The cord machine gun was created at the Kovrovsky factory. Degtyarev (ZID) in the 1990s, to replace the NWV and NSW machine guns consisting in Russia. Designers Bogdanov Yu. M., Zhedekhin V. I., Lipsman D. L., Namitulin A. A., Obidin N. M. and other talented specialists. The main reason for the replacement of NSV machine guns is currently located on the territory of Ukraine. In addition, as a problem, when creating Cord, the goal was to improve the accuracy of firing.

The rapid trunk was created using zi technology, providing uniform heating and small thermal leashes. The new trunk with the mulk brake-plane-relief and a somewhat modernized locking system provided an increase in the adhesion of firing 1.5-2 times compared to the NSV.

12.7 mm Machine gun Cord is automatic weapon with ribbon power (the tape feed can be carried out both on the left and right).

The machine gun is based on a gas-conductive automation. Locking the trunk is made by a wedge shutter. The shock-trigger mechanism has a fuse from random shots and can be controlled both manually (from a trigger hook installed on the machine) and from the electrospace (for the tank version).

Installation of a machine gun Cord on a helicopter

As the main used open adjustable sight. It is possible to install optical and night sights.

The machine gun of Cord was adopted and produced since 1998. In addition to the infantry option, it is installed in an anti-aircraft installation, on ships, on the tower of the newest Russian main tank T-90C.

The machine gun is placed on folding infantry mills 6T7 and 6T19, universal installations 6U6 and 6U16, as well as sea, tank and other installations. In the infantry version from the machine gun you can fire from the bustle.

An export version of the machine gun under the American patron is also presented. 50 "Browning" (12,7х99 mm)

Caliber 12.7 mm

Cartridge 12.7x107 mm DShK

Mass without ampacks 25.5 kg

Mass on the machine 6t7 and ribbon 41.5 kg

Length 1580 mm

Combat rate 650-750 V / m

The initial speed of the bullet is 820-860 m / s

Tape Tape 50 Cartridges

Firing range for terrestrial purposes 2000 m

Air target shooting 1500 m

Wednesday, September 23, 2009

download video machine gun RPD download video shooting and machine gun RPD download the instruction on the handling case of the 7.62-mm manual machine gun Degtyarev (RPD). 1957
download the repair manual of the 7.62-mm manual machine gun Degtyarev (RPD) 1958 download Know Rowed Weapon. A. Maslov. Publisher DOSAAF. 1966 download Know Rowed Weapon. Publisher DOSAAF. Edition third. 1970 download instructions on the handling case - extraction. 1973 download the book about the designer V.A. Degtyarev. 1985

The degtyarev (RPD) was developed in 1944 and became one of the first weapons adopted in the USSR samples under a new chuck 7.62x39 mm. Since the beginning of the 1950s, until the mid-1960 RPD served as the main weapon of fire support for the infantry department, complementing the automata of AK and Karabina SCS. From the mid-1960 RPD gradually replaced on a manual PKK machine gun, which was good in terms of the unification of the system of small arms in the Soviet army, but somewhat lowered the fire capabilities of infantry. Nevertheless, RPD is still stored in the warehouses of army reserves. In addition, the RPD was widely supplied by the "friendly" USSR countries, modes and movements, and also produced in other countries, including in China, under the designation type 56.

The RPD is an automatic weapon acting on the principle of removal of part of powder gases through the side opening of the barrel (the long running of the gas piston). Locking the trunk in it occurs similarly, as in other designs of Degtyarev, with the help of sliding combat stops, the movement of the corresponding squeezed frames. The shooting from the machine gun is carried out with an open gate. The shock-type shock mechanism is used in the weapon (the shrumble frame is performed), as well as the trigger mechanism, allowing you to lead only automatic shooting. The spring-loaded discharge is located in the gate, and the role of the rigid reflector performs the box insert. The sleeves are thrown down through special windows in the gate frame and box. The RPD is equipped with a flag adjustable fuse, which in the "Weapon is delivered to the fuse" blocks whisper.

The machine gun is powered from the left side, from a metal segment tape (segment with a capacity of 50 ammunition) with open links. The two segments of the tape with a capacity of 100 cartridges are stored in a metal container in the form of a drum, which is suspended under the box of weapons. The slider-type feeder is driven by a roller of the gate frame, and the movement of the ribbon occurs during the recoil frame.

The weapon is equipped with a permanent barrel with a gas regulator, which has three positions, folding bumps, wooden butt and zevy, a pistol handle, mechanical sighting devices of an open type. They consist of vertically adjustable and horizontally, as well as a sector-trance with settings from 100 to 1000 m (every 100 m) and adjustable entirely. The part of the machine guns on the left side of the box is equipped with brackets that serve to install NSP-2 night trash.

The machine gun consists of the following nodes and mechanisms: box with barrel, shutter, shutter frame, cover and base of the feeder, return mechanism, and a trigger with butt. The composition of the equipping of weapons includes containers for ribbons, ribbons, a rack (fastened from the left side of the box), pencils with accessories for cleaning and weapon care (stored in the butt jack), portable belt, bags for containers with ammunition.

In the process of operation, weapons were upgraded many times. First, the gas node was replaced and the sight was modified, the adjusting knob of which was transferred to the left side. Then, in the RPD, instead of the rechargeable handle, connected to the blind frame, the reloading mechanism was applied with a folding handle, not moving during firing, and also installed the cover of the feeder window that performs after opening the function of the guide ribbon. This version of the machine gun was made in Poland and China. In the framework of the next modernization of weapons (sometimes denoted as RPDM), a gas chamber was eliminated, and the stop was added to the go. As a result of the latest upgrade in the RAP, a hard bracket for a container with a ribbon was removed (the bracket's role is made by the feeder window cover), and also applied the folding rack, which is stored in an additional socket in the butt (in the Chinese machine gun Type 56-1).

Caliber 7.62 mm

Weapon mass with 6.6 kg accessories

Mass of the stock of ammunition (300 ammunition) 7.4 kg

Mass of an empty container for tape 0.5 kg

The mass of two segments of tape without cartridges 0.3 kg

Length of weapons 1037 mm

Stem length 520 mm

Cuts 4.

Line of aiming line 596,5 mm

Fire height 335 mm

The initial velocity of the bullet is 735 m / s

Initial Pulley Energy 2135 J

TEMP Footing 650-750 V / m

Figure theoretical 550 V / m

Capacity of the drum 100 cartridges

Victitance range 1000 m

Figure Practical 150 V / m

download service guide 7.62 mm Machine machine gun arr. 1939 (1940).

Eating machine gun DS-39 (Diegtyarev Mac. 1939) is intended for the defeat of group, living targets of the enemy on the open area and suppressing its fire facilities. His development was launched by Vasily Alekseevich Diegtyarev at the beginning of 1930, and at the end of 1930 they had a first sample for polygon tests.

After identifying a number of shortcomings, the machine gun was directed to the refinement, which was mainly subjected to the tape mechanism. In 1934, the improved machine gun was presented for polygon tests, which were launched from November 1934 to June 1938. During the tests, several changes were made in the machine-gun design: the pistol handle was replaced by the gripper handles, two modes of shooting were made, the position of the return - the combat spring was changed, the barrel was reached, the versatile machine I.N. Kolesnikova was replaced by the machine lighter, developed by Digerev. This option of the machine gun was adopted by the Red Army on September 22, 1939. The design of the machine gun adopted after all changes was as follows:

The machine gun automatics works through the removal of a part of powder gases from the barrel channel. Locking the trunk channel when shot by breeding combat stops. The shock-trigger mechanism allows you to keep only automatic fire in two modes - 600 and 1200 V / min., Moreover, the second shooting mode was intended for aircraft shooting. Switching the fire modes occurs when the handle of the buffer device is rotated, which is at the bottom, on the back of the receiver. The slider tape feed, the slider moves along the curvilinear groove, the ribbon with cartridges is supplied on the right side (later this tape mechanism was used in the DSHK machine gun). Charge handle is located on the right side of the weapon trunk box. Two trigger hooks, they are located in front of each handle of the neighbor, during the shooting them simultaneously pressed with indicable fingers. The shooting sleeves were thrown down. Barrel with transverse fins. With intense shooting, it was replaced with the reserve, to avoid burns of hands when it was replaced, there is a special handle. Frame-type sight, with firing scales with light and heavy bullets. The tripled machine has a mechanism of accurate vertical tip.

The serial production of the machine gun was started first at the Kovrovsky Armory, but soon it was transferred to the Tula Armory. But during operation in the troops at the machine gun DS - 39, several unreassed flaws were revealed. First of all, these are frequent cartridge breakdowns in the trunny box, overlooking the heavy bullets, a small vitality of the main parts, the unstable work of the weapon in severe operating conditions (when dusting, low temperatures). In view of this, in June 1941 he was removed from production, but during the war they continued to use.

Caliber 7.62 mm

Cartridge 7,62x54 mm

Length 1170 mm

Mass with machine 33 kg

Mass of the cartridges with cartridges 9.88 kg

Tempor shooting 600-1200 V / m

Figure 300-310 V / m

The initial speed of the bullet is 860 m / s

Capacity box 250 cartridges

Aiming shooting range for heavy bullets 3000 m

Aiming range for light bullets 2400 m

A machine gun is a group or individual small-scale automatic support weapon, designed to defeat bullets of various terrestrial, surface and air targets. The automation of the action, as a rule, is achieved by using the energy of exhaust powder gases, sometimes - by the use of the energy of the production of the trunk.

Gatling gun (English Gatling Gun is a gatling gun, also a gatling can, sometimes - just "Gatling") is a multi-firing small arms, one of the first samples of the machine gun.

Dr. Richard Gaordan Gatling in 1862 called Revolving Battery Gun. The predecessor of Gatling tools is Mitrared.

"Gatling" is equipped with a store located on top with a gravitational supply of ammunition (without a spring). During the turning cycle of the block of trunks by 360 °, each barrel makes the only shot, is released from the sleeve and charges again. During this time, there is a natural cooling of the barrel. The rotation of the trunks in the first Gatling models was carried out manually, an electric drive was used in later for it. The speedflow of models with manual drive was from 200 to 1000 shots per minute, and when using an electric drive could reach 3,000 shots per minute.

The first prototypes of Gatling tools were first used during the US Civil War. The machine guns were adopted in the US Army in 1866 after the representative of the company demonstrated them on the battlefield. With the advent of one-baulous machine guns working on the principle of using the energy of the production of the trunk during its short progress, the instrument of gatling, like other multi-system systems, gradually proceeded. It did not have a significant impact on the fate of "Gatling" and their significantly higher rapidity, since at that time in rapidity above 400 shots per minute no longer had special needs. But the single-run systems clearly won the gatling machine gun in weight, maneuverability and simplicity of charging, which as a result and determined the priority of the single-baulous system. But finally, the "Gatling" was displaced and were not - they were continued to install them on warships as the air defense agents. Special relevance of the multi-system systems found during World War II, when the progress of aviation demanded the creation of automatic guns and machine guns with a very high rate of shooting.

The first actually acting machine gun that is used to recharging the energy of the previous shot, appeared in the US only in 1895, the works of the legendary gunsmith John Browning (John Moses Browning). Browning began experimenting with weapons using the energy of powder gases to recharge, back in 1891. The first experienced model created by it under the cartridge.45-70 with a smoking powder was demonstrated by the Colt company, and the businessmen from Hartford agreed to finance future work in this direction. In 1896, the US Navy adopted a COLT M1895 machine gun, developed by browning, in the version of 6mm Li chuck, which consisted at that time the navigation of the fleet. In the same period, the US Army bought a small amount of M1895 machine guns (ninner in the troops "potatoes" for the characteristic rocking lever) in an embodiment under the army cartridge. 30-40 krag. M1895 machine guns received a fighting baptism (side by side with a gatling cartridge with a manual drive) in the United States conflict with Spain, which took place in Cuba in 1898. Interestingly, in the future, one of the most mass users of Browning machine guns M1895 became Russia, purchasing them in significant quantities (under the Russian cartridge caliber 7.62mm) after the start of the First World War.

