals, P. is outdoor and internal; The first is divided into parietal, with a rum kidney formed on the body of the mother, and the colonial P., when the kidneys are formed on specials. Growth - collises (some ki-swollen and sheath and shells). With internal P. The new part develops from inside. Mother's body site; Such are the hemlahs of sponges and the Statoblasts of the Mshanok, having protective shells and employees. For experience in winter or arid conditions, when the maternal organism dies. In a number of animals, P. does not reach the end, young individuals remain connected with the maternal organism; As a result, colonies arise, consisting of a variety of individuals (see Colonial organisms).Sometimes P. can be caused by artificially different impacts on the maternal organism, eg, burns or cuts. A. V. Ivanov

The property of organisms to reproduce oneself like that, ensuring the continuity of life, is called reproduction. Paveless reproduction It is characterized by the fact that the new part develops from non-problem, somatic (bodily) cells. IN breakfast reproduction Only one source part is involved. In this case, the body can develop from one cell, and the descendants arisen in their hereditary features are identical to the parent organism. Miscellaneous reproduction is widespread among plants and is much less common in animals. Many simplest multiplies by ordinary mitotic division of cells ( By dividing the maternal cell in half (bacteria, Evglen, Amoeba, infusoria) ) . Other unicellular animals, such as malaria plasmodium (malaria pathogen), peculiar sponework.It lies in the fact that the cell disintegrates into a large number of individuals equal to the number of nuclei, in advance formed in the parent cell as a result of the multiple division of its kernel. Multiple-milking organisms are also capable of disputes: mushrooms, algae, moss and fern disputes and zyospore are formed in special organs - sporangies and zoosporents.

Both unicellular and multicellular organisms also serves as in multicellular organisms binding. For example, yeast mushrooms and some infusories. In multicellular (freshwater hydra), the kidney consists of a group of cells of both layers of the body wall. In multicellular animals, the useless reproduction is also carried out by dividing the body into two parts (jellyfish, ringed worms) or by fragmentation of the body into several parts (flat worms, iglinder). There are widespread reproduction in plants, i.e., the reproduction of body parts: sections of the layer (in algae, mushrooms, lichens); with the help of rhizomes (in fern and flower); Plots of the stem (mustache at strawberries, blueberries, in fruit shrubs guts at the gooseberry, grapes); Roots (root siblings of raspberries) leaves (at Begonias). In the process of evolution, the plant formed special organs of vegetative reproduction: modified shoots (bulb, potato tube) modified roots - rootfields (beets, carrots) and root tubers (dahlia).

Table (TA Kozlova, V.S. Kuchmenko. Biology in tables. M., 2000)

Characteristic of reproduction forms

Bearing kinding

one of the methods of vegetative reproduction, carried out by education on the motherboard of the kidney - increased, from which a new part is developing. P. It is characteristic of some silent mushrooms, a number of basidial mushrooms, as well as a liver mham that breeds t. brood kidneys. Among the animals by P. Sponges, intestinal, some infusories, worms, msanka, raspberry and shells multiply. In animals P. is outdoor and inner. The first is divided into parietal, with a rum kidney formed on the body of the mother, and colonial, when the kidneys are formed on specials. Growth - collises (in some intestinal and shells). With internal P. The new part develops from inside. The body of the mother's body is such hemlays of sponges and the Statoblasts of the Mshanok, having protective shells and employees. For experience in winter or arid conditions, when the maternal organism dies. In a number of animals, P. does not reach the end - young individuals remain connected with the mother's organism, resulting in a colony. P. can be caused artificially. adverse effects on the maternal organism, for example. Burn or cut.

.(Source: "Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary." Ch. Red. M. S. Gilyarov; Radric.: A. A. Babaev, G. M. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin, and others - 2nd ed., Focused . - M.: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.)

The method of vegetative reproduction of organisms, when the motherboard is formed on the motherboard, the kidney from which a new organism develops. Some mushrooms, mosses, as well as infusories, sponges, shepherd, worms and a number of other invertebrate animals breed the killing. Kinding in animals is outdoor when the kidneys are formed on the body of the mother, and inner, when the kidneys are isolated from the inner portion of the mother's body. In the case when the kinding does not reach the end and the young individuals are connected to the maternal organism, a colony is formed.

.(Source: "Biology. Modern illustrated encyclopedia." Ch. Ed. A. P. Gorkin; M.: Rosman, 2006.)

