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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL POLICY AND EDUCATION

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

SAINT PETERSBURG STATE ACADEMY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

Department of animal feeding

Course work

Topic: "Feeding Work Horses"

Completed: 3rd year student of the 2nd group of the FVM correspondence course

Smirnova Maria Valerievna

Saint Petersburg - 2015

Introduction
1. Features of digestion and metabolism in horses during work
2. Influence of feeding on the health and performance of horses
3. The need for working horses for energy, nutrients and biologically active substances
4. Feed used for feeding horses
5. Technique and mode of feeding workhorses
6. Needs of young workhorses for energy and nutrients
7. Regime and technique of feeding young workhorses
Conclusion
List of used literature

Introduction

Proper feeding of horses is one of the main conditions for a good horse breeding job. It must be remembered that the improvement of the horse population is inextricably linked with the improvement of feeding. Feeding for horses should be organized.

All feed can be divided into 3 groups: 1st group - the so-called rough or bulky feed: hay, straw, chaff; 2nd group - concentrated feed: oats, bran, oilcakes, corn, etc .; 3rd group - juicy feed: grass, carrots, beets, silage. Rough or bulky feed.

The most important roughage for horses is hay. The best hay for horses is a good meadow, steppe, clover, alfalfa, and vetch-oat mixture. The best straw for horses is oat. Winter straw is mainly used for bedding. When feeding one horse with it, they lose a lot of weight and lose their ability to work. Grazing on green grass has a beneficial effect on the health of the horse, restores proper digestion. Working horses should be supplemented with concentrated feed during the grazing period.

In winter, horses should be given root crops: carrots, fodder beets. It is especially useful to give root crops to young animals and suckling mares. Root vegetables are poor in protein and mineral salts, but rich in vitamins, especially red carrots. Root crops must be washed and cut before feeding. The horse should be given plenty of water and at least 3 times a day with clean, good-quality water.

Hot horses should not be given water immediately after work: they must be allowed to cool for 1.5-2 hours. In order for the horse to eat better food during the feeding break, it is useful to water it half an hour - an hour before the break and then, without letting it stand, work on it.

The horse differs from other animals in that its main product is muscle work. This determines the characteristics of her digestion and metabolism. Compared to animals of other species, horses are the most demanding on the quality of feed. One of the main conditions for the further development of sports horse breeding, improving the quality and reducing the cost of keeping horses is complete feeding. The body of an animal consists of various organic, mineral substances and water. It can replenish the substances consumed in the process of vital activity only at the expense of feed, which is also a source of energy for the functioning of the organs and systems of the body and maintaining a given body temperature. The feed contains important regulators of the biochemical processes in the body - vitamins, enzymes, etc. Horses, taking into account the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the stomach, require not only benign and nutritious feed, but also feed them in relatively small portions. The feeding schedule for horses should be tailored to the physiology of the digestive system and appropriate to the horse's production purpose.

Objective - To study the feeding of workhorses

Tasks to be considered in the work

Subject - Features of feeding workhorses

Object - horse nutrition

The work consists of an introduction, a theoretical part, a conclusion and a list of used literature.

1. Features of digestion and metabolism in horses during work

The digestive organs provide the exchange of substances between the body and the external environment. This organ system converts food into substances that the body assimilates and uses in the course of its life.

The digestive system includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and congested digestive glands (liver, pancreas). The digestive organs perform the following main functions: secretory, motor (motor), suction, excretory (excretory).

The secretory function consists in the secretion of juices by the digestive glands into the lumen of the alimentary canal: saliva, gastric, pancreatic and intestinal juices, as well as bile. These juices or secrets moisten the feed and, using enzymes, break down proteins, carbohydrates and fats into simple compounds.

The motor or motor function is carried out by the muscular formations of the gastrointestinal tract and ensures the intake of feed, its mixing and movement along the alimentary canal.

The suction function is performed by the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal and ensures the flow of water and broken down nutrients to simple compounds into the blood and lymph.

The excretory function consists in the fact that the digestive organs secrete from the body into the intestinal lumen some metabolic products (bile pigments, urea), salts of heavy metals and substances that have accidentally entered the body. Kozlov S.A., Parfenov V.A. Equine: Textbook. - M: Publishing house "KolosS", 2012. - 352 p.

Digestion in horses begins in the mouth, where food is kept for a short time. Here it undergoes mechanical grinding and initial processing under the action of saliva enzymes, which ensures the formation of a food coma. Horses, depending on the type of feeding, normally produce up to 40 liters of saliva / day. The formed food lump, with the help of movements of the tongue and cheeks, falls on the root of the tongue, which raises it to the hard palate and moves it to the pharynx.

The mucous membrane of the horse's oral cavity is smooth, the lips are mobile, they are involved in the capture of food. Because the soft palate is long and snug against the root of the tongue, the horse cannot breathe through the mouth. The lips are long, mobile and sensitive in terms of tactile, pain and temperature. Outside, they are covered with thin hair, which, to a certain extent, prevents them from being injured by the sharp edges of the eaten grass. The total number of teeth in a stallion is 40, in a mare - 36. All teeth, except for canines, are long-coronal. It is customary to determine the approximate age of a horse based on the pattern of erasure of the dental sockets of the incisor teeth. The tongue is tapered. It is thin, long and velvety. There is a narrowing (neck) between the apex and the body, which makes it possible to bend the tongue in this place, turning it into a grabber when picking grass, or a panicle when grabbing grain (feed).

The oral cavity includes the upper and lower lips, cheeks, tongue, teeth, gums, hard and soft palate, salivary glands, tonsils, pharynx. With the exception of the crowns of the teeth, its entire inner surface is covered with a mucous membrane, which can be pigmented. The upper lip merges with the nose to form the nasolabial speculum. Normally, it is wet and cool, at elevated temperatures it becomes dry and warm. The lips and cheeks are designed to hold food in the mouth and serve as the vestibule of the mouth. Kozlov S.A., Parfenov V.A. Horse breeding workshop: Textbook. - SPb .: Publishing house "Lan", 2007. - 320 p.

The tongue is a muscular movable organ located at the bottom of the oral cavity and performs several functions: tasting food, participating in the process of swallowing and drinking, as well as in touching objects, as well as for contact with other individuals. On the surface of the tongue there are a large number of papillae: mechanical (grasping and licking food) and gustatory. Vitt V.O. From the history of Russian horse breeding. - M .: State publishing house of agricultural literature, 2012 .-- 360 p.

Teeth are bony enamel organs for gripping and crushing food. In horses, they are divided into incisors, premolars, and molars. Stallions and geldings have canines, while most mares do not. Horses have a so-called toothless edge - the space between the canines and molars. If you grab the tongue with your right hand through the toothless edge, pull it to the side and outward, holding it firmly, you can open the horse's mouth.

Foals are born with teeth that erupt before birth or in the 1st week after birth. The milk jaw in future stallions consists of 28 teeth, and in mares - of 24. There are no molars in it. The replacement of primary teeth with molars begins at the age of 2.5 years. The jaw of an adult animal consists of 40 teeth in stallions and 36 in mares. Horses have folded molars.

The gums are folds of the mucous membrane that cover the jaw and strengthen the teeth in the bony cells. The hard palate is the roof of the oral cavity and separates it from the nasal one, and the soft palate is a continuation of the mucous membrane of the hard palate and is located freely on the border of the oral cavity and pharynx, separating them. The gums, tongue, and palate may be unevenly pigmented pink. A change in color is a sign of a disease. Several paired salivary glands open into the oral cavity, the names of which correspond to their localization: parotid, submandibular, sublingual, root and supraorbital (zygomatic). The secret of the glands contains enzymes that break down starch and maltose.

Esophagus. The esophagus is a muscular tube through which food is transported in a circular way from the pharynx to the stomach. It is formed almost entirely by skeletal muscles. Kalashnikov V.V., Sokolov Yu.A., Pustovoy V.F. and others. Practical horse breeding / Ed. Kalashnikova V.V. and V.F. Pustovoy. - M .: Kolos, 2010.-376 p.

