If you look at the world map of the early XX century. and to try to compare it with the modern map, it is not difficult to make sure that this century is not called a turning point for nothing. The outlines of continents and oceans, deserts and mountains seem to have remained the same (although geographers will say that they are also changing). But the political map has become completely different. Instead of some countries, others appeared on it. Not only the borders of many states have changed, but also their political structure: monarchies have turned into republics, colonies into independent states, etc.

Let's start with production. As you already know, the rapid development of industry in the last decades of the XIX century. accompanied by the emergence of new, technically more advanced and productive machines, vehicles, etc. This led to the enlargement of production.

In the first decades of the XX century. many significant events took place in the countries of Asia, which gave contemporaries a reason to talk about the "awakening" of Asia. Historians explain this phenomenon in different ways. Some believe that its main content was the entry of Asian countries on the path of capitalist development, modernization, i.e.

The events of the world war turned out to be a difficult test for the peoples. At its final stage, it became obvious that some of the warring states could not withstand the difficulties that befell them. First of all, these were multinational empires: Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman. The burden of war they bore exacerbated social and national contradictions.

The war and the events that followed it led to the intensification of nationalist movements in a number of European countries. In some cases, nationalism was used as a means of mobilizing people to achieve military victory. In others, it was necessary to strengthen the foundations of the newly emerging independent states.

What is culture? There are many answers to this question. In a broad sense, culture is everything that is created by the mind and hands of a person. There is a material and spiritual culture, a culture of work, everyday life, etc. The main subject of our consideration is “culture and time”.

In the early morning of September 1, 1939, German troops invaded Poland. Goebbels' propaganda presented this event as a response to the "capture by Polish soldiers" of a radio station in the German border town of Gleiwitz, which took place the day before (it later turned out that the staging of the attack in Gleiwitz was organized by the German security service, using German death row prisoners dressed in Polish military uniforms). Germany sent 57 divisions against Poland.

The first post-war years were the time of the revival of peaceful life. In the countries affected by the war, cities, industrial enterprises, and cultural monuments were rebuilt again. There are known examples when residents rebuilt their cities literally from ruins and ashes. Among such cities resurrected from oblivion were Stalingrad, Warsaw and others.

The United States of America withdrew from World War II, significantly increasing its political and economic influence in the world. The continental territory of the United States, unlike European countries, was not a battlefield; human losses were much lower than those of other participants in the war (about 300 thousand people).

With the return to a peaceful life in post-war Europe, it was necessary first of all to restore the economy. In a relatively short time, by the end of the 1940s, most European countries had reached their pre-war levels of industrial production. The rapid growth of production led to a reduction in unemployment and an improvement in the social situation. All strata of society were interested in reviving the economy.

In the summer of 1980, workers' protests began in Poland, triggered by yet another rise in prices. Gradually, they covered the cities of the northern coast of the country. In Gdansk, on the basis of the interfactory strike committee, the trade union association Solidarity was formed.

First, the composition of the participants in mass communication has never been so numerous and varied (in terms of age, education, official position, political, religious, social views, party orientation).

Secondly, official censorship has almost disappeared, so people express their thoughts more freely, their speech becomes more open, confidential, and relaxed.

Thirdly, spontaneous, spontaneous, unprepared speech begins to prevail.

Fourth, the variety of communication situations leads to a change in the nature of communication. It frees itself from rigid formality, becomes more relaxed.

New conditions for the functioning of the language, the emergence of a large number of unprepared public speeches lead not only to the democratization of speech, but also to a sharp decline in its culture. How is it shown?

First, in violation of the orthoepic (pronunciation), grammatical norms of the Russian language. Scientists, journalists, poets, ordinary citizens write about this. Especially a lot of criticism is caused by the speech of deputies, television and radio workers.

Secondly, at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, the democratization of the language reached such proportions that it would be more correct to call the process liberalization, or more precisely, vulgarization.