The Colt Model 1895 machine gun used the gas trap automation with the piston located under the barrel, which made the swinging backwards back to the vertical plane. In a position before the shot, the gaseous piston lever was located under the barrel in parallel, the head of the piston was part of the transverse gas housing in the trunk wall. After the shot, the powder gases pushed the head of the piston down, forcing the piston lever to turn down and back around the axis located under the barrel closer to the boron of the weapon. Through the pusher system, the lever movement was transmitted to the shutter, while the distinguishing feature of the system was that in the initial period of opening the shutter, the speed of its rollback was minimal, and the effort of opening is the most importantly, which significantly increased the reliability of the recovery of shooting sleeves. The trunk channel locking was carried out by the rear of the rear of the shutter down. A massive lever required under the trunk with a significant speed required the machine gun under the trunk of a sufficient free space under the trunk of a machine gun, otherwise the lever began to pouch the land in a literal way, for which a machine gun and received a nickname "potato digger" ("Potato Digger").

The trunk of the machine gun - air cooling, unmerered, had a sufficiently significant mass. The machine gun shot from a closed shutter, only automatic fire. The shock-trigger mechanism included hidden inside the trigger box. The shutter stretching arm was located on the swinging gas piston lever. To simplify charging, the cord sometimes joined it, a jerk for which recharge occurred. The nutrition of the cartridges took place from the Cleveaving tapes, the feed of the cartridge from the tape took place in two steps - on the rollback of the shutter, the cartridge was pulled out of the tape back, and then the shutter was fed to the cartridge. The tape feeding mechanism had a simple design and used the toothed shaft driven through the ratchet mechanism associated with the gaseous piston of the shutter. The direction of feeding the tape is from left to right. Fire management bodies included a single pistol handle on the bottom of the receiver and a trigger on the baruning machine guns. A machine gun was used from a massive tripod machine to a relatively simple design that had a guidance mechanisms and a saddle for an arrow.

In 1905, tests were started in Austria, designed to define a new, promising machine gun system for the Armed Forces of the Empire. In these tests, the face of Sir Heirem Maxim and the new, only patented design of German Andreas Schwarzlose (Andreas Wilhelm Schwarzlose) agreed in these tests. Currently, a fairly subsidiary, a schwarzlose machine gun for his time was quite serious weapons. He was reliable, provided fully comparable with maximi firing power (except that the effective shooting range was less), and most importantly, it was noticeably easier and cheaper in production, than the Maxim Machine or a modified Skoda machine gun. In 1907, after two years of testing and improvements, the Schwarzlose machine gun was adopted by the Austrian Army. The production of a new sample was established on a weapon factory in Steyr (Steyr). In 1912, the machine gun suffered a minor upgrade, having received the designation M1907 / 12. The main differences of this option were the improved design of the shutter lever and the enhanced design of a number of parts. The external difference was another form of the helm cover, in front of the rear cut of the casing of the trunk.

It must be said that the machine gun turned out to be successful - followed by Austria-Hungary, he was adopted in Holland and Sweden (and both countries have established licensed production of schwarzlose machine guns, which lasted until the mid-1930s). In addition, before the First World War, Publets Schwarzlose in the calibers adopted in their armies purchased Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Serbia and Turkey. After losing in the First World War and the decomposed decay of the Empire, these machine guns remained in service in new countries - the former parts of the empire (Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia). During the war, the fair number of machine guns of the Blackzlose was captured by opponents of the empire - Russia and Italy, while in the Russian army, the Black-gun was studied in the machine gunners on a par with Maxim and Browning machine guns. In Italy, the trophy machine guns launched in stocks until the next war, during which they used the Italian army on the African TVD (in the initial caliber 8x50r).

The machine gun's trunk is relatively short, as a rule, is equipped with a long conical dying-making agent that reduces the blinding arrow with a dung flash when shooting at dusk.

Food with cartridges - tape, Cleave feed feed - Only on the right side. The cartridge supply system has an exceptionally simple design with a minimum of parts. The basis of the tape feed mechanism is a toothed drum, in each socket of which one cartridge is placed in the ribbon pocket. The rotation of the drum is carried out by the simplest snatching mechanism when rollback of the shutter, while the upper cartridge in the drum is extracted from the tape back by a special protrusion on the bottom of the shutter when it rolls back and then fits forward to the cartridge in the gate. The shooting sleeves are thrown through the window in the left wall of the receiver box.

Maxim Maxim - machine machine gun developed by the British gunsmith American origin by High Stevens Maxim in 1883. Maxim machine gun has become one of the generics of automatic weapons; It was widely used during the English-Board War of 1899-1902, the First World War and Second World War, as well as in many small wars and armed conflicts of the 20th century, and also found in, hot spots, worldwide and our Days.

In 1873, the American inventor High Stevens Maxim (1840-1916) created the first sample of automatic weapons - Maxim machine gun. He decided to use the energy of the return of weapons, which before that was not used. But the tests and practical use of this weapon were discontinued for 10 years, since Maxim was not only a gunsmith and in addition to weapons was interested in other things. It included various techniques, electricity, and so on, and the machine gun was only one of the many of its inventions. In the early 1880s, Maxim finally took up his machine gun, but in appearance his weapons were already very different from the sample of 1873. Perhaps these ten years have gone to thinking, calculations and improvement of the design in the drawings. After that, High Maxim gave an offer to the US government to adopt his machine gun into service. But the invention did not interest anyone in the United States, and then Maxim emigrated to the UK, where its development initially also did not cause special interest from the military. However, they were seriously interested in the British banker Nataniel Rothschild, who had been interested in testing the new weapons, agreed to finance the development and production of the machine gun.

After a successful demonstration of the machine gun in Switzerland, Italy and Austria, Hayre Maxim came to Russia with an indicative example of a machine gun.45-kocalibra (11.43 mm).

In 1887, the Maxim Machine gun was tested under 10.67-mm Bardan rifle cartridge with smoky powder.

On March 8, 1888, Emperor Alexander III was shot from him. After the test, the representatives of the Russian military department ordered a maximum of 12 entrepreneurs of the OBR. 1895 under 10.67-mm Berdan rifle cartridge.

To supply Maxim machine guns to Russia began the company "Sons of Vikars and Maxim". The machine guns were delivered to St. Petersburg in May 1899. The Russian military fleet is interested in new weapons, he ordered two more machine guns for testing.

In the future, Berdan's rifle was removed from weapons, and Maxim machine guns were redone under 7.62-mm cartridge Mosina rifle. In 1891-1892 For tests, five machine guns under the cartridge 7.62x54 mm were purchased. During 1897-1904. Another 181 machine gun was purchased.

By the end of the 1930s, the design of Maxim was morally obsolete. A machine gun without a machine, water and cartridges had a lot of about 20 kg. Mass of Sokolov Machine - 40 kg, plus 5 kg of water. Since it was impossible to use a machine gun without a machine and water, the working mass of the entire system (without cartridges) was about 65 kg. Move this weight over the battlefield under the fire was not easy. High profile made a disguise; Damage to thin-walled casing in battle battle or fragment almost pulled a machine gun. It was difficult to apply Maxim in the mountains where the fighters had to use homemade tripods instead of full-time machines. Significant difficulties in the summer caused the supply of machine gun with water. In addition, the maximum system was very complex in service. A lot of trouble delivered a cluster tape - it was difficult to equip it, she worn out, rushed, absorbed water. For comparison, the uniform machine gun of the Wehrmacht Mg-34 had a mass of 10.5 kg without cartridges, it was fed with a metal ribbon and did not require water to cool (at the same time, a somewhat inferior "Maxim" in the fireproof, being in this indicator closer to the handmaker of Degtyarev, although And with one important nuance, the MG34 had a quick-permissible trunk, which allowed me in the presence of spare stems to lead more intensive shooting of queues from it). The shooting of MG-34 could be conducted without a machine, which contributed to the secrecy of the machine gunner.

On the other hand, the positive properties of "Maxim" were noted: thanks to the unstressed work of the automation, it was very steady when shooting from a regular machine, gave parubfully even better than the later development, and allowed to very accurately control fire. Under the condition of competent maintenance, the machine gun could twice the longest of the established resource, which was so more than that of new, more lung machine guns.

1 - fuse, 2 - sight, 3 - lock, 4 - plug of bulk hole, 5 - casing, 6-Parotid device, 7 - Flush, 8 - angle, 9- Tube of the output of the sleeve, 10- trunk, 11-water, 12 - Publishing the tight hole, 13 - cap, steam house, 15-return spring, 16-trigger lever, 17-handle, 18-receiver.

The machine gun of a 12.7mm caliber (0.5 inches) was developed in the US John M. Bauning at the end of the First World War. This machine gun was generally a somewhat magnified copy of the machine gun M1917 design of the same browning, and had water cooling of the barrel. In 1923, he entered the navigation of the Army and the US Fleet under the designation "M1921", mainly as a zenith weapon. In 1932, the machine gun moved the first modernization in the development of the universal design of the mechanisms and the trunks, allowing the use of the machine gun both in aviation and in ground-based installations, with water or air cooled and the possibility of changing the feed direction of the tape. This option was the designation of the M2, and began to enter the land forces and the US fleet as in an air-cooled version (as a weapon of infantry support) and with water (as an anti-aircraft weapon). To ensure the necessary fire intensity in air-cooled versions, a heavier barrel was developed, and the machine gun received its current Browning M2HB designation (Heavy Barrel). In addition to the United States, in the pre-war period, large-caliber browning machine guns under licenses were also produced in Belgium, FN. During World War II, almost 2 million machine guns M2 caliber 12.7mm were released in the United States, of which are about 400,000 in the infantry version of the M2HB, which used both spratic machines and on various armored vehicles.

brown Calibe machine gun Browning M2HB uses automation to work with the energy of the trunk during its short progress. The adhesion of the shutter with the shank of the trunk is carried out with the help of a moving wedge in the vertical plane. The design provides a lever-type shutter accelerator. The trunk has its return spring and rollback buffer, in the back of the trunnor box there is an additional buffer of the slotted group. Air cooling trunk, replaceable (quick-change without adjustments in modern versions). The nutrition of the cartridges is carried out from the loose metal ribbon with a closed link, the direction of feeding the tape switches the permutation of a special selector on the upper surface of the shutter and the permutation of a row of part of the tape feed mechanism. The cartridge from the ribbon is removed by the shutter when it is rolled back, then it is reduced to the line of resolution and is supplied to the barrel in the gate. Shooting sleeves are thrown down.

In the United States, the problem of machine guns, which arose with the country's entry into the first world war, quickly and successfully solved John Browning (John Moses Browning) in the Commonwealth with COLT, in 1917, presenting his analogue of the Maxim Machine gun, which was different with the similar characteristics of greater simplicity of the design. The very first prototype of a browning machine gun with water-cooled of the trunk put a kind of record, on the tests in one coming by spending 20 thousand cartridges without a single breakdown. It is not surprising that by the end of the First World War, the release of these machine guns that received the designation M1917 went to tens of thousands. Already the next year, on the basis of M1917, Browning creates an aircraft machine gun M1918 with air-cooled trunk, and another year - a tank machine gun M1919, also with air-cooled. On the basis of the last company, the Colt company produces several models of "cavalry" machine guns on light machines, as well as export commercial samples for different calibers. In 1936, the M1917 machine gun, which was the main machine gun for the US Army, has undergone minor changes aimed at raising its resource, but its main disadvantage is an excessive mass (both the machine gun itself, and the tripod machine) will not go anywhere. Therefore, in 1940, a competition was announced for a new lightweight machine gun for the US Army. A significant part of the contestants amounted to variations on the theme of Browning design, but there were also purely original systems. However, none of the samples satisfy the fully requirements of the military, and as a result, the version of the Browning machine gun M1919 was adopted in the M1919A4 version in the M1919A4 version with a light-tripod M2. It was the M1919A4 machine gun that became the main weapon of American troops during the Second World War and the War in Korea. However, a significant number of earlier machine guns M1917A1 also actively participated in hostilities at all theaters of war.

