Russian pulp and paper mills. Pulp and paper production in russia. Pulp and paper industry of Siberia and the Far East
INTRODUCTION
cellulose waste geoecological
At present, the protection and preservation of the environment is one of the priority tasks in the field of ecology. It is necessary to realize that nature is not infinite, and we must be fully responsible for the results of our activities. In the eleventh century, the production capacity of virtually all industries continues to grow, with enormous environmental impacts.
The pulp and paper industry has been and remains a potential source of environmental pollution due to emissions and discharges of pollutants into the atmosphere, water bodies, and soil resources. The consequences of storage, warehousing, disposal of production waste are of great danger. Solid industrial waste has a great impact on both the environment and the sustainability of territories. This is expressed primarily in the fact that for the placement and disposal of waste, large areas are needed - waste disposal facilities.
To preserve the biosphere and the prosperity of the life of future generations, we must ensure safety and create favorable conditions for life, try to reduce the negative impact of economic and industrial activities on the environment, and ensure the rational use of natural resources.
Purpose of the study - study of the impact of solid industrial waste from the Kotlas Pulp and Paper Mill on the environment.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
1. Studied theoretical issues on the activities of the pulp and paper industry of the Arkhangelsk region and the Kotlassk pulp and paper mill and its impact on the environment;
2. The object, research materials are characterized and methods of work are formulated;
3. The geoecological characteristics of the city of Koryazhma and adjacent territories are given;
4. An assessment of the impact of solid industrial waste on the environment has been carried out and methods for monitoring waste disposal facilities have been analyzed.
The subject of the research is the analysis of the volumes, composition and disposal of solid industrial waste of the enterprise.
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
Pulp and paper industry in Russia
The pulp and paper industry of Russia (PPI) is a branch of heavy industry. The pulp and paper industry, one of the leading branches of the forestry complex, unites technological processes for the production of cellulose, paper, cardboard and paper and cardboard products (writing, book and newsprint, notebooks, napkins, technical cardboard and others). The technological cycle of the industry is clearly divided into two processes: pulp and paper production.
In Russia, this industry initially arose and developed in the Central Region, where the consumption of finished products was concentrated and there was the necessary textile raw materials from which paper was previously made (it is no coincidence that one of the first centers of paper production in the country was named Linen Factory). Subsequently, the technology of paper production changed, wood raw materials were used for it, and the area of the industry shifted to the north, to forest-abundant areas [Ibid.].
The first pulp mill in Russia that produces cellulose from wood was built in 1875 in the village of Kosheli, Borovichi district, Novgorod province, but it did not work for long due to its unprofitability.
The pulp and paper industry is the most complex branch of the forestry complex associated with mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood. It includes the production of pulp, paper, cardboard and articles thereof.
This industry is characterized by the following features [Ibid]:
High material consumption: to obtain one ton of cellulose, an average of five to six m 3 of wood is needed;
Large water capacity: an average of 350 m 3 of water is consumed per ton of cellulose;
Significant energy consumption: one ton of products requires an average of about 2000 kWh.
PPI enterprises focus on forest resources near large water sources. They are mainly located in the European part of the country. In the former USSR, some cellulose producers were located outside the forest zone and worked on reed raw materials (in Astrakhan, Kyzyl-Orda, Izmail), but in modern Russia there are no such enterprises. In any case, the creation of a large pulp mill is possible only near a large watercourse or reservoir. Such hydrological objects include the Northern Dvina (enterprises in Arkhangelsk and Novodvinsk), Vychegda (Koryazhma), Angara (Ust-Ilimsk and Bratsk), Volga (Balakhna and Volzhsk), Baikal (Baikalsk), Lake Onega (Kondopoga), Lake Ladoga (Pitkyaranta and Syasstroy). Consumer orientation in the pulp industry is secondary, therefore, a significant part of domestic pulp is produced in the sparsely populated Eastern Siberia.
The production of cellulose in Russia is carried out at pulp and paper mills (PPM), pulp and paper mills (PPM) and pulp and paper mills (PPM). In almost all of these mills, pulp is further processed into paper or cardboard. However, there are exceptions: in Ust-Ilimsk, Sovetsky, Vyborgsky district, Pitkyaranta, the stage of cellulose production is the final, marketable cellulose obtained here goes to other enterprises of the industry for further processing.
Pulp in Russia is produced by about three dozen enterprises. Pulp production is located in 14 regions, primarily in the Arkhangelsk, Irkutsk, Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Perm regions, the republics of Komi and Karelia. Pulp is not produced in the Central and Far Eastern Federal Districts. The capacity for the production of cellulose in the Southern and Ural districts is extremely small. Until recently, cellulose was still produced in Sakhalin, in the Khabarovsk Territory, and the Astrakhan Region, but for certain economic reasons the country had to abandon these industries (Figure 1).
It is curious that an increased concentration of cellulose enterprises, albeit not very large ones, is noted in those parts of the country that were relatively recently - 60 - 70 years ago - part of the territory of economically developed neighbors. We are talking about the Karelian Isthmus, which was Finnish until 1940 (three enterprises, until the nineties - four, including the now closed plant in Priozersk); Kaliningrad region - part of the former German East Prussia (three enterprises); Southern Sakhalin (seven enterprises, by now all are closed), until the end of World War II, which was a Japanese possession [Ibid].
This is no coincidence, given the circumstances that, firstly, these areas for their countries were the most convenient place for the development of the industry, and secondly, the state of printing and publishing in Finland and Germany was and continues to remain at a higher level than in ours. country. By now, all the pulp and paper mill and pulp and paper mill inherited from the neighbors are in need of reconstruction, and largely because of this, a significant part of them have already been closed [Ibid.].
The prospects for the development of the pulp industry in Russia are associated with the improvement of the technological process, more complete use of forest resources at existing enterprises, as well as with the construction of new pulp and paper mills. At present, plans are being made to create complexes for the production of cellulose and paper in Aleksandrov - Vladimir region, Nee - Kostroma region, Turtas - Tyumen region, Amazar - Chita region. Pre-design studies are being carried out in the Kirov, Vologda and Novgorod regions and some other regions [Ibid].
Figure 1 - Layout of the pulp and paper industry Scale 1: 32,000,000
The capacity for the production of paper is distributed over the territory of Russia more evenly than the capacity for the production of cellulose, here the factor of customer orientation becomes more important. The paper is produced in 29 regions of the Russian Federation. The leaders of the paper industry are Karelia, Perm and Nizhny Novgorod regions. Almost no paper is produced in the Southern Federal District (there is only a small production in the Rostov region). On the territory of Siberia and the Far East, paper is made only in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Yenisei PPM). Local pulp is transported to the European part of the country.
The first place in paper production belongs to the Northern economic region, in which Karelia stands out (Kondopozhsky and Serzhsky pulp and paper mills). The Solombala PPM is located in the Arkhangelsk region. Large pulp and paper mills are located in Kotlas, Novodvinsk, Syktyvkar.
The second place is taken by the Ural economic region. Production is almost entirely concentrated in the Perm region: Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk, Perm and others. In the Sverdlovsk Region, pulp and paper mills are located in Turinsk and Novaya Lyala [Ibid.].
In third place is the Volgo-Vyatka region. The largest enterprises operate in the Nizhny Novgorod region (Pravdinsky Balakhninsky PPM), in the Republic of Mari El (Mari PPM in the city of Volzhsk) [Ibid].
The pulp and paper industry is also developed in the North-Western economic region, mainly in the Leningrad region (the cities of Syassk and Svetogorsk), in Eastern Siberia (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk, Selenginsky, Baikalsk PPMs). In the Far East, production is concentrated in the cities of Korsakov, Kholmsk, Uglegorsk, Amursk, as well as in many other cities [Ibid].
The resulting paper for its intended purpose can be newsprint, book, writing, packaging, technical, banknote, sanitary and other types. Newsprint production accounts for more than half of all paper produced in the country. Today, 99% of the offer on this market consists of domestic products. In Russia, this type of paper is produced by eight enterprises, but three of them (OJSC Volga, OJSC Kondopoga and OJSC Solikamskbumprom) account for almost 95% of the total production. You now have a sample of Russian-made newsprint before your eyes, it was made at JSC Volga in Balakhna. Russian newsprint is one of the most competitive in the world market. Russia annually exports about a million tons of newsprint. India, Germany, Turkey, Great Britain, Iran, Pakistan and Finland are the main importers of Russian newsprint.