On the pages of periodicals, into the speech of educated people, a stream of jargon, vernacular elements and other non-literary means flooded: grandmother, piece, piece, steward, bastard, pump out, wash, unfasten, scroll and many others. etc. The words tusovka, disassembly, lawlessness, the last word in the meaning of "lawlessness without limits" has become especially popular, even in official speech.

For speakers, public speakers, the measure of admissibility has changed, if not, it is completely absent. Swearing, "obscene language", "unprintable word" today can be found on the pages of independent newspapers, free publications, in the texts of works of art. Dictionaries containing not only slang words, thieves, but also obscene ones are sold in shops and book markets.

Morphological way of word formation

This is the most productive way of word production. In its most general form, the morphological way of forming words is divided into: the formation of simple words and the formation of complex words.

Formation of simple words.

The formation of simple words is carried out using 4 varieties of the affix way of word formation (affixation): prefix (prefix), suffix (suffix), suffix-prefix (or prefix-suffix), non-suffix (zero suffix).

Formation of compound words.

Formation of continuous words. Complex words are formed by adding stems.

Formation of compound words. Compound compound words are formed from two separately formed words (not stems) with the declension of both addition members: carriage-r "estoran (carriage / a-r" estoran / a), concert-riddle (at the concert "/ e-riddle" / e ). Compound words with the declension of only the second word (k "ilovatt-h" as, pr "em" jer-m "in" istr) are usually referred to as continuous words, formed without connecting vowels. Complex words formed by doubling the stems are often considered as contiguous ones: jel "e-jel" e, little by little.

Morphological and syntactic way of word formation

Morphological-syntactic is a method of word formation in which a new word is formed by the transition of one part of speech to another in certain syntactic conditions. And although there are no external changes in the word, it has a new meaning and a new syntactic function, new relationships between morphemes appear in it, and it acquires new grammatical properties. Two processes are usually distinguished here.

Lexico-syntactic way of word formation.

The lexico-syntactic way of word formation consists in the production of new words by merging the words of a phrase into one word. In this case, a new lexical unit is created based on the syntactic unit as a result of the join:

A service word with a significant: for husband - for / husband, on in "ek - on / in" ek, in n "from - in / n" from.

The place of computer slang in the language

All vocabulary of a particular language is divided into literary and non-literary. Literary include:

1) book words

2) standard colloquial words

3) neutral words

All this is vocabulary used either in literature or in oral speech in an official setting. There is also non-literary vocabulary, we divide it into:

1) Professionalism

2) Vulgarisms

3) slang

The reasons for the rapid formation of computer slang.

The process of language development and renewal never stops. Although the kinematic processes in the language are most clearly revealed when considering the language in a historical perspective, they are not limited to it, since the impulses of change come not only from the historically changing environment, but also from that synchronous cultural-discursive space in which a particular language is currently functioning. ...

While there was debate in scientific circles about the structure of the new system of international relations, a number of events that took place at the turn of the century, in fact, dotted all the i's.

Several stages can be distinguished:

1.11991 - 2000 - this stage can be defined as a period of crisis of the entire international system and a period of crisis in Russia. At that time, the idea of ​​unipolarity led by the United States was categorically dominant in world politics, and Russia was perceived as a “former superpower”, as a “losing side” in the Cold War, some researchers even write about the possible collapse of the Russian Federation in the near future (for example, Z. Brzezinski ). As a result, during this period, there was a certain diktat regarding the actions of the Russian Federation on the part of the world community.

This was largely due to the fact that the foreign policy of the Russian Federation in the early 90s of the XX century had a clear “pro-American vector”. Other tendencies in foreign policy appeared after about 1996, thanks to the replacement of the Westernist A. Kozyrev as the foreign minister by the statesman E. Primakov. The difference in the positions of these figures led not only to a change in the vector of Russian policy - it is becoming more independent, but many analysts started talking about transforming the model of Russian foreign policy. Changes introduced by E.M. Primakov, may well be called the consistent "Primakov doctrine." "Its essence: to interact with the world's major actors without being rigidly attached to anyone." According to the Russian researcher A. Pushkov, “this is the“ third way ”that avoids the extremes of the“ Kozyrev doctrine ”(“ the position of the junior and America’s agreeable partner for everything or almost all ”) and nationalist doctrine (“ to distance ourselves from Europe, the USA and institutions - NATO, IMF, World Bank "), try to become an independent center of attraction for all those who have not developed relations with the West, from the Bosnian Serbs to the Iranians."

