Three categories of adjectives are distinguished by meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive.

quality adjectives denote the quality, property of an object: its size (large), shape (round), color (blue), physical characteristics (cold), as well as the propensity of the object to perform an action (chatty).

relative adjectives designate a sign of an object through the relation of this object to another object (book), action (reading) or another sign (yesterday). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs, and adverbs; the most common suffixes for relative adjectives are the suffixes -n- (forest-n-oh), -ov- (hedgehog-ov-th), -in- (poplar-in-th), -sk- (warehouse-sk-oh) , -l- (run-l-th).

Possessive adjectives denote the belonging of an object to a person or animal and are formed from nouns by the suffixes -in- (mam-in), -ov- (father-s), -iy- (fox-iy). These suffixes are at the end of the stem of the adjective (cf. the possessive adjective fathers and the relative adjective fathers-ov-sky-y).

quality adjectives differ from relative and possessive at all language levels:

1) only qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;

2) quality adjectives can have antonyms (deep - shallow);

3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive ones are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;

4) qualitative adjectives are used to form nouns with the meaning of an abstract feature (strictness) and adverbs in -o (strictly), as well as adjectives with a subjective evaluation suffix (evil-yushch-y);

5) only qualitative adjectives have a full / short form and degrees of comparison;

6) quality adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree (very long, but not *very readable).

Thus, we see that qualitative adjectives are grammatically opposed to relative and possessive adjectives, which, in turn, are grammatically very similar. The difference between relative and possessive adjectives is manifested only in the type of their declension (see declension of adjectives), which gives reason to many researchers to combine them into one group of relative adjectives, which, with a consistent grammatical selection of parts of speech, also includes ordinal numerals and pronominal adjectives.

Declension of adjectives

Adjectives of all categories have non-constant signs of gender (in the singular), number and case, in which they agree with the noun. Changing an adjective by gender, number and case is called adjective declension.

Qualitative and relative adjectives decline in the same way. This type of declension is called adjective. In the singular, their endings differ depending on the gender and quality of the consonant that ends the stem: hard variant (new), soft variant (blue).

Possessive adjectives decline differently: in some cases they have endings characteristic of the adjective declension, in others - endings characteristic of the substantive declension. This type of declension is called mixed. (fox tail).

Qualitative adjectives in short form (expressions barefoot, in the middle of the day are phraseologized and do not reflect the current state of the language), as well as qualitative adjectives that are in a simple comparative and a compound superlative degree built on its basis (above, above all).

The Russian language has indeclinable adjectives , which stand for:

1) colors: beige, khaki, marengo, electric;

2) nationalities and languages: Khanty, Mansi, Urdu;

3) clothing styles: pleated, corrugated, flared, mini.

Invariable adjectives are also words (weight) Gross Net, (hour) peak.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have a non-constant morphological sign of degrees of comparison. School grammar indicates that there are two degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative. It is more correct to single out three degrees of comparison - positive, comparative and excellent. positive degree Comparison is the original form of the adjective, in relation to which we are aware of other forms as expressing a greater / lesser or greater / lesser degree of attribute.

comparative adjective indicates that the attribute is manifested to a greater / lesser extent in this object compared to another object (Petya is higher than Vasya; This river is deeper than the other) or the same object in other circumstances (Petya is higher than last year; In this where the river is deeper than that).

The comparative degree is simple and compound.

A simple comparative degree indicates a greater degree of manifestation of a trait and is formed as follows:

the basis of a positive degree + formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-same (quick-her, higher-e, earlier, deeper).

If there is an element k / ok at the end of the stem of a positive degree, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.

Some adjectives have suppletive, i.e. formed from a different stem, forms: bad - worse, good - better.

When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be attached By-(newer). A simple comparative degree with a prefix is ​​used if the adjective occupies the position of an inconsistent definition (Give me a newer newspaper) and does not require the introduction into the sentence of what this attribute is being compared with. If there is in the sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared with, the prefix adds a colloquial connotation ( These boots are newer than those.)

Composite comparative degree denotes both a greater and a lesser degree of manifestation of a trait and is formed as follows:

element more/less + positive degree (more/less high).

The difference between a composite comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:

1) the composite comparative degree is wider in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a feature;

2) the composite comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (initial form), i.e., according to gender, numbers and cases, and can also stand in a short form (more beautiful);

3) a composite comparative degree can be both a predicate and a non-isolated and isolated definition ( A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one..)

