Exercises

to develop balance

in children

preschool age

The foundations of health, longevity, all-round physical fitness and harmonious physical development are laid in a child during preschool childhood.

Movement forms the basis of any child's activity, and most of all play.

The importance of developing balance in preschool age is due to the fact that it is the basis for the child's mastering of motor actions and their inclusion in a variety of activities.

Balance is the ability to maintain a steady body position.

This quality is necessary for a person to move indoors and outdoors without touching objects or each other.

The balance depends on the state of the vestibular apparatus, all body systems, as well as on the location of the general center of gravity of the body. In preschoolers, the general center of gravity of the body is located high, so it is difficult for them to maintain balance. Balance is developed in exercises performed on a reduced and raised area of ​​support, as well as in exercises that require significant effort to maintain a stable body position.

The main means of developing a stable balance are physical exercises of increased complexity and containing elements of novelty.

Physical exercises are specially selected and methodically correctly organized movements and complex types of motor activity, as well as outdoor games.

Performing physical exercises is associated with active perception of the environment and orientation in it, with the development of sensations, perceptions, ideas, the formation of knowledge, with the manifestation of volitional efforts. All this has an impact on the all-round development and improvement of the child's abilities.

In preschool, exercises are used to develop balance in children.dynamic nature . Exercises are purposeful motor tasks with a mindset for a specific result; walk (run, jump, dance) on the bench and jump (get off) at the end; walk along the bench, stepping over objects; walk along the bench with an object in hand; with a pouch on the head; follow the trail in the snow; hit the target with a snowball while standing on a snow shaft (bench).

In addition to exercises of a dynamic nature, exercises are usedstatic character - these are toe racks, on one leg, on the toe of one leg. Children master them in play tasks, such as "Who will stand longer" (heron, stork, swallow, the staunch tin soldier, etc.), as well as in general developmental exercises: squatting on toes, alternating leg swings, stretching with lifting on toes, etc. ,(squatting on toes, standing on one leg, etc.)

To improve static and dynamic balance, variousmethodological techniques.

a) for static balance:

    reduction of the support area;

    lengthening the time of maintaining the pose;

    increasing the height of the supporting surface;

    the introduction of an unstable support;

    exclusion of the visual analyzer, which makes additional requirements for the motor analyzer;

    introduction of accompanying movements.

b) for dynamic balance:

    exercises for training the vestibular apparatus (inventory: swings, lounges, centrifuges and other simulators);

    exercises with changing external conditions (terrain, ground, track, coverage, location, weather).

Exercises in balance contribute to the development of coordination of movements, dexterity, education of courage, determination, self-confidence. At first, they are learned with preschoolers on the floor (walking on a cord, with hand movements or with an object in hand). Only after the exercises have been mastered in simple conditions, you can proceed to performing them on apparatus (log, board, bench).

The smaller the support area, the greater the height of the object (board, bench, log) and the angle of its inclination, the more difficult it is to perform exercises and maintain balance. Therefore, the width of the benefits decreases with age from 25 to 10 cm, and the height increases from 10 to 40 cm.

During the exercise in balance on an elevated support (beam, bench), an adult insures the child (supports him by the hand, walks next to him).

Initially, they offer simple, feasible exercises in balance, for example, walking on a reduced support area (between two parallel cords or on a board), stepping over objects and walking between them. Then they teach more complex exercises: walking on a log or board, one edge of which is raised to a height of 15-20 cm.

In the middle group, the exercises become more complicated: walking on a cord with a bag on the head, on the palm of an outstretched hand, with a doll in hands is given; on the bench (putting your feet off your toes, arms out to the sides); it is proposed to step over objects; keep balance, standing on tiptoes, hands up, as well as standing on one leg, the second is bent at the knee in front of you, to the side, hands on the belt, disperse at a meeting, without going to the floor; walking is given with a turn in a circle, etc.

When performing exercises in balance, the position of the hands can be different: to the sides, behind the head, behind the back, on the belt, etc. However, prolonged fixed positions of the hands complicate the exercise and tire children. Therefore, it is recommended to change the position of the hands more often (forward, to the sides, to the belt, etc.).