After Yevgeny Primakov's resignation from the post of prime minister in 1999, the geostrategy he had defined was basically continued - in fact, there was no other alternative to it and it responded to Russia's geopolitical ambitions. Thus, finally, Russia was able to formulate its own geostrategy, conceptually well-grounded and quite practical. It is quite natural that the West did not accept it, since it was ambitious: Russia still intends to play the role of a world power and is not going to agree with the downgrading of its global status.

2. 2000-2008 - the beginning of the second stage was undoubtedly marked to a greater extent by the events of September 11, 2001, as a result of which the idea of ​​unipolarity is actually collapsing in the world. In political and scientific circles, the United States is gradually beginning to talk about a departure from hegemonic politics and the need to establish a world leadership of the United States, supported by its closest associates from the developed world.

In addition, at the beginning of the XXI century, there is a change of political leaders in almost all leading countries. In Russia, the new President V. Putin comes to power and the situation begins to change.

Putin finally confirms the idea of ​​a multipolar world as the basic one in Russia's foreign policy strategy. In such a multipolar structure, Russia claims to be one of the main players, along with China, France, Germany, Brazil and India. However, the United States does not want to give up its leadership. As a result, a real geopolitical war is being played out, and the main battles are being played out in the post-Soviet space (for example, "color revolutions", gas conflicts, the problem of NATO expansion at the expense of a number of countries in the post-Soviet space, etc.).

The second stage is defined by some researchers as “post-American”: “We live in the post-American period of world history. It is actually a multipolar world based on 8-10 pillars. They are not equally strong, but they have enough autonomy. These are the USA, Western Europe, China, Russia, Japan, but also Iran and South America, where Brazil has a leading role. South Africa on the African continent and other pillars - centers of power. " However, this is not a "post-US world" and even less so without the US. It is a world where the rise of other global “centers of power” and their growing influence are diminishing the relative importance of America's role that has been observed in the global economy and trade in recent decades. A real "global political awakening" is taking place, as Z. Brzezinski writes in his latest book. This "global awakening" is determined by such multidirectional forces as economic success, national dignity, an increase in the level of education, information "weapons", the historical memory of peoples. Hence, in particular, there is a rejection of the American version of world history.

3. 2008 - present - the third stage, first of all, was marked by the coming to power in Russia of a new president - D.A. Medvedev. In general, the foreign policy of the times of V. Putin was continued.

In addition, the events in Georgia in August 2008 played a key role at this stage:

firstly, the war in Georgia has become evidence that the "transitional" period of the transformation of the international system is over;

secondly, there was a final alignment of forces at the interstate level: it became obvious that the new system has completely different foundations and Russia can play a key role here by developing a kind of global concept based on the idea of ​​multipolarity.

“After 2008, Russia moved to a position of consistent criticism of the global activities of the United States, defending the prerogatives of the UN, the inviolability of sovereignty and the need to strengthen the regulatory framework in the security sphere. The United States, on the other hand, is showing disdain for the UN, contributing to the "interception" of a number of its functions by other organizations - NATO in the first place. American politicians put forward the idea of ​​creating new international organizations according to the political and ideological principle - on the basis of the conformity of their future members with democratic ideals. American diplomacy is stimulating anti-Russian tendencies in the policies of the countries of Eastern and Southeastern Europe and is trying to create regional associations in the CIS without the participation of Russia, ”writes Russian researcher T. Shakleina.