In 1941, a competition for a light machine gun with tape nutrition was also announced in the United States, in which several large corporations and government arsenals participated. It should be noted that the American military, like Soviet, also wanted too much from a light machine gun, and as well as in the USSR, and as a result of the army had to be content with a palliative solution in the form of a modification of the already existing machine gun. And since the US Army did not have the finished "normal" manual machine gun, the Americans had to go along the way in other countries even in the first world or immediately after it. This way was the creation of a lightweight "manual" version of the M1919A4 machine gun, which received the designation M1919A6. The result was the path and reliable and relatively powerful, but very heavy and easier weapons. In principle, for M1919A6, special round boxes were developed under a 100-cartridge tape, attached to the machine gun, but in most cases the infantry used the standard 200-cartridge boxes with a ribbon, carried out separately from the machine gun. Theoretically, this machine gun could be considered and united, as it allowed it to install it on a standard M2 machine (if there is a set of appropriate pivot, attached to the trunks), but in reality, the "Senior Brother" M1919A4, which had more Heavy trunk, and. As a result, ensuring great opportunities for the maintenance of intensive fire. What is interesting, the Americans, apparently, were quite satisfied with the tempo of the shooting of their machine guns, while he was only a third of the shooting pace of the German machine gun MG 42.

Variants of infantry machine guns of the Browning system were produced under the license of the colt in Belgium at the FN factory and in Sweden - at the Carl Gustaf plant, and without a license in Poland.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the French army was, one might say, on the edge of military progress. In particular, it was the French in the years in the years of the First World War were the first to take self-loading rifles for mass armament. They were the first to be adopted and massively equipped with troops with a fundamentally new class of small arms - automatic rifles used as a weapon for supporting the level of separation (manual machine guns in domestic terminology). We are talking about the system, often not too deservedly attributive to the worst samples of its period, namely, the automatic CSRG M1915 rifle, called so in honor of the creators of the designers of Shosha, Syutter and Ribeirol, as well as the manufacturer - Gladiator (Chauchat, Suerre, Ribeyrolle , Établissements des cycles "clément-gladiator").

This manual machine gun was originally constructed with the possibility of its mass production at non-specialized enterprises (remind, its main producer in the years of the war was the Gladiator's cycling factory). The machine gun has become really massive - his release for 3 years of war exceeded 250,000 pieces. It is also a massive production that also became the main weak point of the new sample - the level of industry of that time did not allow to provide the desired quality and stability of the characteristics from the sample to the sample, which, in combination with a rather complicated design and open to access dirt and dust, the store led to increased weapon sensitivity To pollution and general low reliability. However, with proper care and maintenance (and the calculations of these machine guns were gained from the sergeant composition and taught to 3 months) a manual machine gun CSRG M1915 provided acceptable combat efficiency.

An additional spot on the reputation of the shosha machine gun set the M1918 mining modification, developed by order of the American Expeditionary Corps in Europe under the American Cartridge .30-06. In the process of alteration, the machine gun lost in the container and so not too volumetric stores (from 20 to 16 ammunition), but the main thing is because of the error from "Americanized" the trunks in the drawings from the "Americanized" shower, which caused the wrong configuration of the cartridges, which led to constant delays and Problems with extraction of shooting sleeves.

In the post-war period, the CSRG system machine guns were in service with Belgium, Greece, Denmark, Poland, France and some other countries (in options under the patrons adopted in these countries), have not yet been ousted by more successful samples.

Handmade Lewis Machine gun (USA - United Kingdom)

Aisek Lewis (ISAAC Lewis) has developed his handmade machine gun in about 1910, based on the earlier design of the Dr. Samuel McLeel machine gun (Samuel Mclean). The machine gun was proposed by the designer for armament of the American army, but in response, he followed a tough refusal (caused by the solar personal conflict between the inventor and General Krozye, the then head of the US Arms Department). As a result, Lewis sent his feet to Europe, in Belgium, GDV in 1912 founded the company ARMES Automatiques Lewis SA for selling his brainchild. Since the company did not have its production capacity, the order for the production of the first pilot party of Lewis Machine guns was posted on the Bird Birmingham Small Arms (BSA) in 1913. Shortly before the beginning of the First World War, Lewis machine guns were adopted by the Belgian army, and after the beginning of the war they began to enter the English army and the Royal Air Force. In addition, these machine guns were widely supplied to exports, in total and in Tsarist Russia. In the USA, the production of machine guns Lewis Caliba.30-06 In the interests of the mainly the emerging air force and marines, Savage Arms was deployed. In the twenties and thirties, Lewis machine guns were quite widely used in aviation of various countries, while the trunk casing and radiator were usually starred. During World War II, a significant number of British Lewis was extracted from reserves and was used to armared divisions of territorial defense and for air defense of small commercial transportation vessels.

Handmade machine gun Lewis uses gas-sized automation with a gas piston located under a gas piston. The locking of the trunk is carried out by turning the shutter into four combat stops located radially in the rear of the shutter. Shooting is carried out from an open shutter, only automatic fire. The features of the machine gun include a spiral return spring, affecting the gas piston rod through the gear and gear gear, as well as an aluminum radiator on the trunk, enclosed in a thin-walled metal casing. The radiator casing protrudes in front of the muzzle cut, so that the air is formed during the shooting. Food with cartridges was carried out from the disk stores connected from above with multi-layer (in 2 or 4 rows, the capacity of 47 and 97 of the cartridges, respectively) the arrangement of cartridges radially, bullets to the disk axis. At the same time, the store did not have a feed spring - its rotation for filing the next cartridge on line of resolution was carried out using a special lever located on a machine gun and a shutter-driven. In the infantry version, the machine gun was equipped with a wooden butt and removable two-headed bump, sometimes a handle for carrying a weapon was put on the trunk's casing. Japanese machine guns of Lewis System Type 92 (licensed licensed) could be additionally used with Special Treng Machines.

BREN (BRNO ENFIELD) - English manual machine gun, modification of the Czechoslovak machine gun ZB-26. Development BREN began in 1931. In 1934, the first version of the machine gun appeared, which was called the name ZGB-34. The final version appeared in 1938 and was launched into a series. A new machine gun received its name from the first two letters of the names of Brno cities (BRNO) and Enfield (Enfield), in which production was expanded. The BRAN MK1 was adopted by British troops on August 8, 1938.

Bren was used in the British army as a manual machine gun of the infantry department. The role of the machine gun was assigned to the Vickers machine guns with water cooling - the time of the First World War. Initially, BREN was developed under the cartridge of caliber.303, subsequently he was converted into a cartridge 7.62 mm NATO. The machine guns showed good performance in various climatic conditions - from the harsh winters of Norway, to the roast area of \u200b\u200bthe Persian Gulf.

Handmade machine gun MG 13 'Dreyse' (Germany)

At the end of the twenties - the beginning of the thirties, the German firm Rheinmetall developed a new manual machine gun for the German army. The basis of this sample was the design of the drze machine gun MG 18, created during the First World War in the same concern the designer of Hugo Schmeisser (Hugo Schmeisser). Taking on the basis of this machine gun, the Rainmital designers led by Louis Stand (Louis Stange) reworked it under the shopping nutrition and made another number of changes. During the development, this machine gun in German tradition received the designation Gerat 13 (device 13). In 1932, this "Device" was adopted by the beginning to strengthen the Wehrmacht under the MG 13 index, due to an attempt to deceive the Versailles Commission, issuing a new machine gun for the old development of 1913. By itself, the new handmade machine gun was quite in the spirit of its time, distinguishing except for the presence of an S-shaped dual drum shop in high-capacity in addition to the traditional one-time period.

Handmade machine gun Mg 13 is an automatic air-cooled weapon with a rapid stem. The machine gun automatics uses the return of the trunk when it is short. The barrel locking is carried out in the vertical plane by the lever located in the shutter box below and behind the shutter and in the front position of the movable parts of the supporting shutter. Shooting was carried out with a closed shutter, shock-trigger mechanism. The machine gun allowed the maintenance of automatic and solitary fire, the choice of the fire mode was carried out by pressing the lower or upper segments of the trigger, respectively. Food with cartridges is carried out from the dial-to-one of the box of 25 cartridges, the emission of the shooting sleeves is carried out to the right. For use in the role of zenith or armored vehicles, a machine gun could be equipped with a paired drum store with a capacity of 75 s-shaped cartridges. The machine gun was regularly completed with a folding two-tunted compound, a light folding tripod and an anti-aircraft ring sight appealed for use in the role of zenith to it. The distinctive features of MG 13 were the possibility of rearrangement of the borders to the front or back of the housing of the trunk, as well as the folding Block metal butt in the standard configuration.

MG-34 machine gun was developed by the German company Ranemetall (Rheinmetall-Borsig) on \u200b\u200bthe order of the German army. The development of the machine gun was led by Louis Stand (Louis Stange), however, when creating a machine gun, there were developments not only by Rinemetal and its subsidiaries, but also other firms, such as Mauser Verke, for example. The machine gun was officially adopted by Wehrmacht in 1934 and until 1942 was officially the main machine gun not only infantry, but also the troop troops of Germany. In 1942, instead of MG-34, a more perfect MG-42 machine gun was adopted, but the production of MG-34 did not stop until the end of World War II, since it continued to be used as a tank machine gun due to greater fitness to this Mg-42.

MG-34 First of all, it is worthy of mention as the first single machine gun, ever adopted. It was embodied by the Wehrmacht on the experience of World War II, the concept of a universal machine gun that could perform the role of both a light hand machine gun used from bumps and machine tools used from a infantry or anti-aircraft machine, as well as tank used in spotted and individual plants of tanks and combat machines. Such unification simplified the supply and training of troops, ensured high tactical flexibility.

The MG-34 machine gun was completed with a folding two-legged bump, which could be attached either in the muzzle of the casing, which ensured the greatest stability of the machine gun during the running of the fire, or in the back of the casing, in front of the trunks, which ensured the larger fire sector. In the variant of the machine MG-34, was located on a tripod machine of a rather complex design. The machine had special mechanisms providing automatic scattering for the range when shooting for remote targets, buffer return, a separate fire control unit, fastening for an optical sight. This machine provided fire only on land targets, but he could have a special adapter for firing for air targets. In addition, there was a special light tripod machine for aircraft shooting.

In general, Mg-34 was very decent weapons, but its shortcomings are primarily an increased sensitivity to pollution of mechanisms. In addition, it was too time-consuming in production and demanded too many resources, which was unacceptable for the conditions of wartime, to be used to produce machine guns in huge quantities. That is why there was much simpler in the production and a reliable MG-42 machine gun, which used more progressive technologies. Nevertheless, Mg-34 was very formidable and universal weapons, which earned his honorable place in the history of small arms.

MG 42 (MaschinengeWehr 42) - a German single machine gun of the Second World War. Developed by Metall - UND Lackwarenfabrik Johannes Großfuß in 1942. Among the Soviet front-line and allies received the nicknames "Kostozais" and "Hitler's Circular".