Superlatives comparison indicates the largest / smallest degree of manifestation of the trait (the highest mountain) or a very large / small degree of manifestation of the trait (the kindest person).

The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, is simple And composite.

Simple The superlative degree of comparison of an adjective denotes the highest degree of manifestation of a feature and is formed as follows:

the basis of a positive degree + formative suffixes -eysh- / -aysh- (after k, g, x, causing alternation): good-eysh-y, high-aysh-y

When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix best-: best-kindest can be used.

Composite The superlative degree of comparison of adjectives denotes both the greatest and the least degree of manifestation of a feature and is formed in three ways:

1) the element is the most + positive degree (the smartest);

2) element most / least + positive degree (most / least smart);

3) a simple comparative degree + an element of everything / everyone (He was smarter than everyone).

Not all qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms. The absence of a simple comparative and superlative degree may be due to

1) with the formal structure of the adjective: if the adjective has a suffix that matches the suffixes of relative adjectives, it may not have a simple comparative degree (skinny - *skinnier, *skinniest, advanced - *more advanced);

2) with the lexical meaning of the adjective: the value of the degree of manifestation of the attribute can already be expressed in the basis of the adjective - in its root (barefoot - * barefoot) or in the suffix (thick-enn-th - * thicker, evil-yushch-th - * furious, white-oval-th - * whitish, blue-enk-th - * bluer).

Compound forms of degrees of comparison are not formed only for words with a semantic restriction, that is, in the second case. So, there are no forms *more feisty, *less whitish, but there are forms less emaciated, more advanced.

Completeness / brevity of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form.

short form is formed by adding a positive degree of endings to the stem: for the masculine, -a for the feminine, -o / -e for the middle, -ы / -and for the plural (deep-, deep-a, deep-o, deep-and ).

A short form is not formed from quality adjectives that

1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives -sk-, -ov-/-ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, fraternal;

2) designate the colors of animals: brown, black;

3) have suffixes of subjective assessment: tall, blue.

The short form has grammatical differences from the full form: it does not change by case, in the sentence it appears mainly as a nominal part of the predicate (cases like red girl); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position ( angry all over the world, he almost stopped leaving the house).

In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but some adjectives may have the following semantic differences between them:

1) the short form denotes an excessive manifestation of a sign with a negative assessment, cf.: the skirt is short - the skirt is short;

2) the short form denotes a temporary symptom, the full one is permanent, cf.: the child is sick - the child is sick.

There are such qualitative adjectives that have only a short form: glad, much, must.

Transition of adjectives from category to category

It is possible for an adjective to have several meanings related to different categories. In school grammar, this is called "the transition of an adjective from category to category." So, a relative adjective can develop a meaning characteristic of qualitative ones (for example: iron detail (relative) - iron will (qual.) - metaphorical transfer). Possessives may have meanings that are characteristic of relative and qualitative ones (for example: fox hole (possessive) - fox hat (relative) - fox habits (qualitative). Qualitative adjectives used terminologically function as relative (deaf consonants). In this case, the adjective retains the type of its declension, but often change morphological features: qualitative ones lose their degrees of comparison and short form (for example, you can’t say * This consonant is deaf), while relative ones, on the contrary, can acquire these features (With each word, his voice became more and more honeyed , and habits - more and more fox.).

Stefanova Larisa Mikhailovna, teacher of Russian language and literature, State Educational Institution of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Republican Education Center", Syktyvkar, Republic of Komi

Ranks of adjectives by meaning

Textbook: " Russian language, 6th grade. Authors Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Trostentsova L.A. Textbook for educational institutions in two parts. Moscow, "Prosveshchenie", 2015.

The purpose of the lesson: the formation of the concept of the ranks of adjectives.

Tasks:

Ogurgling:

- to introduce students to the categories of adjectives, their distinguishing features;

developing:

- to form in students the ability to determine the category of adjectives;

- develop spelling and punctuation skills of students;

educational:

- educate interest in the Russian language as an academic subject.

Cognitive UUD:

- ability to work with information;

- use of sign-symbolic means, general solution schemes;

- execution of logical operations (comparison, analysis, generalization, establishment of analogies).

Regulatory UUD:

- drawing up a plan and sequence of actions;

- self-control, correction of knowledge, skills and abilities;

- awareness of the quality and level of assimilation.

