To characterize an economic entity, it is required to indicate:

source and amount of its income

directions and the amount of its expenses

Household is property, money, tools used by people at home. It covers the economic processes taking place in the place where people and families live.

Household income is private income. They are formed by:

wages

owner's profits

capital

interest and dividend

participation in a joint stock company

natural resources (land)

Each household's income is spent in three ways:

payment of taxes to the state

satisfaction of personal needs

formation of personal savings

Savings are the post-tax non-consumed portion of the annual personal

household income. There are the following types of savings:

household (in cash)

institutional (bank deposits, insurance policies, bonds, stocks, etc.):

1.a) "defensive" - ​​actions to preserve the original purchasing power of a given amount of money. They act as self-insurance against unpredictable circumstances.

2.b) "speculative" - ​​actions to multiply the purchasing power of a given amount of money. They play the role of a kind of "family business" according to the rules of a market economy.

3. In general, savings is a deferred demand for real goods (goods and services), and this “deferral” turns savings into a permanent “sword of Damocles” hanging over the market economy, i.e .:

a relative increase in savings (as personal income rises) means a relative decrease in demand for consumer goods and services, which can cause a decrease in the production of these goods and an increase in unemployment (unemployment).

the preponderance of "home" savings can undermine the country's economy; therefore, it is necessary to stimulate institutional savings, i.e. participation of money in the circulation (economy) of the country.

Consumer spending is that part of personal income that goes to producers irrevocably and without interest.

And among the objects of consumer spending, one can single out:

non-durable goods (term - less than a year)

durable goods (term - more than a year)

Household is one of the most important market institutions. The role of households in the development of market relations is relatively large and is determined by the following points:

First, households provide the necessary level of consumer demand, without which the functioning of the market mechanism is impossible.

Secondly, household savings are a source of savings and investment, which is very important in a developing economy.

Third, households are subjects of supply in the market for factors of production (entrepreneurial ability and labor).

Fourthly, it is the household that is the basis for the formation of production and the implementation of human capital.

Fifth, the ability of households to establish a family business contributes not only to the growth of personal well-being, but also to the development of the market economy as a whole.

We know that one of the subjects of the market economy is the household, which mainly represents the natural sector of the modern economy. Along with firms and the state, it is an economic unit consisting of one or more persons who make financial decisions and supply the economy with initial production resources. The funds received for resources are used to purchase goods and services that satisfy the immediate material, spiritual and social needs of a person. Thus, households are organized entities that conduct economic activities to meet needs.

In a real (market) economy, the entire mass of resources constitutes the aggregate resource market, which, in turn, consists of many markets for specific resources. Households are considered to be the owners of these resources. In the cases where the owners of resources are firms or the state, the latter act as independent owners of the resources, i.e. as households. All types of payment for factor resources in an ordinary economic situation appear in the form of generalizing terms of income or profit.

As you know, the market participants are sellers and buyers. Households, firms (enterprises, businesses), and the state (government) act as sellers and buyers. Households (consisting of one or several persons), on the one hand, are buyers of goods and services, on the other hand, they have at their disposal the factors of production (labor, land that they can sell or lease). They can own shares, thanks to which they also become owners of the means of production (capital). In addition, households act as buyers in the market for goods and services provided by firms and state-owned enterprises. At the same time, they themselves are sellers in the resource market. The income received from the sale of factors of production (primarily labor force) is used to meet personal needs.

Firms, having money capital at their disposal, acquire from households the factors of production they need in the resource market and use them to produce goods and services. Their main goal is to make a profit. The firms produced by them goods and services are sold by firms to households in the market of goods and services, using the income received to expand production activities.

The state also participates in the circulation model, which provides its services to households and firms through the country's national defense system, education and medical services, etc. To ensure the production of these services, the state collects money from households and firms in the form of taxes. The state buys from them the resources, goods and services necessary for its business activity.

In addition to providing services, the state makes various cash payments to firms and households. Mainly we are talking about transfer payments. An important part of transfer payments is state cash payments for social needs - pensions, benefits and other types of assistance to the disabled, unemployed and other low-income groups of the population. The second area of ​​transfer payments is grants and subsidies (cash payments provided by the government to firms to encourage the production of certain goods and services). Subsidies and subsidies can be provided both to producers of goods and services and to their consumers, including households.

The circulation model clearly illustrates the relationship of all market participants. They are interested in each other, the well-being of one market participant depends on the well-being of others. Even one and the same market participant can be a part of a household, a government agency, or a business participant. For example, when employed by a government official, he is a representative of a government organization; by owning the securities of a corporation, he represents a business; spending his income on personal consumption, he is a member of the household.

All participants in market relations are real owners and have their own economic interests, which may coincide or contradict the interests of other subjects. Households try to satisfy their wants and needs as much as possible; firms - to get the maximum profit, the state - to achieve the maximum welfare of society. Each of them occupies a certain place in the system of social division of labor and, in order to realize their economic interests, must offer what is needed for other subjects - carriers of market relations.

The household

(Household)

A household is a separate unit of society that supplies the economy with resources and uses the money received for them.

Definition of a household, classification, types and types, financial relations of households and their role in the development of market relations

Household as an economic category The difference between a household and a family Characteristics of the economic entity "household" Household classification Household and its types Non-family household Household signs Household functions Household finances household members household members Sources and links

Household is, definition

Household, household (household) is an economic unit that supplies the economy with resources and uses the resources received for them to purchase final products. Received money divided into household consumption and savings.

Household (household, peasant household, household group, economic group)- this is a separate cell of society, within which the production of a social good, its consumption, as well as the reproduction of labor power, that is, the person himself, takes place.

An economic unit consisting of one or more people. It ensures the production and reproduction of human capital. It makes decisions on its own in the consumer market. It is the owner of any factor of production (, capital, work force). He strives to satisfy his needs as much as possible.

All residents of a dwelling unit who maintain a common household.

Household (household) is the basic unit of consumption for most consumer goods. Household appliances (TVs, refrigerators, home computers), furniture, housing, food are consumed more by the household than by individuals. The consumption patterns of each of the household members are interdependent. For example, buying a bicycle for a child often means less opportunity for another family member to buy a coat.

Household is

Among all private households with children under 18 years of age, more than 6.5%, or 1396 thousand, are households with 3 or more children.

Almost 5 million children live in such "large" households:

Analyzing the choice of the classification option for its intended purpose, that is, the area of ​​practical application, one can see the peculiarity of families and households intended for the design of housing construction.

Household and its types

The household is the basic unit of consumption for most consumer goods. Household appliances (TVs, refrigerators, home computers), furniture, housing, food are consumed more by the household than by individuals. The consumption patterns of each of the household members are interdependent. For example, buying a bike for a child often means decline the possibility of buying a coat for another family member.

Household is

The terms “family” and “household” are different, although they are sometimes used interchangeably. A family is a group of two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption and living together.

The nuclear family is a group of father, mother, and child (s) living together. The nuclear family has several variations:

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This is a family with one of the parents, formed as a result of divorce or death of the other parent. In both cases, more often the children and the mother remain together as a nuclear family;

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An extended family is a nuclear family plus other relatives such as grandparents, uncles, and aunts. Extended families are typical for the countries of the East, common in the Russian Federation, but not typical for the United States.

The household directly influences consumption and therefore its characteristics must be taken into account for the development of marketing decisions. It also plays a critical role in the socialization of children as consumers. The family household is the main mechanism for the transmission of cultural values ​​and values ​​of a social class to the next generation.

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The consumption behavior of a household depends on its structure, stage of the life cycle and process purchasing decisions. All these factors determine the strategy for analyzing market conditions for goods and services consumed by a family or households.

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Due to the different meanings that are invested in the concept of a household in different countries, there are different types of households. Since the composition of the group of people forming a household can change over time, households go through certain cycles of development and decline. Economists have developed the concept of the stages of the household life cycle.

Family households are the most common. The main thing for this classification of households is the presence of a family, the household of which is the core of the household.

Household is

Household and family are united by the interdependence of the consumption of each of the members of the household on the consumption of others. Similarly to a family, household expenditures are agreed upon between members according to some rules.

However, one should also see the difference between household activities, as a broader concept, and housekeeping as the family's household economy.

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The family household is the main mechanism for the transmission of cultural values ​​and values ​​of a social class to the next generation.

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The family household is the main medium for the formation of future consumers, which is called consumer socialization. Consumer socialization is process the acquisition by young people of skills, knowledge and attitudes that affect their functioning in the market as consumers. Consumer socialization occurs as the transfer of cultural values ​​from one generation to another in a nuclear (with both parents) or extended family (for example, in an orphanage or in a family of several generations).

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Non-family household

Non-family households include non-family and social types of households.

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The term out-of-family household can be used to refer to a household consisting of one person who runs his own household alone or a group of people who are not married, but have a common one. Divorced spouses or people who can form a family in the future can also form this household.

Household is

It is also possible to single out collective social households, when people are forced to live in one building and run a common household. Examples of such households are residents of dormitories, boarding schools, boarding schools for the elderly, monasteries and other (institutional) institutions, united in a group with a common budget... The definition of a public collective household includes military personnel living in separate garrisons, patients who are in hospitals for a long time, prisoners serving long sentences, etc.

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Household signs

The definition of a household may vary from country to country, but the general characteristics of the household make it possible to distinguish this phenomenon in all countries... To characterize a group of people consisting of one or more people, the main characteristics of a household should be listed as an independent economic unit:

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Household is

Household is

Household is

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Households are usually based on family holdings. However, although these concepts are close, they do not coincide. It is no coincidence that the UN recommendations for the statistical recording of households give such a definition: “a person or a group of persons united for the purpose of providing everything necessary for life,” in which the family is not mentioned at all.

One of the key criteria for distinguishing between households and families is the presence of separate budgets for each household. For example, a family consisting of relatives of three generations (grandfather, grandmother, father, mother and grandchildren) can operate both within one household (living together) or several, living separately and having different budgets.

Household is

In the first case, the family coincides with the household, in the second, it consists of several households. At the same time, this criterion is relative. On the one hand, the isolation of budgets does not exclude both returnable and gratuitous cash and in-kind “subsidies” from some members of a large family to others, even if they live separately. On the other hand, in families living together, which are considered a single household, in addition to contributions to the general family budget, each family member also has personal means of subsistence.

Household is

It should be emphasized that the degree of closeness of the concepts of “family” and “household”, as a rule, is associated with the socio-cultural characteristics of society, with relations in society towards the elderly, and also depends on religion, on the prevailing morality and economic mentality. It is widely believed that in the Romanesque countries(Italy, Spain, Latin American countries) traditionally families and households are close to each other, in any case, less atomized than in Anglo-Saxon countries (for example, in USA). This means that usually a young Italian, even if he starts his own family, still continues to closely communicate with his parents and other relatives, helping them and receiving material support from them. On the contrary, in USA it is generally accepted that young Americans early "break away" from their parents and other family members, "punching their way in life" only at the expense of their own resources and efforts.