By the beginning of World War II, Wehrmacht had as a single machine gun created at the beginning of 1930 MG 34. With all his advantages, he had two serious disadvantages: first, it turned out to be quite sensitive to pollution of the mechanisms; Secondly, it was too laborious and roads in production, which did not allow to satisfy the increasing demands of troops in machine guns.

MG 42 was created in a little-known company Grossfus (Metall - Und Lackwarenfabrik Johannes Großfuß AG). Construction authors: Werner Gruner and Kurt Horn (Horn). Accepted on armsmanmacht in 1942. The machine gun was launched in production on the company "Grossfus", as well as at the plants of Mauser Verka, Gustlof Verke and others. The production of MG 42 continued in Germany until the end of the war, and the overall release was at least 400,000 machine guns. At the same time, the production of MG 34, despite its disadvantages, was not fully cooled, since he, due to some constructive features (easy stem change, the possibility of feeding the ribbon on any side) more approached the installation on tanks and in combat vehicles.

MG 42 was developed under well-defined requirements: it was supposed to be a single machine gun, as low as possible in production, the most reliable and high firing power (20-25 shots per second) achieved with a relatively high rate of firing. Although some MG 34 machine gun details were used in the MG 42 design (which facilitated the transition to the production of a new model of pool in war), in general, it is the original system with high combat characteristics. Higher machine gun manufacturability is achieved due to the widespread use of stamping and spot welding: The trunk casing with a casing was made by a stamping from a single workpiece, while Mg 34 had two separate parts made on milling machines.

As in the MG 34 machine gun, the problem of overheating of the trunk with a continuous shooting was solved by replacing the latter. The trunk was released by the squeezing of a special clamp. The shift of the trunk required a few seconds and one hand, did not lead to delays in battle.

Italians, with varying success, used in the First World War "Ultralight Manual Machine gun" under the pistol cartridge VILLAR-PEROSA M1915, immediately at the end of the war began to develop manual machine guns, and it should not be noted that the most important feature of the "machine-gun case in Italian "It was what they were engaged in the development and release of machine guns in Italy for some reason not at all armory companies, in particular, the steam-building company Breda (Societa Italiana Ernesto Breda). In 1924, Bredas introduced his first version of the hand-held machine gun, which was on a par with a manual machine gun, the FIAT automotive company was purchased in the number of several thousand pieces. By the experience of their comparative operation, the Italian army preferred a "steam" machine gun "car", and after a number of adjustment in 1930 he adopted a manual machine gun Breda M1930 caliber 6.5mm, which became the main manual machine gun of the Italian army to the second world war. It must be said that this weapon certainly had a number of positive features (for example, a truly quick trunk and good reliability), but they were more "compensated" a very specific fixed shop and the need for wool-built wool for lubrication of cartridges. The only user of Brad M1930 machine guns, in addition to Italy, was Portugal, which bought them in an embodiment under the cartridge 7.92x57 Mauser.

Handmade machine gun Breda M1930 is an automatic air-cooled weapon of a rapid trunk. The machine gun automatics uses the return of the trunk when it is short. The locking of the shutter is carried out by a rotating sleeve, put on the state part of the trunk. On the inner surface of the sleeve there are grooves in which the radial battle stops are shutter. When shooting, in the process of rollback, the bushing is turning with the help of a protrusion, which slides on a spiral sinus, freeing the shutter. Such a system does not provide reliable pre-extraction of the sleeves, therefore in the machine gun design there is a small oilbox in the cover of the receiver box and the mechanism of lubrication of cartridges before feeding into the barrel. Shooting is conducted with a closed shutter, only automatic fire. A feature of the power system by cartridges is a fixed store installed on weapons horizontally right. For charging, the store leans forward in a horizontal plane, after which 20 rounds are charged with a special cage, the empty clip is extracted and the store returns to the combat position. The machine gun has a folding dongy tower, a pistol handle of the board with fire and a wooden butt. If necessary, an additional support could be installed under the butt.

The manual machine gun Fn Model D was developed in 1932 by the famous Belgian company Fabrique Nationale (Fn) to the development of the FN Model 1930 machine gun, which was, in turn, the modification of the American machine gun COLT R75, created on the basis of the Bar M1918 automatic browing rifle. The main differences of the Belgian machine gun from the American version were simplified disassembly (due to the introduction of a hidden stem box), a changed shock-trigger mechanism, which provided two pace of automatic firing (fast and slow), and the main thing - the introduction of the quick-free air cooling barrel (hence the model designation D - from Demontable, "i.e. removable trunk). The machine gun was in service with the Army of Belgium, was widely supplied to exports, both before and after the Second World War. In 1957, for the order of the Army of Belgium, a certain amount of FN Model D machine guns was perchased under the cartridge 7.62x51 NATO, with adaptation under the boxed stores from the new at that time the FN FAL rifle. Such machine guns in the Belgian army were designated FN DA1. The production of machine guns Fn Model D continued until the beginning of the 1960s.

A manual machine gun Fn Model D uses a gas-conductive automation with a long running place under the gas piston barrel. The shooting is carried out from an open shutter, the barrel locking is carried out by distinguishing upwards located in the rear of the shutter of the battle larva. To provide a reduced shooting rate in the machine gun, an inertial mechanism of deceleration of the rate of fire is installed. The machine gun used boxed stores with a capacity of 20 cartridges, adjacent to weapons from the bottom. The handmade machine gun FN Model D was customized with a folding dongy couch, a pistol handle and a wooden butt. The trunk was attached to carry a carrying handle, which also used to replace the hot barrel. The machine gun could also be used from a special trudoga infantry machine.

A manual Madsen machine gun (Madsen) is deservedly considered not only the first serial model of this class of weapons in the world, but also one of the most long-lived. This machine gun was created at the end of the 19th - very beginning of the 20th century at the State Arsenal in Copenhagen his director Rasmussen (Rasmussen) and Madsen's captain, in the future, the Danish Military Minister. Soon after the adoption of the new machine gun of a group of private investors was created by Dansk Rekyl Riffel Syndikat A / S (DRRS), the main designer of which was nosed by Jens Theodor Schouboe. DRRS, who later added the name of Madsen's name later, established the commercial production of new machine guns, while taking a whole series of patents on his design in the name of Shoubo, so that for a long time he was considered the author of the Madsen machine gun.

The serial production of the machine gun was deployed by the developer in 1905, the mass serial production of Madsen machine guns continued until the beginning of the 1950s, and in Disa / Madsen catalogs, its options were presented until the middle of the 1960s, while the machine gun was offered to customers "in any of the existing Rifle calibers from 6.5 to 8mm, including a new caliber 7.62m NATO at that time. In the first half of the 20th century, Madsen cubs include countries such as United Kingdom, Holland, Denmark, China, Russian Empire, Portugal, Finland, Mexico and many other countries in Asia and Latin America. At the end of World War I, the licensed production of Madsen machine guns was planned to deploy in Russia and England, but for various reasons this did not happen. And despite the fact that in most countries, these machine guns were removed from mass weapons in 1970-80, they still can be found in more remote corners of the planet, to a large extent due to the high reliability and survivability of the design, as well as high-quality production. In addition to the infantry options, Madsen machine guns were widely used in aviation, with the appearance of the first armed aircraft and up to the 1930s.

The Red Army entered into the Great Patriotic War Having as the main machine gun (weapons of support for the infantry of the battalion link) is a pretty obsolete machine guns of Maxim. 1910, as well as a slight amount of Degtyareva machine guns DS-39, who had a number of significant drawbacks. The need for more new and perfect weapons was obvious, and therefore in the spring of 1942 the development of a new machine gun under a regular rifle cartridge was launched. The group of developers under the leadership of P.M.Gorunov, working at the Kovrov machine gun factory, by the beginning of 1943 created a new sample, which in March of the same year entered the military tests, and in May 1943 he was adopted under the designation "7.62mm machine Machine gun of the design of Goryunov Ob. 1943 ", or SG-43. At the end of the Great Patriotic War, the machine gun was modernized, and under the designation of the SGM was produced until 1961 and consisted of the Soviet army until the mid-1960s, when it began to replace a newer single machine gun Kalashnikov in the machine version (PKS). In the version of the tank machine gun under the designation of SGMT, this sample was put on almost all post-war Soviet tanks. In addition, there was an armored vessellery SGMB.

SGM was also widely supplied to export and managed to notice in Southeast Asia (Korea, Vietnam), in addition, its copies and variations were made in China and other countries.

The Machine gun SG-43 is automatic weapon with automatic gas engine and tape power. The gas engine has a piston with a long working stroke, a gas regulator and is located under the barrel. The trunk is fast, for the convenience of replacement has a special handle. On the machine guns of the SG-43 barrel outside the smooth, on the machine guns of the SGM - with longitudinal dollars to relieve and improve the tabloobam. Locking the trunk - the shutter shutter, behind the wall of the receiver. Powered - from non-painting metal or tarpaulin tapes for 200 or 250 ammunition, feeding the tape from left to right. Due to the fact that a cartridge is used with a closed link and a tape with a closed link, the flow of the cartridges is carried out in two stages. At first, when the shutter movement, the special grip associated with the gate frame extracts the cartridge from the tape back, after which the cartridge is decreasing at the level of the shutter. Then, when moving the shutter forward, the cartridge is sent to the chamber. Shooting is conducted from an open shutter. At the SG-43 machine gun, the charging handle was raised under the cooler of the machine gun, between the paired fire control handles. On the SGM, the charging handle is transferred to the right side of the receiver.

A manual machine gun DP (Degtyarev, Infantry) was adopted by the Red Army in 1927 and became one of the first samples created from scratch in the young Soviet state. The machine gun turned out to be quite successful and reliable, and as the main weapon of fire support for the infantry platoon, the company was massively used up to the end of the Great Patriotic War. At the end of the war, the DP machine gun and its modernized version of DPM, created by the experience of combat operations in 1943-44, were removed from the arms of the Soviet Army, and the countries and regimes were widely supplied by "friendly" USSR countries, noted in Korea, Vietnam and others. Based on the experience gained in World War II, it became clear that the infantry requires single machine guns that combine increased firepower with high mobility. As an erzatz substitute for a single machine gun in the company's link on the basis of earlier developments in 1946, it was created and adopted by the manual submachine RP-46, which was a modification of the DPM under the tape power, which to couple with a drowning trunk provided a large firing power while saving acceptable maneuverability. Nevertheless, RP-46 did not become a single machine gun, used only from the bumps, and from the middle of the 1960s was gradually ousted from the system of armament of the Ca New, more modern single machine gun Kalashnikov - PC. Like previous samples, RP-46 was widely supplied to export, and also was produced abroad, including in China, under the designation type 58.

A manual machine gun of the DP is an automatic weapon with automation based on the caustic gases and shop. The gas engine has a piston with a long working stroke and a gas regulator located under the barrel. The trunk itself is fast, partially hidden by a protective casing and is equipped with a conical removable flamesecaker. Locking the trunk - two fighting stops, razed to the side when driving ahead. After the shutter comes to the front position, the protrusion on the gate frame beats at the rear of the drummer and begins to promote it forward. At the same time, the ruined middle part of the drummer, acting from the inside to the rear parts of the fighting stops, spreads them to the sides, in the grooves of the delivered box, hardly locking the shutter. After the shot, the gate frame under the action of the gas piston begins the movement back. At the same time, the drummer is discharged back, and special sites reduce the fighting stops, withdrawing them from engagement with the trunks and unlocking the shutter. The return spring was located under the trunk and with intense fire overheated and lost the elasticity, which was one of the few drawbacks of the DP machine gun.