Communicative UUD:

- the ability to express one's thoughts, to build an oral statement, taking into account the sphere and situation of communication, to participate in a conversation, discussion;

- the ability to draw conclusions, generalize, argue your point of view.

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, screen, lesson presentation created in Power Point 2003.

During the classes:

Organizing time.

Blitz survey on the topic "Adjective name":

What questions does the adjective answer?

What is the general grammatical meaning of adjectives.

How do adjectives change?

What syntactic role do adjectives play in a sentence?

What degree of comparison does an adjective have? How are they formed?

Message about the topic and purpose of the lesson.

- Guys! Today we will continue our acquaintance with the adjective. Write down the topic of the lesson. slide 1.

Observation of linguistic material.

Exercise: write out phrases like “adj. + noun”, determine the gender, number and case of adjectives. Slide 2.

Winter came and covered the badger mink with a deep snowdrift.

badger mink

deep snowdrift (m. p., singular, tv. p.)

snowdrift

Compilation of clusters.

Slide 3. Qualitative adjectives.

What adjective denotes a sign (quality) of an object that can be in this object to a greater or lesser extent?

Which adjective has degrees of comparison?

Which adjective is shortened?

What adjective can be combined with the adverb VERY?

Which adjective forms complex adjectives by repetition?

What adjective form adjectives with the prefix NOT?

All of the above features are inherent in the adjective DEEP. This is a quality adjective.

What signs (qualities) can denote quality adjectives?

Slides 4-11 are shown, examples are given:

color - red ball,

size - tall house,

shape - round apple,

age - young man,

the inner qualities of a person - a brave knight,

the state of mind of a person is a cheerful girl,

taste - sour lemon,

qualities that give a general description of the subject - an interesting book.

Slide 12. Relative adjectives.

Which of the adjectives denotes such a feature of an object that cannot be more or less? Indicates the material from which the object is made? It has no degrees of comparison, a short form and does not combine with the adverb VERY? ( SNOW)

Absolutely right guys. This is a relative adjective.

Relative adjectives can denote the material from which the object is made, consists, spatial, temporal signs of the object, characterize the object by action.

Slides 13-16. Meanings of relative adjectives (examples):

material - earthenware jug,

time - winter day,

place - mountain river,

action - swimming pool.

Slide 17. Possessive adjectives.

And we have one more adjective left - BADGER. This is a possessive adjective.

Why do you think possessive adjectives got their name? What questions do possessive adjectives answer and what do they mean? (Possessive adjectives indicate that something belongs to a person or animal and answer the questions WHOSE? WHOSE? WHOSE? WHOSE?).

What suffixes do possessive adjectives have? (-OV (-EV), -IN (-YN), -IY).

5. Primary fastening. Development of skills and abilities of students.

Exercise 1. Write down the sentences by inserting the missing letters and denoting spellings in place of the gaps. Read expressively excerpts from the poems of Russian poets; remember their names and authors. Find adjectives, determine their category.

1. Ripe lingonberries,
The days have become colder ...
And from the birds ... his cry
In the heart ... it became sad ... her.

(K. D. Balmont "Autumn")

2. It smelled of winter cold
In fields and forests.
Lit up with bright purple
Heaven before sunset.

(I. A. Bunin "The First Snow")

3. Under the blue skies
In ... magnificent carpets,
Fucking in the sun, the snow lies.

(A. S. Pushkin "Winter Morning")

Checking the execution of the task. Slides 18-20.

Task 2. Work with the textbook. Execution of ex. 341 (p. 17). Slide 21.

Determine the category of the resulting adjectives. Prove your opinion. (These are qualitative adjectives, since they form complex adjectives by repetition).

Task 3. Form adjectives from these nouns, make phrases like “adj. + noun"; determine the category of adjectives. slide 22.

fox - ... (fox hole - possessive);

stone - ... (stone house - relative);

happiness - ... (happy child - quality);

bear - ... (bear's lair - possessive);

evening - ... (evening twilight - relative);

running - ... (treadmill - relative);

sea ​​- ... (sea coast - relative);

mother - ... (mother's umbrella - possessive).

Checking the execution of the task. slide 23.

Say the words LI WITH BL , MEDVE AND NYA. What sounds do you hear in place of the highlighted letters? What is the function of b? (Dividing b)

Task 4. Work with the textbook. Execution of ex. 350 (p. 22). slide 24.