The esophagus is a typical tubular organ. Through it, as a result of contraction of the muscular membrane, food moves from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus is divided into cervical, thoracic, and abdominal parts. Throughout the esophagus, its mucous membrane is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. The muscularis is rather thick and consists of striated tissue. It is supplied with blood by the esophageal artery and the branches of the common carotid artery. It is innervated by the vagus nerve. In a horse, the muscular layer of the esophagus at the end of the rib cage is composed of smooth muscle tissue.

The stomach is a direct continuation of the esophagus, which is a saccular cavity organ. In horses, the stomach is single-chambered, of the esophageal-intestinal type. This organ is located in the left hypochondrium and is adjacent to the diaphragm and liver. The horse has a relatively small stomach (6-16 liters), so feeding should be done frequently, in small portions. You cannot feed the horses as much as you can, especially with grain feed. This is due to the peculiarity of the flow of the esophagus into the stomach (cardia). In horses, the cardia is formed by oblique muscles going towards each other, and in the case of a strong stretching of the stomach wall (with its overflow), they tighten the entrance to the stomach. Therefore, it is impossible to induce vomiting in a horse. For the same reason, horses should never be fed poor-quality feed.

The horse's stomach is single-chambered, in the form of an elongated curved sac of the esophageal-intestinal type, and holds 6-15 liters of fluid. It has two holes (cardia and pylorus), a lesser curvature, a greater curvature, a blind bag. The mucous membrane of the milky-colored blind sac is lined with stratified squamous epithelium, in which there are no digestive glands. The rest of the stomach is pale pink, rich in digestive glands, which are subdivided into gastric glands, cardia, proper and pyloric. The muscular membrane of the stomach consists of three layers: oblique, longitudinal and annular (circular). The internal bundles of the oblique layer cover the cardiac opening of the stomach with a powerful loop, forming the cardiac sphincter, which prevents the return of food and gases from the stomach (vomiting). Almost the entire stomach of a horse is located in the left hypochondrium. Its bottom lies on the colon, and the left surface of the blind bag is between the 13th and 15th ribs.

In the horse's stomach, the feed is chemically treated with gastric juice, mixed and moved into the intestines due to contraction of the stomach muscles. Gastric juice is secreted by the glands of the gastric mucosa. They consist of the main cells that produce enzymes, the lining cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and additional cells that produce mucus. Kambegov B.D., Balakshin O.A., Khotov V.Kh. Horses of Russia: a complete encyclopedia. - M .: Publishing house of RITs MDK, 2012 .-- 240 p.

Gastric juice is secreted continuously. Each food intake increases the activity of the stomach glands. The amount of gastric juice, its acidity and enzymatic activity depend on the quality of the feed taken. 10-30 liters of gastric juice are secreted per day, its acidity is 0.24%, of which 0.14% is free hydrochloric acid. Strong stimulants of gastric juice secretion are green grass, clover hay, oats, carrots.

The digestion of food in the stomach and its transfer to the duodenum is slow. Therefore, with regular feeding, the horse's stomach is always full.

The food in the horse's stomach is arranged in layers and remains in this position for several hours, which determines the nature of gastric digestion. In the lower layers, saturated with gastric juice, proteins and fats are digested. In the upper layers, abundantly moistened with alkaline saliva, carbohydrates are broken down under the influence of enzymes of plant food and bacteria. As the feed is saturated with gastric juice, the digestion zone of carbohydrates decreases and the digestion zone of proteins and fats increases. When the contents of the stomach are completely saturated with gastric juice, the breakdown of carbohydrates stops and only proteins and fats are digested. This happens a few hours after feeding. Under the influence of bacteria, lactic acid fermentation occurs in the horse's stomach. The fiber in the horse's stomach is not digested.

Intestine Kozlov S.A., Zinovieva S.A., Markin S.S. Herd horse breeding (milk and meat productivity of horses, equestrian games): Textbook in 4 parts.-M .: FGBOU VPO MGAVMiB, 2009. - 340 p.

Horse intestine is a hollow tube 22-40 m long, on average 30 m. The ratio of body length to intestine length is 1:12. The intestine is divided into thin and thick sections.

The horse intestine starts from the pyloric opening of the stomach and has a large volume (100-180 liters).

Digestion continues in the intestines and there are three main work processes:

1) the final stages of the digestion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates; breakdown of fiber,

2) absorption of water, mineral salts, vitamins, as well as simple molecular decomposition products of all feed components,

3) movement and, ultimately, throwing out undigested remains of the forage mass.

An important role in the completion of the processes of digestion and absorption is played by the intestinal microflora and the simplest unicellular organisms.

The intestines of animals are usually divided into six morphofunctional zones, taking into account not only the function performed, but also the appearance and location:

1) the small intestine (capacity 30-60 l) includes the duodenum, jejunum and ileum,

2) the large intestine (capacity 60-120 l) consists of - the blind, colon and rectum.

Small intestine. Rules for trials of pedigree riding horses at the hippodromes of the Russian Federation. - Divovo: All-Russian Research Institute of Horse Breeding., 2008 .-- 76 p.

The duodenum is a small intestine and is about a meter long. It is located in the right hypochondrium and, on its own, forms a wide loop between the stomach and the right kidney. Its mucous membrane, like the membrane of the entire intestine, is covered with a limb (absorbing) epithelium. The muscular membrane consists of two layers of smooth muscles, and the serous membrane itself passes into the mesentery. The content entering the duodenum from the stomach is exposed to a complex digestive juice with a volume of 10-15 liters per day, including secretions of the congested digestive glands (pancreatic digestive juice and bile) and the secret of its own (intramural) duodenal glands. When processing the pH of the intestinal contents, it gradually changes from acidic (pH 4.3) to alkaline (pH 7.5-8.0), which prolongs the action of enzymes of gastric juice at the beginning of the intestine. Pancreatic digestive juice (7.5-8.5 liters per day) enters the pancreas, which is located in the mesentery of the duodenum. It contains enzymes, the action of which is aimed at the final transformation of proteins, the breakdown of carbohydrates and partly fats.

The pancreas parenchyma is heterogeneous. One part of it forms alveoli and ducts, the glandular cells of which secrete a secret - pancreatic juice. Another part of the parenchyma is represented by small cells that accumulate in the form of islets between the alveoli. These clusters are called pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans. They have no ducts and release their hormones into the bloodstream. There are three types of cells in the islets: alpha cells produce the hormone glucagon; beta cells - light, weakly stained with paints, secrete a hormone - insulin. Both hormones regulate carbohydrate metabolism in the body. Dark cells with signs of degeneration are referred to as D cells.

A horse has a pancreas weighing 250-350 g, with two ducts. One of them, the main one, flows into the duodenum together with the hepatic duct; and the other, additional, opens opposite the main duct. Bile is constantly produced by liver cells - hepatocytes in the amount of 5.0-6.0 liters per day. The liver mass in adult horses is 5 kg, but with age it decreases to 2.0-3.5 kg. The horse's liver does not have a bile storage organ (gallbladder) and bile accumulates in small portions in the enlarged part of the hepatic duct (length 4-5 cm). The pancreatic and hepatic ducts open together 10-12 cm from the pylorus. The intestinal juice itself is the secret of the intramural duodenal glands, which lie in the submucosal layer of the wall.

Rectum. Rules for testing pedigree horses of trotting breeds at the hippodromes of the Russian Federation. - M., 2009 .-- 40 p.

The rectum begins under the last lumbar vertebrae and has two parts: the abdominal and the pelvic. The abdominal part is relatively short, has a cylindrical shape and up to 4-5 sacral vertebrae is covered with its own serous membrane. The pelvic part expands towards the tail in the form of a cone (ampulla) and is covered with adventitia. It ends under the tail with a special constipation - the anus. In the rectum, the processes of digestion and absorption end and the accumulated undigested food residues are thrown out 7-8 times a day (the act of defecation). On average, with normal feeding, a horse throws out 16 kg of feces at a moisture content of 70%.

The pancreas also lies in the right hypochondrium and secretes several liters of pancreatic secretion into the duodenum per day, containing enzymes that break down proteins, carbohydrates and fats, as well as the hormone insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels.