1. Stand on a board that lies on the floor (ground), go to its end (hands on the belt, to the sides or up).

2. While walking or running, at the signal of an adult, take a certain position (sit down, stand on one leg, etc.).

3. Walk or run between two lines drawn on the ground without stepping on them (distance between lines 20 cm).

4. Run between objects (cubes, balls, cones) placed on the floor (ground) without touching them with your hands.

5. Walking on a cord (length 8-10 m), laid straight, in a circle and in a zigzag.

6. Walking on a cord (length 8-10 m), laid on the floor (ground), straight and in a circle, putting the heel of one leg to the toe of the other.

7. Walking, stepping over a stick or rope, raised from the floor to a height of 15-20 cm.

8. Stand on a log (bench), walk along it, stepping over the cube, which is placed in the middle, and go down.

9. Stand on a log (bench), walk to its middle, turn around, reach the end and jump off.

10. Stand on a log (bench), walk along it to the end (hands on the belt, to the sides or up) and go down.

11. Stand on a board, one end of which is raised to a height of 30 cm (a cube or a bench), walk along it to the end, turn around and carefully run down.

12. Stand on a log (bench), walk along it to the end and jump off.

But the best way to develop coordination in preschoolers is playing exercises. Here is some of them:

CAPTURE KOMARA.

Purpose of the game: to develop coordination of movements, quickness of reaction. Required materials and visual aids: a stick approximately 1 m long, to which a mock-up of a mosquito made of cardboard is tied on a cord.

Course of the game: Players stand in a circle. The driver is located in the center, holding a stick with a mosquito attached with a cord in his hands. He drives a mosquito over the heads of the players who are trying to catch him at this time. The one who grabbed the mosquito; becomes the driving one.

ROPEER

Purpose of the game: to develop coordination of movements, dexterity. Necessary materials and visual aids: chalk.

The course of the game With chalk on the playground, a rope-walker trail is drawn with a width not exceeding the width of the foot. The task of everyone, the player: to go the distance as quickly as possible and not stumble.

CATERPILLAR

Purpose of the game: to develop coordination of movements.

Game progress Players are divided into 2 teams. They line up in a column as follows: the right hand of each subsequent player lies on the right shoulder of the previous one, and with his left hand he supports the left leg of the one standing in front. At the signal from the leader, the column starts moving along the distance. The first team to complete the distance wins.

ONCE AGAIN, BUT AT THE SAME TIME

Invite the children to twist with their right foot "away from themselves", and with their right hand twist towards "themselves." With your left hand, pat yourself on the head, while with your right hand, stroke your belly from right to left and left to right. In the same way, you can, as it were, hammer in a nail with a hammer with your left hand, and iron something with an iron with your right hand.

LISTEN, BELIEVE AND CHECK YOURSELF

The presenter invites the players to do the following exercise: put their hands on their knees, clap their hands on command, then grab the nose with the right hand, and the right ear with the left. Then clap again and change hands. And here is one more exercise: on command, salute with the right hand, and with the left show "in!", Then change hands on command.

Julia Puseva
A set of exercises for the development of walking and balance (middle group)

A COMPLEX OF EXERCISES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF WALKING AND BALANCE.

Middle group.

Equipment: used sports attributes made by the parents of the pupils from waste material.

1. Toe walking, on the heels, usual walking"That's how big we are". Equipment: track "Colored heels".

2. Walking with stop on signal "Stop!"

Equipment: track "Colored heels".

3. Walking along a winding path.

Equipment: winding path.

4. Walking with stepping over objects.

Equipment: soft log.

5. Rolling the ball along a winding path.

Equipment: winding path.

6. Tossing the ball over an obstacle.

Equipment: Gates (stretched rope).

7. Game "Basketball".

Equipment: basketball hoop, ball.

8. Stepping over, jumping over a log.

Equipment: soft log.

9. Jumping around the hoop.

Equipment: hoops.

10. Jumping along a winding path.

Equipment: winding path.