The main consumer of newsprint in Russia is large printing companies. Approximately 12% of all Russian demand comes from the Moscow publishing house Press, another 9% from the publishing complex Moskovskaya Pravda, 4% each from PPO Izvestia and LLP Pronto-Print [Ibid.].
Cardboard is produced in 46 constituent entities of all federal districts, except for the Urals (although there is a very small production in the Sverdlovsk region). The first place in Russia is taken by the Arkhangelsk region, followed by the Leningrad and Irkutsk regions, the republics of Komi and Tatarstan [Ibid].
The main medium for using cardboard is packaging materials. In Soviet times, packaging was not a priority in the development of production, which determined its low technological level. Glass packaging was reusable; most food was not pre-packed, but wrapped in cheap, low-quality paper at retail outlets. In modern Russia, packaging has become a kind of continuation of the product, part of the design, image, brand, and an additional information channel. Paper and paperboard accounts for 39% of the country's packaging production, while polymers, which are more harmful to health, account for 36%. The bulk of the packaging materials, about 50%, goes to the food industry [Ibid.].
Corrugated cardboard accounts for about 70% of all packaging board production in Russia. For the production of corrugated cardboard, waste paper and pure cellulose are used. Pure cellulose paperboard is of a higher quality, stronger and softer than recycled paperboard, which is mainly used for transport packaging. The largest producer of corrugated cardboard in the country is Arkhangelsk PPM. The highest demand for corrugated cardboard containers is in Moscow and other large cities, where the production of many consumer goods is concentrated. The Central Region accounts for about 45% of the consumption of corrugated packaging produced in the country.
In 2015, the volume of production in the pulp and paper industry in Russia amounted to 899 billion rubles. The share of the industry in the volume of output in the manufacturing industry is 3%.
Pulp and paper corporations: Investlesprom Group, Ilim Group, Continental Management, Titan Group, North-West Timber Company. The listed corporations include the following enterprises:
1. Arkhangelsk PPM, located in the city of Novodvinsk;
2. Aleksinskaya BKF, located in the town of Aleksin, Tula region. Part of the SFT Group;
3. Bratsk LPK (Bratsk, Irkutsk region)
4. Vishersky PPM (Krasnovishersk, Perm Territory);
5. PPM "Volga" (Balakhna town, Nizhny Novgorod region);
6. Vyborg cellulose (Leningrad region);
7. Yenisei PPM (Krasnoyarsk Territory);
8. Kamenskaya BKF, located in the town of Kuvshinovo, Tver region. Part of the SFT Group;
9. Kondopoga PPM, located in the Karelian city of Kondopoga;
10. Kotlas PPM, located in the town of Koryazhma, Arkhangelsk region, is a part of Ilim Group;
11. Neman PPM (Kaliningrad region);
12. Pulp Mill "Pitkyaranta" (Pitkyaranta city);
13. Svetogorsk PPM (Svetogorsk city, Leningrad region);
14. Segezha PPM, located in the Karelian city of Segezha;
15. Selenginsky TsKK (Republic of Buryatia);
16. Sokolsk PPM (Vologda region);
17. Solombala PPM (city of Arkhangelsk) - production stopped;
18. Syktyvkar LPK (Komi Republic);
19. Syasky PPM (the city of Syasstroy, Leningrad region);
20. Ust-Ilimsk LPK (Ust-Ilimsk city, Irkutsk region), part of the Ilim Group;
21. PPM Kama (Krasnokamsk city);
22. Mari pulp and paper mill (Volzhsk city, Mari El);
23. LLC "Kuzbass SCARABEY" (Kemerovo city, Kemerovo region);
24. JSC "Solikamskbumprom" (the city of Solikamsk, Perm Territory);
25. Joint-Stock Company "Proletary" (city of Surazh, Bryansk region).
The pulp and paper industry is the most complex branch of the forestry complex associated with mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood. It includes the production of pulp, paper, cardboard and articles thereof. This industry is different:
High material consumption: to obtain 1 ton of cellulose, an average of 5-6 cubic meters is required. wood;
Large water capacity: an average of 350 cubic meters is consumed per 1 ton of cellulose. water;
Significant energy consumption: 1 ton of products requires an average of 2000 kW / h;
Consequently, pulp and paper enterprises focus on forest resources near large water sources. They are mainly located in the European part of the country. The first place in paper production belongs to the northern economic region, in which Karelia stands out especially (Kondopozhsky and Serzhsky pulp and paper mills). The Solombala PPM is located in the Arkhangelsk region. Large pulp and paper mills are located in Kotlas, Novodvinsk, Syktyvkar.
The second place is occupied by the Ural economic region. Production is almost entirely concentrated in the Perm region: Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk, Perm, etc. In the Sverdlovsk region, pulp and paper mills are located in Turinsk and Novaya Lyala.
In third place is the Volgo-Vyatka region. The largest enterprises operate in the Nizhny Novgorod region (Pravdinsky Balakhninsky PPM), in the Republic of Mari El (Mari PPM in Volzhsk). The pulp and paper industry is also developed in the Northwestern economic region, mainly in the Leningrad region (the cities of Syassk and Svetogorsk), in Eastern Siberia (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk, Selenginsky, Baikalsky pulp and paper mills). In the Far East, production is concentrated in the cities of Korsakov, Kholmsk, Uglegorsk, Amursk, etc.
Paper production historically originated in the Central Economic Region, close to consumers of raw materials. It is currently the most developed:
In the Northern economic region, especially in the Republic of Karelia, which gives 20% of the total production of Russia, in the Komi Republic, whose share is 12%;
In the Ural economic region, mainly in the Perm region, which accounts for 15.1% of all Russian production;
In the Volgo-Vyatka economic region, primarily in the Nizhny Novgorod region, which produces 8.6% of all paper in the country;
The highest rates in the production of cardboard are characterized by:
Northern economic region, mainly the Arkhangelsk region, which gives 21.4% of all cardboard in Russia;
Northwest economic region, primarily the Leningrad region - 7.8% of total production;
The East Siberian economic region, in which the Irkutsk region is distinguished, giving 7.3%, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory - 4.8%;
The Far Eastern economic region, especially the Khabarovsk Territory, which produces 4.6% of the country's total cardboard;
Central economic region, including the Moscow region, giving 2.0%
In the structure of the forestry complex, 12% by value falls on cellulose, 8% on paper, cardboard and products from them.
A modern feature of the industry has become the creation of timber industry complexes (LPK), which are a territorial combination of logging and various industries of the timber industry. The Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Yeniseysk, Asinovskiy LPK are distinguished in Siberia; Amur LPK - in the Far East; Arkhangelsk and Syktyvkarsk LPK - in the Northern economic region.
Timber industry complexes are especially promising for areas with rich forest resources, but characterized by a shortage of labor resources, poor development, and harsh climatic conditions. This is mainly Siberia and the Far East.
Development of the pulp and paper industry in Siberia and the Far East
Siberia and the Far East have great potential. They account for 78% of the forest area of the territory of Russia. Basically, these are conifers: spruce, fir, aspen, larch. However, the efficiency of using forest resources and export potential in Siberia is extremely low. One of the reasons for this situation is the lag in the creation and development of enterprises for the chemical processing of wood, the level of use of deciduous wood remains insufficient, the level of use of waste from logging and woodworking, and secondary timber resources is low.
In the regions of Siberia and the Far East, illegal logging, offenses in the field of entrepreneurial activities related to forest resources are observed. There are large losses of wood raw materials in logging and in the process of transportation and primary processing of timber in the lower warehouses, which is up to 30% of the volume of harvested timber. For comparison, in Finland and Sweden, they export mainly products from wood subjected to deep chemical processing (60 and 70%, respectively). The volume of procurements in these countries is more than 2 times less than in Russia, and foreign exchange earnings from exports are 2.5 times higher. Finland, having 0.5% of the world's forest resources, gives 25% of the world exports of pulp and paper products, while Russia, having 21% of the world's forest reserves, gives less than 1% of the export of these products. The existing timber potential of Russia allows harvesting more than 500 million m 3 of wood without harm to the environment, but it is used only by 18%. In particular, in the Irkutsk region the volume of timber export from 1989 to 2000. decreased from 37.8 million to actually 16.0 million m 3, the production of market pulp - from 1230 thousand to 1036 thousand tons. It should also be noted that over the past 10 years, the production of the main types of timber and paper products has decreased by 2-4 times.