The food was carried out from flat disk stores - "plates", in which the cartridges were located in one layer, bullets to the disk center. Such a design provided a reliable flow of cartridges with a serving cut industry, however, there were substantial disadvantages: a large dead weight of the store, the inconvenience in the transportation and the inclination of stores to damage in the conditions of combat. The machine gun unit allowed only automatic fire. There was no conventional fuse, instead of it, an automatic fuse was located on the handle, which turned off when covered with the neck of the butter. The fire was conducted with non-removable folding bumps.

The degtyarev's hand gun (RPD) was developed in 1944 and became one of the first weapons adopted in the USSR under the new at that time the cartridge 7.62x39 mm. From the beginning of the 1950s and until the mid-1960s, the RAP served as the main weapon of fire support for the level of the infantry department, complementing the automata of AK and Karabina SCS. Since the mid-1960s, RAPD is gradually replaced by a manual RPK machine gun, which was well in terms of the unification of the system of small arms in the Soviet Army, but somewhat lowered the firing capabilities of infantry. Nevertheless, RPD is still stored in the warehouses of army reserves. In addition, the RPD was widely supplied by the "friendly" USSR countries, regimes and movements, and also produced in other countries, including in China, under the designation type 56.

RPD is an automatic weapon with automatic gas engine and tape power. The gas engine has a piston with a long working stroke, located under the barrel, and the gas regulator. The trunk locking system is the development of earlier developments of Degtyarev and uses two combat larvae, moving on the sides of the shutter. With the arrival of the shutter in the front position of the protrusion, the gate frame spreads the combat larvae to the side, the crying of their streams into cuts in the walls of the receiver. After the shot, the gate frame on its way back with the help of special curly beeps presses the larvae to the shutter, extinguishing it with a bodily box and then opening it. The fire is conducted from the open shutter, the fire mode is only automatic. The trunk at the RAP is not replaceable. Powered by cartridges - from a non-painting metal ribbon per 100 ammunition, made of two pieces of 50 ammunition in each. The ribbon is located in a round metal box suspended under the trunks. The box was transferred by calculating the machine gun in special pensions, however, each box also has its own folding handle for carrying. Foldable intimidated tower is cracking under the bunny part of the trunk. The machine gun was supplied with a carrying belt and allowed fire "from the hip", while the machine gun was located on the belt, and the arrow left the arrow on the fire line, imposing the left palm on top of the Tsevier, for which a special form was granted. Aimed tools are open, with adjustment by range and corner of the place, the effective shooting range is up to 800 meters.

In general, the RPD was reliable, convenient and fairly powerful weapons of fire support, anticipating a later fashion on light hand guns with tape power (type M249 / minima, DEU K-3, vector mini-SS, etc.)

Large-caliber Machine gun Degtyarev - Shpagina Dshk Dshkm 12.7 (USSR)

The task for the creation of the first Soviet large-caliber machine gun, intended primarily to combat aircraft at altitudes up to 1500 meters, was issued by that time a very experienced and well-known gunsmith Degtyarev in 1929. Less than a year later, Degtyarev presented his 6.7mm caliber machine gun for testing, and since 1932, the small-scale production of the machine gun under the designation of DC (Degtyarev, large-caliber) began. In general, DC repeated the design of a manual machine gun DP-27, and had meals from the removable drum shops for 30 cartridges installed on the machine gun from above. Disadvantages of such a power scheme (bulkiness and high weight of stores, low practical speedflow) forced to stop the release of DC in 1935 and enhanced it. By 1938, the designer of Spagin developed a module of ribbon food for DC, and in 1939, an improved machine gun was adopted by the RKKA Recommendation "12.7mm Large-caliber Machine gun Degtyarev - Schpagina Obr.1938 - DShK." The mass release of DSHK was started in 1940-41. They were used as anti-aircraft, as weapons support for infantry, were installed on armored vehicles and small ships (including -thetable boats). According to the experience of war in 1946, the machine gun is modernized (the design of the tape feed node, the fastening of the barrel), and the machine gun is taken under the designation of the DSHKM.

The DSHKM consisted of or consistent with over 40 world armies, produced in China ("Type 54"), Pakistan, Iran and some other countries. The Machine gun of the DSHKM was used as a seniority zenith in Soviet tanks (T-55, T-62) and armored vehicles (BTR-155). Currently, in the Armed Forces of Russia, DShK and DSHKM machine guns are almost completely outpaced by large-caliber machine guns "Rock" and "Cord", more perfect and modern.

In the mid-1950s, the Soviet army began the program for the development of a new complex of small arms, designed to replace the Kalashnikov Ak, AKS carbine and a manual RPD machine gun. The complex should include a machine gun and the most unified handmade machine gun (separation support weapons), both under the cartridge 7.62x39 m43. According to the results of the competition in 1961, the modified automaton of Kalashnikov AKM and a manual machine gun Kalashnikov RPK was adopted for armed with Calanikov. The RPC remained the main weapon of the department's support until 1974, when he replaced his analogue under the cartridge 5.45x39 - manual powderpox-74.

Handmade Machine gun Kalashnikov RPK uses the same automation scheme and basic design solutions as well as Kalashnikov AKM automaton, that is, the gas trap automation with the trunk locking the shutter. The hard box is stamped from the steel sheet, more durable compared to the ACM box to improve the resource. The trunk compared to the ACM is elongated, the possibilities of replacement in the case of overheating does not have. The shock-trigger mechanism is fully similar to that of ACM, allows shooting by single shots and queues, shooting is conducted from a closed shutter. Food with cartridges - from removable stores that are compatible with AK / AKM machines. For RPKs, two types of high-capacity stores were additionally designed and put on arms - a box (Rozhkin) store for 40 ammunition and drum to 75 ammunition. Early options for boxes were performed from steel, later - from plastic. Drum stores had a steel design and differed high cost and slowness of equipment cartridges. The RPK was completed with a folding dongy couch installed under the barrel, a special form and an eye with the possibility of introducing side amendments. The option of RPCs, designed for airborne troops, had a folding lobby butt. In addition, the RPKN and RPKSN options were produced with a plank installed on the trunnor for fastening night sights.

Currently, on the basis of the RPK-74M, the RPKM machine gun under the cartridge 7.62x39 is available, intended primarily for export.

It should be noted that as a manual PKK machine gun had significant disadvantages - the low capacity of the power system, the impossibility of conducting intensive automatic fire due to the unmanned barrel and firing from the closed shutter. Its main advantage was a high degree of unification with a full-time ACM machine, and a slightly large range compared to it and shooting accuracy (due to longer and somewhat heavier trunk).

The single machine gun Mag (Mitrailleuse d'Appui General (Franz) is a universal machine gun) developed by the Belgian franch company FN (Fabrique Nationale) in the 1950s and very quickly won almost world popularity. A fairly simple and reliable design in combination with the flexibility of use and an adequate ammunition provided this Mupulometa place in the arms system over than 50 countries of the world, including Belgium itself, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, USA, Sweden and many other countries. In many countries, including in England, the United States, these machine guns are manufactured under license.

The FN MAG machine gun is based on a gas-conductive automation, developed by John Browning for its automatic BAR M1918 rifle, with the only difference that the locking node in FN MAG will turn upside down with respect to M1918, and the shop is replaced with a tape, made by the type of German MG-42 machine gun. The gas trap node is located under the trunk and has a gas regulator to control the shooting and adaptation to external conditions. Locking is carried out using a special swinging lever installed on the gate and associated with a gas piston rod. When locking, the lever turns down, coming into engagement with the focus on the bottom of the receiver and thereby supporting the rear of the shutter.

The trunk of the machine gun is fast, it has a carrying handle, used when replacing a hot barrel, as well as a globular mushroom and a fleece. Power is carried out of metal tape (as a rule, loose), the flow of the cartridges into the cartridge is straight.

The machine gun in the base version is equipped with a light folding compartment on a gas-conductive block, a pistol handle with a trigger, and butt (wooden or plastic). At the bottom of the receiver, made of stamped steel parts, there are fasteners for installing a machine gun on infantry machines or technique. At the top of the hard box there is an open sight, a guide type Picatinny can also be installed on the machine guns of the last editions, which allows you to set any optical and night sights with appropriate fasteners.

The machine gun of the NK 21 was developed by Hekler-Koch (Germany) in the early 1960s on the basis of the automation of the G3 rifle as a universal weapon suitable for use as in the role of a manual machine gun (from busting), the same in the role of machine gun - with equipment or tripod machine . In the future, the labaz of this machine gun was developed another series of samples and modifications, including 5.56mm HK 23 machine gun (created in the late 1970s for the American competition on the handmade machine gun SAW), as well as hand-held HK 11 caliber 7.62x51 and HK 13 caliber 5.56 mm. The HK21 series machine guns are produced under license in Portugal and Greece, they were supplied hard to African, Asian and Latin American countries. Since the beginning of the 2000s, the production of all machine guns of the HK 21 / HK23 line in Germany is discontinued.

According to the experience of World War II, the Soviet military experts appreciated the German idea of \u200b\u200ba universal (or single) machine gun, and set the task to create such a machine gun for the Soviet army. The first experimental samples started at the end of the 1940s were used as the base already existing samples, such as RP-46 or SGM, but they were recognized as unsuccessful. Only by 1957 there was a fundamentally new sample, more or less satisfying the requirements of the army - a single submachine Nikitin. It was the original development that used gas-driven automation with automatic adjustment and a specially designed tape with an open link, which ensured a simple straight line of the cartridge in the barrel. In 1958, it was decided to release a large batch of nikitin machine guns for military testing, but almost at the same time the Grau GSH of the USSR decided to "speed up" the process of finishing Mon, which ordered the design group M.T. Kalashnikov a similar machine gun. It should be noted that just at this time of Kalashnikov was engaged in the adjustment of the ACM / RPK complex, but he took the challenge. According to the test results, the Kalashnikov machine gun was recognized as a superior nikitin machine gun (a decision on the adoption of weapons and the production of which was already practically accepted), and the Kalashnikov machine gun was adopted in 1961. This machine gun was created immediately in four versions that had the same basic mechanisms and a design - manual PC (on the compound), a PCS machine tool (on the Machinery of the self-based design), armored personnel carrier and tank PCT (with an elongated heavy barrel and remote electrosa). According to the experience of exploitation in the troops, the basic design of the machine gun was modernized by some relief and hardening of parts, as well as the transition to the lighter universal infantry machine of the Stepanov design. In 1969, a new family of PCM / PKMS / PKMT / PKMT (PKMT / PKMT PKMT was sent to the Soviet Army, and so far these machine guns are mainly in the Armed Forces of Russia and many countries - the former republics of the USSR. Manufacture of copies of PCM (licensed or without or without it) is established in Bulgaria, China, Iran, the former Yugoslavia.

The PC / PCM machine guns are characterized by high reliability and use well-deserved popularity in the troops, despite a somewhat relieved two-stage charge system from the tape in the barrel.

Machine gun Kalashnikov uses gas-conductive automation with a gas piston located under the barrel with a long working stroke. The trunk quickly, has a carrying handle, also used to replace the hot barrel. The gas hitch is equipped with a manual gas regulator. Barrel locking is carried out by turning the shutter. Food with cartridges - from a non-painted metal ribbon with a closed link. Ribbons are collected from pieces of 50 units with a cartridge. The standard tape tank is 100 (in manual version) or 200 (in machine tools) of cartridges. The feed direction of the tape is to the right left, the windows for feeding and exiting the tape are equipped with dust covers, as well as a window for emissions of shooting sleeves. The flow of cartridges from the two-stage tape - first a special capture with a rollback frame pulls the cartridge from the tape back, after which the cartridge is lowered onto the line of resolution and when the shutter is reduced to the barrel. Shooting is carried out from an open shutter, only automatic fire. Standard controls in the infantry version include a pistol handle, trigger, manual fuse and frame butt. In the armored personnel carrier, it is possible to install a special hump with paired handles and a trigger instead of butt, in tank - electric remote trigger is used. In the infantry version, the machine gun is equipped with a folding dongy bay, an universal tripod machine with an adapter for anti-aircraft shooting is additionally used in the machine.