The horse's liver is located in the right hypochondrium. Its mass is about 1.2% of body weight, bile is produced in it. The horse has no gallbladder. Blood passes and filters through the liver, complex metabolic processes take place in it, and toxic metabolic products are neutralized. During the embryonic period, the main processes of hematopoiesis take place in the liver. Removing it leads to the death of the animal. Bishop R. Feeding horses. The Complete Guide to Proper Horse Feeding: Per. from English E. B. Makhiyanova [Text] / Ruth Bishop. - M.: OOO Aquarium Buk, 2005. - 183 p.

The diameter of all the large intestines in horses is several times the diameter of the small ones. There are no villi on the mucous membrane, but there are depressions (crypts) where the general intestinal glands are located, which secrete a small amount of juices containing a lot of mucus, but few enzymes. Microbes of intestinal contents cause the fermentation of carbohydrates, and putrefactive bacteria - the destruction of residual products of protein digestion, and such harmful compounds as indole, skatole, phenols are formed, which, being absorbed into the blood, can cause intoxication, which occurs, for example, during protein overfeeding, dysbacteriosis , lack of carbohydrates in the diet. These substances are neutralized in the liver. In the colon, water (up to 95%) and some minerals are intensively absorbed. Bulatov A.P. Rational use of protein feed: theory and practice [Text] / A.P. Bulatov, N.A. Lushnikov, G.E. Uskov, G.S. Azaubaeva, Kurgan: Trans-Urals, 2006, 208 p.

Due to strong peristaltic contractions, the remaining contents of the large intestine through the colon enters the rectum, where the formation and accumulation of feces occurs. The excretion of faeces into the environment takes place through the anal canal (anus). Vladimirov N.I. Feeding farm animals: textbook [Text] / N.I. Vladimirov, L.N. Cheremnyakova, V.G. Lunitsyn, A.P. Kosarev, A.S. Popelyaev. - Barnaul: Publishing house of AGAU, 2008 .-- 211 p.

2. Influence of feeding on the health and performance of horses

The process of planning a horse's diet is not an easy task, since you need to know what substances the horse needs, how much of them can be given to the animal, and at what age. It should be noted that any feed additives for horses are calculated depending on the work performed by the horse, its age and of course its weight. That is, for example, young animals should be given 2.2-2.8 feed units per day per 100 kg of live weight, and an adult horse should be given 1.8-2.7 feed. units per 100 kg. It is important to remember that you should always follow the feeding rate of horses, because both overeating and malnutrition negatively affect the health and performance of the animal.

Another sign of determining the nutrition of horses is the energy value of the feed, an adult horse needs 18-25 MJ of metabolic energy per day, and a young horse needs 21-28 MJ.

Horse nutrition must necessarily contain minerals, which contain such trace elements as: phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, iron. Also, do not forget about feeding with green grass, an adult horse can eat 50-60 kg of pasture grass per day.

It's no secret that the main dish of horses is fodder - these are different types of food of plant origin, which in total make up 90% of the total diet, no more than 10% can be of animal origin. Forage includes grass, hay, straw, and others. But special attention is required for this type of forage as haylage, which is something in between hay and silage and has a moisture level of 50-55%. The process of making silage is very important, which is carried out in the following stages: mowing the grass, wilting, raking into windrows and picking, then the grass is crushed and transported to the storage, where it is carefully rammed and sheltered from air penetration. The quality of haylage directly depends on the grass from which it is made, so it is best to use perennial legumes such as sainfoin, alfalfa, clover, and annual legume-cereal mash are also suitable. But it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that leguminous grasses must be mowed during the budding period, and cereals during the earing period. The quality of the haylage can be determined by smell, chemical composition, humidity, temperature. Golovin A. Feeding cattle in the pasture period [Text] / A. Golovin // Animal husbandry in Russia. - 2011. - No. 6. - S. 53-55.

In winter, when the animals move less than feeding the horse, the owners do not particularly think, since 40-50% of all animal feed is this type of forage such as hay. But not all types of hay are suitable for feeding horses. There are two types of hay: sowing and natural hay. From sowing hay, only timothy and clover-timothy are suitable, and from hay of natural lands, only meadow is suitable. In some cases, horses can also be given leguminous hay, but only 2 times less than the usual amount of hay.

Silage is very similar to haylage, which is made under anaerobic conditions, when all the sugars in the herbs are converted to organic acids. Silage preparation technology is approximately the same as for silage preparation. horse feed forage foal

Feeding horses is not complete without water, but few people know that the temperature of the water that a horse drinks is very important and should be within 8-12 degrees, otherwise it can make the animal more susceptible to disease. A horse can drink from 25 to 50 liters of water per day per day, and in heat up to 80 liters, it is best to drink 4-5 times a day. In no case should a hot horse be watered, you have to wait at least half an hour. In order to better eat it 30 minutes before meals, you can drink it.

The maintenance of horses cannot do without feed additives, which include oats, bran, barley, wheat, rye and many other different additives. Oats should not be fed whole, as they are harder to digest, so peeled oats are better suited for feeding horses. The rate of this supplement, depending on the horse's load, is 2-5 kg per day. Ishmuratov Kh.G. The chemical composition and nutritional value of green mass of forage crops grown

in mixed crops. H.G. Ishmuratov A.E. Andreeva // Feeding farm animals and fodder production, 2010. - No. 8. - P. 44-48

Barley is often used in the form of feed and feed additives for animals, it is 20% more nutritious than oats, but it is not recommended to overdo it with such feed because horses may develop colic. It is not recommended to feed horses with wheat and rye, because of these products, horses may develop swelling and performance decreases, but despite this, on many farms horses are given these products and animals do not experience much discomfort, such additives are prohibited for breeding horses. The most famous feed additives for horses are succulents, these are, first of all, delicacies that are awarded to an animal for a job well done; such feeds include apples, carrots, beets, and, to a lesser extent, bananas.

Making the wrong diet can lead to a deterioration in the horse's health, if you do not take into account such factors as: the age of the horse, the amount of work done, the season, the condition of the animal, it will be very difficult to feed the horse correctly.

When choosing feeding horses, the main thing is to try, adhere to the norms and basic rules of hygiene and safety, this will help protect the animal from unwanted diseases such as glanders, infectious anemia, rheumatic hoof inflammation, colic, diarrhea. Diarrhea can be caused by incorrectly selected forage or feeding with the same forage for a long time. Colic in horses can occur due to heavy digestion, that is, when feed with a high percentage of fiber is added to the diet. Succulents from which the dirt has not been washed off can also become a causal disease, and you should not over-indulge the horse with fruit, as this can cause stomach upsets in the animal. The health and performance of a horse depends solely on the care of the owner, the more attention is paid to the nutrition of the animal, the less likely it is to get sick. You also need to remember that horses need proper care and maintenance. Kirilov M.P. Livestock feed resources. Classification, composition and nutritional value of feed: scientific publication [Text] / M.P. Kirilov, N.G. Pervov, A.S. Anikin, V.N. Vinogradov, V.M. Duborezov, V.V. Puzanova, V.M. Kosolapov, I.F. Draganov, V.P. Degtyarev. - M .: FGNU "Rosinformagrotech", 2009. - 404 p.

3. The need for working horses for energy, nutrients and biologically active substances

In order to correctly formulate the feed ration, it is necessary to know the norms of the horse's need for nutrients and biologically active substances.

Requirements for dry matter and energy. Adult workhorses require an average of 1.8-2.7 fodder units, depending on the work performed, young animals - 2.2-2.8 fodder. units per 100 kg of live weight. The number of feed units in the diet characterizes the underfeeding or overfeeding of the horse. The dry matter requirement of working horses is on average 2.2-3 kg per 100 kg of live weight. Working foals and lactating mares for the growth of the offspring and the formation of milk, this rate is increased by an average of 20%.

Both the lack and the excess of dry matter in the diet adversely affect the motor and secretory activity of the digestive organs, the digestibility and absorption of nutrients in the feed and, in general, the health of the horse.