Punctuation in direct speech (passing repetition). Work according to the schemes:

6. Summing up the lesson. Reflection. Evaluation of students' work in the classroom by the teacher. Self-assessment using the “Unfinished Sentence” technique (slide 25):

1) Today at the lesson I learned (a) ...

2) I was ... (difficult, difficult, easy, interesting, etc.).

3) I learned (as) ...

7. Homework. Ex. 344, 349.

Slides 26-27. Used Internet sources.

The sign of an object is indicated by the name of the PR or directly by the lexical meaning of its stem (yellow, crimson, cheerful), or through the relation of an object to other objects (brick house, annual report, gas stove, newspaper information etc.). In addition, adjectives can indicate that an object belongs to a person or animal. (uncle's bike, cat's house).

Depending on how and what feature is indicated by the adjective, as well as on what grammatical properties the adjective imposes, all adjectives are divided into the following main groups: qualitative, relative, possessive.

Quality adjectives such adjectives are called that denote the signs, properties and qualities of objects that we perceive primarily directly, i.e. are direct names for features. The lexical meanings of qualitative adjectives are varied. They represent colors (white, crimson, light brown, brown, gray),

spatial concepts (straight, left, wide),

quality (sour, salty, hot, heavy, strong)

character traits (responsive, stingy, hospitable),

external, physical or bodily, qualities of people and animals (curly, fat) and other signs.

Qualitative adjectives are non-derivative, and in such cases they express the meaning of the attribute already by the semantics of the root (white, blue, evil, stupid, deaf). In derivatives of suffixal qualitative adjectives, the derivational morpheme often expresses a meaning that can be understood quantitatively: branched, bony, talkative, grouchy, alluring, wormy, attractive, entertaining, fanged, hairy. The suffix of a qualitative adjective never expresses an undifferentiated relation to the generating basis, it always contains some component of individualizing semantics. Complex qualitative adjectives include in their structure the motivating basis of a qualitative adjective: long-armed, bow-legged, thick-bellied, dark red, light blue.

Qualitative adjectives have the following lexical and grammatical features:

1) the presence of a full and short form: white, -th, -th; th; strong, -th, -th, -th And white, -a, -o, -s; strong, -a, -o, -i;

2) the possibility of forming degrees of comparison: expensive, more expensive, more expensive, most expensive; smarter, smarter, smarter etc.;

3) the presence of forms of subjective assessment (diminutive, affectionate and other suffixes): light - light, lightish, light-skinned, light-skinned and etc.;

4) the possibility of forming from the majority of quality adverbs into -o, -e: beautiful - beautiful, colorful- colorful, exciting - exciting, superfluous - superfluous;


5) the ability to enter antonymic pairs of words: bright- dim, light- dark, kind - evil, tall- short;

6) the possibility of forming abstract nouns with the help of suffixes -from-, -izn-, -ost, -is, -in-, -stv-o and others: emptiness, steepness, stinginess, flowability, size, wealth and etc.;

7) qualitative adjectives form phrases expressing gradual relations (the value of the intensity of the feature): very dark, completely stupid, ugly thin, frighteningly black, unusually kind, extremely frank.

The listed lexical and grammatical features distinguish qualitative PR from possessive and relative ones. However, not every high-quality PR has all of these features. The presence of individual features is directly dependent on the time of appearance of a particular PR in the language, on its semantics, morphological structure and stylistic affiliation. Yes, high-quality PR cool (class swimmer), shock (shock brigade) and others, originally PR relative, as well as adjectives with suffixes -oh-, -ev-,-sk- etc. (business, white, comic, friendly) do not form short forms and forms of subjective assessment.

Qualitative PR, naming a feature that does not manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent (sick, lame, blind, barefoot, naked, oblique, bald, mute etc.), do not have degrees of comparison.

Thus, the noted lexical and grammatical features of high-quality PR are to a certain extent conditional. Nevertheless, the presence of at least some of them makes it possible to distinguish high-quality PR from possessive and relative ones, which do not have all these features.

Relative adjectives such PRs are called that designate a sign not directly, but through its relation to another object, phenomenon or action, i.e. indirectly. They stand for

relation to face (human weaknesses, childish amusements),

to action (crushing machine, washing machine),

to the time and place (morning hour, city transport, local resident),

to the number (triple somersault-mortale),

to an abstract concept (religious beliefs, idealistic delusions) etc.