Household is

It is also necessary to distinguish the concept of "household" from the actual activity of housekeeping - "home economy". "Home economy" includes economic activities exclusively within the home: cleaning, cooking, household budget, childcare, etc. The concept of “household” is much broader. Household activities include both off-market household management and market interaction with other market entities.

The role of the household in the modern world

In the life of each member, the role of the household is so essential that at times he cannot exist separately, and more often tacitly considers such participation to be beneficial. The earning people and the strongest members of the household consider it necessary to share privileges with the weak, as they see some sense in this. Therefore, household incomes are formed from the earnings of members outside the household, but by their tacit consent are distributed according to the needs of other members. Expenses households per member do not depend on the amount of his earnings outside the household.

Household is

The main meaning of the household is the reproduction of the spiritual, moral and physical strength of each member of the household. This is the main difference between the household and the family, since the goal of the family is the sexual satisfaction of the members and the birth of children.

Household functions

The determining function for the household is the function of reproduction (replenishment costs and accumulation) of human capital. The concept of "human capital" denotes a set of knowledge, skills, experience, inseparable from a person, through which an individual creates material conditions for himself and his loved ones.

Household is

Households with many members usually have a “head of household” - an informal leader. It is he who is transferred both the authority and responsibility to represent the interests of the household, make the most important decisions and manage family budget... Within the household, there is often a “division of spheres of influence”, when different people have priority in solving different issues (one of the typical situations is the husband “earns money” and the wife is raising children). At the same time, it is assumed that each of the members of the household strives to make his contribution to his activities to the best of his ability, helping all his relatives. Primacy within the household is determined, first of all, by the social status of its various members and their level of income. But the characteristics of the characters, the desire and the ability to lead within the framework of this small group are also of great importance. It is not uncommon for families where the head is actually the spouse who is less successful in the “outside world”.

The existence of the “head” of the family and the situation of power relations implies the presence of another important function of the household - the protection of the weak members of the household by the stronger ones. This implies, first of all, the transfer to adults of the right to control the younger and older members of the household, in return for which the latter is guaranteed care.

Households as Market Entities

Between members of one household, a natural exchange of services and goods is characteristic, but due to the fact that household finances are spent due to the common consent of all family members and for the common good, the household acts as a single organism in the market. In most countries of the world, the economic statistics takes into account the number of households and household consumption.

Household is

Income households are funds received by members from the outside, which are used to purchase goods and services that meet the immediate material, spiritual and social needs of household members. The essence of the household lies not only in serving the needs of individual members through maintaining a common household, but also in the external interaction of household members with other subjects in the interests of the entire household.

Households are organized economic entities that conduct economic activities to meet needs.

Household is

At present, with the changes in society, the number of households of one person has grown, as well as non-family households in which people who are not related by kinship or marriage live. The goal of a household is to maximize satisfaction of the desires and needs of all its members, but thanks to the group (collective) decision-making mechanism, the interests of the entire household as a whole are taken into account first. For family households, the focus is on taking care of children - their health, upbringing and getting a good education.

Household finances

The structure of household income and expenses largely depends on the conditions of the external environment in which they operate. At the same time, it is possible to single out the most important groups of both income and costs, characteristic of all types of households.

Household is

Unlike the budget of the company and the state budget, in the budget of the household, the exact accounting costs and revenues, many cost items are not planned, the financing of individual items is sporadic and is carried out on a leftover basis (there is "free" money - I bought a ticket to the cinema, there is no money - I started watching TV).

Household (household) finances, like the finances of society as a whole, represent economic monetary relations for the formation and use of funds in order to ensure the material and social living conditions of the members of this economy and their reproduction. As a link in the financial system at the level of an individual family, they are the primary element of the socio-economic structure of society. Unlike commercial finance enterprises and organizations that are critical in the creation, primary distribution and use of the value of gross domestic product (GDP) and national income, household finances have not yet become a priority link in the financial system and play a subordinate, albeit important, role in the overall set of financial relations.

The essence of household finance is manifested in functions. They currently perform two basic functions:

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Providing the vital needs of the household (in particular the family) is the initial and main function of household finances, it creates real conditions for the existence of the members of this household. Development market relations significantly influenced the form of manifestation of this function - for example, in period In the subsistence economy, the products created by the members of the economy satisfied their needs, and the exchange of surplus products occurred rarely, in small quantities and in the neighborhood.

As a result of commodity-money relations, the emergence, and then the expansion of the market, there was: expansion of material, social, cultural and other needs of households; creation and growth of household funds; the emergence of a monetary fund - a household budget designed to provide material benefits.

The distribution function is the primary distribution of the national income and the formation of the primary income of the economy, when the primary income in the form of salaries, pensions, benefits. At the same time, funds within the household are distributed among the members of the economy through the formation, distribution and use of funds. The income generated in the course of such a redistribution should ensure consistency between the material and financial resources of the economy and, first of all, between the size of monetary funds and their structure, on the one hand, and the volume and structure of means of production and consumer goods, on the other. This function includes three successive stages: the formation, distribution and use of funds.

Household financial resources form directly the household budget (see table 1). In terms of its material content, the budget of a household is a form of formation and use of the funds of this economy; it combines the total income of household members and expenses that meet their personal needs. Household budget funds are constantly in short supply due to the expansion of the needs of the members of the household. Lack of budget funds forces household members, in addition to selling labor at the main place work and receiving wages under labor contracts, running a personal subsidiary farm, carrying out individual labor and entrepreneurial activities, renting durable items, purchasing and selling securities, etc.

Stand-alone cash USD - CAD is formed within the budget.

Household gross income includes:

Household is

Income in kind - mainly consists of products obtained from personal subsidiary plots or in kind from agricultural enterprises, and consumed in the economy, as well as benefits provided by the state and various enterprises, subsidies, gifts in kind (without accounting accumulated savings;

Cash income is the amount of money that a household has to cover its costs, they are the predominant part of household income and are formed from such sources.

Cash income is generated from the following sources:

- Payment labor of household members (family), received in the implementation of labor agreements upon employment, as well as bonuses, additional payments, permanent wage increments, payments by employers for socio-cultural purposes: benefits, payment transport services, vouchers, etc .;

Income from entrepreneurial activity in the form of profit, dividends, interest on securities and deposits, rent, etc .;

State social payments (transfers): pensions, benefits and other payments from the budget and off-budget social funds.

In our country, the ratio between these three sources of income has changed dramatically from time to time. In the conditions of domination of state property, the main income of households was also payments from the budget. With the development of market relations, the role of the second source of replenishing the budget of the household (family) began to increase.

However, even today, wages remain the main benefit in many households (families). The value of a particular type of source for a particular family is determined by its social composition. For example, there are households where wages make up almost 100% of monetary income (a working married family without children). There are households where monetary income is generated only through state social transfers (for example, retired spouses raising young grandchildren). The structure of household income is also influenced by the place of residence - in the city or in the countryside.

Household Members' Salaries

Wage today it is the main source of income for members of many households (families). According to Article 129 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, wages are remuneration for work, depending on the qualifications of the employee, the complexity, quantity, quality and conditions of the work performed, as well as compensation and incentive payments.

The majority of employees (more than 60%) work in the non-state sector of the economy, where the size of wages (as well as the amount of bonuses, bonuses, allowances, etc.) is entirely determined by the management of the enterprise based on the size of the wage fund created at the enterprise, quality, importance and intensity of labor activity of specific workers. regulates only one thing for them - the wages of employees of enterprises, regardless of the form of ownership, cannot be set below the minimum wage (minimum wage) determined by the state.

Fall in real wages in the majority industries forces ordinary workers to more actively use traditional ways to increase their wages. The main ones, among which are:

For pieceworkers - an increase in output due to an increase in labor efficiency or overtime;

For persons who are on time wages - part-time work in the same organization, expansion of service areas, etc .;

Part-time work in other organizations in their free time from the main job.

Income from entrepreneurial activities of household members

The second most important is income from entrepreneurial activity, which includes income of members of the household (family) from commercial activity, which is carried out without the formation of legal entities. faces. This activity includes three groups of classes:

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Private unorganized trade;

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Home-based and handicraft production;

Entrepreneurship in the field of individual labor activity and private practice is currently extremely diverse and provides the population with almost all types of services of a domestic and socio-cultural nature (construction and renovation of apartments - 26%, sale dogs and cats - 24%, tutoring and training - 16%, household appliances repair - 6%, car repairs - 5.5%, medical services - 4.7%, veterinary care - 3%, housekeeping services, nannies, tutors - 2.4%, astrology, fortune telling - 2%, translation from foreign languages ​​- 1.5%, computer typing - 1.5%, others - 7.6%).

One of the sources of household income is transactions with property - these are transactions with real estate(apartments, summer cottages, land plots, etc.). But here there is a huge degree of risk and it must be taken into account, because sometimes, instead of the expected income, you can get unexpected expenses. So, for example, having bought an apartment for 3 million rubles. today, and sold for 2.8 million rubles. in a week you can be at a significant loss.

Household is

In the course of reforming the country, capitalization of the population's money savings is becoming increasingly important as a means of generating additional income and protecting temporarily free funds from inflation. Cash savings reach 20% of the total income of households (families). To date, four main forms of their use have developed in Russia: these are attachments personal property; bank deposits; purchase valuable papers

Income from personal subsidiary plots;

Income from personal subsidiary plots accounts for an average of 7% of the total income of urban households (families) and 29% of rural ones. Manual agricultural labor in the light of new prices may be more cost-effective for many household members than the daily “commute”.

- Pensions

Household is

A significant share in the benefits of households (families) is and various benefits. The main part of pensions and benefits received by the population is paid. Therefore, each recipient of pensions and benefits must know the social well in order to control the correct calculation of the payments due to him and to fully enjoy the rights and benefits provided to him.

Household is

In addition to the state, members of the household (family) can receive benefits and other social benefits from economic incentive funds from their place of work. The type of allowance, its size and conditions of provision are completely determined by itself, based on their capabilities, social protection of employees and other considerations.

In the total amount of household income, an insignificant part is occupied by income from rent and sale of property, royalties, gifts, etc.

Household income in the form of government social transfers

State social transfers are also classified as monetary incomes of households - these are, first of all, pensions, allowances and other payments from budgets of different levels and off-budget funds of the state.

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Pension is a monthly state monetary payment, the right to receive, which is determined in accordance with the Federal Law of Russia "On Pension Provision", and which is provided to citizens in order to compensate them for earnings (income) lost in connection with the termination of public service upon reaching the established by law length of service when retiring to an old-age retirement pension (disability); or in order to compensate for harm caused to the health of citizens during military service, as a result of radiation or man-made disasters, in the event of disability or loss of a breadwinner, upon reaching the established by law age; or disabled citizens in order to provide them with a means of subsistence.

Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to a pension, subject to the conditions stipulated for various types of pensions for state pension provision, as well as foreign citizens and stateless persons permanently residing in the territory of the Russian Federation, on the same grounds as citizens of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise provided law, international treaties of the Russian Federation. Financing pensions are made at the expense of the federal budget.

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In accordance with the pension legislation, there are the following types of pensions:

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Seniority pension - assigned by federal civil servants and military personnel;

Old age pension;

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Disability pension - assigned to servicemen, participants in the Great Patriotic War, citizens awarded the sign "Resident of blockade Leningrad", citizens affected by radiation and man-made disasters; social pension - assigned to disabled citizens.

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Household cash expenditure

Household (family) monetary expenditures are actual expenses for the acquisition of material and spiritual values ​​necessary for the continuation of a person's life, which also include expenses that are not directly related to consumption. They play a very important role in the reproduction of the labor force of individual members of the household. In modern conditions in the Russian Federation, there is decline real costs due to a decrease in the profitability of certain groups of the population. This leads to qualitative changes in society: a deterioration in the health of the population, a reduction in life expectancy, and a drop in the birth rate.

Household expenditures can be classified according to various criteria.

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By the degree of regularity:

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Fixed costs (food, utilities, etc.);

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Regular expenses (for clothing, transport, etc.);

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One-time expenses (for medical treatment, durable goods).

As necessary:

Priority (necessary) expenses - for food, clothing, medicine;

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Secondary (desirable) expenses - education, insurance premiums;

Other expenses (rest).

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By purpose of use:

- Consumer spending(for the purchase of goods and payment for services);

Payment of mandatory payments;

Accumulation and savings in deposits and securities;

Purchase of foreign currencies;

So, household expenditures represent the actual expenditures for the acquisition of material and spiritual values ​​necessary for life.

Household consumption expenditure

The purchase of goods and services is the main expenditure item in the budget of a modern household (family) and accounts for three quarters of all household expenses. The amount of family spending on the purchase of goods and services depends on the level of retail prices, the needs of the family for specific benefits, the volume of its monetary income, as well as the amount of taxes and other mandatory payments paid by the family.

Contributes to the reduction of the family's costs for the purchase of goods and services by satisfying part of its needs due to natural self-sufficiency by growing food in personal subsidiary plots, collecting forest gifts (mushrooms, berries, etc.) or receiving payment in kind in agricultural enterprises; making some material goods on their own (building a house, furniture, etc.); or the performance of services by some family members. Decreases the current consumer spending availability of stocks of food, clothing, high provision of durable goods, carried out at the expense of the costs of previous periods. The provision of free services and assistance by the state (health care, education, subsidies) is of great importance. On the other hand, it can significantly expand the volume of purchases, goods and services, the use of existing cash savings, purchases of goods on loan and with money taken in.

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In the structure of costs for the purchase of goods, expenditures on food predominate, and there are differences in rural and urban areas. In rural areas, almost 1/3 of the costs are provided by subsistence farming (in the city - 7%). Non-industrial goods(clothes, shoes, furniture, household appliances) make up almost ⅓ in the city, and 1/5 in the countryside.

The share of costs for services is constantly growing. Especially the expenses of families in the city for housing, housing and communal services, medicines, as well as for travel in public transport have increased. Certain types of services have risen so much that they simply dropped out of the budget of an ordinary citizen (cleaning clothes, public washing, baths). However, new types of paid services appeared (health care, education), which began to occupy a large share of the family's expenses.

The quantitative composition of the household (family) also affects the structure of final consumption costs. Households consisting of one person are in a better position. With an increase in the number of households, the situation worsens - the share of food costs decreases and the share of natural products from personal subsidiary plots increases.

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The structure of consumer spending differs sharply in families with different levels of per capita income. For poor families, the purchase of goods is concentrated on cheap food products, the expenditure on services - on those that are difficult to reduce (transport, housing and communal services). In families with high incomes, a large share of costs is spent on expensive durable goods, personal vehicles, housing, and a variety of services.

Mandatory and voluntary payments of individual household members

The second group of household monetary expenditures is compulsory and voluntary payments. Mandatory payments include taxes, fees, duties, deductions that are collected by the executive authorities authorities to budgets of different levels and in extrabudgetary funds... Voluntary payments are made by individual members of households on their own initiative to insurance organization for insurance against various risks, non-state pension funds, charitable USD / CAD and etc.

Mandatory and voluntary payments occupy a small share in the family budget; nevertheless, in conditions of low real incomes, they hit the taxpayer's pocket heavily. There is little scope for reducing this cost item, especially if taxes are deducted from salary. The main thing here is a clear knowledge of the current tax legislation. Knowledge of their rights and obligations as a taxpayer will help each citizen to control the correctness of the obligatory payments withheld from him, timely fulfill his financial obligations to the state, which prevents the emergence of additional costs in the form of tax penalties.

Household members, as citizens of the Russian Federation, pay various obligatory payments, of which there are more than 15, and first of all, these are federal and local taxes and fees. Federal taxes from the population include: tax on income from individuals. persons, tax on property transferred from inheritance and donation, transport tax, state duty, customs taxes with natural person etc. Among local taxes, the main ones are property tax with physical persons, land tax, etc.

The most important from the point of view of its severity on the payer is income tax, which is levied on the total income in cash and in kind, expressed in rubles and foreign currency at the date of receipt of the income.

In addition to direct taxes, households also pay indirect taxes. The direct taxes discussed above are only a small fraction of all taxes paid by household members. The main share of taxes received from individuals in the state treasury falls on indirect taxes invisible to them, contained in the price of a product and paid when it is purchased. These include value added tax, excise taxes,. The level of commodity prices is increased not only by indirect, but also by direct taxes: unified social tax, organizations, tax on property of organizations, customs duties and a number of other federal, regional and local taxes, which in total increase the price of a product (work, services) by about one and a half to two times.

Household savings and savings

The transition to the market and freedom of entrepreneurship have created an opportunity for a special category of households to accumulate funds, saving them for the acquisition of expensive values ​​(land, houses, vehicles) or for capitalization by investing in securities, bank deposits.

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Cash savings and savings are formed among the population for various reasons. Sometimes this is a forced measure caused by a shortage of goods, or a desire to save up a certain amount for a "rainy day" or to buy an expensive thing (for this reason, savings are formed in both rich and poor families). Another reason typical for wealthy families is a high level of income, which allows part of the funds to be spent on savings, to generate additional income by investing in securities, bank deposits, etc. In general, the high level of family savings and their growth in market conditions testify to the strengthening of family finances.

Cash savings and savings accumulated in banks serve as a source of expansion of credit relations. Consumer loan replenishes the monetary incomes of household members and contributes to an increase in effective demand for goods and services. Consumer loan for the Russian Federation, where the standard of living is relatively low, and the credit capabilities of the banking system require additional capital.

As mentioned above, the financial resources of the household form the budget of the household (family). For clarity, we should consider the budget of a family with an average income, it combines the total income of family members and expenses that meet their personal needs. The Kovalchuk family: husband - works as a driver, wife - works as an accountant in a bank, daughter 15 years old - goes to school, son 5 years old - goes to kindergarten.

Budget surplus - 4,000 rubles.

According to the results of the above table, we can say that the budget of this family was drawn up in a planned and deficit-free manner. So the total monthly income of the Kovalchuk family is 37,000 rubles, its main sources are - the salary of husband and wife 25,000 rubles, income from property 7,000 rubles, and other sources of income 5,000 rubles. At the same time, the amount of expenses is 33,000 rubles, where a significant part is occupied, their amount reaches 26,000 rubles, other expenses amount to 2,000 rubles, and the Kovalchuk family's savings deposited in a bank account amount to 5,000 rubles.

So, the Kovalchuk family has 4,000 rubles of free money left.

Household financial relations

Household finances are a set of monetary relations in relation to the creation and use of funds of funds, into which the household and its individual participants enter in the course of their socio-economic activities.

It is known that financial relations are usually monetary in nature. Where there is no provision for the movement of cash and (or) their equivalents, there are no financial relations (in this case, we abstract from some specific ones, for example, transactions formalized by exchange agreements).

Household management in a market economy is impossible without the use of money, which means that there is a real basis for the emergence of financial relations at the household level.

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However, it is known that not all monetary relations can be considered financial. These can hardly include, for example, the relations of exchange (C - M - C), into which the household constantly enters.

Therefore, it seems quite justified, although not indisputable, the position of a number of economists who believe that finance can only be considered monetary relations arising from the formation and distribution of funds of funds.

A household in a market economy cannot be outside financial relations, it constantly enters into such relations that arise both within the household and with market entities external to the household.

Domestic household finances

The internal finances of a household include the relations that arise between its members regarding the formation of family funds with different purposes: an insurance reserve to maintain the level of current consumption; cash reserve to increase the level of capital expenditures; a monetary fund for the purpose of its further investment, etc.

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The household can enter into financial relations:

With other households on the formation and use of joint funds (these do not include mutual exchange relations, in which households can also participate);

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With enterprises operating in various spheres of material production or production of services and acting as employers in relation to members of the household regarding the distribution of a part of the produced gross domestic product in its value form;

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With commercial banks regarding the attraction of consumer loans, their repayment; on the placement of temporarily free funds to bank accounts;

With insurance organizations regarding the formation and use of various types of insurance funds;

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With the state regarding the formation and use of budgetary and extrabudgetary funds.

Household economic behavior

According to the dominant point of view in modern neoclassical economics, households are based on a universal principle - rational maximization of well-being. It is assumed that household members act as “human computers”: having complete information, they consciously and prudently use all available opportunities to maximize their well-being.

The external social environment largely determines the goals and behavior of households. Existence in a market, planned (command-administrative) and transitional economic systems will have significant differences.

The difference is primarily due to the specificity of the goals.

In a market economy, the main target function of a household can be defined as the maximization of welfare when making consumer choices under budget constraints. This means that the household strives to have as many goods as possible, and when shopping the main problem is not the availability of goods, but the lack of money. In these conditions, household members are mainly concerned with increasing income, striving to “make a career”. At the same time, leisure is perceived, first of all, as a way to “gain strength” for work, and not as an end in itself.

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It should be noted that traditional household activities are changing in countries with market economies. The relatively high remuneration for work, the widespread involvement of women in work outside the home, often renders a whole range of traditional household rituals ineffective - cooking lunches and dinners at home, cleaning the house, or even raising children.

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If spouses can earn a lot, then very often they completely devote themselves to a business career, and housekeeping (especially if it is “not a joy, but a burden”) is shifted to outsiders (housemaids, nannies, etc.). Of course, the weakening of the role of the household also leads to the weakening of the unity of the household. This is reflected in the instability of family relationships, when the family is sacrificed for the sake of a "cause."

Since the weakening of the unity of households and the destruction of families are perceived by society as a whole negatively, the state in a market economy creates special incentives. In particular, the system of social benefits is designed specifically to help households (poor families, single mothers with children), and not to individuals.