The level of energy nutrition of a horse is determined by the amount of metabolic energy per 100 kg of live weight or per head per day and is expressed in megajoules - MJ. The demand for metabolic energy in adult workhorses is on average 18-25 MJ, in young animals - 21-28 MJ per 100 kg of live weight. If the energy metabolism in the body is disturbed, working capacity decreases, growth is delayed and other negative consequences are observed. Laptev G. Animal feeding and microflora [Text] / G. Laptev // Animal husbandry of Russia. - 2010. - No. 2. - P. 56-57

Protein requirements. It is necessary for the growth of young animals, the renewal of worn-out tissues of an adult horse, the formation of milk in lactating mares, as well as for the synthesis of enzymes, hormones, immune bodies, etc. the optimal need for working horses averages 170-240 g, for young animals - 180-280 g per 100 kg of live weight.

The need for fiber. Although the horse's main amount of energy comes from carbohydrates, the need for easily digestible carbohydrates (starch and sugar), as well as fat, is not standardized. Only fiber is normalized. Moreover, the need for fiber is minimal, since its excess reduces the digestibility of feed nutrients. The optimal fiber content in diets should not exceed 16% of the dry matter of the feed. The optimal need for adult working horses is 400-480 g, for young animals it is 450-480 g per 100 kg of live weight.

The need for minerals. The mineral nutritional value of feed is characterized by the presence of trace elements - calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, etc., as well as trace elements - iron, copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese, iodine, etc.

Sodium and chlorine. The main source is table salt, 100 g of which contains 39 g of sodium and 60 g of chlorine. An adult horse needs salt on average 5-9 g, young horses - 5-7 g, sports horses during training and performances - 12 g per 100 kg of live weight.

Calcium and Phosphorus. With a deficiency, rapid fatigability, decreased performance and osteodystrophic diseases (swelling of the joints of the extremities, etc.) are observed. the consequences of a deficiency in the diet of calcium and phosphorus are aggravated by a violation of the correspondence of these elements, which should normally be 1: 0.75. The need for calcium is 4-12 g in adult horses, 13-21 g in young animals; in phosphorus in adults - 3-9 g, in young animals - 12-15 g per 100 kg of live weight.

Magnesium. When lacking, horses become very excitable (especially athletic). The need for magnesium in adult horses is 2.5-4 g, in young animals - 3-4 g per 100 kg of live weight.

Iron. Copper. Cobalt. In terms of their importance in horse feeding, these elements are closely related. Long-term lack of one or more of them in the body causes various forms of anemia. The iron requirement in adult workhorses is 80-120mg; in m Leshchenko E.A. Quality as a factor in the efficiency of feed production [Text] / Е.А. Leshchenko // Bulletin of the National Academy of Sciences. Agricultural Science Series, Belarus, 2006. - No. 5. - P. 39-40 units in adult horses - 15-25 mg, in young animals - 21-27 mg; in cobalt - in adults 1-1.8 mg, in young animals - 1.5-2 mg per 100 kg of live weight.

Zinc. A lack of diet dramatically slows down the horse's growth and delays puberty, disrupts taste (horses gnaw on wood) and smell, sometimes skin diseases appear. The requirement for zinc in adult horses and young animals averages 55-96 mg per 100 kg of live weight (depending on the work performed).

Manganese. With a lack in the diet, there is a delay in puberty, irregular ovulation, the birth of dead and non-viable offspring, poor sperm quality in stud stallions. The requirement for manganese in breeding horses is 60-120 mg per 100 kg of live weight.

Iodine. Lack of diet for working horses contributes to their rapid fatigability and reduced performance; in horse diets, it often causes the birth of weak, non-viable foals with severe painful enlargement of the thyroid gland, thin hair, and sometimes naked. The need for iodine is: in adult workhorses 0.8-1.4 mg (depending on the work performed), in young animals - 1.5-2 mg (depending on age) per 100 kg of live weight. N.G. Makartsev Feeding agricultural animals Kaluga: Scientific. lit. N.F. Bochkareva, 2007 .-- 608 p.

4. Feed used for feeding horses

The horse's intestines are physiologically designed for the continuous processing of food, which forces the animal to constantly consume food. This feature of the structure of the horse's digestive system must be taken into account when keeping it stable.

Life-giving moisture

The most important component in the diet of any animal is, oddly enough, water. Most living things can go much longer without food than without liquid. Horses constantly require clean and fresh drinking water, and ideally, access to it should be free (except when feeding). In conditions of stable keeping, auto-drinkers may be a good solution, and in a levada - just containers.

For adult horses, the most favorable water temperature is 10-12 ° C. Drinking them with a liquid with a temperature above 20єC pampers such animals, makes them more susceptible to colds. The ambient temperature is also important, or rather the difference between the temperature outside, the temperature in the stable and the temperature of the water. It should not be too significant, because horses in their natural habitat drink water from reservoirs, and it does not freeze up to 0 єС.

Horses drink cold water in short, small sips to avoid hypothermia. Therefore, the optimal temperature for drinking an animal in cold weather is 8-12 єС. The horses are watered before feeding with concentrates, that is, at least 3 times a day, preferably 4-5 times. If you give a horse less water, then he drinks a large amount of water at once, which can adversely affect the activity of his heart and disrupt digestion.

It is strictly forbidden to water a hot (after intense work) horse. In such cases, the animal is left without water for at least 30 minutes (at medium loads). If you drink the animal right away, colds may occur, most often it is rheumatic inflammation of the hooves. Horses drink 25-50 liters per day, depending on the load. Like people, in hot weather they consume more liquid (up to 60-80 liters). FS Khaziakhmetov Normalized feeding of agricultural workers. animals SPb .: Lan 2005 .-- 272 p.

Main dish

Most of the horse's diet is forage, in other words, green and roughage of plant origin, which are necessary for maintaining healthy digestion and proper grinding of the horse's teeth. First of all, it is grass. It is she who is the most useful and natural food for horses. The herb provides the animal with most of the essential nutrients. Free pasture grazing gives the animals a good physical activity.

In winter, in temperate countries, grass in the horse's diet is replaced by hay - grass cut and dried in the sun. It dries to a moisture content (15%) that mold does not grow.

Another type of forage is haylage, which became widespread in the 80s of the last century. In its manufacture, dried grass, but not completely dried, is hermetically packed in plastic bales to avoid mold damage. Hay contains much more moisture (up to 50%) than hay, so horses eat it more readily. Plus, haylage can prevent digestive problems because it is low in fiber. FS Khaziakhmetov Normalized feeding of agricultural workers. animals SPb .: Lan 2005 .-- 272 p.

Unlike European countries, haylage is practically not produced in Russia. Occasionally, when feeding horses, silage can be used as forage, which together with grass is the cheapest forage. Unlike near-dry haylage, silage ferments or ferments grass when water, plant sugars and bacteria present in the grass interact with the production of lactic acid. However, if the fermentation process goes badly, it can cause health problems for the horse. Therefore, silage is more suitable for feeding cows whose digestion process is different.

Straw is also rarely used as forage because it lacks nutrients. However, if the horse does not need a high-calorie diet, straw can be a suitable source of roughage.

There are three types of straw - oat, barley and wheat. The latter is not usually used as forage, but can be used as bedding. Sometimes chopped hay or straw is used to add to solid rations (oats, compound feed) to slow down the rate of eating or to "dilute" large amounts of succulent feed. When feeding any food of plant origin, one must be very careful about its quality. So in hay, straw (in the form of dust) and haylage (in case of violation of the tightness of the package) mold fungi can live, affecting either the respiratory tract or disturbing the horse's digestion. Moreover, diseases can be very serious.

Feed additives

All nutritional needs of a healthy horse with constant grazing can be met by eating grass. However, horses doing some sort of work usually require additional feed additives. These are the so-called simple (or grain) feed. S.N. Khokhrin Feeding farm animals. - M .: KolosS, 2009 .-- 692s.: Ill. - (Textbook for students of higher educational institutions).

The traditional and still the most popular "fuel" for horses is oats. The reason for this recognition is its safety for horse health, because compared to other grains, it contains the least starch and more fiber.