The general lexical meaning of relative adjectives is invariable and can be defined as “relating to a given subject”, “characteristic of a given subject”. This circumstance makes it possible to replace relative adjectives with prepositional-nominal combinations with the words from which these adjectives are formed (most often nouns). For example: silver bowl- silver bowl; vegetable stew- vegetable stew etc.

Morphologically, relative adjectives differ from qualitative adjectives. They, as a rule, do not form degrees of comparison, short forms and forms of subjective evaluation, do not have antonyms, do not form adverbs in -o, -e etc.

Unlike quality adjectives, which are basically root (primitive), relative adjectives in the overwhelming majority have a derived basis, and they are characterized by special derivational suffixes (for example, -an-, -yan-, -sk-, -oe-, -ev- and etc.: sandy, silver, factory, laurel, chintz).

Qualitative and relative PR in modern Russian are not closed groups. The grammatical boundary between them is mobile, since the semantic features that make it possible to distinguish one category of adjectives from another undergo changes.

Qualitative adjectives are stable in their meanings. They become relative only in terminological combinations: light industry, heavy industry, voiced consonant, voiceless consonant, ferrous metallurgy.

Almost all relative adjectives have a connotation of quality in their meaning, which, as a result of certain reasons, sometimes develops into an independent meaning. For example, relative adjectives golden, iron, stone, steel, wooden, fraternal, cool, theatrical, concert and many others can also be used in their basic meaning of relative adjectives ( golden bracelet, iron grating, stone house, steel cable, wooden fence, mass grave, blackboard, theater scenery) and in the meaning of quality adjectives (golden character, iron will, stone face, nerves of steel, wooden voice, fraternal union, theatrical gesture).

Relative adjectives, passing into the category of qualitative adjectives, sometimes (as a phenomenon of an individual author's style) acquire morphological features of the latter, for example, a short form: We write that the day was golden(M.); degrees of comparison: His gait became more and more wooden.(Kor.); And the colonel himself, who, the more he drank, became more and more drained, and the other officers were in a desperate mood(Fad.); the ability to form abstract nouns and adverbs in -o, -e: And now we come to the poem "Beyond the Distance," where both the sovereign scale of time and space and the Sovietness of poetic thought are merged, where Tvardovsky appears before the reader as he was in life and in literature(V. Roslyakov); They didn’t know the roles, they played woodenly, hesitantly(Ch.). We will characterize such adjectives as relatively qualitative.

Some relative adjectives, as a result of being used in the meaning of qualitative, have finally lost their original meaning and moved into the category of adjectives of quality. Such a path of development has passed, for example, adjectives outrageous, seductive, attentive, tempestuous and many others. others

Possessive adjectives denote the belonging of an object to a certain person or (less often) to an animal: fathers, sisters, Lizin, Koshkin etc. The semantic basis of possessive adjectives is an indication of the owner - the individual.

As a rule, possessive adjectives are formed from nouns denoting animate objects, using suffixes -in, -nin, -n-y, -ov, -ev. For example: Lisa - Lysine; brother - brother; daughter - daughter, daughter; father- fathers; Vladislav- Vladislavlev).

Possessive PRs derived from nouns denoting inanimate objects are very rare. Their use is characteristic of the individual style of individual authors, for example, V.V. Mayakovsky: rib arches, blanket quilting; at N.S. Tikhonov: bird cherry slopes.

Use of possessive adjectives with suffixes -in, -nin, -ov (-ev) as part of free phrases is limited to colloquial styles of the language.

In other styles of language, possessive adjectives are usually used as elements of separate phraseological units. (Procrustean bed, pillars of Hercules, tantalum flour, crocodile tears etc.) or elements of complex scientific terms (voltaic arc, caesarean section, antonov's fire, archimedean screw, Graves' disease etc.).

In the history of the Russian literary language, possessive adjectives were the basis for the formation of many surnames, names, geographical names (Petrov, Tsaritsyn, Kyiv, Alexandrov, Ivanovo and so on.).

Possessive are also PR on -y, -ya, -e: deer, fox, goat. Unlike possessive PRs on -in, -nin, -ov(s) they denote a common generic affiliation, and not belonging to one person or animal.

The same group of PRs includes PRs on -other (chicken, duck, donkey and so on.). Adjectives in -th, -other in modern Russian they usually denote a property inherent in a particular living being. This semantic feature makes it relatively easy for these PRs to pass into the category of relative and even qualitative adjectives. For example: bear den, wolf tail- possessive PR; disservice, wolfish appetite- quality adjectives, etc.