Russia, together with the United States, are trying to form a certain adequate model of Russian-American interaction "in the conditions of a weakening of the general governance (governance) of the world system." The model that existed before that was adapted to take into account the interests of the United States, since Russia for a long time was busy with the restoration of its own forces and largely depended on relations with the United States.

Today, many reproach Russia for its ambitiousness and intention to compete with the United States. American researcher A. Cohen writes: “... Russia has noticeably tightened its international policy and is increasingly relying on force, rather than international law in achieving its goals ... including the Far North ".

Such statements form the current context of statements about Russia's participation in world politics. The desire of the Russian leadership to limit the US diktat in all international affairs is obvious, but thanks to this, there is an increase in the competitiveness of the international environment. Nevertheless, "a decrease in the intensity of contradictions is possible if all countries, not only Russia, realize the importance of mutually beneficial cooperation and mutual concessions." It is necessary to work out a new global paradigm for the further development of the world community, based on the idea of ​​multi-vector and polycentricity.

At the end of 1991, a new state arose on the international political arena - the Russian Federation (RF), which included 89 regions, including 21 autonomous republics. State power consisted of a two-tier system of representative power - the Congress of People's Deputies and the bicameral Verkhovna Rada. The president was elected the head of the executive branch by popular vote. Yeltsin.

at the end of October 1991. the plan of economic reforms was announced at the Congress of People's Deputies by President M. Yeltsin. Although the program of economic reforms was proclaimed by the President, its adoption and implementation began to be linked to the Yes. Gaidar, who took the place of Deputy Prime Minister for Economics, and then the Prime Minister of Russia. The radical economic reform included the introduction of free prices from January 1992, which was supposed to determine the market value of goods and eliminate the commodity deficit. Trade liberalization was supposed to speed up the exchange of goods, create an infrastructure for the sale of the maximum possible volumes of domestic and imported products. Finally, the widespread and rapid privatization of housing and state-owned enterprises was supposed to turn the masses of the population into owners, create labor, savings and other economic incentives for them. As before, the people were promised that liberal reforms would not worsen but improve their well-being. It will be worse, the reformers said, only half a year, and by the end of 1992 the economy will stabilize, and the prosperity will gradually increase.

However, prices immediately increased by 10-12 times, and salaries and pensions increased by only 70%, which led to the fact that the majority of the population fell below the poverty line. Over the year, prices have increased 26 times. The payments of citizens' monetary savings have ceased.

Radical reforms, the so-called "shock therapy", caused not only the discontent of the broad masses, but also quite wide opposition in the Verkhovna Rada, which adopted a resolution condemning the reforms, and recommended to the president to change the composition of the government. A way out of this crisis was found through bilateral concessions.

Another crisis between radical reformers and conservatives arose as a result of lending to industry. The Verkhovna Rada, in order to stop the economic collapse of entire industries and the possible social explosion in the event of mass unemployment, insisted on financial assistance to enterprises. The Central Bank of Russia provided such loans. It was a blow to the reforms. In the second half of 1992, the average monthly growth rate of the money supply increased from 11.4% to 28%. The ruble fell sharply. High inflation made it impossible for financial and monetary stabilization and minimization of the budget deficit.

Resistance to reforms received fairly wide support in society, primarily in the branches of the military-industrial complex and budgetary spheres, where the majority of the population was employed. Therefore, adjustments were made to the reform course. One of the main concepts in the government's ideology was the concept of quickly creating broad support for reforms through the formation of a middle class of owner-shareholders of privatized enterprises. 24 thousand enterprises were privatized. Thus, the public sector lost its leading role in the industrial sphere. However, the reforms did not receive broad social support because the middle class did not grow very much.