Handmade Poveneg's machine gun was designed in the TsNII of accurate engineering (Russia) as the further development of the regular army machine gun PCM. Currently, Pecheneg's machine gun has passed army tests and consists in armament of a number of divisions of the army and the Ministry of Internal Affairs participating in the anti-terrorist operation in Chechnya. In general, reviews about a new machine gun from the troops positive. Due to the lack of a replaceable barrel, the machine gun has become more mobile and, therefore, more adapted with modern combat actions.

The main task when creating the Pecheneg was to increase the efficiency of fire and get rid of such a lack of most modern single machine guns, as a need for a replacement trunk. The result of the works of TsNIIMash was the creation of a barrel with forced ejection air cooled of the trunk. Pecheneg's trunk has specially designed outer fins and is concluded in a metal casing. When shooting, powder gases, with high speed leaving the stem, are created in the front of the casing effect of the ejection pump, stretching cold air along the barrel. The air is closed from the atmosphere through the windows in the casing, made under the carrying handle, in the back of the casing. Thus, it was possible to achieve high practical ratelessness without the need to replace the trunk - the maximum length of a continuous queue from the Pecheneg is about 600 shots - that is, 3 boxes with tapes of 200 ammunition, or standard wearable ammunition. When conducting a long-term combat, a machine gun can shoot up to 1000 ammunition per hour without deteriorating combat characteristics and reduce the resource of the barrel, which is at least 30,000 shots. In addition, due to the conclusion of the trunk, the casing disappeared the heat mumar (fluctuations in hot air over a preheated barrel with intense fire), which prevented an accurate aiming. Another modification in relation to PCM was the transfer of bumps under the dangle of the trunk. This was done to increase the stability of the machine gun when shooting from the bustle, however, such a bind position is not always convenient, as it limits the fire sector on the front without moving the arrow and / or weapons.

In general, Pecheneg kept up to 80% of the total parts with PCM (a bodily box with all the mechanisms, the machine), and the increase in the efficiency of fire was from 150% with fire from the machine to 250% with heat from the tower (according to the developers).

The development of large-caliber machine guns under particularly powerful caliber cartridges 14.5mm, originally created in the USSR for anti-tank guns, was launched in 1942 by numerous troops. The main appointment of such a large-caliber machine gun was to be the struggle of a slightly armored technique of the enemy (light tanks and armored personnel carriers), unarmed ground-based equipment and enemy aircraft. In 1944, it was decided to develop the machine gun proposed by Vladimirov, but the bridge of machine gun and installations for him was delayed and the large-caliber machine gun Vladimirov was adopted only in 1949, in the version of the infantry machine gun on the Kharykin's wheeled machine (under the designation of the PCP - a large-caliber infantry machine gun - Systems of Vladimirov), as well as in the version of anti-aircraft on several land and maritime installations, which had one, two or four Machines Vladimirov. In 1955, a tank version of Vladimirov KPVT machine gun appeared, replaced in the production of CPV / PCP and used for armament armored vehicles (BTR-60D, BTR-70, BRDM) and in anti-aircraft machine gun installations SPU-1, ZPU-2 IZPU-4 . In the anti-aircraft version, the CPV was used during the fighting in Vietnam, in addition, these machine guns were widely used by Soviet troops in Afghanistan and during Chechen campaigns. Copies of the CPV machine guns were made under license in Poland and China.

Until recently, the large-caliber machine gun Vladimirov was the most powerful weapon in its class (caliber less than 20mm), but a few years ago in China, its own embodiment was developed under the cartridge 14.5x115 of the original design. Due to the powerful cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet, weighing 60 grams and the initial speed of 1030m / s (dung energy of about 32,000 joule) CPV breaks through 32mm steel armor on a range of 500 meters and 20mm armor on a range of 1000 meters.

Vladimirov KPV-14.5 large-caliber machine gun uses automation using return energy with a short stem course. Locking the trunk at the time of the shot is carried out by rotating the coupling fixed on the gate; The inner surface of the coupling has combat stops in the form of intermittent thread segments, included when turning into engagement with the corresponding combat stops on the venaceous part of the barrel. The rotation of the coupling occurs when the transverse pin with curly cuttings in the receiver. The trunk is fast, concluded into the perforated metal casing and removed from the machine gun body along with the casing, for which there is a special handle on the cover. Food with cartridges is carried out of a metal ribbon with a closed link collected from non-painted pieces of 10 ammunition each. Connection of ribbon pieces is carried out using a cartridge. Standard tape capacity - 40 ammunition for PCP and 50 - for CPVT. The supply of cartridges from the ribbon to the barrel is carried out in two steps - first the special removator on the shutter rollback extracts the cartridge from the tape back, after which the cartridge decreases to the line of resolution and the shutter is reduced into the barrel. The emission of the shooting sleeves is carried out down and forward through a short tube on the trunks; The shooting sleeve is pushed out of its grooves on the shutter mirror by the next cartridge or special lever - the rate (for the last cartridge in the tape). Shooting is carried out from an open shutter, only automatic fire. The shock-trigger mechanism is usually placed on the machine or installation, in the infantry version, the controls on the machine include two vertical handles and a sloping key between them, in a tank machine gun equipped with remote electrosa.

The large-caliber machine gun "Cord" was created at the Kovrovsky factory. Degtyarev (Zid) in the 1990s for replacing the Machine guns of the NSV and NSVTs in Russia, the name "Cord" comes from the phrase "The design of gunsmith-makearev,". The main reason for the development of a machine gun Cord was the fact that the production of NSV machine guns after the collapse of the USSR was in Kazakhstan. In addition, when creating Cord, the goal was to improve the accuracy of firing compared to NSV-12.7. The new machine gun was received by the 6P50 index and was adopted by the Russian army in 1997. Serial production is deployed at the Zide factory in 2001. Currently, cord machine guns are used both as a weapon of infantry support, and are installed on armored vehicles, in particular, on T-90 tanks. In addition, due to the compatibility of the machine guns of Cord and NSV / NSVT on attachments to installations, it is possible to replace their resource on the technique of NSW machine guns to new cord without any modifications on the installations.

The large-caliber machine gun "Cord" uses gas-conductive automation with the long working stroke of the gas piston located under the barrel. The trunk of the machine gun is fast, air cooling, on machine guns of new releases is equipped with an effective dool brake. Block locking is carried out by a swivel shutter. In the design of the machine gun, a special buffer of movable parts is provided, in combination with the muzzle brake, significantly reduced the peak return of weapons during shooting. Shooting is conducted from an open shutter. Food with cartridges - from an open metal ribbon with an open (unlocked) link from the NSV machine gun. The tape is going out of pieces of 10 links with a cartridge. The supply of cartridges from the tape is directly to the barrel. The regular direction of the tape movement is to right to left, however it can be easily changed to the opposite.

From the control bodies on the body of the machine gun there are only trigger and manual fuse. Fire management bodies are located on the machine or installation. In the infantry version, they include a 6T7 pistol handle with a trigger and shutter mechanism attached to the cradle. Additionally, the infantry machine is equipped with a folding butt with built-in springs return buffer.

The Minimi machine gun was developed by the Belgian company FN HERSTAL in the middle of the 1970s and early 1980s and is in mass production from about 1981. It consists in service in many countries, including in Belgium itself, the United States (under the designation of the M249 SAW), Canada (designated C9), Australia (designated F-89) and many others. A machine gun enjoys well-deservedly popular for high mobility in combination with firing power, noticeably superior to the fire power of such manual machine guns as RPK-74, L86A1 and other built on the basis of automata, and not created "from scratch" as machine guns. The distinctive feature of Minimi is the ability to use for firing as a metal tape (standard method) and the rifle stores of the NATO standard (from the M16 rifle, the backup option) without any changes in the design (a similar opportunity had a Czech manual machine gun VZ.52, created by 30 years earlier). Minimi machine guns are used to increase the firepower of infantry offices, providing an effective fire on the range up to 600-800 meters, in combination with high mobility.

Minimi is a lightweight (manual) machine gun, built on the basis of a gas-conductive automation, locking the trunk is carried out by turning the shutter. Power supply -Metallic Ribbon or box stores (store receiver is located on the left side of the weapon under the tape receiver, the store is inserted at an angle of about 45 degrees down from the horizontal). When using the tape, the receiver window for stores is overlapped with a dust curtain, when inserting a store (with a removed tape) an open curtain overlaps the ribbon flow path. When using the tape, part of the energy of the gas engine is spent on the ripping tape, so with a ribbon the rate of fire is lower than during the shopping diet. The tape is usually supplied from plastic boxes or tarpaulin "bags" on a metal frame, adjacent to the machine gun below, with a capacity of 100 or 200 ammunition.

The trunk of the machine gun is fast, equipped with a plane sensor and a folding handle for carrying. The trunks of the three main sizes are produced - stand-long 465mm, "landing" length of 349 mm and "special purpose" with a length of 406 mm. The collar is foldable, located under the barrel on the gas pipe.

Depending on the country of manufacture and modification, Minimi may have butt and tsevier of various designs, attachments for optical and night sights, etc. Fire management - with a pistol handle with a trigger, fire mode is automatic.

When creating small arms families, its manufacturers are primarily focused on a certain basic option (most often the assault rifle and her spell), which is usually known to the general public. For example, speaking about Steyr Aug, we first remember the assault rifle. And only then we will talk about the modifications of the carbine, machine gun, or a machine gun pistol. Nevertheless, we should not forget that many types of weapons are primarily known in their basic variants, are actively used in modifications.

Thus, the modular rifle complex, known as the Army Universal Rifle ("Armee Universal Geweh" or AUG), produced by the Austrian Armory of Steyr-Mannlicher AG, is primarily associated with the well-known assault rifle of the same name. However, it should not be forgotten about other AUG options, such as a manual machine gun Steyr AUG H-BAR. As clearly follows from the name of the machine gun itself, this weapon is equipped with a long heavy barrel (extended compared to the basic assault rifle by more than 100 mm). A manual machine gun AUG H-BAR is designed to apply it as a weapon of fire support for the rifle infantry compartment. It should be noted that a manual machine gun Steyr AUG H-BAR does not differ in fundamentally from the steyr Aug's assault rifle and is easily modified into it by replacing the long barrel to standard (508 mm long). In addition to the trunk, the main differences of Aug Heavy-Barreled Automatic Rifle are an elongated store, a capacity of 42 ammunition (the capacity of the rifle store - 30 rounds) and the presence of folding bumps. This weapon is manufactured by Steyr-Mannlicher AG as an independent sample, as well as one of the stained rifle modules Steyr Aug.

As for the principles of automation, overall layout and principles of the Steyr AUG H-BAR machine gun, they are absolutely identical to the principles of the storm rifle of Steyr Aug. At the moment there are two options for this manual machine gun: directly Steyr Aug H-Bar and Steyr Aug H-Bar / t. The first of the options is equipped with a handle for carrying weapons with an optical sight mounted in it (close to Steyr AUG A1 handle). In the AUG H-BAR / T version, the machine gun is equipped with a special plank (bridge) intended for fastening various night and / or optical sights. With special needs, both variants of a manual machine gun can be converted to the referee from the rear whisper. In this case, a new assembly of the UCM (shock-trigger) is mounted into the weapon module. In addition, the shutter frame module is equipped with a new handle. However, on the main characteristics of weapons of fire from the rear whisper does not affect.