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Thus, the state determines the “rules of the game”, but does not directly interfere in the internal life of households. Even in the old days, the principle of inviolability of personal life (“my home is my fortress”) was proclaimed in all Western European countries. To this day, it strictly prohibits the state from interfering in the life of households, except in special situations (for example, when parents abuse their children).

The reality, however, does not quite match this model. The behavior of households is largely determined by their social environment, moral system, existing formal restrictions and informal rules. The goals of household activities differ in different economic systems. If in some societies maximizing wealth means maximizing income, in others it is maximizing one's prestige in the eyes of others or maximizing religious piety. Another obvious limitation of the rationality of household behavior is the limited ability of people to adequately perceive and process the information received. A typical example is the choice of shopping at the supermarket, where a household member has to choose between hundreds of varieties of cheese, sausage and other commodities. A person is not able to make a completely rational decision, because he simply cannot process this entire array of data.

But the limited rationality of households does not remove the problem of everyday choice for them. In the economic sphere, their choice is carried out in three aspects:

The choice between employment and leisure. A necessary condition for such a choice is personal freedom, the absence of non-economic compulsion to work (for a peasant household under feudalism or for a Soviet household, this problem did not exist);

The choice between current and future consumption, i.e. division of their received income into consumption and savings. The income received, as a rule, is not immediately spent, but can be deferred if the current income exceeds the required current expenses;

The presence of savings dictates the need for a "portfolio" choice of the type of savings, i.e. choice between keeping savings in cash or investing them, as well as choosing between different areas of investment in order to generate income (keeping money in a bank, investing in stocks, bonds, buying foreign currency, real estate.

The role of households in the development of market relations

Household is one of the most important market institutions. The role of households in the development of market relations is relatively large and is determined by the following points:

First, households provide the necessary level of consumer demand, without which the functioning of the market mechanism is impossible;

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Secondly, household savings are a source of savings and investment, which is very important in a developing economy;

Third, households are subjects of supply in the market for factors of production (entrepreneurial ability and labor);

Fourthly, it is the household that is the basis for the formation of production and the implementation of human capital;

Fifth, the ability of households to establish a family business contributes not only to the growth of personal well-being, but also to the development of the market economy as a whole.

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The concept of a new household economy, which has been developed since the mid-60s of this century, has greatly improved the research of neoclassical microeconomics. In particular, it rejects the rigid division of economic agents into enterprises as places of production, and households as places of consumption; it is assumed that the latter also carries out production. The new household economy is based on the assumption that households make the best use of the resources at their disposal, with particular attention to the distribution of market and non-market activities of their members. The main provisions of this theory are as follows:

Household members benefit only from so-called “true” consumer goods (by purchasing goods on the market through intra-household production);

Household members, focusing on the limited time factor, make long- and short-term decisions. This refers to three types of activities: market activities related to the receipt of income; homework and leisure activities of a non-market nature.

The concept of a new household economy requires accounting for economic activities that do not receive monetary value, in particular, the domestic work of household members. However, there are a number of problems with assessing the production of “true” consumer goods. Estimation methods can be different: the application of prices for similar goods, services on the market, the calculation of production costs. However, the practical application of these methods has significant limitations and difficulties.

In the economic system, households play the following roles:

Acting on the market as buyers of goods and services produced by firms;

Provide the same firms with factors of production;

They save part of the aggregate income generated in the economy by acquiring real and financial assets.

Economic relations are diverse, they exist at all stages of the reproduction process, at all levels of management. At the same time, homogeneous economic relations that constantly arise in any sphere of socio-economic activity form the content of an independent economic category.

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Household Economy Efficiency

The end result of the functioning of households is the standard of living and the level of well-being. The concept of disposable resources of households is used as a real indicator of the well-being of the population. They include cash expenditures of households (except for material assistance from relatives and alimony) and income from personal subsidiary plots and other sources. The disposable resources of households form the basis for determining the level and quality of life.

The standard of living characterizes the quantity and quality of material and spiritual goods and services consumed, i.e. the degree of satisfaction of the needs of the population. Households produce and implement one part of the welfare of life on their own in their own economy, while the other is purchased in the markets. The scale of production of goods and services by households' own forces is influenced by the level of development of productive forces, conditions and order of distribution in society. The efficiency of the household economy depends on these factors.

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In this regard, the level of well-being or the quality of life of the population can serve as an indicator of the efficiency of households.

The level of well-being includes, in addition to the level of consumption of the benefits of life, the working and living conditions of households, the length of free time, the organization of leisure, social guarantees and personal freedom. To assess the level of well-being of the population, the UN recommends using several groups of indicators. The main ones are:

Consumption of food and non-food products and services;

Family living conditions;

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Working conditions and level of employment of the able-bodied population;

Indicators of fertility, mortality and life expectancy of the population;

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Education and culture of the population;

Household income and expenditure;

Cost of living and building a home;

Increase in the cost of consumer prices;

Sanitary and hygienic working conditions of the population;

Organization of recreation;

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Social guarantees;

Transport security;

There is a close relationship and interdependence between these indicators.

Indicators of the level and quality of life reflect the main aspects of the life of households, but there are also off-market aspects, such as the length of free time, the state of the environment, etc. time, and a large number of households are in unfavorable ecological areas.

Analysis of the economic development of households

At present, the approach to the concept of the household as a separate economic cell of the global economic system of the state is rather ambiguous. Several negative aspects of the development of household financial management in the country should be noted.

The income part of the household budget does not sufficiently depend on social payments, which characterizes the instability of the general income of the population and its vulnerability in the face of economic collapse. For example, the current IFC indicates to us the social insecurity of the population (a sharp decline in the level of wages, as well as increased unemployment, immediately revealed low unemployment benefits, pensions, etc.), sharp reductions in income - led to a decrease in purchasing the ability of the population, which led to a decrease in the pace of production and, as a result, job vacancies at enterprises.

One of the global problems of the state in regulating the household budget is the lack of a clear control over the prices of the consumer basket. More often than not, we see the following picture: by increasing social payments to the population, thereby trying to create a financial "safety cushion" of household income, we do not control a parallel increase in the prices of the consumer basket of the population, which increases the expenditure side of the budget and does not bring really tangible profit from the increase in social ... payments.

Also, it is worth noting the global problem of the households themselves - the analysis of their own costs by households is also at a low level. The lending practice of consumer lending in our country shows us the lack of a clear understanding of our own costs and income. An ordinary picture, when an individual household, not calculating the stability of its incomes, is credited against them in banks, which, with the slightest change in income towards a decrease, leads to the appearance of debts among households before banks.

In general, it should also be noted that there are positive trends in management household finance in Russia.

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Strengthening control over the regulation of retail prices, combating the massive super-profits of monopolies;

A gradual transition to a system of non-cash payments, bank cards, which makes it possible to more accurately analyze the financial flows of the population in the economic structure of the state;

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Presidential Small and Medium Business Support Programs, Subsidies commercial banks for these purposes contributes to the development of entrepreneurial activity in the country;

Strengthening public confidence in national currency confirmed by the growth of the global deposit portfolio in the Country's Financial Institute (in commercial banks), which increases the investment turnover of financial flows in the country.

From the above, it should be concluded: the state is actively developing in the field of analysis and management household finance and this brings certain results. However, at the same time, much remains to be rethought and changed in the existing system of regulation of household finances, because the mentality of the population of our country does not allow to blindly introduce the experience of foreign economic systems.

See what "Household" is in other dictionaries:

the household- the household … Spelling dictionary-reference

the household- HH household household

A household is a separate unit of society that supplies the economy with resources and uses the money received for them.

Definition of a household, classification, types and types, financial relations of households and their role in the development of market relations

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Household is, definition

Household, household (household) is an economic unit that supplies the economy with resources and uses the money received for them to purchase final products. The money received is divided into household consumption and savings.

Household (household, peasant household, household group, economic group)– this is a separate cell of society, within which the production of a social product, its consumption, as well as the reproduction of labor power, that is, the person himself, takes place.

An economic unit consisting of one or more people. It ensures the production and reproduction of human capital. It makes decisions on its own in the consumer market. It is the owner of any factor of production (land, capital, labor). He strives to satisfy his needs as much as possible.

Household (household) is

Household (household) is the basic unit of consumption for most consumer goods. Household appliances (TVs, refrigerators, home computers), furniture, housing, food are consumed more by the household than by individuals. The consumption patterns of each of the household members are interdependent. For example, buying a bicycle for a child often means less opportunity for another family member to buy a coat.

Household (household) is the subject of the economy, which consists of one individual leading an independent economy or, more often, a group of people living together and leading a common economy. As a rule, such a group of persons is united by kinship or family ties. Households are the object of study of economics, sociology, psychology, and other social sciences.

Household (household) is property, money, tools used by people at home. It covers the economic processes taking place in the place where people and families live.

Household (household) is one of three subjects of economic activity. Household encompasses economic objects and processes taking place where a person, a family permanently resides.

Household (household) is the main mechanism for the transfer of cultural values ​​and values ​​of a social class to the next generation.

Household (household) is all residents of a dwelling unit who maintain a common household.

Household as an economic category

The most obvious difference between a household and a family is that one person can form a household, while a family needs at least two.

Household is an economic category, while family is a social concept. The concept of a household is much broader than the concept of a family, since the composition of a household can include persons who have no family ties with its members, but who live in a given premise and run the same household (elderly or other persons under the care of the household).

However, tenants renting a dwelling or living in a part of a common dwelling owned by individual citizens are not part of the household of the owner of the dwelling and are considered separate households. Also, the household of their employer does not include persons employed for domestic work (domestic workers), receiving food and living in the premises of their employer. They are treated as separate households.

The definition of a household includes homeless people - people without a permanent place of residence, as well as entire collectives leading a common household - communes, sects, churches, etc.

The difference between a household and a family

The meaning of a household is different from the concept of a family, which is generally social. Although the most common characteristics of a household and a family are most often the same, the essence of a household differs from the concept of a family:

A family is a group of two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption and living together;

Families are created to meet the sexual needs of family members, the birth and education of children.

A family member who is absent or living separately is not included in the household, i.e. a family in the meaning of “relatives” may not be a household, but the household of a family is, by definition, the core of a household.

Characteristics of the economic entity "household"

As you know, the household (household) is one of the subjects of market relations. This market entity is almost the most important and influential on the economy as a whole.

In the modern world, each participant in market relations seeks to obtain benefits, and, consequently, profits. Thus, he must somehow adapt to the world around him and, accordingly, is forced to face various difficulties and problems.

A household is an economic unit of one or more people. It ensures the production and reproduction of human capital. She independently makes decisions in the consumer market. She is the owner of any factor of production (land, capital, labor). He strives to satisfy his needs as much as possible.

A household is treated as an economic unit that consists of one or more persons united by a common budget and place of residence, supplies the economy with resources and uses the money received for them to purchase goods and services that satisfy the material needs of a person. The concept of a household unites all consumers, employees, owners of large and small capital, land, means of production, persons employed and unemployed in social production.