According to export estimates, per capita consumption of paper and paperboard decreased from 35-36 kg to 13-14 kg. In the Siberian region, this figure is up to 10 kg. For comparison, in Japan this indicator is in the range of 200-322 kg, in China - 30, in South Korea - 150 kg.
One of the major drawbacks of the pulp and paper industry in the Asian region of Russia is its focus mainly on the production of market pulp. The only enterprise in Siberia producing newsprint and printed paper is the Krasnoyarsk PPM, but its equipment and technology are morally and physically outdated. There are also containerboard production in the region (Bratsk LPK, Selenginsky pulp and paper mill); they also require significant funds for their renewal. Significant problems of the industry in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, on the island of Sakhalin, which have significant unused timber reserves. There, the export of commercial timber is mainly carried out. Pulpwood and its waste remain in the felling areas, polluting the environment. Losses of wood in this case amount to millions of cubic meters. Previously operating enterprises: Amur pulp and paper mill and factories on about. Sakhalin, practically stopped.
The region lacks the production of high-quality printing paper, coated paper and cardboard (primarily coated), paper for office equipment, sanitary and hygienic purposes, etc.
In this regard, in recent years, there has been a negative growth trend in imports of certain types of paper and cardboard (except newsprint). Despite some positive developments in recent years, the pulp and paper industry of Siberia has serious problems:
Lack of financial resources and defense resources;
Outdated technologies and equipment, large depreciation of fixed assets (70% or more);
Limited range of products;
Weak information security;
For these reasons, the scientific potential of the industry and design, orders for machine-building plants for technical re-equipment and replacement of equipment remain in little demand.
Forestry enterprises are experiencing big problems in connection with the redistribution of property. Credit debt is growing, which in turn leads to social tensions. This applies especially to logging enterprises. In general, wages in the forestry complex are significantly lower than the average level in industry.
Prospects for the development of the pulp and paper industry in Russia
According to the Center for Economic Conditions under the Government of the Russian Federation, the decline in the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries in Russia has been going on for more than a year. As of December 2008, the decline in output of these industries since the peak was 20.9 percent.
According to the forecasts of the Russian Association of Organizations and Enterprises of the Pulp and Paper Industry (RAO "Bumprom"), in 2009 the decrease in production in the Russian pulp and paper industry will exceed 12 percent, and the industry may become unprofitable. According to the chairman of the board of the association, Vladimir Chuiko, such a result is predicted due to a drop in demand, a drop in prices, an increase in tariffs for services of natural monopolies, and an increase in interest rates for bank loans. "In particular, in the pulp and paper industry, the demand for products in both the domestic and foreign markets is decreasing. For example, pulp and paper mills, which mainly sold pulp abroad, have suffered. In addition, the demand for all types of paper in the domestic market has decreased, the price of the product, while its cost has increased, including due to the rise in energy prices.
In addition, the domestic pulp and paper industry does not produce many highly efficient types of products. In Russia, many types of office paper are not produced at all. High quality art paper, art paper, narrow range of paper for food packaging, etc. are also not produced. A fairly large list of Russian-made products is significantly inferior to foreign counterparts. These include: paper for office and copying equipment; coated paper; typographic and book-magazine paper for offset printing; cardboard for flat layers of corrugated cardboard with a white cover layer.
In many sectors of the economy, an increase in exports is considered a sign of development, but in this sector, the export-raw materials orientation (84 percent of pulp and 50 percent of paper and cardboard) has become the main problem.
Russia has a quarter of the world's forest reserves. But this potential is poorly realized: the share of Russian timber and paper products in the world market is only 2-3 percent. Even non-forest countries like Japan, Germany and Italy are ahead of us.
Over the past 10 years, despite the unstable nature of the growth in output, the Russian pulp and paper industry has not reached the indicators of 1989, when production was at its maximum.
Currently, about 165 pulp and paper mills built in the 70s of the last century are in active or semi-operational state, and only ten of them produce about 70 percent of Russian pulp and 80 percent of paper, for example, the Bratsk and Ust-Ilimsk timber processing complexes in Irkutsk regions, Kotlassky PPM, included in the timber holding "Ilim Pulp", Arkhangelsk PPM, in Karelia - Segezha PPM and "Kondopoga", in the Perm region - "Solikamskbumprom", Nizhny Novgorod "Volga", "Neusidler Syktyvkar" and "Svetogorsk".
However, the crisis will not last forever, and after it experts expect a sharp increase in demand for the industry's products. In the opinion of the same Chuiko, it can grow one and a half times by 2015. According to the forecasts of the Bumprom Association experts, the production of marketable cellulose will grow 1.68 times, paper - 1.7 times, cardboard - 2.2 times. But this requires investment.
Introduction
Currently, the pulp and paper industry is one of the leading in Russia and directly affects the country's economy. This is primarily due to the fact that Russia, and especially its Asian part, have huge inexhaustible forest resources.
Over the past few years, the Russian pulp and paper industry has made a huge leap forward. This happened due to the fact that the leaders of the pulp and paper enterprises began to pursue the correct policy and attract both foreign and domestic investors.
Objective is to
1. to characterize the pulp and paper industry in Russia.
2. show the problems of the pulp and paper industry in Russia
3.compare the pulp and paper industry in Russia with other countries
4.show the state of the pulp and paper industry in the Asian part of Russia, and the prospects for its development
5. to characterize the pulp and paper industry of the Komi Republic using the example of the Syktyvkar timber industry complex
FOREST RESOURCES
Forest resources are a renewable type of resources, which allows not only to regulate their use, but also to reproduce them. However, the long period of forest growth (50-150 years) is practically incommensurate with the duration of ordinary production cycles. Therefore, when assessing forest resources, not only the rate of their annual growth is taken into account, but also the value of the accumulated stock. Half of Russia's forest reserve is located in the West Siberian and East Siberian regions. About 1/5 of the stock is provided by the Far East. Of the European regions of the country, the Northern (about 10%) and Ural (about 4.4-5%) regions have the largest reserves. By the quality of the forest, the Republic of Komi and Karelia, the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions, in which spruce and pine predominate, stand out. Very valuable forests with broad-leaved and rare species are found in the southern regions of Primorsky Krai and on Sakhalin Island.
Characterized by the discrepancy between the main areas of forest resources and areas of timber harvesting, processing, production pulp and paper , areas of the furniture industry
FOREST INDUSTRY
Industries associated with the procurement, processing and processing of wood raw materials are united in a group with a common name - the timber industry, it is also called the forestry complex.
The timber industry is the oldest in Russia. There are about 20 branches, sub-branches and industries in it. The most significant are logging, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemical industry.
The importance of the timber industry in the Russian economy is determined by the colossal timber reserves, the wide territorial distribution of forest resources and the fact that at present there is practically no such sphere of the national economy where wood or its derivatives are not used. If at the beginning of the 20th century 2-2.5 thousand types of products were harvested from wood, then at the end of the 20th century the industry's products totaled over 20 thousand different products.
Logging.
The logging industry is a branch of harvesting, hauling, primary processing and partial processing of large timber and logging waste. It includes the following productions:
Logging, consisting of a complex of logging operations and timber removal;
Forest jogging, which involves the extraction of resin and the preparation of pneumatic resin;
Timber rafting, including primary (mainly along small rivers) and transit (mainly along large rivers and reservoirs), including work on the rafting of timber, its initial rolling into water and the formation of boards;
Timber handling operations related to the transfer of timber products from one type of transport to another.
In addition, the logging industry includes production for the use of low-value wood and waste: sawmilling, sleepers, production of technological chips, container boards and other products.
Logging location on the territory of Russia.
The location of logging on the territory of Russia is determined by the availability of timber and labor resources, the location of enterprises and timber consumers, the historical course of the economic development of the territory, the conditions of transport development, etc. However, the raw factor plays the main role.
This industry in Russia is characterized by a discrepancy between the reserves of forest resources and the main areas of the logging industry. Thus, 75% of the total timber stock falls on Siberia and the Far East, but the share of these regions in timber harvesting does not exceed 40%, although in recent years the richest resources of the Asian part of Russia are being developed at a high rate. During the 90s, the share of the European part of the country in the total volume of timber export decreased from 64.4 to 61%, while the share of the eastern zone increased from 35.6 to 39%. In 1995, the export of timber in Russia amounted to 174 million cubic meters. m of commercial timber compared to 499.3 million cubic meters. in USA.