Oats are fed to the horse, depending on its needs and physical condition, in different forms: whole, peeled, rolled, steamed or boiled. Whole oats are poorly digested. Traditionally, horses are fed peeled oats; in this case, digestive enzymes break down the starch inside the grains more easily. Horses that cannot chew roughage, older animals and foals are often fed rolled oats to make chewing easier. Horses with various diseases, including those with gastrointestinal problems, are often fed steamed or even boiled oats. For working horses, the optimal feeding rate for oats is 2-5 kg per day, depending on the load (up to 7 kg for sports horses).

Horses are often fed barley to improve their condition, as their nutritional value is 20% higher than oats. However, feeding this cereal as the sole food of the horse can cause colic. Therefore, it is useful to add oats, straw or hay cutting to it.

Since barley has a hard grain, it is pre-crushed, pounded, steamed or boiled. In Europe and the United States, this cereal and the rather popular maize there are also sold in the form of flakes. The grains are sprayed with a stream of steam, which improves their digestibility, and then the soft grains are processed into flakes.

In agrarian countries, where cereal legumes are grown in industrial quantities, horses are still used as a working draft force in large farms and subsidiary plots. There, these animals are fed from childhood with corn, rye, wheat, as well as peas, vetch and lentils. However, corn, rye and wheat can cause colic, and peas, vetch and lentils can cause bloating.

Pedigree and sport horses are not fed rye and wheat, and legumes can only be used as a small supplement to oats and with great care for foals and brood stallions to meet their high protein requirements. Zootechnical analysis (guidelines) Ed. ON. Chepeleva Kursk: KGSKhA, 2006 .-- 39 p.

Often bran is added to horse feed. They are the outer shell of wheat grains and are a by-product of the milling industry and are therefore inexpensive. They are also safe for horse health, especially when their high phosphorus levels are balanced with calcium supplementation.

The bran porridge makes horses appetite and is a good food for sick and tired individuals. Probably the most common addition to a horse's diet in Europe and America is sugar beet pulp. It is a by-product of sugar production from sugar beets and contains a lot of calcium, so bran and pulp are often used together. It is often recommended for problem horses with reduced performance. In sweetness, it resembles a horse's spring grass, which makes it an appetite stimulant. At present, sugar beet pulp is becoming a fairly popular feed additive in our country as well.

Whole flaxseed is used to improve the quality of the coat, speed up shedding and sometimes to improve the condition by enriching the horse ration with fats and protein. However, due to the enveloping of the walls of the horse's stomach, it hinders digestion, therefore, it is traditionally boiled before feeding.

In the west, whole soybeans are equally popular, which are either dried or ground. There are other ways of enriching a horse's diet with fats - this is by adding regular vegetable oils to the feed. In contrast to the negative effects associated with poor nutrition and excessive consumption of oil in humans, vegetable oil is a very good addition to the horse's diet. Workshop on feeding agricultural animals Ed. L.V. Toporova et al. M .: KolosS, 2007. - 296 p.

For the nutrition of such animals, almost any vegetable oils used in their diet and by humans are suitable: sunflower, olive, soy, linseed. And fish oil is good for treating inflammatory processes.

A large number of nutritional supplements are currently being produced for horses. These can be broad spectrum supplements that contain a wide range of minerals, trace elements, vitamins, or special supplements, for example, to improve the condition of the hooves or maintain electrolyte balance.

Digestive stimulants occupy a special place among food additives. There are three main categories of digestive stimulants - yeast, probiotics, and prebiotics. The most common culinary yeast used in bread baking stimulates bacterial fermentation in the horse's large intestine, resulting in improved fiber absorption. In addition, they are an excellent source of B vitamins. Live, dry culinary and brewer's yeast is used to feed the horse.

Probiotics are preparations of bacterial cultures, that is, they are "useful live" bacteria and are intended to stabilize microflora in the small intestine. Prebiotics are not bacteria, they are usually derivatives of complex carbohydrates that stimulate the growth of bacteria in the horse's digestive system.

Well, the most famous feed additives are the so-called succulents. These are fruits and vegetables that make the feed more appetizing, increase its volume, and provide juiciness. Most often, horses are fed carrots and apples. Nowadays, succulents need to be fed in small quantities, although there was a time when carrots, apples, rutabagas and fodder beets were fed in large quantities. Makartsev N.G. Feeding farm animals / N.G. Makartsev. 2nd ed., Perab. and add. Kaluga: Oblizdat, 2007. 608 p.

Less common succulents are bananas, parsnips, turnips, potatoes, sugar beets, and very rarely cabbage. Succulents are a great treat for horses as a reward for their work. Therefore, if you are planning a visit to a horse farm or pony club, then you can take an apple, banana or carrot with you as a present for the horse.

Be sure to remove the dirt from the root vegetables, as they may contain harmful bacteria. All treats need to be cut up and down so that the horse does not choke. Remember that you can only feed the animal with the permission of the farm staff with a small amount of feed from an open palm.

There are also special delicacies, which are packaged cookies or crackers with various flavors. You should not treat the horse to soft bread or rolls, this can disrupt the digestion of the animal. Note that the taste preferences of horses differ from ours. So love for sweets is not an innate property of horses. Most foals don't like sugar. The addiction that develops in the horse as a consequence is formed by the person who offers him sugar as a reward. Therefore, you should not take lumps of sugar with you. At the same time, horses are very fond of bitter substances. And that makes sense: some of the herbs that are essential for a horse's health have a rather bitter taste.

A feed that is completely balanced in terms of the composition of nutrients is compound feed. It is specially formulated to provide horses with a complete diet and is easy to feed. The biggest benefit is the constant nutrient composition, while the nutrient composition of simple grains can vary. Vishnyakov Ya.D. Life safety. 4th ed., Rev. and additional - M .: Yurayt Publishing House, 2013 .-- 543 p.

In different compound feeds, the main ingredients are contained in different proportions, depending on the purpose and purpose of the feed. In Europe and the USA there is a wide variety of compound feed - pelleted feed for foals and young stock, ponies, for foal mares, for older horses, breeding stallions, as well as a variety of feed for sports horses (participating in races, runs, show jumping, dressage, draft horses) depending on the degree of load.

In our country, the choice of compound feed is not so rich, but it has grown significantly with an increase in demand over the past few years. The compound feed contains the following ingredients: barley, wheat, oats, maize, molasses (as energy sources), hay or alfalfa, wheat and oat bran, soy husk, straw, sugar beet pulp (as fiber sources), soy flour and sunflower cake (as sources of protein), as well as limestone, salt, vitamins and trace elements.

The basic postulate that has formed over the centuries and has stood the test of time, which underlies any method of calculating a horse's diet, is very simple - it is feeding according to needs. It is clear that the appetite and need for energy and protein in horses and ponies of different weights, sizes, temperaments, conditions and carrying different physical activity are completely different. Zanko N.G. Life safety: a textbook for student universities. By special "Life safety" \ NG Zanko, KR Malayan, ON Rusak.-13th ed., Revised-SPb .: Lan, 2010.-621s.

Successful feeding requires knowledge of the workload, age and health status of the animal. First of all, it is necessary to build on the principle "The horse must be happy." The food preferences of a particular animal are also important; it will not eat those foods that, for some reason, do not suit it. On this score, there is one eastern wisdom: "And one person can lead a horse to a watering hole, but even a hundred people will not force it to drink."

Horses do well if they stick to a consistent feeding regime - at the same time every day. It should be borne in mind that horses in the wild consume food about 66% of the time, i.e. about 16 hours a day. Therefore, solid foods should be fed at least 3-4 times a day. However, the composition of the diet is still more important for the horse than the regimen. After all, improper nutrition can serve not only to reduce the efficiency and deterioration of the general condition of the animal, but also cause severe harm to the health of the horse.

The reason for the deterioration of the horse's health can be, as a simple unbalanced diet, and fodder contamination (dusty hay, mold in the hay), poorly washed root crops or drinking immediately after exercise. It is even necessary to take into account the location of the feeders and drinkers, because in nature a horse both drinks and eats "from the floor" with its neck fully extended.