Household classification

The following types of households were distinguished:

One person households;

Households consisting of one married couple;

Households consisting of a married couple with and without children, with one of the spouses' parents;

Households consisting of a married couple with or without children and a mother with children;

Households consisting of a married couple with or without children and a father with children;

Households consisting of a married couple with children and without children, with one of the spouse's parents (without him), with a mother (father) with children (without them) and other relatives or unrelated persons;

Households consisting of a married couple with and without children and both parents of one of the spouses with and without children;

Households consisting of two married couples with and without children, with relatives, unrelated (without them);

Households consisting of three or more married couples with and without children, with relatives, unrelated (without them);

Households consisting of a mother with children;

Households consisting of a father with children;

Households consisting of a mother with children, with one of the mother's parents;

Households consisting of a father with children, with one of the father's parents;

Households consisting of a mother with children, with one of the mother's parents (without him), with other relatives (without them);

Households consisting of a father with children, with one of the father's parents (without him), with other relatives (without them);

Households of unrelated persons.

Such a classification of households by type and size makes it possible to study not only the structure of households, but also to characterize family units by type of household, size and number of children under 18 years of age.

Household structure - its composition - provides information on the nature of consumption of many goods and services.

So, in the Russian Federation in 2012 it was revealed that almost three quarters of Russian households consist of no more than three people. The most common - 27.6% - was a two-person household. Children under 18 years of age included 52% of households consisting of two or more people and, accordingly, the remaining 48% did not. The reduction in the size of the household led to an increase in demand in the Russian Federation for such goods as apartments with a small number of rooms, low-proportioned food products (loaves of bread, packages of milk, yoghurt, dumplings, beer and carbonated drinks, cookies; low-proportion cakes). The decrease in the number of children in the family reduced the demand for goods and services for children. Over the past decade and a half, kindergartens in large cities of Russia have often been converted into sobes - places for working with pensioners (mostly elderly people).

Also, households are classified by:

Territorial and regional affiliation (area, region of the country, natural and climatic zone, etc.).

Demographic characteristics (family and non-family households, number of household members, gender and age characteristics).

Property characteristics (the nature of housing, the number of rooms, the presence of a car, a summer residence, a land plot, etc.).

Income characteristics (average per capita income, income group, sources of income, etc.).

Economic characteristics (employment, industry, economic sector, type of enterprise, position, etc.).

Labor potential (number of able-bodied people, educational level, professional training, etc.).

The social status of the household (determined by the head of the household or the family member with the maximum income).

Among all private households with children under 18 years of age, more than 6.5%, or 1396 thousand, are households with 3 or more children.

Almost 5 million children live in such "large" households:

Analyzing the choice of the classification option for its intended purpose, that is, the area of ​​practical application, one can see the peculiarity of families and households intended for the design of housing construction.

Household and its types

The household is the basic unit of consumption for most consumer goods. Household appliances (TVs, refrigerators, home computers), furniture, housing, food are consumed more by the household than by individuals. The consumption patterns of each of the household members are interdependent. For example, buying a bicycle for a child often means less opportunity for another family member to buy a coat.

The terms “family” and “household” are different, although they are sometimes used interchangeably. A family is a group of two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption and living together.

The nuclear family is a group of father, mother, and child (s) living together. The nuclear family has several variations:

This is a family with one of the parents, formed as a result of divorce or death of the other parent. In both cases, more often the children and the mother remain together as a nuclear family;

An extended family is the nuclear family plus other relatives such as grandparents, uncles, and aunts. Extended families are typical for the countries of the East, common in Russia, but not typical for the United States.

The household directly influences the consumption process and therefore its characteristics must be taken into account for the development of marketing decisions. It also plays a critical role in the socialization of children as consumers. The family household is the main mechanism for the transmission of cultural values ​​and values ​​of a social class to the next generation.

The consumption behavior of a household depends on its structure, life cycle stage and purchase decision process. All of these factors determine the marketing strategy for goods and services consumed by a family or households.

Due to the different meanings that are invested in the concept of a household in different countries, there are different types of households. Since the composition of the group of people forming a household can change over time, households go through certain cycles of development and decline. Economists have developed the concept of the stages of the household life cycle.

Family households are the most common. The main thing for this classification of households is the presence of a family, the household of which is the core of the household.

Household and family are united by the interdependence of the consumption of each of the members of the household on the consumption of others. Similarly to a family, household expenditures are agreed upon between members according to some rules.

However, one should also see the difference between household activities, as a broader concept, and housekeeping as the family's household economy.

The family household is the main mechanism for the transmission of cultural values ​​and values ​​of a social class to the next generation.

The family household is the main medium for the formation of future consumers, which is called consumer socialization. Consumer socialization is the process of young people acquiring skills, knowledge and attitudes that affect their functioning in the market as consumers. Consumer socialization occurs as the transfer of cultural values ​​from one generation to another in a nuclear (with both parents) or extended family (for example, in an orphanage or in a family of several generations).

Non-family household

Non-family households include non-family and social types of households.

The term out-of-family household can be used to refer to a household consisting of one person who runs their own household alone or a group of people who are not married but have a common budget. Divorced spouses or people who can form a family in the future can also form this household.

It is also possible to single out collective social households, when people are forced to live in one building and run a common household. Examples of such households are residents of dormitories, boarding schools, boarding schools for the elderly, monasteries and other (institutional) institutions that are grouped together with a common budget. The definition of a public collective household includes military personnel living in separate garrisons, patients who are in hospitals for a long time, prisoners serving long sentences, etc.

Household signs

The definition of a household may differ from country to country, but the general characteristics of the household make it possible to distinguish this phenomenon in all countries. To characterize a group of people consisting of one or more people, the main characteristics of a household should be listed as an independent economic unit:

Households are usually based on family holdings. However, although these concepts are close, they do not coincide. It is no coincidence that the UN recommendations for the statistical recording of households give such a definition: “a person or a group of persons united for the purpose of providing everything necessary for life,” in which the family is not mentioned at all.

One of the key criteria for distinguishing between households and families is the presence of separate budgets for each household. For example, a family consisting of relatives of three generations (grandfather, grandmother, father, mother and grandchildren) can operate both within one household (living together) or several, living separately and having different budgets.

In the first case, the family coincides with the household, in the second, it consists of several households. At the same time, this criterion is relative. On the one hand, the isolation of budgets does not exclude both returnable and gratuitous cash and in-kind “subsidies” from some members of a large family to others, even if they live separately. On the other hand, in families living together, which are considered a single household, in addition to contributions to the general family budget, each family member also has personal means of subsistence.

It should be emphasized that the degree of closeness of the concepts of “family” and “household”, as a rule, is associated with the socio-cultural characteristics of society, with relations in society towards the elderly, and also depends on religion, on the prevailing morality and economic mentality. It is widely believed that in the Romanesque countries (Italy, Spain, Latin America), families and households are traditionally close to each other, in any case, less atomized than in the Anglo-Saxon countries (for example, in the USA). This means that usually a young Italian, even if he starts his own family, still continues to closely communicate with his parents and other relatives, helping them and receiving material support from them. In contrast, in the United States, it is generally accepted that young Americans early "break away" from their parents and other family members, "punching their way in life" only at the expense of their own resources and efforts.

It is also necessary to distinguish the concept of "household" from the actual activity of housekeeping - "home economy". "Home economy" includes economic activities exclusively within the home: cleaning, cooking, household budget, childcare, etc. The concept of “household” is much broader. Household activities include both off-market household management and market interaction with other market entities.

The role of the household in the modern world

In the life of each member, the role of the household is so essential that at times he cannot exist separately, and more often tacitly considers such participation to be beneficial. The people who make money and the strongest members of the household consider it necessary to share privileges with the weak, since they see some sense in this. Therefore, household incomes are formed from the earnings of members outside the household, but by their tacit consent are distributed according to the needs of other members. Household spending per member does not depend on the amount of his earnings outside the household.

The main meaning of the household is the reproduction of the spiritual, moral and physical strength of each member of the household. This is the main difference between the household and the family, since the goal of the family is the sexual satisfaction of the members and the birth of children.

Household functions

The determining function for a household is the function of reproduction (cost replenishment and accumulation) of human capital. The concept of "human capital" denotes a set of knowledge, skills, experience, inseparable from a person, through which an individual creates material conditions for himself and his loved ones.

Households with many members usually have a “head of household” - an informal leader. It is he who is delegated both the authority and responsibility to represent the interests of the household, make the most important decisions and manage the family budget. Within the household, there is often a “division of spheres of influence”, when different people have priority in solving different issues (one of the typical situations is the husband “earns money” and the wife is raising children). At the same time, it is assumed that each of the members of the household strives to make his contribution to his activities to the best of his ability, helping all his relatives. Primacy within the household is determined, first of all, by the social status of its various members and their level of income. But the characteristics of the characters, the desire and the ability to lead within the framework of this small group are also of great importance. It is not uncommon for families where the head is actually the spouse who is less successful in the “outside world”.

The existence of the “head” of the family and the situation of power relations implies the presence of another important function of the household - the protection of the weak members of the household by the stronger ones. This implies, first of all, the transfer to adults of the right to control the younger and older members of the household, in return for which the latter is guaranteed care.

Households as Market Entities

Between members of one household, a natural exchange of services and goods is characteristic, but due to the fact that household finances are spent due to the common consent of all family members and for the common good, the household acts as a single organism in the market. In most countries of the world, economic statistics take into account the number of households and the consumption of the households.

Household income is funds received by members from the outside, which are used to purchase goods and services that meet the immediate material, spiritual and social needs of household members. The essence of the household lies not only in serving the needs of individual members through maintaining a common household, but also in the external interaction of household members with other subjects in the interests of the entire household.

Households are organized economic entities that conduct economic activities to meet needs.

At present, with the changes in society, the number of households of one person has grown, as well as non-family households in which people who are not related by kinship or marriage live. The goal of a household is to maximize satisfaction of the desires and needs of all its members, but thanks to the group (collective) decision-making mechanism, the interests of the entire household as a whole are taken into account first. For family households, the focus is on taking care of children - their health, upbringing and getting a good education.

Household finances

The structure of household income and expenditure largely depends on the conditions of the external environment in which they operate. At the same time, it is possible to single out the most important groups of both income and expenses, characteristic of all types of households.

Unlike the budget of the company and the state budget, the household budget does not always keep accurate records of expenses and income, many items of expenditure are not planned, the financing of individual items is sporadic and is carried out on a leftover basis (there is "free" money - bought a ticket to the cinema, they are not there - I began to watch TV).

Household (household) finances, like the finances of society as a whole, represent economic monetary relations for the formation and use of funds in order to ensure the material and social living conditions of the members of this economy and their reproduction. As a link in the financial system at the level of an individual family, they are the primary element of the socio-economic structure of society. Unlike the finance of commercial enterprises and organizations, which are crucial in the creation, primary distribution and use of the value of gross domestic product (GDP) and national income, household finances have not yet become a priority link in the financial system and play a subordinate, albeit important, role in the general population. financial relations.