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
Pulp and paper industry - the most difficult branch of the forestry complex, associated with mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood. It includes the production of pulp, paper, cardboard and articles thereof. This industry is different:
o High material consumption: to obtain 1 ton of cellulose, an average of 5-6 cubic meters is required. wood;
o Large water capacity: an average of 350 cubic meters is consumed per 1 ton of cellulose. water;
o Significant energy consumption: 1 ton of products requires an average of 2000 kW / h;
Consequently, pulp and paper enterprises focus on forest resources near large water sources. They are mainly located in the European part of the country.
The first place in paper production belongs to the northern economic region, in which Karelia stands out especially (Kondopozhsky and Serzhsky pulp and paper mills). The Solombala PPM is located in the Arkhangelsk region. Large pulp and paper mills are located in Kotlas, Novodvinsk, Syktyvkar.
The second place is occupied by the Ural economic region. Production is almost entirely concentrated in the Perm region: Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk, Perm, etc. In the Sverdlovsk region, pulp and paper mills are located in Turinsk and Novaya Lyala.
In third place is the Volgo-Vyatka region. The largest enterprises operate in the Nizhny Novgorod region (Pravdinsky Balakhninsky PPM), in the Republic of Mari El (Mari PPM in Volzhsk).
The pulp and paper industry is also developed in the Northwestern economic region, mainly in the Leningrad region (the cities of Syassk and Svetogorsk), in Eastern Siberia (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk, Selenginsky, Baikalsky pulp and paper mills). In the Far East, production is concentrated in the cities of Korsakov, Kholmsk, Uglegorsk, Amursk, etc.
Paper production historically originated in the Central Economic Region, close to consumers of raw materials. It is currently the most developed:
In the Northern economic region, especially in the Republic of Karelia, which gives 20% of the total production of Russia, in the Komi Republic, whose share is 12%;
In the Ural economic region, mainly in the Perm region, which accounts for 15.1% of all Russian production;
In the Volgo-Vyatka economic region, primarily in the Nizhny Novgorod region, which produces 8.6% of all paper in the country;
The highest rates in the production of cardboard are characterized by:
Northern economic region, mainly the Arkhangelsk region, which gives 21.4% of all cardboard in Russia;
Northwest economic region, primarily the Leningrad region - 7.8% of total production;
The East Siberian economic region, in which the Irkutsk region is distinguished, giving 7.3%, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory - 4.8%;
The Far Eastern economic region, especially the Khabarovsk Territory, which produces 4.6% of the country's total cardboard;
Central economic region, including the Moscow region, giving 2.0%.
In the structure of the forestry complex, 12% by value falls on cellulose, 8% on paper, cardboard and products from them.
A modern feature of the industry has become the creation of timber industry complexes (LPK), which are a territorial combination of logging and various industries of the timber industry. The Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Yeniseysk, Asinovskiy LPK are distinguished in Siberia; Amur LPK - in the Far East; Arkhangelsk and Syktyvkarsk LPK - in the Northern economic region.
Timber industry complexes are especially promising for areas with rich forest resources, but characterized by a shortage of labor resources, poor development, and harsh climatic conditions. This is mainly Siberia and the Far East.
ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE OF THE Pulp and Paper Industry in RUSSIA. INVESTMENT CLIMATE AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Today, production activities in the industry are carried out at 165 pulp and paper and 15 wood chemical enterprises. Despite the fact that Russia has the largest forest resources in the world (81.9 billion m3), and the pulp and paper industry could become the locomotive of the Russian economy, the technical condition of the industry and its share in the national economy leaves much to be desired. So, the existing production facilities in the pulp and paper industry are used only by 35-50% (fig. 1)... The depreciation of the active part of fixed assets is 60-70%.
Figure 1. Capacities for the production of pulp, paper and cardboard in Russia and the production of these products in 1999:
At the same time, 70-90% of technological equipment at enterprises was purchased from other countries and has not been updated for the last 15 years. About 80% of continuous digesters have been in operation for over 25 years, and half of batch digesters have been in operation for over 45 years. 40% of the installed stock of paper and cardboard machines has been in operation for over 20 years. And only 10% of the main technological equipment is up-to-date. The peculiarity of the pulp and paper industry in Russia, its main problem is the deterioration of fixed assets, which is clearly seen on rice 2-3
Figure 2. Distribution of capacity of paper machines at CIS enterprises depending on the cutting width, thousand tons.
Figure 3. Power distribution of cardboard machines at CIS enterprises depending on the cut width, thousand tons:
With the beginning of perestroika, hopes for the rise of the pulp and paper industry did not materialize. Russia used to occupy the 4th place in the world in the production of paper and cardboard, moved to the 18th place.
After 10 years, the Russian industry experienced the adverse impact of such general economic factors as the aggravation of the payment crisis in the country, which increased the barterization of the market; imperfection of tax and customs policies, lower prices for export of products, competition from imported goods. And only in the last year the decline in production stopped in the industry, and some stability was outlined.
It is gratifying to note that the increase in the efficiency of the industry began even before the notorious August 17, 1998, so if the profitability of pulp and paper production in 1997 was (-2%), and for 9 months. 1998 (+ 5.4%). Decreased costs per 1 ruble of marketable products from 108.3 kopecks. in 1997 to 94.9 kopecks. for 9 months 1998 (fig. 4)
What happened in Russia on August 17, 1998? In the context of a decline in world oil prices, the Asian crisis, serious internal political disagreements, the budget deficit that arose in Russia was eliminated at the expense of external debt, including through the volume of attractiveness of GKOs (the yield on GKOs increased from 20 to 70-90%). In addition, there was an outflow of funds from the production sector to financial markets and a subsequent decline in production. Artificial maintenance of the ruble exchange rate led to a decrease in the profits of enterprises, which, in turn, significantly reduced tax payments to the budget.
As a result, the devaluation of the ruble sharply increased (from 6.4 to 17-20 rubles per 1 US dollar), a number of the largest Russian banks went bankrupt, and the financial and payment system was disrupted. Due to the delay in the transfer of funds by banks, there was a significant loss of working capital by enterprises.
In the context of the financial crisis of the Russian economy after August 17, 1998, export-oriented enterprises received the preconditions for an increase in revenue in ruble terms. And the prices for pulp and paper products for the domestic market have become lower than similar imported goods.
In December 1998, due to the increased exchange rate of the US dollar, after the recovery of the financial structure, there was a certain revival of the production activity of enterprises, which led to an increase in the export of products and an increase in its efficiency (in December 1998, the production of market pulp increased by 4%, paper - by 21.3, cardboard - by 21.5%).
At the same time, there was a decrease (more than 1.5 times) in imports of paper products and an increase in demand for domestic cardboard packaging, box and bound cardboard, paper bags, notebooks, toilet paper and sanitary products, which allowed manufacturers of these products to improve their financial performance ... As you can see, after August 17, there is an increase in production.
There is a lot of talk that all industrial growth is driven by devaluation. However, it only created conditions for the revival of production, and this factor would not have worked so quickly if the prerequisites for industrial growth had not been created, starting in 1997.
In 1999, production continues to grow and its profitability continues to rise. In the first half of 1999, the production of pulp for cooking increased by 22%, commercial cellulose by 20%, paper by 11%, offset paper by 26%, and cardboard by 49%.
The production of pulp, paper and paperboard increased in 1999 at most of the industry. Compared to the first half of 1998, the volume of commercial output increased significantly at Ust-Ilimsk LPK, Arkhangelsk, Kotlassk and Solombala PPM, Bratsk and Syktyvkar LPK, Volga OJSC and other enterprises.
The export of industry products also increased: for 7 months of 1999 it exceeded the level of the same period in 1998 by 12%.
Profitability of production is growing in the industry. If in 1998 it was (+ 12.9%), then in the 1st quarter. 199g. - (43.7%) (Figure 3). Decreased costs per 1 ruble of marketable products from 101.1 kopecks. in the 1st quarter. 1998 up to 77.2 kopecks. in I quarter 1999 (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Dynamics of profitability of pulp and paper industries in Russia in 1997, 1998, and I quarter of 1999 (%)
The economic data of the last months of 1999 indicate that the Russian economy is growing not due to foreign trade, but due to production oriented towards the domestic market. There is an increase in the Gross Domestic Product, which means an increase in the demand for paper products.
The given data indicate that the industry is working better, but far from at full capacity, and simultaneously with the rise in production, urgent intensive technical re-equipment of enterprises, reconstruction and modernization of equipment and technologies is required.
In connection with the growth of production volumes, export supplies and an increase in profitability in the industry, favorable conditions are created for the solution of these products at the expense of enterprises' own funds, attracting long-term loans, including investments of foreign firms.