11. Jumping between objects.

Equipment: large cubes, pins, large cylinders.

12. Running along a winding path.

Equipment: winding path.

13. Running imitation (like mice, cats, horses).

Equipment: winding path, large cubes, skittles.

14. Crawling under the gate.

Equipment: the stretched rope.

16. Game "If you like it, then do it"

Equipment: colored flags.

School of agility and balance

The proposed material will interest parents, teachers, children who can already read this text themselves. It contains exercises to develop balance and arouse interest in their performance and strengthen health. Games and exercises are written in a simple, intelligible form, in verse. They are easy to remember for children playing on their own in the yard, during breaks at school, etc. These exercises are relevant, they support the child's craving for sports, develop dexterity, endurance, patience, and orientation in space.
The exercises can be repeated in a wide variety of conditions (in water, on snow, on grass, on sand). This adds even more interest in performing these exercises, which will help reinforce balance skills.
Practical material
Walking with a turn of the head
You go along the line
Keep your hands on your belt.
Turn your head
Don't leave the line.

Tumbler
Hurry up on the floor
Keep under your knees.
Straighten your back a little
Put your feet up.
On their side, on their backs
Bow down like a tumbler.
Left side and right side
The ceiling is visible on the back.
You can even swing
Just don't hit.
Keep the balance
Do you want to sit or lie down!

Burden
Put a medicine ball on your head,
Spread your arms to the sides.
Don't nod your head
Maintain the balance.
You can sit down or walk
But the ball cannot be lost in any way!

Swing
You need a cylinder, take a pipe,
Find a wide board.
Put your feet on the board with the edge,
Spread your arms to the sides.
Keep the balance
Help yourself with your hands.
Hey, who's there? Look
I stand at one, two, three.
And clap your hands
Apparently I'm a good circus performer.

Heron
Stand on one leg
Hold the other by the heel with your hand.
Bend her at the knee
And don't let her go watch her.
Do you want to be a stork, a heron?
Stand, not drop a drop?
Keep your leg up, jump in place
And count to one hundred or two hundred.

Walkers
Take the little hemp
Tie strings to them.
Take the cords in your hands
And pull tight.
Keep the balance
Step on the stumps.

Vorotz
Spread your legs wide
Put your hands on them easily
Spread your knees to the sides,
Look at your back, don't rot.
Sit down low - the collars are small,
Pull up - the gate is big
For ball games - these are the ones!

Clew
New task for you, friend.
Grasp your knees and curl up into a ball.
On the back up - swing down,
Just don't let go of your hands.

Nepomogayka
Lie on your back now
Take on a new task.
You need to sit down without hands, get up,
Do not help yourself with your elbows.
Who did it, is not tired
Receives a score immediately.

Rink
Cylinder, take a log
Step on it now.
Kick gently with your feet
Roll a skating rink under you.
If it works,
So the skating rink is moving.

Spinning top
Take hold of the back of the chair
And spin on the heel.
Keep the balance
Don't move the chair yet.
If it's easy, turn around
You don't have to use a chair.

Rack
Take medicine ball
Stand on it, don't go.
Bend your knees a little
Spread your arms to the sides.
Turn around quietly on the spot
Just calmly, don't get lost.
It turns out? Hooray!
Do a rack, kids!

Somersault
Sit down quickly,
Grab your feet.
Bend your head down,
Go ahead one, two, three!
Happened? Well done!
The brave man did a somersault!

Vanka - vstanka
Lie on your back again
Legs need to be drawn in.
Jump jump, stay on your feet.
Maintain the balance, do not fall!
It's hard, no doubt about it
But this is an interesting exercise.

Bug
Lie on your back again
Legs need to be raised.
Bend them at the knee,
Raise your elbows.
Now spin on your back
Straighten up - rest your feet.
Turn quickly and lightly
You look like a bug now.
Keep the landmark
Change directions.

scales
Put the cubes in a row
Not close to each other.
And walk on them, come on
Without each other's help.
Spread your arms to the sides
Like you are a scale.
Don't leave the cubes,
Keep the balance!