The essence of household finance is manifested in functions. They currently perform two basic functions:

Providing the vital needs of the household (in particular the family) is the initial and main function of household finances, it creates real conditions for the existence of the members of this household. The development of market relations significantly influenced the form of manifestation of this function - for example, during the period of subsistence economy, the products created by the members of the economy satisfied their needs, and the exchange of surplus products occurred rarely, in small quantities and in the neighborhood.

As a result of commodity-money relations, the emergence, and then the expansion of the market, there was: expansion of material, social, cultural and other needs of households; creation and growth of household funds; the emergence of a monetary fund - a household budget designed to provide material benefits.

Distribution function is the primary distribution of national income and the formation of primary income of the economy, when primary income is created in the form of wages, pensions, benefits. At the same time, funds within the household are distributed among the members of the economy through the formation, distribution and use of funds. The income generated in the course of such a redistribution should ensure consistency between the material and financial resources of the economy and, first of all, between the size of monetary funds and their structure, on the one hand, and the volume and structure of means of production and consumer goods, on the other. This function includes three successive stages: the formation, distribution and use of funds.

Household financial resources form directly the household budget (see table 1). In terms of its material content, the budget of a household is a form of formation and use of the funds of this economy; it combines the total income of household members and expenses that meet their personal needs. Household budget funds are constantly in short supply due to the expansion of the needs of the members of the household. The lack of budget funds forces household members, in addition to selling labor at the main place of work and receiving wages under labor contracts, to run a personal subsidiary farm, to carry out individual labor and entrepreneurial activities, to rent out real estate and durable goods, to purchase and sell securities etc.

Separate monetary funds are formed within the budget.

Household gross income includes:

Income in kind - mainly consists of products received in personal subsidiary plots or as payment in kind from agricultural enterprises, and consumed on the farm, as well as benefits provided by the state and various enterprises, subsidies, gifts in kind (excluding accumulated savings;

Cash income is the amount of money that a household has to cover its expenses, they are the predominant part of household income and are formed from such sources.

Cash income is generated from the following sources:

Remuneration for labor of household members (family) received in the implementation of labor agreements upon hiring, as well as bonuses, additional payments, permanent wage increments, payments by employers for socio-cultural purposes: benefits, payment for transport services, vouchers, etc .;

Income from entrepreneurial activity in the form of profit, dividends, interest on securities and deposits, rent, etc .;

State social payments (transfers): pensions, benefits and other payments from the budget and off-budget social funds.

In our country, the ratio between these three sources of income has changed dramatically from time to time. Under the conditions of domination of state property, the main income of households was wages and payments from the budget. With the development of market relations, the role of the second source of replenishing the budget of the household (family) began to increase.

However, even today, wages remain the main income in many households (families). The value of a particular type of source for a particular family is determined by its social composition. For example, there are households where wages make up almost 100% of monetary income (a working married family without children). There are households where monetary income is generated only through state social transfers (for example, retired spouses raising young grandchildren). The structure of household income is also influenced by the place of residence - in the city or in the countryside.

Household Members' Salaries

Wages today are the main source of income for members of many households (families). According to Article 129 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, wages are remuneration for work, depending on the qualifications of the employee, the complexity, quantity, quality and conditions of the work performed, as well as compensation and incentive payments.

The majority of employees (more than 60%) work in the non-state sector of the economy, where the size of wages (as well as the amount of bonuses, bonuses, allowances, etc.) is entirely determined by the management of the enterprise based on the size of the wage fund created at the enterprise, quality, importance and intensity of labor activity of specific workers. The state regulates only one thing for them - the wages of employees of enterprises, regardless of the form of ownership, cannot be set below the minimum wage (minimum wage) determined by the state.

The fall in real wages in most industries is forcing ordinary workers to more actively use traditional ways to increase their wages. The main ones, among which are:

For pieceworkers - an increase in output due to an increase in labor productivity or overtime;

For persons who are on a per-hour basis - part-time work in the same organization, expansion of service areas, etc.;

Part-time work in other organizations in their free time from the main job.

Income from entrepreneurial activities of household members

The second most important is income from entrepreneurial activity, which includes income of members of the household (family) from commercial activity, which is carried out without forming a legal entity. This activity includes three groups of classes:

Home-based and handicraft production;

Entrepreneurship in the field of self-employment and private practice is currently extremely diverse and provides the population with almost all types of services of a domestic and socio-cultural nature (construction and renovation of apartments - 26%, sale of dogs and cats - 24%, tutoring and training - 16% , household appliances repair - 6%, car repair - 5.5%, medical services - 4.7%, veterinary care - 3%, housekeeping services, nannies, tutors - 2.4%, astrology, fortune telling - 2%, translation from foreign languages ​​- 1.5%, computer typing - 1.5%, others - 7.6%).

One of the sources of household income is transactions with property - these are transactions with real estate (apartments, summer cottages, land plots, etc.). But here there is a huge degree of risk and it must be taken into account, because sometimes, instead of the expected income, you can get unexpected expenses. So, for example, having bought an apartment for 3 million rubles. today, and sold for 2.8 million rubles. in a week you can be at a significant loss.

In the course of reforming the country, capitalization of the population's money savings is becoming increasingly important as a means of generating additional income and protecting temporarily free funds from inflation. Cash savings reach 20% of the total income of households (families). By now, four main forms of their use have developed in the Russian Federation: these are investments in personal property; bank deposits; purchase of securities and purchase of foreign currency.

Income from personal subsidiary plots accounts for an average of 7% of the total income of urban households (families) and 29% of rural ones. In light of new prices, manual farming may turn out to be more cost-effective for many household members than the daily “commute”.

Pensions and various benefits;

Pensions and various benefits account for a significant share of household (family) income. The main part of pensions and benefits received by the population is paid by the state. Therefore, each recipient of pensions and benefits should be well aware of social legislation in order to control the correct calculation of the payments due to him and to fully enjoy the rights and benefits provided to him.

In addition to the state, members of the household (family) can receive benefits and other social benefits from economic incentive funds from their place of work. The type of allowance, its size and conditions of provision are completely determined by the enterprise itself, based on its capabilities, social protection of employees and other considerations.

In the total amount of household income, an insignificant part is occupied by income from rent and sale of property, royalties, gifts, etc.

Household income in the form of government social transfers

State social transfers are also classified as monetary incomes of households - these are, first of all, pensions, allowances and other payments from budgets of different levels and off-budget funds of the state.

Pension is a monthly state monetary payment, the right to receive, which is determined in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Pension Provision", and which is provided to citizens in order to compensate them for earnings (income) lost in connection with the termination of public service upon reaching the established by the law of length of service when retiring to an old-age retirement pension (disability); or in order to compensate for the harm caused to the health of citizens during military service, as a result of radiation or man-made disasters, in the event of disability or loss of a breadwinner, upon reaching the age established by law; or disabled citizens in order to provide them with a means of subsistence.

Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to a pension, subject to the conditions stipulated for various types of pensions for state pension provision, as well as foreign citizens and stateless persons permanently residing in the territory of the Russian Federation, on the same grounds as citizens of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise provided law, international treaties of the Russian Federation. Pensions are financed from the federal budget.

In accordance with the pension legislation, there are the following types of pensions:

Seniority pension - assigned by federal civil servants and military personnel;

Disability pension - assigned to servicemen, participants in the Great Patriotic War, citizens awarded the sign "Resident of blockade Leningrad", citizens affected by radiation and man-made disasters; social pension - assigned to disabled citizens.

Household cash expenditure

Household (family) cash expenditures are the actual costs of acquiring material and spiritual values ​​necessary for the continuation of a person's life, which include consumption expenses and expenses not directly related to consumption. They play a very important role in the reproduction of the labor force of individual members of the household. In modern conditions in Russia, there is a decrease in real costs due to a decrease in the profitability of certain groups of the population. This leads to qualitative changes in society: a deterioration in the health of the population, a reduction in life expectancy, and a drop in the birth rate.

Household expenditures can be classified according to various criteria.

By the degree of regularity:

Fixed costs (food, utilities, etc.);

Regular expenses (for clothing, transport, etc.);

One-time expenses (for medical treatment, durable goods).

As necessary:

Priority (necessary) expenses - for food, clothing, medicine;

Secondary (desirable) expenses - education, insurance premiums;

Other expenses (rest).

By purpose of use:

Consumer expenses (for the purchase of goods and payment for services);

Payment of mandatory payments;

Accumulation and savings in deposits and securities;

So, household expenditures represent the actual costs of acquiring material and spiritual values ​​necessary for life.

Household consumption expenditure

The purchase of goods and services is the main item of expenditure in the budget of a modern household (family) and account for three quarters of all household expenditures. The amount of family expenses for the purchase of goods and services depends on the level of retail prices, the family's needs for specific goods, the amount of its monetary income, as well as on the amount of taxes and other mandatory payments paid by the family.

Contributes to the reduction of family expenses for the purchase of goods and services by satisfying part of its needs due to natural self-sufficiency by growing food in personal subsidiary plots, collecting forest gifts (mushrooms, berries, etc.) or receiving payment in kind in agricultural enterprises; making some material goods on their own (building a house, furniture, etc.); or the performance of services by some family members. The presence of stocks of food, clothing, and a high supply of durable goods, made at the expense of the expenses of previous periods, reduces current consumer spending. The provision of free services and assistance by the state (health care, education, subsidies) is of great importance. On the other hand, the use of existing cash savings, purchases of goods on credit and with borrowed money can significantly expand the volume of purchases, goods and services.

In the structure of expenditures on the purchase of goods, expenditures on food predominate, and there are differences in rural and urban areas. In rural areas, almost 1/3 of the expenditures is provided by subsistence farming (in the city - 7%). Non-industrial goods (clothing, footwear, furniture, household appliances) account for almost ⅓ in the city, and 1/5 in the countryside.

The share of expenses for services is constantly growing. Especially the expenses of families in the city for housing, housing and communal services, medicines, as well as for travel in public transport have increased. Certain types of services have risen so much that they simply dropped out of the budget of an ordinary citizen (cleaning clothes, public washing, baths). However, new types of paid services (health care, education) appeared, which began to occupy a large share of family expenses.

The quantitative composition of the household (family) also affects the structure of final consumption expenditures. Households consisting of one person are in a better position. As the number of households grows, the situation worsens - the share of food expenses decreases and the share of natural products from personal subsidiary plots increases.

The structure of consumer spending differs sharply in families with different levels of per capita income. For poor families, the purchase of goods is concentrated on cheap food products, the cost of services - on those that are difficult to reduce (transport, housing and communal services). In families with high incomes, a large share of the costs goes to expensive durable goods, personal vehicles, housing, and a variety of services.