In order to reduce social tension in the summer of 1992, a wage reform was carried out in the public sector. A wage scale of 18 sections was introduced, which took into account the complexity of work, qualifications, educational level of workers. The 7th Congress of People's Deputies, held in December 1992, became an arena of acute struggle between reformers and conservatives. The President oriented the congress towards establishing a political respite for at least a year or a year and a half. However, the congress remained deaf to these calls. The climax and finale of the congress were full of drama. The congress set itself the goal of overthrowing the government. The President called the congress "a stronghold of conservative forces and reaction" and appealed to the citizens of Russia with a proposal to urgently hold a nationwide referendum with the question: who are you instructing to lead the country out of the crisis: the congress and the Supreme Soviet or the president?

a head-on collision between the president and the congress also ended in a compromise. The congress recognized the right of the president to have his own candidacy for the post of prime minister, and the president agreed to propose not one, but three candidates to the congress for voting. B.S. Chernomyrdin was entrusted with forming the new government.

The reforms associated with Gaidar's name lasted for one year. Their results were contradictory. The ideologues of the reforms argued that as a result of their implementation, the mechanism of market formation of supply and demand was moved off the ground, banking and intermediary, sales and other infrastructure of a market economy began to form, an increase in prices and trade liberalization filled the counters with goods inaccessible to most citizens. A wide layer of businessmen, bankers, traders emerged, and the entrepreneurial mentality became part of the public consciousness.

Critics of the reforms saw their results in a completely different light. They focused on the prohibitively high social cost of reforms. The real incomes of the population fell by 44%. The share of expenditures on food in the family budget averaged 60%, and in retired families - 80-90% of monetary receipts. Funding for science, culture, education, and medicine has dropped sharply.

1992 brought serious changes in the alignment of political forces in Russia, which can be briefly summarized as follows: the camp of democrats is increasingly splitting, and the conservatives are closing their ranks more closely. At the end of 1992, there was practically no political party left in Russia that would unconditionally support the previous reformist course.

The new government already in its first document stated the catastrophic state of the Russian economy. However, the priorities of government policy for 1993 basically repeated the Gaidar approaches. The main among them were declared the strengthening of the ruble, financial stabilization and the fight against inflation. The Russian president took the new government under his tutelage, and offered the legislators to make a choice: either conclude an agreement with the executive branch on the basis of recognizing its right to pursue a preliminary course, or hold a popular referendum, which should decide who - the president or legislators - should be entrusted with power. ...

However, lawmakers were not going to make concessions to the government on the issue of separation of powers. A shaky compromise recently reached and Vlad's antagonism quickly became even more acute. One of the main reasons for the conflict between the executive and the legislature, which ended in a bloody battle in October 1993, was the divergence on the issue of socio-economic and political course. Most of the legislators were supporters of a regulated economy. The advocates of radical market relations were in the minority. Another important reason for the antagonism was the lack of experience of interaction within the framework of power distribution systems, which Russia practically did not know. Legislators tried to push the government to the margins of the state. The Russian president, in turn, has shown a tendency to ignore the will of obstinate legislators. They agreed to a referendum, but they formulated the question themselves. The first three of the four were directly directed against the president: do you trust the president, approve of modern socio-economic policy, do you consider early presidential elections necessary, do you consider early elections of people's deputies necessary. The referendum brought success to Yeltsin, strengthening his legitimacy. 58.7% voted for trust in the president, 53% of voters supported the socio-economic policy of the president and the government. However, this did not ease tensions between the two authorities. Moreover, the parliamentary and presidential groups have started an open psychological war. A bitter struggle between the legislative and executive branches continued throughout the summer.

Contemporary Russian literature (literature of the late 20th century - early 21st century)

Direction,

its time frame

Content

(definition, its "identification marks")

Representatives

1.Postmodernism

(early 1970s - early 21st century)

1. This is a philosophical and cultural trend, a special mentality. It arose in France in the 1960s, in an atmosphere of intellectual resistance to the total offensive of mass culture on human consciousness. In Russia, when Marxism collapsed as an ideology providing a reasonable approach to life, rational explanation went away and an awareness of irrationality came. Postmodernism focused on the phenomenon of fragmentation, split in the consciousness of the individual. Postmodernism does not give advice, but describes a state of consciousness. The art of postmodernism is ironic, sarcastic, grotesque (after I.P. Ilyin)