Watch what is "kinding" in other dictionaries:

Kindding the type of forgeless or vegetative reproduction of animals and plants, in which subsidiaries are formed from the growth of the body of the parent organism (kidney). Kindling is typical for many mushrooms, liver moss and animals ... ... Wikipedia

The type of powerful reproduction, in which subsidiaries are formed from the growth of the body of the parent organism (kidneys). The kidding is characteristic of many mushrooms, liver moss and animals (the simplest, sponges, intestinal, some worms, msanka, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Burning, a method of inside breeding, in which a new organism grows on a parent's body. For example, a hydra (small freshwater polyps) often multiply by the kill in the summer period. At the parent Oracle is formed small ... ... Scientific and Technical Encyclopedic Dictionary

Bearing, kidding, MN. No, cf. (biol.). Miscellaneous reproduction by kidney (see kidney1 in 2 meanings) or gradually increasing cell growth. Explanatory dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary Ushakov

The method of vegetative reproduction, typical of yeast and some bacteria. It is to form the formation of a maternal cell, which develops into a new cell (kidney). The kidney can be separated from the maternal cell or stay ... ... Dictionary of microbiology

SUT., Number of synonyms: 1 reproduction (31) Dictionary of Synonyms ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

Binding - kidding, one of the types of mineral reproduction, occurring in both the simplest and multicellular animals (sponges, intestine, worms and lower chords). There are simplicity (with the formation of 1 kidney) and multiple P. (with simultaneous ... ... Big medical encyclopedia

binding - form of vegetative reproduction Education on the parental organism of the increase (kidney), from which a subsidiary is developing; P. It is typical of some mushrooms, hepatic moss, sponges, intestinal, some worms, msanka, infusories; ... ... Technical translator directory

Binding - * Pacifust * Budding 1. One of the forms of vegetative (cullless) reproduction (). 2. In bacteria, yeast and plants, the process of kidney education. 3. In the viruses with the shell (for example, the influenza virus, the Sindbis virus) type of exit from the host cell at which ... Genetics. encyclopedic Dictionary

I; cf. Biol. Miscellaneous reproduction by kidney formation (1.p.; 2 zn). Study of borneling processes. Polyps multiply by killing. * * * Kinding the type of cull breeding, in which the subsidiaries are formed from the body's processes ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Big medical encyclopedia. Volume 27 Kinding - Psoriaz, N.A. Semashko. The big medical encyclopedia sets itself the task of being not only a scientific reference book on all issues of medicine and related areas, but also to give a reader information with which he ...

In nature, there are several ways of breeding organisms, which provides the existence of life on the planet. Each of them is due to the characteristics of the structure, habitat and classification. In our article, we will consider in more detail what kind of kidding and for what organisms this method of reproduction is characteristic.

Methods of breeding organisms

There are two main breeding methods. Paul occurs with the help of specialized cells - Games. At the same time, the chromosomal material of the two organisms is connected or reconventionity of genes occurs. As a result, the bunch of reproduction is not involved in breeding. It is characteristic of representatives of all the kingdoms of wildlife, except for viruses that multiply by a special way - self-assembly.

Casual reproduction: Burnt and not only

This type of reproduction itself can also occur in several ways. For example, some plants and mushrooms form cells of non-reproduction, which are called disputes. Algae has such formations moving, because they have flagellas. They are called zyospore. At the highest plants, the most powerful reproduction occurs with the help of separation of multicellular parts - vegetatively. But what is the kinding and how it is carried out, it is necessary to consider for each kingdom of wildlife separately.

Binding in plants

Kinding in plant organisms is not so often. Most often, new individuals arise vegetatively or sexually in cones or flowers. What is the kinding in plants, can be considered on the example of a room medicinal plant Calanechoe. Along the edge of his sheet plate, small tubercles are formed, which over time they acquire all the features of an adult plant. Despite the miniature size, they are quite viable, since they are already consisting of root and escape. This means that young plants are capable of independently and photosynthesize, and suck water from the substrate. Having achieved certain sizes, such kidneys fall into the soil, where they germinate and turn into adult plants.

Binding in animals

The reproduction of the kill is found in animals. Namely, in which the freshwater hydra is. It leads an attached lifestyle. Periodically, the protrusion is formed on its body - a small tubercle. It grows, acquiring all the features of an adult organism. After that, the kidney cleaner occurs, and it moves to an independent existence. Several otherwise, this process occurs from other representatives of intestinal - coral polyps. Their kidneys also grow, become similar to adult individuals, but the cleavage process does not occur. As a result, the body of the bizarre form is formed. Their accumulations in the oceans form whole coral reefs.

Kindding mushrooms

What is the kinding, you can also consider on the example of mushrooms. Each of us observed that if yeast sprinkle with sugar and leave in a warm place, then their number after a while increases significantly. This is an example of the kinding of which is used in cooking and bread accumulation. During this process, a small protrusion is formed on the yeast cage, which is gradually increasing in size. Then the partition occurs between the maternal and subsidiary cell, which contributes to the narrowing of the canal between them. After that, the young cage is capable of living independently. The process of rebeling in yeast mushrooms is about two hours.

Burry in bacteria

Traditionally, it is believed that only one primitive method of reproduction is characteristic of bacteria - the division is half. However, there are certain types of these organisms that are capable of killing. It is moving with several flagella. But this is an exception to the general rule. Straighten bacteria, which, thus, are dyhotomically branched, forming new individuals.

The value of this method of crucible reproduction is large enough. During the occasion of the cells are divided by mitosis. This means that as a result, genetically identical individuals are formed, and hereditary information is transmitted from generation to generation in constant form, ensuring the continuity of generations of representatives of almost all groups of living organisms.