The horse's natural foraging behavior maintains proper jaw movement, minimizes tooth wear and provides airway ventilation. You should always carefully monitor the physical condition of the animal. So a sudden decrease or increase in appetite without gaining weight may indicate a deterioration in the horse's health.

Animals and humans have similar diseases, and even their causes are sometimes the same. Horses, like humans, can suffer from obesity and anorexia. But the most common illnesses caused by inappropriate feeding are laminitis, colic, and recurrent airway obstruction. Knyazev A.F. Life safety in animal husbandry: Study guide. "Zootechnics" and "Veterinary" \ AF Knyazev, ZV Ivanova; MGAVMiB them. K.I. Skryabin.-M., 2009 - 63 p.

It is important to understand that people are free in their choice of food, their preparation and consumption, as well as their diet and physical activity. They are responsible for their own health. A horse as a pet is completely dependent on a person, and he is obliged to provide her with the most favorable conditions for keeping, no matter what work she does, whether it is a free grazing horse, a foal, a country horse, a pony loved by a child, a racetrack horse or a stud stallion.

Introduction

Horse breeding in the world economy is developing in three main directions: transport (the use of horses in agricultural and on-farm work), productive (production of marketable horse meat, koumiss, raw materials for biological and light industry), sports (raising and preparing horses for classical equestrian sports, equestrian games and competitions, equestrian tourism and horse rental).

Breeding horses of pedigree breeds has great development prospects. When considering the rationing of horse feeding, important points are the consideration of live weight, age, nature and amount of work performed by the horse.

The aim of our work is to analyze the scientific basis of feeding workhorses.

The main tasks of the work

1) Consider the scientific basis for feeding workhorses;

2) Determine the norms and formulation of the proposed diet for a highly productive cow with a live weight of 600 kg with a daily milk yield of 20 kg;

3) Calculate the annual (or for the period of growing, feeding) feed requirements of 540 heads, the planned milk yield of 2900 kg.

Feeding work horses

Horse feeding is organized on the basis of the economic characteristics of horse breeding, on the basis of modern achievements in the field of biochemistry and physiology of animal nutrition, detailed feeding norms.

In terms of structure and physiological characteristics, the digestive system of horses is closer to pigs than to ruminants. At the same time, a characteristic feature of their digestive system is a well-formed large intestine with a developed cecum, the specific gravity of which is 16% of the total size of the gastrointestinal tract. Accordingly, the stomach is small - only 9-10% of the total size of the gastrointestinal tract. This creates the need to feed horses in small one-time dachas - 3-4 times a day.

In horses, the fodder mass, moistened with saliva (daily saliva production is 5 - 8 liters when fed with juicy feed and 40 - 50 liters - dry), passes without lingering through the stomach and enters the small intestine.

A unicameral stomach, directly at the esophagus, has a domed blind sac covered with a mucous membrane of the skin type. This sac is separated from other glandular zones of the stomach by a narrow strip of cardinal glands and is inhabited by active microflora. Here microbiological breakdown of carbohydrates begins with the formation of lactic and a small amount of acetic, butyric acids. However, this process is limited and does not have a significant value in the digestion of carbohydrates. The main physiological role in this process is played by the small and large parts of the intestine.

The mechanism of digestion and absorption in the small intestine at the site after the entrance of the pancreas and bile duct is no different from that of other types of farm animals. Digestion in the large intestine has specific features.

The contents of the digestive tract, which enters the cecum, is mixed with its liquid contents, densely populated with microflora, as a result of which microbiological processes are resumed, under the influence of which the sparingly soluble fractions of feed protein are broken down to form amino acids, low molecular weight fatty acids and ammonia. In addition to microbial processes, enzymatic hydrolysis, which began in the small intestine, continues.

The contents of the cecum enter the large intestine, where the microbiological breakdown of cellulose, protein, fat continues with a lower intensity, as well as the synthesis of vitamins B and K. At the walls of the large intestine, the absorption capacity is low.

Thus, the main place for the digestion of food nutrients is the small intestine.

Amino acids of microbial origin are absorbed in the cecum and large intestine, however, the efficiency of this process is very low.

A certain amount of easily hydrolyzable carbohydrates reaches the cecum, where they are hydrolyzed to volatile fatty acids.

Fiber is digested mainly in the cecum and large intestine. Moreover, the efficiency of its use is only 2/3 of the efficiency of use in ruminants.

Fat can be an essential source of energy in a horse's diet. The horse makes great use of rations that contain up to 15% beef fat or up to 20% corn oil. This indicates the possibility of effective use of high-energy rations in horse feeding.

The energy of the digestible nutrients in the horse's body is used with high efficiency. Metabolic energy is 89% of the digestible, that is, losses in urine and methane do not exceed 11% of the digested energy on average.

The need for energy. Lack of energy in the diets of young animals leads to a decrease in growth rates, and in adult horses it causes a decrease in weight, a decrease in nutritional status and performance. The need for energy depends on the mass, age, breed, physiological state of animals, as well as the level and type of products obtained (work, obtaining dairy or meat products, reproduction).

The need for energy and nutrients to sustain life. In horse breeding practice, the level of feeding of adult animals often approaches maintenance, for example, when feeding horses that are not doing any work, or mares. If the horse has an average body condition, or is in a normal working body, then the organization of feeding is reduced to maintaining the constancy of the animal's weight with minimal feed costs.

The energy requirement of horses to maintain life has been established experimentally and amounts to 43.9 - 65 MJ of metabolizable energy, or 46.3 - 78.6 MJ of energy of SPPV for animals weighing 300 - 600 kg (Table 1).

Based on the generalization of experimental data, an equation was derived that makes it possible to establish the need for energy to maintain life by the calculation method:

PE MJ / day = 0.648W 0.75,

where PE is the energy demand of the SPPV for maintenance; W 0.75 - exchange weight of the animal, kg.

The need for energy to get the job done. The energy requirements of horses for growth, reproduction and lactation are similar to those of other types of farm animals, and there are significant features for performing mechanical work.

For example, at the maximum load, the energy requirement for performing the work is 81 times higher than the demand for performing the work in steps (Table 1).

The horse's work consists of useful mechanical traction and the cost of moving the robotic body. Average normal pulling force is in the range of 12 - 16% of body weight. However, at certain intervals, the horse can develop a traction force equal to 70 - 100% of its own weight. The work of moving the horse's own body is considered to be equal to 1/3 - 1/4 of the amount of useful mechanical work performed on traction.

When establishing the level of the need for energy and individual nutrients, it should be borne in mind that each feed unit (or unit of exchangeable energy) used to carry out useful mechanical work is accompanied by energy losses that significantly exceed the energy value of the work itself

Table 1 - Maintaining varying live weights of horse feeding

Indicators	Live weight, kg

Feed units
Exchange energy, MJ
Digestible protein, g
Energy SPPV, MJ
Digestible protein, g

The efficiency of energy use when performing work and the level of need for nutrients are significantly influenced by a number of factors, including the nature of the work, feeding regime, physiological state and nutritional status of the animal.

In production conditions, the main indicators for assessing the feeding conditions of a horse are its performance, fatness, appetite and appearance.

The basis of feed norms for working horses is the need for energy and nutrients, depending on the work performed, different in intensity and volume. It has been established that the horse's need for the rest period is not the same and depends on the intensity of the previous work.

In this regard, when organizing rationed feeding, it is very important to correctly assess the nature of the horses' work. So, the use of horse-drawn traction in field work for 4 hours a day is referred to as light work, for 6 hours - to medium and within 9 hours - to heavy work. Transport work is assessed by the number of kilometers traveled with a certain load. In this case, the horse requires the following amount of energy for every 100 kg / km of external mechanical work:

At full normal load (traction force 12-16% of the horse's weight) -4.5 MJ of exchange energy (0.43 feed units);

· At 50% load (traction force 6-8%) - 5.8 MJ of exchange energy (0.55 feed, unit);

· At 25% load (traction force 3-4%) - 8.4 MJ of exchange energy (0.8 feed units).