2. According to the critic BM Paramonov, “postmodernism is the irony of a sophisticated person who does not deny the high, but understands the need for the low”

Its "identification marks": 1. Rejection of any hierarchy... The boundaries between high and low, important and secondary, real and fictional, author's and non-author's, have been erased. All stylistic and genre differences, all taboos, including profanity, have been removed. There is no respect for any authorities, shrines. There is no striving for any positive ideal. The most important techniques: grotesque; irony reaching the point of cynicism; oxymoron.

2.Intertextuality (quotation). Since the boundaries between reality and literature have been abolished, the whole world is perceived as text. The postmodernist is sure that one of his tasks is to interpret the legacy of the classics. In this case, the plot of the work most often does not have an independent meaning, and the main thing for the author is playing with the reader, who is supposed to identify plot moves, motives, images, hidden and explicit reminiscences (borrowings from classical works, designed for the reader's memory) in the text.

3.Expanding the readership by attracting mass genres: detective stories, melodramas, science fiction.

The works that marked the beginning of modern Russian postmodern

prose, traditionally considered "Pushkin House" by Andrey Bitov and "Moscow-Petushki" by Venedikt Erofeev. (although the novel and the story were written in the late 1960s, they became facts of literary life only in the late 1980s, after publication.

2.Neorealism

(newrealism, new realism)

(1980s-1990s)

Borders are very fluid

It is a creative method that draws on tradition and at the same time can use the achievements of other creative methods, combining reality and phantasmagoria.

"Life-like" ceases to be the main characteristic of realistic writing; legends, myth, revelation, utopia are organically combined with the principles of realistic knowledge of reality.

The documentary "truth of life" is forced out into the thematically limited spheres of literature that recreates the life of this or that "local society", be it the "army chronicles" of O. Ermakov, O. Khandusya, A. Terekhov or the new "village" stories of A. Varlamov (" House in the village"). However, the gravitation towards a literally understood realistic tradition is most clearly manifested in mass pulp fiction - in detective stories and “police” novels by A. Marinina, F. Neznansky, Ch. Abdullaev and others.

Vladimir Makanin "The Underground, or a Hero of Our Time";

Lyudmila Ulitskaya "Medea and Her Children";

Alexey Slapovsky "I am not me"

(the first steps were taken in the late 1970s in the "prose of the forties", which includes the works of V. Makanin, A. Kim, R. Kireev, A. Kurchatkin and some other writers.

3Neonaturalism

Its origins lie in the "natural school" of Russian realism of the 19th century, with its aim to recreate any aspects of life and the absence of thematic restrictions.

The main objects of the image: a) marginal spheres of reality (prison life, nightlife in the streets, “everyday life” of a garbage dump); b) marginal heroes who "dropped out" from the usual social hierarchy (homeless people, thieves, prostitutes, murderers). There is a "physiological" spectrum of literary subjects: alcoholism, sexual lust, violence, illness and death). It is significant that the life of the “bottom” is interpreted not as a “different” life, but as an everyday life naked in its absurdity and cruelty: a zone, an army or a city dump is a “miniature” society, the same laws operate in it as in “ normal "world. However, the border between the worlds is conditional and permeable, and "normal" everyday life often looks like an outwardly "ennobled" version of the "dump"

Sergei Kaledin "The Humble Cemetery" (1987), "Stroybat" (1989);

Oleg Pavlov "The Treasury Tale" (1994) and "Karaganda Nines, or the Tale of the Last Days" (2001);

Roman Senchin "Minus" (2001) and "Athenian Nights"

4.Neosentimentalism

(new sentimentalism)

This is a literary movement that brings back and actualizes the memory of cultural archetypes.

The main subject of the image is private life (and often intimate life), perceived as the main value. The "sensitivity" of modern times is contrasted with the apathy and skepticism of postmodernism; it has passed the phase of irony and doubt. In an entirely fictitious world, only feelings and bodily sensations can claim authenticity.