Tightrope walker
Harness, take the rope,
Fold it several times.
Fold it in half or in a pigtail
As you like, as usual.
Stretch it on the floor
And go along the length now.
You can walk on your heels, on your toes
The tightrope walker will come out of you for sure!

Lock
Close your hands in the castle
Grab your knees
Stretch your legs forward, backward,
Do not let go of your hands girth.
Who could do that through the castle?
And he did not sever the lock,
And didn't you free your legs?

Hook
Put one hand behind your head
Raise the other behind your back.
Who could do it so quickly -
Joins the hand with the fingers into a hook.
You can change hands
And with hooks - to hold with your fingers.
Back for the convenience of rot
So that your fingers don't go apart - hooks.

Hoop
Put your hands together
Nobody could open it.
And bend them slightly at the elbow,
So that it looks like a hoop for sure.
Hoop - raise your hands
And behind the back of the creek.
Do not unclench your fingers
And then bring your hands back.

Bridge
Lie on your back
Hands - bend your legs under you.
Raise your back up -
Lower your head down.
Rest your legs on your hands,
Just don't wobble too much.
You are an athlete, you have distinguished yourself,
You have a bridge!

Alena Popova
Development of the balance function in children

Development of the balance function in children 5-6 years in fitball gymnastics classes.

Equilibrium it is the ability of a person to maintain a stable position while performing a variety of movements and postures on a reduced and raised above ground level (gender) support area. It is necessary in any child's activity, in play, in everyday life, in various movements in space.

For the successful formation of the child's ability to maintain a stable position, posture while standing still or moving in space, long-term exercises are required.

Fitball-gymnastics is especially attractive for preschoolers, in which equilibrium manifests itself in both movements and body positions on an unstable support. Fitball translated from English means a support ball used for recreational purposes. Ball exercises train the vestibular apparatus, develop coordination of movements and equilibrium function, have a stimulating effect on the body's metabolism. This is practically the only type of gymnastics where motor, vestibular, visual and tactile analyzers are included in the performance of physical exercises, which exponentially enhances the positive effect of exercise on fitballs.

Requirements for the organization of training with fitballs.

1. The ball must be matched to the child's height. For children the diameter of the ball is approximately 45 - 55 cm. The child should sit on the inflated ball and pay attention to the position of the hips in relation to the lower leg. The angle between them can only be 90 degrees or slightly more. An acute angle in the knee joints creates additional stress on the ligaments and impairs the outflow of venous blood. So, for example, for children 3-5 years old, the diameter of the ball is 45 cm., From 6 to 10 years old, 55 cm., For children having a height of 150-165 cm. the diameter of the ball is 65 cm.

2. Posture on the ball should be correct: back straight, chin up, abdomen pulled in, shoulders deployed, legs bent apart (3 points of support - legs, pelvis) feet are parallel and pressed to the floor, socks can be divorced slightly to the sides, shins in an upright position. Hands down, fingers hold the ball.

3. Exercises in the classroom should be accessible, varied and interesting. The trainees should not experience a feeling of physical discomfort or pain when performing them.

4. When performing jumps on the ball, you need to monitor your posture children... Do not combine bouncing with bending, twisting or turning the body.

5. Performing exercises, lying on the ball (on your back or stomach, make sure that your head and spine are in a straight line, and your breath is not delayed.

6. Physical activity must be strictly dosed in accordance with age characteristics children.

7. Do not include prohibited elements in sets of exercises. To them relate: circular movements of the head, tilting the head back, sharp twisting movements, lifting the pelvis from the ball while performing spring movements on it, support on the ball with your hands.