The manual machine gun Steyr Aug H-Bar fully possesses all the advantages (however, and the disadvantages too) the Bull-Dad system and, like the Steyr Aug's assault rifle, is one of the very interesting samples of modern small arms.

The HK MG-43 manual machine gun was developed by the well-known German company Hecler-Koch from the second half of the 1990s, and his prototype was first shown to the general public in 2001. The new machine gun has become a direct competitor to such a popular sample, like Belgian Fnminimi / M249 SAW, and is intended for the same role - light and mobile weapons of fire support for the level of the infantry department. This machine gun in 2003 was adopted by the Bundeswehr (Army of Germany) under the designation of MG4, and in 2007 the first export contract with Spain was concluded. In the German army MG4, gradually replaced the all heavy, but also a more powerful single machine gun Mg3 caliber 7.62mm NATO, used as manual.

Kaki rifle HK G36 of the same company, HK MG4 machine gun marks the transition of Hecler-Koch from systems based on automatic equipment with a semi-free shutter with braking rollers to systems with automatic gas.

The HK MG4 machine gun is automatic weapons with ribbon food, automatic gas, air-cooled of the trunk. The gas piston is located under the barrel and is rigidly connected to the gate frame, on which the swivel shutter is located. On the upper part of the gate frame there is a video, driven by a tape mechanism. The trunk of the machine gun is fast, equipped with a plane sensor and a folding handle for carrying and changing the trunk. The machine gun is powered by standard scattering tape, the flow of which is carried out on the left side of the weapon. A special box can be adjusted to the machine gun that contains the tape per 100 or 200 cartridges. The emission of empty links of the tape - to the right, the shooting sleeves - down. The HK MG4 machine gun can only automatically fire, the double-sided fuse is located above the pistol handle. Shooting is conducted from an open shutter. Charge handle is located on the right. A machine gun has a foldable left plastic butt, plastic light tsevier and folding dongy tower mounted on a gas-conductive block. In addition, it contains fasteners to install on equipment or infantry machine. Aimed tools include a flying ground flying and adjustable quick-release cable mounted on a Picatinny guide on a bonded box. The whole is marked from 100 to 1000 meters, instead of it (or with it) it is possible to install various day and night sights with standard fasteners.

In connection with the obsolescence of the Bundeswehr (Army of Germany) of the united MG 3 caliber machine guns of 7.62mm NATO (the production of which in Germany has long been discontinued) in 2009, the well-known German company Hecler-Koh (HecklerUnDKOCH) presented its new experienced single machine gun HK 121 under Cartridge 7.62x51 NATO. This machine gun is designed on the basis of 5.56mm HOD machine gun HK 43 / MG 4, and in 2013 was adopted by the Bundeswehr and received the official MG5 index.

The HK 121 / MG5 machine gun uses a gas-conductive automation, a gas piston with a long working stroke is located under the barrel. The design provides a manual gas regulator. The barrel locking is carried out by a swivel shutter with two combat stops. The trunk of the air coolet machine gun, fast, is equipped with a plane sensor and a folding handle for carrying and changing the barrel. HK121 machine gun shoots from an open shutter, only automatic fire.

Machine gun power is carried out using a scattered metal ribbon with an open link, the flow of which is carried out on the left side of the weapon. On the left side of the trunny box to the machine gun can be washed a round cartridge box of plastic from Mg3, which contains a tape by 50 cartridges, or a tape can be supplied from separate boxes with a capacity of 200 rounds.

The machine gun of the NK 121 / MG5 has a foldable left plastic butt and folding dongy tower mounted on a gas-conductive block. Under the tube of the gas piston, a plastic folding handle was made (for the shooting "from the hands"), which in folded form forms a small goal. In addition, the machine gun provides standard mounts for installing on equipment or infantry machines from MG 3. The aimed tools include a flock on the folding base and the adjustable quick-release cable mounted on the type Picatinny guide on the bonded box. Various day and night optical sights can also be installed on the same guide.

Easy (manual) Machine gun "Kevyt Konekivaari" ('Kevyt Konekivaari' ('Kevyt Konekivaar', and the "Easy Machine") is developed by Vammett from the end of 1950s to replace the outdated lahti-26 lahti machine gun. The first prototypes of the KVKK 62 machine guns appeared in 1960, in 1962 he was adopted by the Finnish Army (Finnish Self-Defense Forces, SSF), supplies to the troops began in 1966. KVKK 62 is still in armament of the SSF, and also supplied to Qatar. Currently, in Finland, there are plans for the partial replacement of KVKK 62 to single PCM machine guns purchased in Russia, as for providing greater firing power and reliability.

KVKK 62 is built on the basis of automation with a gas engine. The fire is carried out from an open shutter, locking is carried out by blocking the shutter up, behind the cover of the receiver. The border is milled out of steel, the return spring is located in a floor of a metal butt. Power is carried out from tarpaulin round bags (with a metal frame), adjacent to the machine gun on the right. Each bag holds a metal tape per 100 rounds. Extraction of rams down, the window for emissions of the sleeves is under a tape drive.

In general, KVKK 62 has a rather clumsy appearance, largely due to the pistol handle of the primitive form without a trigger and metallic bowl, to which a long rack is fastened from the right on the right. A machine gun has a folding lobby with a carrying handle, located in front of the tape drive, and the folding dongy bump under the barrel, as well as fastening on the bottom of the receiver for installation on the technique. It should be noted that the lack of a trigger (it replaces the vertical bar before the trigger) is caused by the need to provide shooting in the winter when the soldiers wear thick gloves or mittens.

From the advantages of the machine gun (according to user reviews), it is necessary to note the high accuracy of the shooting queues, a minor return, interchangeability of ammunition with full-time Finnish automata, high shooting paced. Disadvantages - this is primarily an increased (compared to automata) sensitivity to pollution and moisture inwards inside the weapons, and the absence of a quick-change trunk, which does not allow to conduct more or less long automatic fire. In addition, KVKK 62 is somewhat heavy for their combat characteristics.

Handmade machine gun L86A1 - SA-80 Light Support Weapon (United Kingdom)

The L86A1 manual machine gun was developed in the UK as an integral part of the SA-80 program, which included an IW machine and a manual LSW machine gun, built on a single "platform" with maximum unification of components. Initially, the development was carried out under the experimental English cartridge of a caliber of 4.85x49mm, after adopting at the end of the 1970s of the Belgian version of the SS109 of the cartridge 5.56x45mm as the NATO standard, further developments were conducted under it. The machine gun was ready for 1989, and began to enter the designation of L86A1. Need to say. That the machine gun inherited all the problems and troubles of the L85A1 assault rifle, including low reliability, inconvenience in circulation and so on in the same vein. Because of the low reliability, this "machine gun" could actually be used rather as Erzac sniper rifles, thanks to a long heavy trunk and a good optical sight. Even despite problems with reliability, the absence of a quick-change trunk and the small capacity of the stores significantly limited the possibilities of L86A1 as weapons of support. And if the problems of the riflel85a1 were solved through serious upgrades in the L85A2 configuration, then the machine guns released in much smaller quantities are not modified. Instead, the United Kingdom's armed forces are purchased by FN Minimi machine guns, which will take on the role of the weapon of fire support for the level of separation. The L86A1 weapons will also remain in service with troops to ensure aiming shooting by single shots with short queues in the distances inaccessible to L85A2 machine guns and minimi machine guns that have a shorter trunk.

M134 / GAU-2 / A 'MINIGUN' multi-power machine (US)

The development of a multi-tape 6.62mm caliber machine gun was started by the American company General Electric in 1960. This work was based on the M61 Vulcan aircraft 6-branched gun (M61 volcano) of 20mm caliber, created by the same company for the US Air Force based on the Gatling Gun system. The first experienced six-solid machine guns of Caliber 7.62mm appeared in 1962, and in 1964 such machine guns were installed on the AC-47 plane to play the fire perpendicular to the aircraft rate (from the windows and doors of the fuselage) for ground targets (Severgatenamen infantry). On the fact of the successful application of new machine guns, called 'MINIGUN' (minigan), General Electric deployed their mass production. These machine guns were adopted under the indexes M134 (US Army) and GAU-2 / A (Fleet and US Air Force). By 1971, more than 10 thousand minigars were already in the Armed Forces of the United States, most of which were installed on helicopters operating in Vietnam. A certain number of minigars was also installed on small river vessels of the US Navy, acting in Vietnam, including in the interests of special forces.

Due to the high density of fire, minigars turned out to be an excellent means of suppressing the passenger severity of the Northwood infantry, however, the need for power supply and very high consumption of cartridges limited their application mainly by appliances. After some time, after the end of the war in Vietnam, the production of minigars was practically minimized, but the US retracting from the beginning of the 1990s into a number of conflicts in the Middle East led to the production of upgraded machine gun options that received the M134D index was deployed under a license on the American company Dillon Aero . New machine guns are put on helicopters, ships (on light boats of special forces support - as a means of fire support, large ships - as a means of protection against high-speed boats and enemy boats), as well as for jeeps (as a means of fire suppression to combat ambushes, etc. .).

Interestingly, which encountered photos of minigars on infantry machines-tripods in most cases are not related to military service. The fact is that in the USA, in principle, the ownership of automatic weapons is allowed, and in the property of a number of citizens and private companies there is a number of minigars issued until 1986. These machine guns can be seen on periodically organized for everyone who wants shooting, such as Knob Creek Machine Gun Shot.

As for the possibility of firing from M134 in Hollywood style - i.e. From the hands, then (even distracted by the mass of weapons and ammunition to it) It is enough to remember that the power of the movement of the M134D MINIGUN machine gun at a tone of "total" in 3,000 shots per minute (50 shots per second) averages 68 kg , with peak power of recoil up to 135 kg.

M134 'MINIGUN' (minigan) multisage machine gun uses automation with an external drive mechanisms from DC electric motor. As a rule, the engine is powered by a carrier onboard network 24-28 volts with a current-consumed about 60 amps (M134D machine gun at a tone of 3000 shots per minute; power consumption is about 1.5 kW). Through the gear system, the engine leads a block of 6 stems to rotate. The shooting cycle is divided into several separate operations performed simultaneously on different block barrels. The chuck in the barrel is usually carried out at the upper point of rotation of the unit, by the time the trunk comes to the extreme lower position The cartridge has already been completely leased to the barrel and the shutter is locked, and a shot is performed in the lower position of the barrel. When the trunk moves up the circle, extract and emission of the shooting sleeve is made. The trunk locking is carried out by turning the shutter fighting larva, the movement of the shutters controls the closed curvilinear groove on the inner surface of the machine gun casing, along which the rollers are placed on each shutter.

Based on the German experience of creating and using single machine guns accumulated during World War II, immediately at its end of the US Army began searching for its version of a single machine gun. The first experiments were carried out under the cartridge .30-06, but soon the army switched to a new T65 cartridge, which was created by an experimental single machine gun T161, based on German developments (FG42 rifle and machine gun MG42). In 1957, the modified version of T161E2 was adopted by the Army and the US Fleet under the designation of M60. At first glance, it was very promising and powerful weapons, however, in the desire to create a machine gun, suitable for the role of hand, its creators excessively facilitated the design, and a number of engineering miscalculations were allowed. As a result, the machine gun was not too reliable, it was periodically self-discharged from vibration during shooting, allowed the wrong assembly of the gas-conductive node, with wear or breakdown of parts had a tendency to spontaneous shooting. Due to the placement of the bumps on the trunk, the replacement of the hot barrel became quite uncomfortable. In short, a machine gun was unsuccessful that it did not prevent him from becoming the main weapon of support for American infantry during the War in Vietnam and a number of subsequent, smaller operations. In addition to the United States, M60 machine guns were supplied to Salvador, Thailand and a number of countries - recipients of American military aid. It must be said that a number of shortcomings of the M60 machine gun was soon corrected in the M60E1 version, but for unknown reasons to the series this option is so launched and not. But on the basis of M60, options for armament armored vehicles and helicopters were created.