The so-called women's prose: M. Paley "Cabiria from the bypass channel",

M. Vishnevetskaya "A month came out of the fog", L. Ulitskaya "Casus Kukotsky", works by Galina Shcherbakova

5.Postrealism

(or meta-realism)

Since the early 1990s.

This is a literary direction, an attempt to restore integrity, to attach a thing to meaning, an idea to reality; searching for truth, genuine values, turning to eternal themes or eternal prototypes of modern themes, saturation with archetypes: love, death, word, light, earth, wind, night. The material is history, nature, high culture. (according to M. Epstein)

“A new 'artistry paradigm' is being born. It is based on the universally understood principle of relativity, the dialogical comprehension of a continuously changing world and the openness of the author's position in relation to it, ”write M. Lipovetsky and N. Leiderman about post-realism.

The prose of post-realism carefully examines “the complex philosophical collisions unfolding in the daily struggle of the“ little man ”with the impersonal, alienated chaos of life.

Private life is interpreted as a unique “cell” of universal history, created by the individual efforts of a person, imbued with personal meanings, “stitched” with threads of a wide variety of connections with biographies and the fates of other people.

Post-Realist Writers:

L. Petrushevskaya

V. Makanin

S. Dovlatov

A. Ivanchenko

F. Gorenstein

N. Kononov

O. Slavnikova

Yu.Buida

A. Dmitriev

M. Kharitonov

V. Sharov

6.Post-postmodernism

(at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries)

Its aesthetic specificity is determined primarily by the formation of a new artistic environment - the environment of "techno-images". Unlike traditional “text images”, they require an interactive perception of cultural objects: contemplation / analysis / interpretation is replaced by the project activity of the reader or viewer.

The artistic object "dissolves" in the activity of the addressee, continuously transforming in cyberspace and being directly dependent on the design skills of the reader.

The characteristic features of the Russian version of post-postmodernism are a new sincerity, a new humanism, a new utopianism, a combination of interest in the past with an openness to the future, subjunctiveness.

Boris Akunin

P R O Z A (active lecture)

Leading Topics in Contemporary Literature:

    Autobiography in modern literature

A.P. Chudakov. "The haze lies on the cold steps"

A. Naiman "Stories about Anna Akhmatova", "The Glorious End of the Inglorious Generations", "Sir"

L. Zorin "Avenscene"

N. Korzhavin "In the temptations of a bloody era"

A. Terekhov "Babaev"

E. Popov "The True Story of the Green Musicians"

    New realistic prose

V. Makanin "Underground, or a Hero of Our Time"

L. Ulitskaya "Medea and her children", "Casus Kukotsky"

A. Volos "Khurramabad", "Real Estate"

A. Slapovsky "I am not me"

M. Vishnevetskaya "A month came out of the fog"

N. Gorlanova, V. Bukur "The Novel of Education"

M. Butov "Freedom"

D. Bykov "Spelling"

A. Dmitriev "The Tale of the Lost"

M. Paley "Cabiria from the bypass channel"

    The military theme in modern literature

V. Astafiev "The Merry Soldier", "Cursed and Killed"

O. Blotsky "Dragonfly"

S. Dyshev "See you in paradise"

G. Vladimov "General and his army"

O. Ermakov "Baptism"

A. Babchenko "Alkhan - Yurt"

A. Azalsky "Saboteur"

    The fate of the literature of the Russian emigration: "the third wave"

V. Voinovich "Moscow 2042", "Monumental propaganda"

V. Aksenov "Crimea Island", "Moscow Saga"

A. Gladilin "The Big Running Day", "The Rider's Shadow"

A. Zinoviev “Russian destiny. Confession of a renegade "

S. Dovlatov "Reserve", "Foreign woman. Branch"

Y. Mamleev "Eternal House"

A. Solzhenitsyn "Butting a calf with an oak", "A grain pleased between two millstones", "Stretch your eyes"

S. Bolmat "By themselves"

Yu.Druzhnikov "Angels at the tip of the needle"