8. For training on the ball, it is necessary to prepare muscles, ligaments, joints for physical activity; suggest walking in different ways (Walking is normal, on toes (hands behind the head, on the heels, on the outer sides of the feet, with a high knee (hips, rolling from heel to toe, side step to the right and left) running in different ways (normal, on toes, with a high knee (hips, small and wide stride)

Exercises using fitballs

Sitting on the ball: Exercises for the hands, development and strengthening the muscles of the shoulder girdle. To breed arms to the sides from the position of the hands in front of the chest; put your hands up and breed to the sides, palms up from the position of the hand behind the head. Raise your hands with your fingers locked (hands are turned with the back side inward) forward-up; raise your hands up and back alternately, at the same time. Raise and lower the brushes; clench and unclench your fingers. circular, arm movements straight and bent, arm movements back and forth, Exercises for development and strengthening the back muscles and the flexibility of the spine. Lean forward, raising clasped hands behind your back. Turn, spreading arms to the sides, from the positions of the hands in front of the chest, hands behind the head. Lean to the sides

Swaying while sitting on the balls, springy movements; leg movements when swinging on balls: legs together, leg separated to the sides, rolls on the ball on the back, on the stomach.

Play exercises using fitballs

I. p. - starting position

"Tick - tock"

I. p.: Sitting on the ball.

Tick ​​- tock, tick - tock ... Two slopes to the left and to the right;

I can do so: Raise your shoulders at the same time,

To the left - tick, to the right - so. Two tilts left and right;

Tick ​​- tock, tick - tock. Two tilts left and right.

"The wind blows"

I. p.: Sitting on the ball.

The wind is blowing in our faces. (Swinging arms overhead. Tilting the body to the right and left)

The little tree swayed (Hands clasped in a ring overhead. Shaking hands overhead.)

The wind is quieter, quieter, quieter (Put your hands down)

The tree is getting higher, higher. (Stand on your feet in front of the ball. (3p.)

"Look sideways"

I. p.: Sitting on the ball.

Take a look: sideways, sideways (Turn the torso to the left, take

left hand back, look at it.)

A jackdaw walks past the windows. (Turn the torso to the right, take

right hand back, look at it.)

Leap-leap and leap-leap, (Hands on the belt, swinging on the ball.)

Give the bun a piece!

"Along a flat path"... I. p.: Lying on your back

On a flat path

Our feet are walking (baby walks on a ball)

Our feet are walking (rolls the ball with his feet)

On stumps, over bumps. (To the buttocks and back)

By the pebbles, by the pebbles (Baby puts his feet on the floor)

Into the hole - boo! (The ball between the legs, then the feet on the ball, and again on the floor)

"Ladder"

I. p.: Sitting on the ball, hands down

1-hands on the belt

2-arms on shoulders

3-hands up

4- 1 clap with hands over head

5-1 clap with hands over head

6-hands on shoulders

7-hands on the belt

8-hands down

"Crocodile"

I. p.: Lying on the fitball with his stomach, hands touch the floor, 2-3 steps, rearranging palms forward and back.

"Frog"

I.P .: lying on the fitball with his stomach, hands touching the floor, legs wide apart, jumping, without lifting his legs and arms off the floor, pressing on the fitball with his stomach;

« Equilibrium»

I. p.: Standing on one leg, the other on the ball. Retention equilibrium.

"Airplane".

I. p.: Lying on your stomach, with straight legs to rest on the floor, raise your back as high as possible, arms to the sides.

Approximate complex of fitball-gymnastics.

Methodical instructions

Walking normal

Toe walking

Walking on heels.

Walking with high knees.

Walking the Egyptian step of the hand on the belt

With a roll from heel to toe.

Snake running

Running with tasks on signal

Shin-overlap running

Walking normal

Complex "Travel"

Walking in place

Hands through the sides up

Walking while sitting around the fitball

Herringbone overhead spreading arms to the sides

Swing your hands

Knocking on the fitball

We run (easily) around the ball

Springy movements

Expose the heel, then the toe

Imitation running

Tilt to the right, left leg

Knocking on the fitball

Legs wider

Hands on the belt, to the sides

Circular hand movements

Side bends

Ball over head

Running with an overlap of the lower leg in place We do not lower our head.

Hands on the belt, do not lower your head.

We walk quietly, we don't stamp our heels.

Raise our leg higher

Heel to toe

Strongly push off with the toe

Run march!

Changing direction

1 clap - sit down,

2 claps - run in the opposite direction

3 claps - freeze

We breathe through our nose, do not raise our hands high.