At the same time, the main goal of solving the problem at this stage is to increase the competitiveness of products, environmental safety, both production and products.
The situation cannot be improved without a clear understanding of the prospects, the capabilities of the economic system, and objective growth constraints.
The necessary economic developments, allowing to increase the rate of development of the industry, are set out in the Federal Program for the Development of the Timber Industry, approved by the Russian Government, which also includes the pulp and paper industry. This document provides for the implementation within 10 years of a set of measures to ensure the industry's exit from the crisis, stabilization and subsequent development of the production of all types of timber and paper products to better meet the needs of the national economy, the population and increase the export potential of Russia.
Financing of work in accordance with the Federal Program is provided mainly at the expense of enterprises' own funds (44%) and private investments, funds from investment trades and money auctions, foreign investments (36%).
A number of enterprises: Svetogorsk, Solikamsk, Kondopozhsky, Arkhangelsk PPM, Syktyvkar LPK consistently and systematically carry out a program of technical re-equipment, and of course the products of these enterprises will be at the proper level.
Further development of the Russian pulp and paper industry is possible due to the most important sources of economic growth:
Internal reserves of the national economy (capacities have been utilized up to 50%);
The colossal capacity of the Russian market;
Intellectual potential of science;
Natural resources and favorable geographical position in the Eurasian space.
It should be borne in mind that Russia has the largest renewable forest resources, which are currently not used efficiently. Figure 6 shows the opportunities that industry has. Using natural resources as the most important sources of economic growth, we must get away from flawed ideas about the role of Russia as a raw material appendage of developed countries, and the economic effect from natural resource use should be directed to expanding production.
What needs to be done to make full use of the sources of economic growth already mentioned?
Firstly, to ensure the effective use of existing capacities, the creation of new capacities, the creation of new industries for the production of competitive products. For this, it is necessary to create attractive conditions for attracting foreign and domestic investors. It is about creating laws to protect property and investment in Russia.
Second direction- to make wider use of the domestic scientific and technical potential, for which it is necessary to increase the amount of R&D funding.
Very important, third, to orient the customs and tariff policy towards the growth of domestic production and increasing competitiveness. In particular, they are considering canceling export duties on products, import duties and VAT on technological equipment, spare parts and materials not produced in Russia for the period of intensive technical re-equipment of enterprises in the industry.
Fourth, it is necessary to ensure the improvement of tax policy, reduction of the tax burden. Thus, the abolition of the profit tax for reconstructed enterprises is being worked out with the subsequent establishment of this tax at a rate of 20%, the abolition of VAT on the turnover of timber used within integrated structures at the enterprises of the industry, draft laws are being prepared to protect investment funds and circulating assets, to attract foreign investments for pledge of liquid assets, exclusion in determining taxable profit of expenses for the reconstruction of enterprises for priority investment and innovation projects, etc.
The imperfection of Russian legislation greatly affects the economy in general and, in particular, the operation of the pulp and paper industry. To a large extent, as a result of this, enterprises have lost their working capital. The lack of state regulation of the economy led to sharp price imbalances, tax policy and practice turned into a tool for destroying domestic producers and curtailing the tax base of the state, there was an outflow of financial capital into the shadow economy and abroad, state support for exports and protection from imports was weak.
At present, a lot of work is being done at all levels to prepare and adopt the necessary laws. The disunity of enterprises did not allow solving the general in the legislative plan, and in the current situation. A number of heads of enterprises, realizing the need to combine efforts for joint work, established the Russian Association of Organizations and Enterprises of the PPI "RAO Bumprom".
The RAO Bumprom Association was created to coordinate the development of common positions and interests of its members in all spheres of the economy, as well as to protect their rights and interests in government agencies, courts, and international organizations. To this end, the Association entered into a cooperation agreement with the Ministry of Economy of Russia, the Guild of Periodicals, the Unicom / MC Consulting Group company, - established the necessary contact in the State Duma to participate in the preparation of laws in which the industry is interested.
At present, economic proposals prepared jointly with the founders of the Association are submitted to the State Duma and the Government of the Russian Federation, aimed at creating a favorable tax and customs climate in the industry, stabilizing the work of enterprises, as well as taking urgent measures to provide publishing houses with newsprint.
From the above, it is clear that at the present stage in the pulp and paper industry of Russia certain preconditions have matured and have been created for the implementation of intensive technical re-equipment of enterprises, updating equipment and technologies in order, first of all, to increase the competitiveness of products, environmental safety of production and products, and more efficient use of production facilities.
In solving this big problem, there will be enough work for everyone, including both Russian and foreign investors.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY OF SIBERIA AND THE FAR EAST
Siberia and the Far East have great potential. They account for 78% of the forest area of the territory of Russia. Basically, these are conifers: spruce, fir, aspen, larch.
However, the efficiency of using forest resources and export potential in Siberia is extremely low. One of the reasons for this situation is the lag in the creation and development of enterprises for the chemical processing of wood, the level of use of deciduous wood remains insufficient, the level of use of waste from logging and woodworking, and secondary timber resources is low.
In the regions of Siberia and the Far East, illegal logging, offenses in the field of entrepreneurial activities related to forest resources are observed. There are large losses of wood raw materials in logging and in the process of transportation and primary processing of timber in the lower warehouses, which is up to 30% of the volume of harvested timber. For comparison, in Finland and Sweden, mainly products are exported from wood subjected to deep chemical processing (60 and 70%, respectively). The volume of harvesting in these countries is more than 2 times less than in Russia, and 2.5 times more. Finland, having 0.5% of the world's forest resources, gives 25% of the world exports of pulp and paper products, while Russia, having 21% of the world's forest reserves, gives less than 1% of the export of these products. The existing timber potential of Russia allows harvesting more than 500 million m3 of timber without harm to the environment, but it is used only by 18%. In particular, in the Irkutsk region the volume of timber export from 1989 to 2000. decreased from 37.8 million to actually 16.0 million m3, the production of market pulp - from 1230 thousand to 1036 thousand tons. It should also be noted that over the past 10 years, the production of the main types of timber and paper products has decreased by 2-4 times.
According to export estimates, per capita consumption of paper and paperboard decreased from 35-36 kg to 13-14 kg. In the Siberian region, this figure is up to 10 kg. For comparison, in Japan this indicator is in the range of 200-322 kg, in China - 30, in South Korea - 150 kg.
One of the major drawbacks of the pulp and paper industry in the Asian region of Russia is its focus mainly on the production of market pulp. The only enterprise in Siberia for the production of newsprint and printed paper - Krasnoyarsk PPM, but his equipment and technology are morally and physically obsolete. Also available in the containerboard production region (Bratsk LPK, Selenginsky CCM) also require significant funds to update them.
There are also significant problems of the industry in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, on the island of Sakhalin, which have significant unused timber reserves. There, the export of commercial timber is mainly carried out. Pulpwood and its waste remain in the felling areas, polluting the environment. Losses of wood in this case amount to millions of cubic meters. Previously operating enterprises: Amur pulp and paper mill and factories on about. Sakhalin, practically stopped.
The region lacks the production of high-quality printing paper, coated paper and cardboard (primarily coated), paper for office equipment, sanitary and hygienic purposes, etc.
In this regard, in recent years, there has been a negative growth trend in imports of certain types of paper and cardboard (except newsprint). Despite some positive developments in recent years, the pulp and paper industry of Siberia has serious problems:
· Lack of financial resources and defense funds;
· Outdated technologies and equipment, large depreciation of fixed assets (70% or more);
· Limited range of products;
· Weak information security;
For these reasons, the scientific potential of the industry and design, orders for machine-building plants for technical re-equipment and replacement of equipment remain in little demand.
Forestry enterprises are experiencing big problems in connection with the redistribution of property. Credit debt is growing, which in turn leads to social tensions. This applies especially to logging enterprises. In general, wages in the forestry complex are significantly lower than the average level in industry.
Strategic directions of reforming the timber industry complex in Siberia and the Far East
The main goals (benchmarks) of the strategy for the development of the timber industry complex in the first decade of the XXI century, taking into account the general tasks of the country's economy, are as follows:
· Achievement by Siberia of a leading position in the production of competitive timber and paper products in the world forestry sector;
· Ensuring highly profitable production and sustainable financial position of all branches of the timber industry. Focus on self-financing and provision of current and one-time costs for the development of production at the expense of its own funds;
· Improvement of the structure of timber industry in the direction of increasing the share of deep chemical and chemical-mechanical processing of all harvested wood biomass, including wood waste;
· Increase in production of a wide range of competitive products for the needs of the population, industry, construction, agriculture, printing and other areas;
· Orientation on the export of products of deep chemical and chemical-mechanical processing of wood;
· Reducing the impact of industrial activities on the environment to an ecologically safe level;
· Development of market relations and mechanisms with an active role of state regulation of the economy.