Special mention should be made of adjectives with the suffix –sk-. They are relative Tolstoy readings), but can be used in a possessive sense ( Tolstoy's autograph), but they do not become possessive.

Lesson Objectives:

Give the concept of three categories of adjectives, introduce students to quality adjectives;

To form the ability to find high-quality adjectives in texts, standing in a short form or in the form of a comparative degree;

Develop the ability to distinguish between qualitative and relative adjectives;

To consolidate the skill of written morphemic, word-formation and syntactic analysis;

Cultivate love for folk arts and crafts.

Lesson type: explanation of new material.

Equipment:

illustrations;

Task cards;

Reference table for ranks of adjectives.

Interdisciplinary connections: connection with literature and technology.

Topic of the speech:"Ancient handicraft art".

DURING THE CLASSES

I. The word of the teacher.

We continue to get acquainted with adjectives that decorate our speech, make it brighter and more figurative. What important features of this part of speech did you learn about in the last lesson? (Adjectives can have a short form and degrees of comparison.)

II. Checking homework.

1. How are the comparative and superlative forms of adjectives formed?

2. Give examples of adjectives used in short form and in the form of a simple comparative degree from the exercise “My Fatherland is Russia. Ural".

3. Individual tasks (performed by 2-3 students at their desks, and then selectively at the blackboard).

Exercise 1. What is the lexical meaning of the words brocade And morocco? Write off. Insert the missing letters. Explain which punctuation mark is missing in the 3rd sentence. Perform morphemic analysis of the highlighted words.

In the Tver region coastal h_lmakh of the river Tvertsa ra (z, s) the city of Torzhok rushed. (3,s)here saved in Russia_ since the XIII century, the center of gold embroidery. And (s, ss) ku (s, ss) craftsmen sewed with gold thread on brocade and morocco they decorated royal clothes with embroidery.

Task 2. Write off. Insert the missing letters. Explain which punctuation mark is missing in the 1st sentence. Perform word-formation analysis of the highlighted words. Break down the word amazing. Find an adjective in the simple superlative degree.

Gold embroidery is the most difficult kind hands-on and (s, ss) ku (s, ss) tva. Ru (s, ss) cue gold_sewing and (h, s) used in the decorative design of liturgical fabrics and vestments holy_ministers amazing patterns.

4. Conversation with the class.

The teacher shows an illustration of a painting by V.A. Tropinin "Zolotoshveyka".

- For what occupation did the artist portray the craftswoman?

In ancient Rus', every girl had to be able to sew and embroider. Diligence in needlework was revered as a special virtue. At the courts of princes, boyars, wealthy servicemen and merchants, there were their own needlework workshops - “svetlitsa”, where embroiderers worked. At the end of the 19th century, gold-embroidered items made by the craftswomen of the Novodevichy Convent in Moscow enjoyed well-deserved fame.

Task 3. Make up sentences using these words and phrases. Underline the adjectives as members of the sentence.

Gold embroidery, gold embroidery (embroiderers, craftswomen, needlewomen); decorative design of fabrics and clothes; brocade, morocco; amazing (outlandish, wonderful, unusual) patterns.

III. Explanation of new material.

– While completing the tasks, we were convinced that adjectives can appear in different forms (in full or short, in the form of a comparative or superlative degree). But they also differ in meaning. Today we will get acquainted with three categories of adjectives.

1. Work with the handout "Digits of adjectives by value" (see table).

2. Work with the textbook: reading theoretical material.

Name the characteristics of quality adjectives.

3. Performing exercise No. 290 (p. 116) according to the textbook. Find relative adjectives in the text.

IV. Consolidation of new material.

1. Fulfillment of individual tasks on cards.

Card 1. Guess what story these lines are from. Write by inserting the missing letters. Explain the punctuation in sentences under the number 2. Underline the adjectives as members of the sentence. Determine the rank.

1. And d_vyas, in front of you
Looks like the city is bigger,
Walls with frequent teeth,
And behind the white walls
Shine_t domes of churches
And holy monasteries.

2. Hello, you are my beautiful prince!
Why are you as quiet as a rainy day?
Saddened for what?

Card 2. Guess what characters are being talked about in these passages. Write off. Determine the class of adjectives. Explain your point of view. Name (orally) the form in which adjectives are used. In the 3rd and 4th sentences, underline the adjectives as members of the sentence.