Let's go hiking

How many discoveries await us

We step one after another (2p.)

Forest and green meadow

Motley wings flicker

Butterflies fly in the field

One two three four

Flew whirled

We see them jumping at the edge

Two green frogs

Jump-jump, jump-jump

Jump from heel to toe

We quickly descended to the river

Bent over and washed

One two three four

Bet your legs are wider

You need to do this with your hands:

Well together, well together

Together times this breaststroke

Swinging on the wave

We swim all on our back

Sailed, sailed and we sailed to the island

Took the ball over your head

And quickly we run home "

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Equilibrium - a person's ability to maintain stability during movement and in a static position is an indicator of the preschooler's motor maturity, his readiness to master more complex movements. Balance exercises can help you maintain correct posture. Balance exercises are carried out from an early age, but the ability to balance develops most intensively at the age of 5 years.

The ability to balance depends on:

The functional activity of the body;

Motor experience.

By means,contributing to the development of balance are movements performed on a reduced and increased support:

Walking and running on a narrow path;

On one leg;

Stop on signal while whirling;

Landing at the designated place;

Crawling on the bench;

Skiing;

Cycling.

In balance, exercises are distinguished:

1. Static (stand on toes, "heron", "stork");

2. Dynamic.

The difficulty of balance exercises depends on:

Height, width, support stability (swinging log raised at a height);

Movement method (walking on toes, running, dancing steps);

The angle of inclination of the plane (along the bench attached to the gymnastic wall);

Combinations of dynamic and static movements in one task: to reach the middle of the bench on toes (side, dance step), stand, raise your leg forward (to the side, bend over, sit down); reach the end and jump (with your back forward, with a turn);

Hand positions (on the belt, behind the head, to the sides, up);

Items used (baskets, ball, sandbags on the head).

Balance guidance should take into account the preparedness of the children and encourage independence.

In younger groups the exercises are of a play nature ("On the path to the doll on a visit", "Through the puddles of sha-gai, raise your legs higher!"). Guidelines should focus on a sense of confidence.

In the middle group exercises become more complicated not only quantitatively (already a track, higher a slide), but also the methods of performing and the volume of exercises change: different methods of performing exercises and their alternation are used (we go on toes up to the middle of the bench, and then with a regular step; up to the middle - with an added heel step to toe, then by jumping, running; to the middle - with an additional step with the right side, then a turn by 180 0 and additional steps with the left side).

In older groups great attention is paid to independence and initiative. The complication is quantitative and qualitative. Tasks can be: walk up to the middle of the bench on toes, and then in different ways independently ("You can move around the bench in different ways, the movements cannot be repeated if one of the guys has already performed it").


In addition to traditional movements on benches and paths, you need to use a variety of scattering movements - whirling in combination with walking, running, stopping at a signal on two and one legs, including movements with closed eyes: walking, running, jumping backwards. The ability to balance is developed in sports exercises: skiing, sliding on ice paths, cycling, sledging.

Ways of organizing those involved when doing exercises in balance:

Stream (movement along paths, benches);

Frontal (whirling, static exercises).

When performing (teaching) exercises in balance, insurance must be carried out, the places of training must be equipped with gymnastic mats.

Literature:

1. Kozhukhova, NN Physical education teacher in preschool institutions: Textbook. manual for stud. fac. doshk. higher education. ped. study. institutions / N.N. Kozhukhova, L.A. Ryzhkova, M.M. Samodurov; Ed. S.A. Kozlova. - M .: AcademiA, 2002 .-- 316 s.

2. Stepanenkova, E. Ya. Theory and methodology of physical education and child development: textbook. manual for stud. universities studying on specials. - Preschool pedagogy and psychology, Pedagogy and methods of preschool education / E. Ya. Stepanenkova. - 3rd ed., Erased. - M .: AcademiA, 2007 .-- 365 p.

3. Stepanenkova, E. Ya. Physical education in kindergarten: program and method. recommendations for classes with children 2-7 years old / E. Ya. Stepanenkova. - M: Mosaika-Sintez, 2008 .-- 95 p.