At the first stage of the development of the timber industry complex, the exit of the operating enterprises of the industry from the crisis state, technical renewal and stabilization of their work, and an increase in economic efficiency should be ensured.
At the second stage, work should be further developed to increase the share of deeper chemical and chemical-mechanical processing of raw materials, expand the range of manufactured products, and build new forestry enterprises for the integrated use of raw materials.
Development directions of existing pulp and paper enterprises in Siberia and the Far East
The main pulp and paper mills in the Asian part of Russia are located in Eastern Siberia. This - Bratsk and Ust-Ilimsk timber processing complexes, Baikalsk PPM(Irkutsk region), Seleginsky pulp and paper mill(The Republic of Buryatia), Krasnoyarsk PPM(Krasnoyarsk region).
These enterprises are located in areas with a long period of logging with an excess of the allowable cut for conifers, with the selection of mainly sawlogs, which led to the depletion of forest resources in easily accessible logging areas.
The main problems here lie in the urgent improvement of the production structure of operating enterprises for the rational and comprehensive development of the remaining composition of the operational forest fund.
For this, at the existing enterprises it is necessary to create workshops (lines) for the use of low-grade and deciduous wood. At the same time, intensification of work on forest reproduction is required.
In general, the technical level of pulp and paper enterprises does not meet modern requirements, the quality of products in a number of indicators is inferior to similar products manufactured in foreign countries with developed industries. For technical re-equipment and development of existing pulp and paper enterprises, capital investments are required.
The real way to solve these issues in the current conditions is to attract investments.
Prospects for the construction of new enterprises
At the second stage, the implementation of strategic directions for the development of the timber industry complex is expected to build new integrated production facilities for the complex and deep processing of wood raw materials.
Such enterprises in Siberia include Asinovskiy PPM in the Tomsk region with the production of cellulose and packaging paper - 440 thousand tons.
A particularly large network of new pulp and paper enterprises was previously envisaged in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region. District Lesosibirsk(Krasnoyarsk Territory) over the past decades has remained one of the priority areas for the location of a large timber industry complex - Yenisei PPM... Its capacity was planned to be up to 800 thousand tons / year of pulp and paper products.
Another large enterprise in the Nizhny Priangarye planned Kodinsky LPK with an output of 500 thousand tons / year of bleached pulp from high-quality softwood.
It is also advisable to create new timber industry complex in the north of the Irkutsk region in areas gravitating towards the BAM. There are concentrated reserves of wood raw materials over 750 million m3 and it is possible to build new pulp and paper enterprises (Kirensky PPM, Kazachinsky PPM, Chunsky PPM)
Undoubtedly, these large enterprises should be considered as part of a comprehensive scheme for the development of this region, since large expenditures are required for the development of infrastructure.
Conclusion.
The regions of Siberia and the Far East possess huge reserves of renewable forest resources, which are currently not fully and effectively used.
In countries with developed forestry and pulp and paper industries (Finland, Sweden, Canada, USA), the yield per unit of wood is 4-6 times higher than in Russia due to its complex and deep chemical processing.
The development of forestry enterprises in Siberia and the Far East is of great national economic importance for the revival of the economy and improvement of the social sphere of Russia and, first of all, of the regions themselves.
The forestry complex is closely related to related industries: printing chemical, light, food, construction, railway transport, etc.
According to experts. One workplace in the pulp and paper industry provides up to 10 jobs in related industries.
The increase in the export of timber and paper products will significantly replenish the country's foreign exchange resources and take one of the leading places in the total foreign exchange earnings.
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOMI
The timber industry complex is the second most important in the economy of the Komi Republic. It is represented by forestry, logging, woodworking pulp and paper and hydrolysis industries. In 1995, the timber industry complex accounted for 21% of the marketable output of the republic, of which 59% provided pulp and paper and hydrolysis production.
Development in the Komi Republic pulp and paper and hydrolysis industry began in the 60s of the twentieth century.
Construction began in 1967 SYKTYVKAR FOREST INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX - one of the largest enterprises of this kind in Russia
Currently the Group "Syktyvkar Timber Industry Complex" (SLPK) is one of the largest vertically integrated paper and pulp producers in Russia with a total production capacity of over 700 thousand tons of pulp and paper products per year. SLPK specializes in the production of office and offset paper, cardboard for food packaging, and also produces newsprint, cardboard for flat layers of corrugated cardboard "top-liner" and "kraft-liner", plywood, chipboard, sanitary paper and wallpaper. In addition, SLPK produces electricity, sells round timber, provides transport and other services.
The group controls a number of logging enterprises in the Komi Republic, the volume of logging, which exceeds 3 million m3 of wood per year.
SLPK has its own combined heat and power plant operating on natural gas and combustible secondary energy resources. It can generate up to 436 megawatts of electricity and 3,200 tons of steam per hour. The CHPP provides for the production of electricity and heat up to 200% of the plant's needs, which makes it possible to realize the excess heat for the needs of the city of Syktyvkar. The Group operates three paper machines and a board machine with a total capacity of over 700,000 tons / year: BM1 with a capacity of 144,000 tons / year, BM4 with a capacity of 240,000 tons / year, and BM5 with a capacity of 180,000 tons / year, a board machine with a capacity of 170,000 tons / year and one machine for the production of sanitary paper with a capacity of 15,000 tons / year. The production process is characterized by flexible reconfiguration possibilities. Each machine can produce different types of products, meeting the requests (needs) of different buyers.
Over the past five years, SYPK has been consistently increasing production volumes thanks to a combination of the release of new, more cost-effective products and extensive equipment modernization. The Group's management predicts continued growth in production from 555,000 to 700,000 tons / year, based on the planned production of A4, A3 paper for office equipment and sheet paper, taking into account the growing demand in Russia and further expansion of exports to qualified markets in Europe and America.
The number of working and maintenance personnel of the Syktyvkar Timber Industry Complex Group is 16.521 people. In the parent company - 5,356 people
The company's environmental and social security policy is directly linked to the company's sustainable development objectives. Meeting environmental, social and economic requirements is the Group's most important goal on the path to prosperity.
Conclusion
So, summing up the work done, we can say with confidence that the pulp and paper industry in Russia is gaining momentum. Pulp and paper enterprises are on the path of prosperity and already compete on an equal footing with foreign manufacturers of pulp and paper products. This did not happen by chance, since Russia
has the largest renewable forest reserves in the world. Enterprises began to pursue a more correct policy than before, and the attraction of both foreign and domestic investors had a positive effect on the development of the country's pulp and paper industry. The Government of the Russian Federation also played an important role. The state is interested in the development of the pulp and paper industry, because this industry brings large revenues to the budget, and the programs developed by the government stimulate its development.
Bibliography
1. "Economic Geography of Russia": Textbook / ed. acad. IN AND. Vidyapina, Doctor of Economics, prof. M.V. Stepanov. - INFRA-M, Russian Academy of Economics, 2000
2. "Cellulose. Paper. Cardboard." No. 1 2000:
3. "Cellulose. Paper. Cardboard." No. 2 2000: Journal / ed. A.E. Schwartz. Publisher: LLC "Editorial office of the journal" Cellulose. Paper. Cardboard ", 2000
4. "Cellulose. Paper. Cardboard." No. 3 2001:
5. "Cellulose. Paper. Cardboard." No. 4 2001: Journal / ed. A.E. Schwartz. Publisher: LLC "Editorial office of the journal" Cellulose. Paper. Cardboard ", 2001
6. "Komi Republic": Encyclopedia. T. 1.- Syktyvkar: Komi book publishing house, 1997
7. "Syktyvkar Timber Industry Complex": Annual Report 2000
8. "Strategy for the development of the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries": Moscow, Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation, 1999
9. Materials of the meeting "On the state, problems and measures to improve the work of the timber industry complex of the Irkutsk region based on the results of work for 6 months of 2000": Irkutsk, 2000
As of 2016, a little more than 30 cellulose enterprises are involved in the production of wood pulp in Russia. The main pulp production falls on five large enterprises. So, according to the results of 2015, the five leading pulp and paper mills account for 64% of the volume of domestic pulp production.