1. White-faced, black-browed,
I like such a meek one.
And the groom was found by her,
Prince Elisha.

2. Only the blacksmith was stubborn and did not leave his red tape ...

3. People lie, I'm not good at all.
4. For me, you are all equal,
All daring, all smart,
I love you all from the bottom of my heart...

5. And what ribbons on the head! You never see a richer galloon! My father bought all this for me so that the best fellow in the world would marry me!

2. Distributive dictation.

Determine the category of adjectives by value and enter in one of the three columns. (Clue: use the table to explain your point of view.)

Table

ADJECTIVE CATS BY VALUE

Name Meaning Examples
quality a sign (quality) of an object that can be in this object in more or less degree dark night (darker, darkest), friendly person, joyful event
relative a sign of an object that cannot be more or less.
Designate:
– material from which the object is made; - attribute of the object at the place or time of its existence;
- attribute of the object appointment 		silver spoon (silver spoon); wooden whistle, copper coin, gold embroidery; city dweller (city dweller); yesterday's newspaper, afternoon session, winter morning; sports shoes, washing machine
Possessive object sign according to its belonging to some person or animal (whose? whose? whose?) mother's letter, father's jacket, sister's mittens, rabbit ears

Winter evening, raspberry chime, raspberry jam, warm bread, scarlet flower, tin soldier, hare hut, pleasant companion, steel ring, quiet voice, festive outfit, cheerful mood, gingerbread house, nightingale trills, kind person, glass slipper, sincere recognition , parental blessing, miraculous transformation, misbehavior, straw hat, crow's nest, swan song, fragrant cake, fox collar, deep feeling, fox hole, sister's needlework, hairy bumblebee.

v. Summing up the lesson.

VI. Homework: exercise no. 295, p. 118.

Students need to find adjectives in riddles, write them out, determine the category by value.

The red maiden got up early,
Got up white and blush.
Washed with clear dew,
Curled with a golden scythe.
She herself, kind, looks at everyone,
And he does not order himself.

(Sun.)
In the world there is no stronger
In the world there is no more violent.
Can't hold it in your hands
And do not overtake on a horse.

(Water.)

 The guest stayed
Golden bridge paved -
No knife, no axe,
Without iron chisel.

(Freezing.)
On the trees lope yes lope -
Flashing red light.
red maiden,
Stone heart.

(Cherry.)

 Little Yegorka
Fell into the lake.
bathed in the water,
But it remained dry.

(Feather.)
There is a fat woman -
Wooden
belly,
Iron belt.

LITERATURE

1. M.T. Baranov, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, L.A. Trostentsova and others. Nauchn. ed. N.M. Shansky. Russian language: Textbook for the 6th grade. M.: Enlightenment. JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2005.
pp. 113–119.

2. G.M. Naumenko. Folklore holiday in kindergarten and at school. Songs, games, riddles, theatrical performances in the author's recording, musical transcription and editing. M.: Linka-Press, 2000. S. 36–38, 41–42, 47, 50.

3. T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranov, L.A. Trostentsova, L.Yu. Komissarov. Teaching Russian in the 6th grade. Guidelines for the textbook for the 6th grade. educational institutions. M.: Education, 2001. S. 26–27.

4. A.S. Pushkin. Collected works. In 10 volumes. T. 3. Poems. Fairy tales. Note. CM. Bondi. M.: Fiction, 1975. S. 285–286, 311.

5. H.V. Babushkina. Golden sewing. M.: Olma-Press, 2003. S. 3–8.

6. V.P. Polukhin. Literature: 6th grade. Textbook reader for educational institutions. M.: Enlightenment. JSC "Moscow textbooks", 1998. S. 94.

T.V. EFANOV,
Moscow

§1. General characteristics of the adjective

The adjective is an independent significant part of speech.

1. grammatical meaning- "sign of the subject."
Adjectives are words that answer the questions: what?, whose?

2. Morphological features:

  • constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full / short form and degrees of comparison,
  • inflected - case, number, in the singular - gender.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of quality adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of quality adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.

§2. Morphological features of adjectives

The adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or immutable). Others, on the contrary, are non-permanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a quality adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different genders. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to variable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, linguists refer to constant features. Different permanent signs are expressed in different ways. For example:

sweeter - comparative adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - a short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. has a null ending, while the full form sweet has an ending -y.