Mandatory and voluntary payments of individual household members

The second group of household cash expenditures is compulsory and voluntary payments. Mandatory payments include taxes, fees, duties, deductions that are levied by the executive authorities to the budgets of different levels and to extra-budgetary funds. Voluntary payments are made by individual members of households on their own initiative to insurance organizations with insurance against various risks, non-state pension funds, charitable foundations, etc.

Mandatory and voluntary payments occupy a small share in the family budget; nevertheless, in conditions of low real incomes, they hit the taxpayer's pocket heavily. There is little scope for reducing this expense, especially if taxes are withheld from paychecks. The main thing here is a clear knowledge of the current tax legislation. Knowledge of their rights and obligations as a taxpayer will help every citizen to control the correctness of the obligatory payments withheld from him, timely fulfill his financial obligations to the state, which prevents the appearance of additional costs in the form of penalties.

Household members, as citizens of the Russian Federation, pay various obligatory payments, of which there are more than 15, and first of all, these are federal and local taxes and fees. Federal taxes on the population include: tax on income from individuals, tax on property transferred from inheritance and gift, transport tax, state duty, customs duties from individuals, etc. Among local taxes, the main ones are property tax with individuals, land tax, etc.

The most important from the point of view of its severity on the payer is income tax, which is levied on the total income in cash and in kind, expressed in rubles and foreign currency at the date of receipt of the income.

In addition to direct taxes, households also pay indirect taxes. The direct taxes discussed above are only a small fraction of all taxes paid by household members. The main share of taxes received from individuals in the state treasury falls on indirect taxes invisible to them, contained in the price of goods and paid when they are purchased. These include value added tax, excise taxes, sales tax. The level of commodity prices is increased not only by indirect, but also by direct taxes: the unified social tax, corporate income tax, corporate property tax, customs duties and a number of other federal, regional and local taxes, which in total increase the price of goods (works, services ) approximately one and a half to two times.

Household savings and savings

The transition to the market and freedom of entrepreneurship created an opportunity for a special category of households to accumulate funds, setting aside them to acquire expensive values ​​(land, houses, vehicles) or for capitalization by investing in securities and bank deposits.

Cash savings and savings are formed among the population for various reasons. Sometimes this is a forced measure caused by a shortage of goods, or a desire to save up a certain amount for a "rainy day" or to buy an expensive thing (for this reason, savings are formed in both rich and poor families). Another reason typical for wealthy families is a high level of income, which allows part of the funds to be spent on savings, to generate additional income by investing in securities, bank deposits, etc. In general, the high level of family savings and their growth in market conditions testify to the strengthening of family finances.

Cash savings and savings accumulated in banks serve as a source of expansion of credit relations. A consumer loan supplements the monetary incomes of household members and contributes to an increase in effective demand for goods and services. Consumer credit is especially important for the Russian Federation, where the standard of living is relatively low, and the credit capabilities of the banking system require additional capital.

As mentioned above, the financial resources of the household form the budget of the household (family). For clarity, we should consider the budget of a family with an average income, it combines the total income of family members and expenses that meet their personal needs. The Kovalchuk family: husband - works as a driver, wife - works as an accountant in a bank, daughter 15 years old - goes to school, son 5 years old - goes to kindergarten.

Budget surplus - 4,000 rubles.

According to the results of the above table, we can say that the budget of this family was drawn up in a planned and deficit-free manner. So the total monthly income of the Kovalchuk family is 37,000 rubles, its main sources are - the salary of husband and wife 25,000 rubles, income from property 7,000 rubles, and other sources of income 5,000 rubles. At the same time, the amount of expenses is 33,000 rubles, where a significant part is occupied by consumer expenses, their amount reaches 26,000 rubles, other expenses amount to 2,000 rubles, and the Kovalchuk family's savings deposited in a bank account amount to 5,000 rubles.

So, the Kovalchuk family has 4,000 rubles of free money left.

Household financial relations

Household finances are the totality of monetary relations in relation to the creation and use of funds of monetary funds, into which the household and its individual participants enter in the course of their socio-economic activities.

It is known that financial relations are usually monetary in nature. Where there is no provision for the movement of cash and (or) their equivalents, there is no financial relationship (in this case, we abstract from some specific one ¬ration, for example, transactions formalized by exchange agreements).

Household management in a market economy is impossible without the use of money, which means that there is a real basis for the emergence of financial relations at the household level.

However, it is known that not all monetary relations can be considered financial. These can hardly include, for example, the relations of exchange (C - M - C), into which the household constantly enters.

Therefore, it seems quite justified, although not indisputable, the position of a number of economists who believe that finance can only be considered monetary relations arising from the formation and distribution of funds of funds.

A household in a market economy cannot be outside financial relations, it constantly enters into such relations that arise both within the household and with market entities external to the household.

Domestic household finances

The internal finances of a household include the relations that arise between its members regarding the formation of family funds with different purposes: an insurance reserve to maintain the level of current consumption; cash reserve to increase the level of capital expenditures; a monetary fund for the purpose of its further investment, etc.

The household can enter into financial relations:

With other households on the formation and use of joint funds (these do not include mutual exchange relations, in which households can also participate);

With enterprises operating in various spheres of material production or production of services and acting as employers in relation to household members regarding the distribution of a part of the produced gross domestic product in its value form;

With commercial banks regarding the attraction of consumer loans, their repayment; on the placement of temporarily free funds to bank accounts;

With insurance organizations regarding the formation and use of various types of insurance funds;

With the state regarding the formation and use of budgetary and non-budgetary funds.

Household economic behavior

According to the dominant point of view in modern neoclassical economics, households are based on a universal principle - rational maximization of well-being. It is assumed that household members act as “human computers”: having complete information, they consciously and prudently use all available opportunities to maximize their well-being.

The external social environment largely determines the goals and behavior of households. Existence in a market, planned (command-administrative) and transitional economic systems will have significant differences.

The difference is primarily due to the specificity of the goals.

In a market economy, the main target function of a household can be defined as the maximization of welfare when making consumer choices under budget constraints. This means that the household strives to have as many goods as possible, and when shopping the main problem is not the availability of goods, but the lack of money. In these conditions, household members are mainly concerned with increasing income, striving to “make a career”. At the same time, leisure is perceived, first of all, as a way to “gain strength” for work, and not as an end in itself.

It should be noted that traditional household activities are changing in countries with market economies. The relatively high remuneration for work, the widespread involvement of women in work outside the home, often renders a whole range of traditional household rituals ineffective - cooking lunches and dinners at home, cleaning the house, or even raising children.

If spouses can earn a lot, then very often they completely devote themselves to a business career, and housekeeping (especially if it is “not a joy, but a burden”) is shifted to outsiders (housemaids, nannies, etc.). Of course, the weakening of the role of the household also leads to the weakening of the unity of the household. This is reflected in the instability of family relationships, when the family is sacrificed for the sake of a "cause."

Since the weakening of the unity of households and the destruction of families are perceived by society as a whole negatively, the state in a market economy creates special incentives. In particular, the system of social benefits is designed specifically to help households (poor families, single mothers with children), and not to individuals.

Thus, the state determines the “rules of the game”, but does not directly interfere in the internal life of households. Even in the old days, the principle of inviolability of personal life (“my home is my fortress”) was proclaimed in all Western European countries. To this day, it strictly prohibits the state from interfering in the life of households, except in special situations (for example, when parents abuse their children).

The reality, however, does not quite match this model. The behavior of households is largely determined by their social environment, moral system, existing formal restrictions and informal rules. The goals of household activities differ in different economic systems. If in some societies maximizing wealth means maximizing income, in others it is maximizing one's prestige in the eyes of others or maximizing religious piety. Another obvious limitation of the rationality of household behavior is the limited ability of people to adequately perceive and process the information received. A typical example is the choice of shopping at the supermarket, where a household member has to choose between hundreds of varieties of cheese, sausage and other commodities. A person is not able to make a completely rational decision, because he simply cannot process this entire array of data.

buying school supplies

The choice between current and future consumption, i.e. division of their received income into consumption and savings. The income received, as a rule, is not immediately spent, but can be deferred if the current income exceeds the required current expenses;

The presence of savings dictates the need for a "portfolio" choice of the type of savings, i.e. choice between keeping savings in cash or investing them, as well as choosing between different areas of investment in order to generate income (keeping money in a bank, investing in stocks, bonds, buying foreign currency, real estate.

The role of households in the development of market relations

The concept of a new household economy, which has been developed since the mid-60s of this century, has greatly improved the research of neoclassical microeconomics. In particular, it rejects the rigid division of economic agents into enterprises as places of production, and households as places of consumption; it is assumed that the latter also carries out production. The new household economy is based on the assumption that households make the best use of the resources at their disposal, with particular attention to the distribution of market and non-market activities of their members. The main provisions of this theory are as follows:

Household members benefit only from so-called “true” consumer goods (by purchasing goods on the market through intra-household production);

Household members, focusing on the limited time factor, make long- and short-term decisions. This refers to three types of activities: market activities related to the receipt of income; homework and leisure activities of a non-market nature.

The concept of a new household economy requires accounting for economic activities that do not receive monetary value, in particular, the domestic work of household members. However, there are a number of problems with assessing the production of “true” consumer goods. Estimation methods can be different: the application of prices for similar goods, services on the market, the calculation of production costs. However, the practical application of these methods has significant limitations and difficulties.

Economic relations are diverse, they exist at all stages of the reproduction process, at all levels of management. At the same time, homogeneous economic relations that constantly arise in any sphere of socio-economic activity form the content of an independent economic category.

Household Economy Efficiency

The end result of the functioning of households is the standard of living and the level of well-being. The concept of disposable resources of households is used as a real indicator of the well-being of the population. They include cash expenditures of households (except for material assistance from relatives and alimony) and income from personal subsidiary plots and other sources. The disposable resources of households form the basis for determining the level and quality of life.

The standard of living characterizes the quantity and quality of material and spiritual goods and services consumed, i.e. the degree of satisfaction of the needs of the population. Households produce and implement one part of the welfare of life on their own in their own economy, while the other is purchased in the markets. The scale of production of goods and services by households' own forces is influenced by the level of development of productive forces, conditions and order of distribution in society. The efficiency of the household economy depends on these factors.

In this regard, the level of well-being or the quality of life of the population can serve as an indicator of the efficiency of households.

The level of well-being includes, in addition to the level of consumption of the benefits of life, the working and living conditions of households, the length of free time, the organization of leisure, social guarantees and personal freedom. To assess the level of well-being of the population, the UN recommends using several groups of indicators. The main ones are:

Consumption of food and non-food products and services;

- organization of recreation;

Analysis of the economic development of households

At present, the approach to the concept of the household as a separate economic cell of the global economic system of the state is rather ambiguous. Several negative aspects of the development of household financial management in the country should be noted.