It should be said that in 2015 the share of commercial cellulose output by the five leading pulp and paper mills is 93% of the total output of this product in Russia as a whole. It is obvious that the leaders of the pulp industry are also the main producers of the marketable product. If we consider the total output of market pulp of the five giant pulp and paper mills, it should be noted that the share of market pulp produced by these pulp and paper mills in 2015 accounts for 46% of the total output of pulp for cooking at these enterprises. The undoubted leaders in this five for the sale of market pulp are such enterprises of the Ilim Group as the pulp and paper mill in Ust-Ilimsk and the pulp and paper mill in Bratsk.
Today, the Russian pulp and paper market is characterized by extreme concentration and readiness for any external changes, as well as a tough policy to reduce costs. At the same time, the activity of the pulp and paper mill largely depends on the tariff policy of Russian natural monopolies. Thus, the constant rise in prices for energy resources, transport, increasing environmental requirements, the rise in the cost of raw materials have an extremely negative impact on the cost of cellulose. All this negates the traditional competitive advantages of the Russian pulp and paper industry against the background of the introduction of new capacities in Brazil and Southeast Asia, which operate on short-fiber hardwood pulp, for example, eucalyptus. In the face of such a challenge, Russian players are forced to carry out a complete technical re-equipment and reconstruction of production facilities, maintaining a competitive production cost.
Over the past ten years, the branch of Ilim-Pulp Group in Koryazhma has steadily occupied the leading position in terms of pulp cooking. From 2006 to 2013 inclusive, the second place in terms of pulping was firmly entrenched in the Arkhangelsk PPM. However, since 2014 this enterprise has been ranked fifth in the list of enterprises, ranked by pulp production. At the same time, the company - a branch of the Ilim-Pulp Group in Bratsk due to a significant increase in the output of bleached sulphate pulp, since 2014 moved to the second place. A significant increase in pulp production in 2014 at the level of 31% was also noted at Mondi SLPK JSC, which allowed this enterprise to take the third place, in 2015 the growth continued, amounting to 6%. In the fourth place in the list of leading pulp and paper mills for pulping is the branch of Ilim-Pulp Group in Ust-Ilimsk. And the list of the "first echelon" of the pulp and paper mill in terms of brewing volumes in Russia in 2015, as noted above, is closed by the Arkhangelsk pulp and paper mill.
The diagram shows that in 2015 the main growth in pulp production for cooking comes from Ilim in Bratsk - an increase of 17%. Mondi SLPK increased its pulp output by 6% over the year. Pulp cooking at Ilim Koryazhma and APPM increased by about 1%. The enterprise in Ust-Ilimsk in 2015 reduced the production of cellulose by 1%.
The diagram shows the dynamics of pulp production by cooking by the leading pulp and paper mills of Russia over the past six years. The main growth in pulp production over the period under review was in 2014 - during this year two enterprises, namely Ilim Bratsk and Mondi SLPK, each increased their pulping volumes by more than a third. Recall that such a significant increase in the level of cooking at the pulp and paper mill in Bratsk was due to the completion of the investment project "Bolshoy Bratsk" - it was this year that the enterprise reached 90% of its capacity. A new drying machine was launched at Mondi Syktyvkar in November 2014 (100 thousand tons of ECF-bleached commercial softwood SFA cellulose per year). At the rest of the pulp and paper mills from the "first echelon" over the past five to six years, there have been no significant changes in the level of pulping.
The unchanged leader in the production of cellulose over the past ten years has been the subsidiary of the Group Ilim-Pulp in Koryazhma (Arkhangelsk region, until 2007 - Kotlas PPM). The share of the Koryazhma branch in terms of pulping in Russia in 2015 was 15.2%.
The basis of pulp production at the Koryazhma branch is sulphate bleached hardwood pulp. The enterprise also produces unbleached sulphate softwood pulp. Since 2005, the annual volumes of pulping at the Koryazhma Branch have consistently exceeded one million tons.
In 2015, the increase in brewing volumes at the Ilim Group branch in Koryazhma was small, 0.8%, the output amounted to 1,194 thousand tons. A year earlier, in 2014, the Koryazhma pulp and paper mill reached full capacity for the production of semi-cellulose (310 thousand tons). We would like to remind that in September 2009 the Ilim Group in Koryazhma completed a major investment project - the construction of a plant for continuous cooking of neutral sulfate semi-cellulose (NSPTs). For the production of semi-cellulose, hardwood is used, the reserves of which in the region are still large. Also in 2014, as part of the Bolshaya Koryazhma investment program, the plant launched the production of the first and only premium office paper in Russia under the Ballet Brilliant brand. And in December 2013, the production of the country's first cellulose coated paper under the Omela brand was launched.
The Pulp and Paper Mill in Koryazhma is one of the largest wood-chemical enterprises in Europe. By the end of 2015, Ilim in Koryazhma sold almost a quarter of the pulp produced for export. The main volume of pulp, which is produced by the pulp and paper mill in Koryazhma, is used for the production of offset paper for printing, office, sack and wallpaper paper, as well as coated paper "Omela". The plant also produces cardboard for flat layers of corrugated cardboard (kraftliner), paper for fluting (fluting), and products of wood chemical and biochemical processing.
At approximately the same level, the volume of pulping was recorded at the pulp and paper mill in Bratsk (Irkutsk region, formerly Bratsk pulp and paper mill). Branch share Ilim in Bratsk in 2015 amounted to 14.8% in the total volume of cooking in Russia. The pulp and paper mill in Bratsk reached full capacity in 2015, which contributed to an increase in the output of pulp for cooking by 17% - the output of bleached sulphate pulp increased in 2015 to 1,167 thousand tons.
As a reminder, in 2014 the priority investment project Bolshoy Bratsk was completed. This year the plant reached 90% capacity. At the same time, the enterprise increased the volume of cooking by 36% over the year. Noting the dynamics of pulp production by cooking at the Bratsk branch of the Ilim Group, we recall that in 2012-2013 the enterprise was forced to reduce the production of pulp due to the modernization of production in connection with the implementation of the Bolshoy Bratsk project. As a reminder, the official launching ceremony for the new SFA softwood pulp mill took place in June 2013. In fact, a new pulp mill with a capacity of 720 thousand tons of softwood pulp per year was put into operation. The Big Bratsk project has become one of the largest projects in the pulp and paper industry in Russia over the past 30 years.
Today the pulp and paper mill in Bratsk produces sulphate bleached softwood pulp, sulphate unbleached softwood pulp, as well as sulphate bleached hardwood pulp. The share of market pulp production in 2015 accounts for the largest amount of pulp production at the plant. And the enterprise leaves only a quarter of production for processing. Thus, the bulk of the pulp production is exported. One of the strategic markets for Ilim Group is China, with which the company has been cooperating since 1996.
Share JSC "Mondi SLPK" (Mondi Business Paper Syktyvkar LPK, Komi Republic, formerly Syktyvkar LPK) in 2015, the total volume of Russian pulp production amounted to 12.8%. The volume of pulping at Mondi SLPK in 2015 reached the level of 1,011 thousand tons, including 90% of bleached sulphate pulp, and about 10% of the pulp production falls on the production of Komicell pulp. Mondi SLPK started the production of a new cellulose product - bleached softwood pulp of European quality under the KOMICELL brand in 2014.
Recall that in March 2015, a new mechanical wastewater treatment plant was launched at Mondi Syktyvkar. The facility was built as part of a wastewater treatment plant modernization project. In 2015, the enterprise increased the volume of pulp cooking by 5.8%. It should be reminded that a year earlier Mondi SLPK significantly increased the volume of pulp cooking - the production of pulp for this year increased by more than a third. Recall that in November 2014, a new drying machine was launched at Mondi Syktyvkar LPK (100 thousand tons of marketable softwood SFA pulp ECF bleached per year.)
The key event for Mondi SLPK was the implementation of the priority investment project "Step", the completion of which the company reported in 2010. The results of the STEP project were the modernization of technologies, an increase in the level of safety and environmental friendliness of the enterprise, an improvement in the quality and competitiveness of products, and an increase in overall efficiency. The volume of pulp cooking immediately began to grow - in the same year the company increased its pulp output by 22%. Over the next three years, the enterprise increased its output very slowly - in 2011 the growth was 1%. Already in 2012, Mondi Syktyvkar LPK fully mastered the new production facilities built in the course of the STEP project, as a result of which it increased cooking by 2%.