Non-permanent signs: case, number, gender (in the singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.

§3. Ranks of adjectives by meaning

Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:

  • quality: big, small, good, bad, funny, sad,
  • relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
  • possessive: fox, wolf, father, mother, fathers.

Quality adjectives

Qualitative adjectives denote features that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
 They have:

  • full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
  • degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.

Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The stems of quality adjectives are generating stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meaning of quality adjectives is such that most of them enter into relationships

  • synonyms: big, large, huge, enormous
  • antonyms: big - small.

Relative adjectives

Relative adjectives correlate in meaning with the words from which they are formed. Therefore, they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden ← gold, tomorrow ← tomorrow, forest ← forest, spring ← spring. The signs expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees of intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?

Possessive adjectives

These adjectives express the idea of ​​belonging. They, unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: fox - -iy- [iy '], mother's - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples, it can be seen that in the initial form (im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings - oh, oh, oh.

Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives. and plural as in nouns, and the rest as in adjectives:

Singular

Im.p. zh.r. - a: mother, fox, m.r. -:, mother, fox cf. - oh, e: mom, fox.

Rod.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - wow, his: mother's, fox.

Data p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - oh, him: mother's, fox.

Win.p. zh.r. - y, y: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. R. - as im.p. or r.p.

Tv.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - th, them: mother's, fox.

P.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - om, eat: mother's, fox.

Plural

Im.p. - s, and: mother's, fox.

Rod.p. - oh, them: mother's, fox.

Data p. - th, them: mother's, fox.

Win.p. - as im.p. or v.p.

Tv.p. - s, them: mother's, fox.

P.p. - oh, them: mother's, fox.

Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are due to the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:

  • fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning - relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
  • bitter medicine is a quality adjective, and bitter truth is relative (corresponding to bitterness)
  • light bag is a quality adjective, and light life is relative (corresponding to ease)

§4. Full and short forms of quality adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have both forms: both full and short.
In full form, they are inclined, i.e. change by numbers, by gender (in singular) and by cases. Full adjectives in a sentence can be an attribute or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Late at night they left the house.

Late is a quality adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular, f.r., tv.p.

In the short form, adjectives are not declined. They do not change by case. Short adjectives change by number and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.

The girl is sick.

Sick - a quality adjective, put. degree, short form, singular, female In the modern language, as definitions, short adjectives are in stable lexical combinations, for example: a beautiful girl, in broad daylight.

Do not be surprised:

Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.

Relative and possessive adjectives have only the full form. Please note: for possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. coinciding with it form v.p. ending - as in short forms.

§5. Degrees of comparison

Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how the language expresses that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And the language conveys this content.
The degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of ​​comparison. They do it systematically. Three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.

  • Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: high, cheerful, warm.
  • Comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, higher, more cheerful, warmer, less high, less cheerful, less warm.
  • Superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.

It can be seen from the examples that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is transmitted either with the help of suffixes: higher, more fun, highest, funniest, or with the help of words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be expressed:

  • simple forms: higher, highest,
  • compound forms: higher, less high, highest.

Among the simple forms in Russian, as well as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from a different base.

  • good, bad - positive degree
  • better, worse - comparative degree
  • best, worst - superlative

Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change in different ways:

  • Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
  • Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, the change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
  • Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - varies by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.
  • Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.

Adjectives in a simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:

Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.

The remaining forms of comparison are both in the role of a definition and in the role of a predicate:

I approached the older guys.
The guys were older than I thought.
I turned to the older guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who are engaged in the circle.

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

  1. Is an adjective an independent part of speech?

  2. What adjectives can express signs expressed to a greater or lesser extent?

    • quality
    • relative
    • Possessive

  3. Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?

    • For quality
    • For relative
    • For possessive

  4. Are relative adjectives derived?

  5. Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?

    • Quality
    • Relative
    • Possessive

  6. Do adjectives in full form change by case?

  7. What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of the attribute?

    • For full
    • For brief

  8. Do all adjectives change by case?

    • Not all

  9. Do all adjectives change by gender?

    • Not all

  10. Do adjectives in the superlative change in case?

  11. Can comparative or superlative degrees be expressed in one word?

  12. Can adjectives move from one class of meaning to another?

Right answers:

  1. quality
  2. For quality
  3. Possessive
  4. For full
  5. Not all
  6. Not all

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