The increase in energy expenditure with decreasing load is due to the fact that a horse needs to travel a much longer distance to perform similar work.

In transport work in off-road conditions, the need for energy in comparison with the above indicators increases by 10%, and in field work - by 12%.

When a horse is working under a rider, 0.03 feed is required for every 100 kg of the total weight of the animal and rider per 1 km of track. units, and with free movement (without a rider) - 0.02.

The approximate metabolic energy requirement of a workhorse is made up of the need to maintain life and the energy expended to get the job done.

The need and efficiency of energy use are significantly influenced by the condition and performance of horses.

It has been established that during the first 2-3 hours of full load work in a horse, to provide energy to the working muscle, easily digestible carbohydrates are used, supplied with food and from the body's reserves. With a lack of carbohydrates, fats are included in energy metabolism. Horses with good body condition quickly adapt to using fat as an additional source of energy during intense physical activity. In horses with low body fat, fats are not oxidized as efficiently, and as a result, their performance is sharply reduced. Under these conditions, timely rest and feeding of animals significantly change the nature of muscle metabolism and the need for energy.

Adequate feeding, combined with rational horse training, increases the muscle's ability to efficiently use fatty acids as an energy source.

Certain adjustments in the need for energy to perform work can be made by the breed characteristics and temperament of animals.

Good performance of a horse and the full period of its economic use are possible only with normalized and full-fledged feeding. The feed requirements for working horses are based on the need for energy and nutrients, depending on the work performed. Distinguish between light, medium and hard work. The amount of daily work depends on the length of the working day, traction force and speed of movement during work. The average pulling force of a horse is about 15% of its live weight and, as a maximum, for a short time reaches 80 %. Workhorses are fed at rates that depend on live weight and work performed (Table 2).

Table 2 - Norms of nutrients for working horses with live weight of 500 kg (per head per day)

Index	Work performed
out of employment

Exchange energy, MJ
Dry matter, kg
Crude protein, g
Digestible protein, g
Crude fiber, kg
Table salt, g
Macronutrients, g:


Trace elements, mg:





Carotene, mg
Vitamins, mg:

Note. In order to determine the nutrient rate for workhorses with a different live weight, it is necessary to calculate the rate per 100 kg of body weight, and then multiply the resulting values by the actual live weight. For example, for horses weighing 600 kg doing average work, the nutrient rates will be as follows: ECE 14.04 (11.7: 5 = 2.34; 2.34-6 = = 14.04), etc.

Feeding idle (ghoul) horses. Feeding, if the periods without work are long, boils down to keeping the horse in a "working body" with a minimum consumption of feed nutrients. At this time, an average of 1.4 ECU is required per 100 kg of live weight. 1 ECU of the diet should account for 10.4 MJ of metabolic energy, 1.66 kg of dry matter, 100 g of digestible protein, 300 g of crude fiber, 4 g of table salt, 3.3 g of calcium, 2.5 g of phosphorus and 8 mg of carotene ...

Horses without work as part of the ration in the winter period are fed 60 - 80% of coarse and 20 - 40% succulent feed. In the summer period, the diet includes green mass (grass) of pastures ad libitum or green feeding of sowing grasses; in winter, they include hay, straw, beets, silage, potatoes, carrots, etc. Concentrated feed is fed in a minimum amount as an additive to fertilize the straw. The maximum feed rates for non-working horses are as follows, kg per day: cereal hay ad libitum, legume hay - no more than 10, straw - 20, chaff - 5, good quality silage - 15, fodder beets - 8, potatoes - 8, legumes and cereals plants ad libitum, legumes - no more than 30.

During the work period, the horse needs additional nutrients necessary to recover the cost of muscle efforts, which are accompanied by an increase in metabolism and active breakdown of reserve nutrients in the body. The more intense and longer the work, the more intense the metabolism, the more energetic material should be supplied in the form of organic matter in the feed.

When doing the work, all groups of nutrients are used, but carbohydrates are the main source of energy. It has been shown that in the first 3 hours of work, 80% of the muscle energy of a work horse is generated by carbohydrates and 20 % - due to fats; after 6 hours without rest and feeding - 17 % from carbohydrates and 83% from fats; with 2 hours of rest, but without feeding, 25% from carbohydrates and 75% from fats; and with 2 hours of rest and feeding, 45% from carbohydrates and 55% from fats. Therefore, when doing the work of the horse, it is necessary to provide rest and additional feeding.

Feeding horses when doing light work. Horses when doing light work (transport work with a full load at a distance of 15 km, or light sledding for a distance of 30 km, or field work with agricultural machines and implements for 4 hours, not counting stops) requires energy and digestible protein per day by 30%, table salt - by 10, calcium - by 70, phosphorus - by 80, carotene - by 70% more than without work (see Table 1). According to the general nutritional level per 100 kg of live weight, horses require 1.8 ECU for light work. 1 ECU of the diet should account for 10.0 MJ of metabolic energy, 1.42 kg of dry matter, 100 g of digestible protein with a wide protein ratio (1: 9 - 11), 260 g of crude fiber, 3.4 g of sodium chloride, 4, 3 g of calcium, 3.5 g of phosphorus and 11 mg of carotene.

With light work, in the composition of the ration in the winter period, roughage is fed 40-60%, concentrated - 20-30 and juicy - 10-40% of the ECE of the ration; in the summer period, succulent feed is completely replaced and part of the roughage is replaced with green mass (grass).

Approximate rations for horses with a live weight of 500 kg, performing average work, kg per head per day: in winter: hay - 8, straw - 4.5, oats or a mixture of concentrates (feed KK-70) - 2.5, carrots - 2, premix P 71-1 -150 g, table salt - 30 g; in summer: green mass (grass) - 40, hay, straw - 3.5, oats (concentrates) - 2, table salt - 30 g, premix - 100 g.

Feeding horses in medium work. Horses when performing average work (transport work with a full load at a distance of 25 km, light siding in harness at a distance of 50 km, under a saddle at a distance of 60 km, field work for 6 hours, counting stops, per day) requires energy for 65 %, digestible protein - by 56, table salt - by 50%, calcium and phosphorus - 2 times more than without work (see table. 165). For 100 kg of live weight of a horse, an average work requires about 2.3 ECU. 1 ECU of the diet should account for 10.5 MJ of metabolic energy, 1.24 kg of dry matter, 93 g of digestible protein, 210 g of crude fiber, 3.2 g of table salt, 4.1 g of calcium, 3.2 g of phosphorus and 10 mg of carotene.

Approximate structure of horse rations for average work in winter: roughage - 35-50%, concentrated - 35-45, juicy - 5-30%; in summer: green mass (grass) - 40-45%, roughage - 15-20, concentrates - 30-40% of the daily requirement for ECE.

Approximate rations for horses with a live weight of 500 kg with average work, kg per head per day: in winter: ration No. 1: hay - 10, straw - 2, oats (concentrates) - 4, carrots - 5, premix - 100 g , table salt - 40 g; ration 2: haylage - 15, straw - 6, oats - 4, premix - 100 g, salt - 40 g; in summer: green mass (grass) - 45, hay - 2, oats (concentrates) - 3, table salt - 40 g.

Feeding horses when doing hard work. Horses when performing hard work (transport work with a full load at a distance of 35 km, or light siding in harness at a distance of 65 km, under a saddle at a distance of 80 km, or field work with agricultural machines and implements for 9 hours, excluding stops) requires more than without work, energy 2 times, digestible protein - 80%, table salt - 70%, calcium and phosphorus - 2.7 times, carotene - 3 times (see table. 1). Horses require 2.9 ECU per 100 kg of live weight during heavy work. 1 ECU of the diet should account for 10.0 MJ of metabolic energy, 1.1 kg of dry matter, 82 g of digestible protein, 178 g of crude fiber, 3.3 g of table salt, 4.4 g of calcium, 3.3 g of phosphorus and 13 mg of carotene.

The approximate structure of rations for horses with hard work in winter: roughage - 25-40%, concentrates (oats) - 40-50, succulent feed - 5-25% of the daily rate in feed units; in the summer period, the succulent feed is completely replaced and part of the roughage is replaced with green mass (grass), the concentrates are fed in full.