At the end of 2015, Mondi SLPK 11% of the production of pulp for cooking falls on the production of market pulp. Up to 90% of the pulp production goes to our own paper production. JSC "Mondi SLPK" specializes in the production of office paper (the most famous is office paper of the "Snegurochka" brand) and offset paper, also produces newsprint, cardboard for flat layers of corrugated cardboard "top-liner".
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The fourth in the list of leaders in pulp cooking is the Siberian plant of the Group "Ilim" in Ust-Ilimsk "
(Irkutsk region, formerly Ust-Ilimsk PPM). The share of the Ust-Ilimsk branch in terms of pulp cooking in Russia as a whole in 2015 was 11%.
In 2015, the Ust-Ilimsk branch reduced the volume of pulping compared to 2014 by 1% to the level of 858 thousand tons. As a reminder, a year earlier, pulp production increased by 4.3%. Pulp production at this mill has been falling since 2008 for three years. However, the decline was insignificant. The recovery of the brew volumes lost during the crisis occurred in 2011 due to an 11 percent growth. In 2012, the volume of pulping at the Ust-Ilimsk branch increased again - an increase of 2%. However, in 2013, the company had to reduce its cooking volumes by 1%.
Today, the branch of the Ilim Group in Ust-Ilimsk produces sulphate bleached softwood and sulphate unbleached softwood pulp. In 2015, market pulp accounts for 93% of the total pulp for pulping of the pulp and paper mill in Ust-Ilimsk. The enterprise exports commercial bleached pulp to European and Asian countries.
Arkhangelsk PPM closes the top five in terms of pulping. It should be noted that two years earlier this enterprise occupied the second line in the list of the "first echelon" pulp and paper mill. APPM in 2015 accounts for 10.5% of the total domestic production of pulp for cooking.
In 2015 APPM increased the indicators of 2014 in terms of pulping by 0.9%, to 827 thousand tons. A significant event for APPM was the launch of a new semi-cellulose plant in 2015. The semi-cellulose mill will replace the existing site for the production of neutral sulfite semi-cellulose. The commissioning of the plant will allow minimizing the cost of producing cardboard and base paper for corrugation, improving their quality characteristics and significantly reducing the cost of production, including by reducing the consumption of wood raw materials. As a reminder, the contract for the construction of a new semi-pulp mill with Andritz was signed in March 2012. And already in September 2015, APPM started the second stage of the priority investment project "Reconstruction of cardboard production".
In addition to the launch of a semi-cellulose plant, in accordance with the adopted development strategy of the company, Arkhangelsk PPM implemented the first stage of the 2020 Project: during 2013–2015. the reconstruction of the grinding and preparatory departments of two CDMs was carried out and the reconstruction of the mesh part of the CDM-1 was carried out.
Today APPM also plans to produce fluff pulp - fluff pulp - for the production of various absorbent products (baby diapers, medical products made of nonwoven materials, etc.). Today such cellulose is not produced in Russia.
Over the past four years, since 2012, APPM has annually reduced the volume of pulping. The decline is not high. For example, in 2014 APPM reduced the level of pulp production by 3%. The decrease was caused by equipment shutdowns, both planned and emergency.
Arkhangelsk PPM produces bleached sulphate pulp. At the end of 2015, the share of market pulp production accounted for about 28% of the total pulp production at APPM. Moreover, the volume of production of bleached SFA cellulose intended for sale increased by 8% over the year, amounting to 235 thousand tons. The rest goes to our own production. Now the APPM includes two factories for the production of paper, a workshop for paper products, where dozens of types of products are produced. The company specializes in the production of cardboard, packaging, cellulose and exercise books.
In the total volume of pulp cooking in Russia as a whole, the "top five" pulp and paper enterprises at the end of 2015, as before, occupy a high share - the level of pulp production for cooking reaches 65%. Structurally, for each of the leading pulp and paper mills, the share of pulp cooking in the scale of Russian production in 2015 is shown in the diagram.
The logging industry is a branch of harvesting, hauling, primary processing and partial processing of large timber and logging waste. It includes the following productions:
Logging, consisting of a complex of logging operations and timber removal;
Forest jogging, which involves the extraction of resin and the preparation of pneumatic resin;
Timber rafting, including primary (mainly along small rivers) and transit (mainly along large rivers and reservoirs), including work on the rafting of timber, its initial rolling into water and the formation of boards;
Timber handling operations related to the transfer of timber products from one type of transport to another.
In addition, the logging industry includes production for the use of low-value wood and waste: sawmilling, sleepers, production of technological chips, container boards and other products.
Logging location on the territory of Russia.
The location of logging on the territory of Russia is determined by the availability of timber and labor resources, the location of enterprises and timber consumers, the historical course of the economic development of the territory, the conditions of transport development, etc. However, the raw factor plays the main role.
This industry in Russia is characterized by a discrepancy between the reserves of forest resources and the main areas of the logging industry. Thus, 75% of the total timber stock falls on Siberia and the Far East, but the share of these regions in timber harvesting does not exceed 40%, although in recent years the richest resources of the Asian part of Russia are being developed at a high rate. During the 90s, the share of the European part of the country in the total volume of timber export decreased from 64.4 to 61%, while the share of the eastern zone increased from 35.6 to 39%. In 1995, the export of timber in Russia amounted to 174 million cubic meters. m of commercial timber compared to 499.3 million cubic meters. in USA.
Pulp and paper industry
Pulp and paper industry - the most difficult branch of the forestry complex, associated with mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood. It includes the production of pulp, paper, cardboard and articles thereof. This industry is different:
High material consumption: to obtain 1 ton of cellulose, an average of 5-6 cubic meters is required. wood;
Large water capacity: an average of 350 cubic meters is consumed per 1 ton of cellulose. water;
Significant energy consumption: 1 ton of products requires an average of 2000 kW / h;
Consequently, pulp and paper enterprises focus on forest resources near large water sources. They are mainly located in the European part of the country.
The first place in paper production belongs to the northern economic region, in which Karelia stands out especially (Kondopozhsky and Serzhsky pulp and paper mills). The Solombala PPM is located in the Arkhangelsk region. Large pulp and paper mills are located in Kotlas, Novodvinsk, Syktyvkar.
The second place is occupied by the Ural economic region. Production is almost entirely concentrated in the Perm region: Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk, Perm, etc. In the Sverdlovsk region, pulp and paper mills are located in Turinsk and Novaya Lyala.
In third place is the Volgo-Vyatka region. The largest enterprises operate in the Nizhny Novgorod region (Pravdinsky Balakhninsky PPM), in the Republic of Mari El (Mari PPM in Volzhsk).
The pulp and paper industry is also developed in the Northwestern economic region, mainly in the Leningrad region (the cities of Syassk and Svetogorsk), in Eastern Siberia (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk, Selenginsky, Baikalsky pulp and paper mills). In the Far East, production is concentrated in the cities of Korsakov, Kholmsk, Uglegorsk, Amursk, etc.
Paper production historically originated in the Central Economic Region, close to consumers of raw materials. It is currently the most developed:
In the Northern economic region, especially in the Republic of Karelia, which gives 20% of the total production of Russia, in the Komi Republic, whose share is 12%;
In the Ural economic region, mainly in the Perm region, which accounts for 15.1% of all Russian production;
In the Volgo-Vyatka economic region, primarily in the Nizhny Novgorod region, which produces 8.6% of all paper in the country;
The highest rates in the production of cardboard are characterized by:
Northern economic region, mainly the Arkhangelsk region, which gives 21.4% of all cardboard in Russia;
Northwest economic region, primarily the Leningrad region - 7.8% of total production;
The East Siberian economic region, in which the Irkutsk region is distinguished, giving 7.3%, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory - 4.8%;
The Far Eastern economic region, especially the Khabarovsk Territory, which produces 4.6% of the country's total cardboard;
Central economic region, including the Moscow region, giving 2.0%.
In the structure of the forestry complex, 12% by value falls on cellulose, 8% on paper, cardboard and products from them.
A modern feature of the industry has become the creation of timber industry complexes (LPK), which are a territorial combination of logging and various industries of the timber industry. The Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Yeniseysk, Asinovskiy LPK are distinguished in Siberia; Amur LPK - in the Far East; Arkhangelsk and Syktyvkarsk LPK - in the Northern economic region.
Timber industry complexes are especially promising for areas with rich forest resources, but characterized by a shortage of labor resources, poor development, and harsh climatic conditions. This is mainly Siberia and the Far East.
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