    Russian postmodernism

A. Bitov "Pushkin House", V. Erofeev "Moscow-Petushki"

V. Sorokin "Queue", V. Pelevin "Life of insects"

D. Galkovsky "Endless dead end"

Yu Buida "The Prussian Bride"

E. Ger "Gift of the word"

P.Krusanov "Angel's Bite"

    Transformation of history in modern literature

S. Abramov "The Silent Angel Flew by"

V.Zalotukha "The Great Campaign for the Liberation of India (Revolutionary Chronicle)"

E. Popov "The Soul of a Patriot, or Various Messages to Ferfichkin"

V.Pietukh "The Enchanted Country"

V. Schepetnev "The sixth part of darkness"

    Science fiction, utopias and dystopias in modern literature

A. Gladilin "French Soviet Socialist Republic"

V. Makanin "Laz"

V. Rybakov "Gravilet" Tsarevich "

O.Divov "Culling"

D. Bykov "Justification"

Y. Latynina "Draw"

    Contemporary essay

I. Brodsky "Less than one", "One and a half rooms"

S. Lurie "Interpretation of Fate", "Conversation in favor of the dead", "Achievements of clairvoyance"

V. Erofeev "Commemoration for Soviet Literature", "Russian Flowers of Evil", "In the Labyrinth of Damned Questions"

B.Paramonov "The End of Style: Postmodernism", "Trace"

A. Genis "One: Cultural Studies", "Two: Investigations", "Three: Personal"

    Contemporary poetry.

Poetry at the turn of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century was influenced by postmodernism. There are two main poetic trends in modern poetry:

co n c e p t u a l i z m

m e t a e a l and z m

Appears in 1970. The definition is based on the idea of ​​a concept (concept - from the Latin "concept") - a concept, an idea that arises in a person when perceiving the meaning of a word. A concept in artistic creation is not just the lexical meaning of a word, but also those complex associations that each person has in connection with a word; the concept translates the lexical meaning into the sphere of concepts and images, giving rich opportunities for its free interpretation, speculation and imagination. The same concept can be understood by different people in different ways, depending on the personal perception of each, education level, cultural level and specific context.

Therefore, Sun. Nekrasov, who was at the origin of conceptualism, proposed the term "contextualism".

Representatives of the direction: Timur Kibirov, Dmitry Prigov, Lev Rubinstein and others.

This is a literary movement that depicts a deliberately complicated picture of the world around us with the help of expanded, interpenetrating metaphors. Metarealism is not a denial of traditional, customary realism, but an extension of it, a complication of the very concept of reality. Poets see not only the concrete, visible world, but also many secret things that are not visible to the naked eye; they receive the gift of seeing their very essence. After all, the reality that surrounds us is not the only one, according to the meta-realist poets.

Representatives of the direction: Ivan Zhdanov, Alexander Eremenko, Olga Sedakova and others.

    Contemporary drama

L. Petrushevskaya "What to do?", "Men's zone. Cabaret "," Again twenty-five "," Date "

A. Galin "Czech photo"

N. Sadur "Wonderful Woman", "Pannochka"

N.Kolyada "Boater"

K. Dragunskaya "Red Play"

    Rebirth of the detective

D. Dontsova "Ghost in Sneakers", "Viper in Syrup"

B. Akunin "Pelageya and the White Bulldog"

V. Lavrov "The City of Sokolov - the genius of detecting"

N. Leonov "Protection of Gurov"

A. Marinina "Stolen Dream", "Death for the sake of death"

T. Polyakova "My favorite killer"

References:

    T.G. Kuchin. Contemporary Russian literary process. Grade 11. Tutorial. Elective courses. M. "Bustard", 2006.

    B.A. Lanina. Contemporary Russian literature. 10-11 grade. M., "Ventana-Graf", 2005.