Approximate rations for horses with hard work, kg per head per day: in winter: hay - 10, oats (concentrates) - 6.5, carrots - 8, premix - 100 g, table salt - 45 g; in summer: green mass (grass) - up to 45, hay - 2, oats (concentrates) - 5, premix - 100 g, table salt - 45 g.

With a lack of energy and nutrients in the rations, horses quickly get tired, their performance decreases; mineral substances - lameness, swelling of the joints are observed; carotene - a change in the horn shoe (dry, brittle horn, cracked hooves, lack of glaze, etc.), lacrimation, night blindness, corneal opacity, etc.

Workhorse feeding regime. Compliance with the feeding regime of working horses is given a great place in the organization of rationed feeding and the prevention of diseases.

The best roughage for working horses is meadow, cereal, cereal-leguminous and forb hay; feeding rate up to 3 kg per 100 kg of live weight. The harder the work, the less roughage should be in the diet. Pure bean hay in the diet should be no more than half the daily hay requirement. Dusty and mildewed bean hay is dangerous for horses and should not be fed.

In the diets of non-working horses and with light work, part of the hay (up to half the daily norm) can be replaced with spring straw (oat, barley, etc.). When feeding a large amount of straw, it is crushed and flavored with molasses, crushed concentrates, chopped carrots, beets or potatoes to increase the palatability. In this case, the molasses is diluted with water in a ratio of 1: 4-5 and watered with straw cutting; the limiting rate of molasses is 0.8 kg per day. If there is hay on the farm, it can replace part of the hay, but when doing heavy work, the hay is not replaced with straw.

The best concentrated feed for workhorses is oats, which are fed whole. The maximum daily rate is 8 kg. Oats in diets can be replaced with barley and corn in half the amount of oats, as well as bran and rye. Barley and corn are fed crushed. When replacing oats with corn grain, it should be fed in combination with legume hay or protein concentrates (peas, meal, etc.), but not more than 2 kg per day. Rye is fed only in crushed form mixed with straw or hay cutting, otherwise it swells greatly in the stomach and can cause colic. The daily norm of rye with gradual accustoming should not exceed 3 kg.

When feeding horses only with hay and oats, they first give hay, and after a while - oats or other concentrates (compound feed). Horses returning from work are given hay immediately, and oats - after 1-2 hours. After taking feed, the horse should rest for 1-2 hours, since work immediately after feeding often causes colic.

Workhorses should be given water at each feed after they have eaten some of the hay and cooled down before serving the oats. It is dangerous to water hot horses: rheumatic inflammation of the hooves may occur.

Carrots in the diets of working horses can be replaced with fodder beets, potatoes or silage when the need for carotene is fully met.

Root crops are very useful for horses that gait at a slow pace, with light to medium work. They serve as a cheap source of carbohydrates, improve digestion and increase appetite. The maximum feeding rate per day: beets - 12 kg, raw potatoes - 8, carrots - 10, good quality silage - 15 kg. The optimal amount of root crops is 2 - 4 kg per 100 kg of live weight. Working horses are limited in succulent feed, as well as watery (pulp, stillage, pulp, etc.). Root-tubers before feeding are cleaned from the ground and fed in the form of cutting; large roots can be given whole. The quality of root and tuber crops should be monitored.

Rot-damaged, moldy, frozen food causes gastrointestinal diseases. Horses are taught to silage gradually, starting with small doses, carefully monitoring the cleanliness of the feeders: chalk is added to very acidic silage at the rate of 40-60 g per head per day.

Green forage in the stall is given to freshly cut small portions. Very watery young grass cuttings are fed to working horses mixed with chopping straw or good chaff to prevent digestive upset. When grazing on young grass with high humidity, horses should be fed before grazing and after grazing with coarse and concentrated feed.

Replacement in the diet of one feed with another is carried out taking into account their total nutritional value.

The frequency of feeding workhorses depends on the intensity of their use. Horses during heavy work are fed 6 times a day: three main feedings (morning, noon, evening), two daytime feedings (in the middle of the morning and afternoon half of the day) and one night. Horses doing average work are fed 4 times a day (morning, noon, evening and night). For the rest of the working horses, three feedings are enough.

If workhorses are given several types of feed in one feeding, then the following sequence is advisable: half of a one-time giving of roughage, one-time giving of succulent feed, a watering hole, one-time giving of oats (concentrates) and half of a one-time giving of roughage. Since horses have small stomachs, feed in one meal should not be too large.

It is necessary to water workhorses after each roughage before feeding oats (concentrates). You cannot drink a hot horse. If, nevertheless, it is necessary to drink during work, then immediately after the watering she is forced to work for about half an hour with an average load; then they feed and rest.

Features of horse feeding

Feed and feeding technique

For working horses, the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Horse Breeding has developed fodder norms for different work intensity, which should be followed when compiling feed rations.

Horses should be fed at least 3 times per day. The morning feeding time is set depending on the start of work so that the horse eats all the given feed 1-1.5 hours before going to work.

In autumn, freshly cut green grass can be the main food for workhorses. During free time from work, especially at night, it is recommended to keep working horses on pastures. If necessary, they are fed with concentrates, especially during the period of intense work. To avoid digestive upset, horses should be converted gradually to grazing. When kept in a stable, working horses are fed 3 times a day - in the morning, at lunchtime and in the evening, and during the period of long work - every 3 hours. Concentrates are fed in equal shares in the morning, at lunchtime and in the evening. Horses are fed at a certain time according to the daily routine, which contributes to better digestibility and assimilation of feed. First, roughage is given, and then concentrates.

During strenuous work, especially in hot weather, the horse sweats a lot. Sweat removes a lot of water and salts, especially sodium chloride, so horses need to be given 40-60 g of lick salt daily. Horses consume from 40 to 60 liters of water daily, and in hot weather and during hard work - up to 80 liters. It is recommended to water the horses 3 times a day, during work for 20-30 minutes. before a break for rest and at least 1 hour before the resumption of work. Hot horses should not be watered immediately, only if they are acutely thirsty, they can be given 3-4 sips of water to drink. To avoid colic, animals should not be given water immediately after eating oats or green food. In the evening they give the horses plenty of water.

Timely brushing is essential to the health of a workhorse. Horses are cleaned every morning before work begins. For this, a brush is used, and a scraper is used to clean the brush from hair and dust.

A good hygienic remedy in the summer for cleaning the horse's skin is a 10-15-minute bath at a water temperature of 14-16 ° C. Water removes dried sweat, refreshes the body, relieves lethargy and muscle fatigue. After bathing, the metabolism increases, the general vitality increases, as a result, the horse's performance increases.

With year-round use of workhorses, they are kept in stables with 20, 40 and 60 places. Workhorses are kept in stalls, deep-mared mares, mares with suckling foals, and stud stallions are kept in stalls. A two-row arrangement of stalls and stalls is used, the width of the common feed passage is 2.6-3 m. No more than 12 stalls or 30 stalls are placed in one continuous row. To ensure the optimal temperature and humidity conditions and the gas composition of the air, the stables are equipped with a flow-exhaust ventilation system.

The partitions between the stalls are made of rolls (cymbals) 10-12 cm thick at a height of 1 m in the front part of the stall, and 0.65 m in the back. Feeders in stalls and stalls are made in the form of troughs 1-1.2 m long, 0.6 m wide at the top, 0.4 m deep, 0.3 m deep, the distance from the floor to the top of the trough is 1.1 m. arrange a compartment with a length of 0.4 m for concentrated feed. The rest of the trough is covered with a lifting grate with gaps of 0.3 m for roughage, the feeding front for adult horses is -1 m, for young animals - 0.6 m per animal.

The regime and technique of feeding workhorses. Feeding dairy mares

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Introduction

1. Features of digestion and metabolism in horses during work

2. Influence of feeding on the health and performance of horses

3. The need for working horses for energy, nutrients and biologically active substances

4. Feed used for feeding horses

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Introduction

Feeding work horses