The income part of the household budget does not sufficiently depend on social payments, which characterizes the instability of the general income of the population and its vulnerability in the face of economic collapse. For example, the current IFC indicates to us the social insecurity of the population (a sharp decline in the level of wages, as well as increased unemployment, immediately revealed low unemployment benefits, pensions, etc.), sharp reductions in income - led to a decrease in purchasing the ability of the population, which led to a decrease in the pace of production and, as a result, job vacancies at enterprises.

One of the global problems of the state in regulating the household budget is the lack of a clear control over the prices of the consumer basket. More often than not, we see the following picture: by increasing social payments to the population, thereby trying to create a financial "safety cushion" of household income, we do not control a parallel increase in the prices of the consumer basket of the population, which increases the expenditure side of the budget and does not bring real tangible profits from the increase in social ... payments.

Also, it is worth noting the global problem of the households themselves - the control and analysis of their own expenditures by households is at a low level. The lending practice of consumer lending in our country shows us the lack of a clear understanding of our own expenses and income. An ordinary picture, when an individual household, not calculating the stability of its incomes, is credited against them in banks, which, with the slightest change in income downward, leads to the emergence of debts from households to banks.

In general, it should also be noted that there are positive trends in the management of household finances in the Russian Federation.

confidence in the national currency

Strengthening public confidence in the national currency is confirmed by the growth of the global deposit portfolio at the Country's Financial Institute (in commercial banks), which increases the investment turnover of financial flows in the country.

From the above, it should be concluded: the state is actively developing in the field of analysis and management of household finances, and this brings certain results. However, at the same time, much remains to be rethought and changed in the existing system of regulation of household finances, because the mentality of the population of our country does not allow to blindly introduce the experience of foreign economic systems.

Sources and links

ecnmx.ru - Economics library

encyclopaedia.biga.ru - Humanities Encyclopedia Online

gender.academic.ru - Dictionaries and encyclopedias on Academician

krugosvet.ru - Encyclopedia Around the World

ru.wikipedia.org - Wikipedia

planetadisser.com - Planet of theses

bokinz.com - Books Online Economic Theory

cyberleninka.ru - Economics and economic sciences

disserr.com - Electronic catalog of Russian desserts

yandex.ru - Yandex pictures, video

managment.aaanet.ru - Management Library

ock.ru - Central Scientific Library

dslib.net - Dissertation Library

To characterize an economic entity, it is required to indicate:

source and amount of its income

directions and the amount of its expenses

Household is property, money, tools used by people at home. It covers the economic processes taking place in the place where people and families live.

Household income is private income. They are formed by:

wages

owner's profits

capital

interest and dividend

participation in a joint stock company

natural resources (land)

Each household's income is spent in three ways:

payment of taxes to the state

satisfaction of personal needs

formation of personal savings

Savings are the post-tax non-consumed portion of the annual personal

household income. There are the following types of savings:

household (in cash)

institutional (bank deposits, insurance policies, bonds, stocks, etc.):

• a) "defensive" - ​​actions to preserve the original purchasing power of a given amount of money. They act as self-insurance against unpredictable circumstances.
• b) "speculative" - ​​actions to multiply the purchasing power of a given amount of money. They play the role of a kind of "family business" according to the rules of a market economy.

In general, savings are a deferred demand for real goods (goods and services), and this “deferral” turns savings into a permanent “sword of Damocles” hanging over the market economy, ie:

a relative increase in savings (as personal income rises) means a relative decrease in demand for consumer goods and services, which can cause a decrease in the production of these goods and an increase in unemployment (unemployment)

the preponderance of "home" savings can undermine the country's economy; therefore, it is necessary to stimulate institutional savings, i.e. participation of money in the circulation (economy) of the country

Consumer spending is that part of personal income that goes to producers irrevocably and without interest.

And among the objects of consumer spending, one can single out:

non-durable goods (term - less than a year)

durable goods (term - more than a year)

Household is one of the most important market institutions. The role of households in the development of market relations is relatively large and is determined by the following points:

First, households provide the necessary level of consumer demand, without which the functioning of the market mechanism is impossible.

Secondly, household savings are a source of savings and investment, which is very important in a developing economy.

Third, households are subjects of supply in the market for factors of production (entrepreneurial ability and labor).

Fourthly, it is the household that is the basis for the formation of production and the implementation of human capital.

Fifth, the ability of households to establish a family business contributes not only to the growth of personal well-being, but also to the development of the market economy as a whole.

We know that one of the subjects of the market economy is the household, which mainly represents the natural sector of the modern economy. Along with firms and the state, it is an economic unit consisting of one or more persons who make financial decisions and supply the economy with initial production resources. The funds received for resources are used to purchase goods and services that satisfy the immediate material, spiritual and social needs of a person. Thus, households are organized entities that conduct economic activities to meet needs.

In a real (market) economy, the entire mass of resources constitutes the aggregate resource market, which, in turn, consists of many markets for specific resources. Households are considered to be the owners of these resources. In the cases where the owners of resources are firms or the state, the latter act as independent owners of the resources, i.e. as households. All types of payment for factor resources in an ordinary economic situation appear in the form of generalizing terms of income or profit.

As you know, the market participants are sellers and buyers. Households, firms (enterprises, businesses), and the state (government) act as sellers and buyers. Households (consisting of one or several persons), on the one hand, are buyers of goods and services, on the other hand, they have at their disposal the factors of production (labor, land that they can sell or lease). They can own shares, thanks to which they also become owners of the means of production (capital). In addition, households act as buyers in the market for goods and services provided by firms and state-owned enterprises. At the same time, they themselves are sellers in the resource market. The income received from the sale of factors of production (primarily labor force) is used to meet personal needs.

Firms, having money capital at their disposal, acquire from households the factors of production they need in the resource market and use them to produce goods and services. Their main goal is to make a profit. The firms produced by them goods and services are sold by firms to households in the market of goods and services, using the income received to expand production activities.

The state also participates in the circulation model, which provides its services to households and firms through the country's national defense system, education and medical services, etc. To ensure the production of these services, the state collects money from households and firms in the form of taxes. The state buys from them the resources, goods and services necessary for its business activity.

In addition to providing services, the state makes various cash payments to firms and households. Mainly we are talking about transfer payments. An important part of transfer payments is state cash payments for social needs - pensions, benefits and other types of assistance to the disabled, unemployed and other low-income groups of the population. The second area of ​​transfer payments is grants and subsidies (cash payments provided by the government to firms to encourage the production of certain goods and services). Subsidies and subsidies can be provided both to producers of goods and services and to their consumers, including households.

The circulation model clearly illustrates the relationship of all market participants. They are interested in each other, the well-being of one market participant depends on the well-being of others. Even one and the same market participant can be a part of a household, a government agency, or a business participant. For example, when employed by a government official, he is a representative of a government organization; by owning the securities of a corporation, he represents a business; spending his income on personal consumption, he is a member of the household.

All participants in market relations are real owners and have their own economic interests, which may coincide or contradict the interests of other subjects. Households try to satisfy their wants and needs as much as possible; firms - to get the maximum profit, the state - to achieve the maximum welfare of society. Each of them occupies a certain place in the system of social division of labor and, in order to realize their economic interests, must offer what is needed for other subjects - carriers of market relations.

Household connections and sources of income

The largest source of household income is wages, reaching three quarters of total income in developed countries.

Households are directly involved, along with firms and the state, in the movement of resources, incomes and goods (see Table 1)

Table 1

Interaction of households with other market participants

Resource fees (income)

Transfer Consumer payments for goods and services

Taxes Cash income of households

Interest Savings Investment

Cash (loans)

1.2 Households as Market Entities

Household is property, money, tools used by people at home. It covers the economic processes taking place in the place where people and families live.

Household is one of the most important market institutions. The role of households in the development of market relations is relatively large and is determined by the following points:

First, households provide the necessary level of consumer demand, without which the functioning of the market mechanism is impossible.

Secondly, household savings are a source of savings and investment, which is very important in a developing economy.

Third, households are subjects of supply in the market for factors of production (entrepreneurial ability and labor).

Fourthly, it is the household that is the basis for the formation of production and the implementation of human capital.

Fifth, the ability of households to establish a family business contributes not only to the growth of personal well-being, but also to the development of the market economy as a whole.

We know that one of the subjects of the market economy is the household, which mainly represents the natural sector of the modern economy. Along with firms and the state, it is an economic unit consisting of one or more persons who make financial decisions and supply the economy with initial production resources. The funds received for resources are used to purchase goods and services that satisfy the immediate material, spiritual and social needs of a person. Thus, households are organized entities that conduct economic activities to meet needs.

In the real (market) economy, according to A. Ya Livshits, the entire mass of resources constitutes the aggregate resource market, which, in turn, consists of a multitude of markets for specific resources. Households are considered to be the owners of these resources. In the cases where the owners of resources are firms or the state, the latter act as independent owners of the resources, i.e. as households. All types of payment for factor resources in an ordinary economic situation appear in the form of generalizing terms of income or profit.

As you know, the market participants are sellers and buyers. Households, firms (enterprises, businesses), and the state (government) act as sellers and buyers. Households (consisting of one or several persons), on the one hand, are buyers of goods and services, on the other hand, they have at their disposal the factors of production (labor, land that they can sell or lease). They can own shares, thanks to which they also become owners of the means of production (capital). In addition, households act as buyers in the market for goods and services provided by firms and state-owned enterprises. At the same time, they themselves are sellers in the resource market. The income received from the sale of factors of production (primarily labor force) is used to meet personal needs.

Firms, having money capital at their disposal, acquire from households the factors of production they need in the resource market and use them to produce goods and services. Their main goal is to make a profit. The firms produced by them goods and services are sold by firms to households in the market of goods and services, using the income received to expand production activities.

The state also participates in the circulation model, which provides its services to households and firms through the country's national defense system, education and medical services, etc. To ensure the production of these services, the state collects money from households and firms in the form of taxes. The state buys from them the resources, goods and services necessary for its business activity.

In addition to providing services, the state makes various cash payments to firms and households. Mainly we are talking about transfer payments. An important part of transfer payments is state cash payments for social needs - pensions, benefits and other types of assistance to the disabled, unemployed and other low-income groups of the population. The second area of ​​transfer payments is grants and subsidies (cash payments provided by the government to firms to encourage the production of certain goods and services). Subsidies and subsidies can be provided both to producers of goods and services and to their consumers, including households.

The circulation model clearly illustrates the relationship of all market participants. They are interested in each other, the well-being of one market participant depends on the well-being of others. Even one and the same market participant can be a part of a household, a government agency, or a business participant. For example, when employed by a government official, he is a representative of a government organization; by owning the securities of a corporation, he represents a business; spending his income on personal consumption, he is a member of the household.

All participants in market relations are real owners and have their own economic interests, which may coincide or contradict the interests of other subjects. Households try to satisfy their wants and needs as much as possible; firms - to get the maximum profit, the state - to achieve the maximum welfare of society. Each of them occupies a certain place in the system of social division of labor and, in order to realize their economic interests, must offer what is needed for other subjects - carriers of market relations.

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