The light large-caliber machine gun LW50MG, developed by General Dynamics, is the development of the American XM-307ACSW / XM-312 program, has recently experiencing financial difficulties. In fact, the LW50MG machine gun has become a simplified and reduced variant of the XM-312 machine gun, having lost the possibility of changing the caliber, direction of feeding of the tape and obtaining simplified sighting devices. This machine gun is currently being tested in the US Army, and current plans impliate its admission to weapons in 2011. According to the same plans, the Light Machines LW50MG will have to supplement substantially heavier browning m2hb machine guns of the same caliber in the mobile parts of the US Armed Forces: landing, mountainous troops and special forces.

A distinctive feature of the new machine gun, in addition to its low weight, American testes call very high shooting accuracy, allowing you to effectively affect the relatively small goals on the range of up to 2 000 meters. Thanks to this, a new machine gun can become, among other things, an effective means of combating enemy snipers or individual arrows, covering more or less light barriers.

The LW50MG large-caliber machine gun is automatic weapons with ribbon nutrition and air cooled of the trunk. The trunk of the machine gun is fast. The automation works on a gas-conductive scheme, the barrel is locked up by turning the shutter. In this case, the trunk, with a blind box mounted on it and a gas-conductive node, can move inside the machine gun body, forming a moving automation group. The movement of the mobile group is limited to a special damper and return spring. Power supply is carried out with the help of standard scattering metal ribbon by any cartridges of 12.7x99mm caliber, feeding the tape only from left to right.

In 1982, the USA adopted a new manual machine gun M249 (Fnminimi), but in mind the introduction of machine guns M249 Saw in the troops, which is characteristic of all new systems of "children's problems", is not too smooth. As a result, in 1986, ARES offered the military new manual machine gun Stoner 86 (Eugene Stoner at that time was tightly collaborated with the ARES company). This machine gun was the direct development of the old Stoner 63 system towards simplifying and reducing the number of possible configuration options (up to two - a machine gun with tape or shopping diet), as well as improved reliability. The machine gun came out quite successful, but neither the American military nor foreign buyers did not show much interest in it. The problems with the machine guns M249 Saw 256mm, continued in the late eighties - the beginning of the nineties. 5.56mm, promotion of the Stoner 86, and he, already working at KnightSarmAment, created a new machine gun, known as Stoner 96. This machine gun of the caliber 5.56 MM had only ribbon food and due to the competent calculation of automation ensured a small peak return, which, in particular, increased the effectiveness of the firing from the machine gun from the hands, including in motion. Knights Armament has released a small series (about 50 units) Stoner 96 machine guns, and still trying to sell them into service both in the United States and in other countries, however, without visible success.

The handmade machine gun Ares Stoner 86 uses gas-lifted automation with a gas piston located under a gas piston. Air cooling trunk, quick-change. Shooting is carried out from an open shutter, only automatic fire. Locking the trunk - a swivel shutter. Food with cartridges - from standard scattered metal ribbons with m27 link, alternatively, the tapestone cover with a tape feed mechanism can be replaced with a cover with a receiver of box-made stores (compatible with M16 machine). Since the aiming devices are located along the longitudinal axis of the weapon, the receiver of the stores is directed not vertically upwards, and at the angle to the left. The Aresstoner86 machine gun is completed with a fixed butt tubular design and folding bumps under a gas cylinder.

A manual machine gun Stoner 96 / Knights LMG is structurally simplified by the Stoner 86 machine gun. It excludes the possibility of shopping nutrition, the reliability of the work and the survivability of the mechanisms is increased. To increase the maneuverability of the weapon and reduce its mass, the trunk of the machine gun is shortened, the sliding butt from the carbine M4 is set. PicatinnyRail guide boxes are performed on the trunks and the Tsevier. Instead of ordinary bumps on the lower guide, the vertical grippodo handle with built-in small sliding bumps, providing a steady hold of the machine gun both when shooting from hand and when shooting from the stop.

12.7mm large-caliber machine gun QJZ-89 / Type 89 was developed at the end of the 1980s as the maximum lightweight weapons of infantry support, allowing to ensure high mobility of weapons (including when carrying the calculation on themselves) in combination with the possibility of terrestrial and air targets At the level of heavier analogues of the same caliber. Currently, 12.7mm large-caliber machine gun QJZ-89 enters the arms of individual parts and units of NAK. It should be noted that this machine gun is one of the lightest in its class, being noticeably easier for the Russian machine gun "Cord" and in almost one weight with the newest experienced American Machine gun LW50MG caliber 12.7x99.

12.7mm large-caliber machine gun QJZ-89 uses automation of a mixed type: for unlocking the rotary shutter, a gas-lifting mechanism is used with direct gases from the barrel channel to the shutter through the gas tube under the barrel, and the automation drive is used to roll back the mobile block (trunk and boron) inside Housing of weapons. With a short rollback of the movable block, its energy is transmitted to the shutter frame through the accelerator lever. Such a scheme makes it possible to significantly reduce the peak power of the recoil acting on the installation, due to the "stretching" actions of the recoil of the slope. A machine gun is equipped with a rapid air cooling trunk. Food with cartridges - from a metal ribbon with an open link, while the machine gun can use both the standard cartridges of caliber17x108, and the cartridges developed in China with armor-piercing pyline bullets. The machine gun management bodies include a trigger pistol handle and a shock absorber buffer. A machine gun is placed on a special lightweight Trenat Machine, allowing shooting both ground and air targets. Most often, the machine gun is equipped with an optical sight, although the usual aiming devices are also provided.

In 2008, the well-known military-industrial enterprise Rheinmetall decided to return to the small arms market, and began to develop a large-caliber machine gun (under the cartridge 12.7x99 NATO) with an external drive mechanisms (from the built-in electric motor). This machine gun created under the specific requirements of the Bundeswehr is intended primarily for installation on armored vehicles and helicopters, including remotely managed turret. The main features of this system that received the factory designation RMG 50 indicate a small mass (25 kg against 38 kg for a veteran M2NV of the same caliber), adjustable shooting pace, built-in shot counter, double power system cartridges. In addition, for the defeat of individual point purposes, the machine gun has the so-called "sniper" shooting mode, in which the fire is carried out by single shots from the closed shutter. In normal mode, automatic fire is conducted from an open shutter. Another feature of this machine gun that his creators rests is a particularly durable design of the trunk and a locking unit, which allows the use of 12.7x99 NATOs in it, but also a reinforced amplified ammunition of the same caliber in it. It is assumed that such "reinforced" cartridges will be able to overclock the standard 42-gram punch to 1100 m / s or a heavier 50 gram to 1000 m / s. At the time of writing these words (autumn 2011), it is planned to withdraw the RMG 50 machine gun for serial issuance and military tests of the German army in 2013-14.

RMG 50 Rhine Machine Uses RMG 50 Machine Uses Weapon Mechanisms Located in the rear of the border of the electric motor with external power. The shutter is associated with the electric motor with a crank-connecting mechanism. Shooting can be conducted both from an open shutter (automatic fire) and closed (single shots). Air cooling trunk, quick-change. The flow of cartridges is double, switchable (from two sides of the hard box), with the help of mechanisms given by the main electric motor machine gun. Feeding the cartridges of sadness, that is, the cartridges are served from the boxes to the machine gun without the help of the tape, with the help of special conveyors, the shooting sleeves return back to the box into the place of spent cartridges. Thanks to the electronic control of the machine gun, smooth adjustment of the shooting rate is possible up to 600 shots per minute, as well as modes of firing queues of limited length with a cut-off on any desired number of shots (2, 3, 5, etc.) and a given tempo in line. The machine gun in the basic version does not have any own aimed tools and fire controls, as it is assumed to be applied only with special installations or turrets.

The newest 7.62-mm machine gun of the Pehoegeg-JV (Grau index - 6P69) was created on the topic "warrior" FSUE "TSNII", was first presented at Rosoboronexpo-2014 exhibition in Zhukovsky in August 2014.

The "Pecheneg-JP" machine gun, unlike the base "Pecheneg" (index 6P41), has an additional short trunk with PMS (low-noise firing instrument), which provides increased mobility of the fighter when performing special operations in urban conditions.

Additionally, "Pecheneg SP" received an ergonomic tactical fire control handle, which serves for the convenience of holding the machine gun when shooting standing, and the butt that can be folded and adjusted along the length. Also, the machine gun has a removable tower, which can be installed in the muzzle of the trunk (like 6p41), and on the gas chamber (like PCM). On the cover of the receiver, there is a picatini bar for fastening optical and night sights.

To reduce the flaming when moving with a machine gun, the entire inner surface of the box for the machine gun tape was covered with plastic. The aiming bar of the mechanical sight is accumulated up to 800 meters.

The most ancient ancestor of the modern machine gun, the so-called Ribadekin, is known from the XIV century. He reminded the body because consisted of several trunks fixed on a movable lapte. Such guns were used up to the invention of the British of American origin High Maxim.

Machine gun Gatling

Previously, the Maxim patent for the invention of the rainflaw tool received a native of North Carolina Richard Gatling (1862). Several cutting trunks rotated around the axis. At first, with the help of handles, later - by means of an electrical drive. Shooting was carried out without stopping, and the cartridges were fed under the action of gravity. The Gatling Machine used in the US Civil War, and the British were shot from it to Zulusam. The advanced version of the gun was capable of shooting at a speed of a thousand shots per minute. With the invention of the electric drive, speed has increased to 3000 shots. The machine gun is quite often jammed, and the whole system was too cumbersome. Therefore, with the advent of one-baulous models, the instrument of gatling has become less popular. Although it was not supplanted at all. Gatling machine guns were produced and after World War II. Recall the weapons of the heroes of Arnold Schwarzenegger in the films "Predator" and "Terminator-2". Multi-rolled bullfights are straight descendants of the Richard Gatling machine gun.

Interestingly, Gatling himself initially was a doctor, he treated the soldiers of the American army from pneumonia and dysentery herbal tinctures. Glory on this field did not discharge, therefore decided to change the field of activity. Gatling dreamed of creating such a type of automatic weapon, which would allow one soldier to perform hundreds. Then, he considered the inventor, countries do not have to recruit huge armies. Here is a former doctor made a mistake.

Anka-Muthetchichitsa

Who does not remember the Anku-Machine Maker and the Ordinar Petka from the legendary film of 1934 "Chapaev"? A lot of events - from bloody battles before recognition in love - occur against the background of the Maxim machine gun. It is believed that his inventor took up his brainchild in early 1880. However, there are information that the first Maxim submachine introduced the military on the beginning of the 70s, however, the American military new weapons rejected.

For many years, losing interest in the machine gun, Hayre Maxim in 1881 emigrated to England, where he continued his work. The new model was very different from the original option, but she also did not interest the British military now. But the financier Rothschild The idea came to the soul. The fundamental innovation that the inventor suggested was that the machine gun was reloaded by himself using the power of return. The average rapidity was 600 rounds per minute.

They assure that from the machine gun during the demonstration of a new type of weapon in Russia he shot the emperor himself Alexander III. After that, the Russian side purchased several Maximov. By the way, in Russia, the machine gun was upgraded. It is known that the Wheel Machine came up with Colonel Sokolov in 1910.

Schwarzlose machine gun

Competition for the best machine gun was announced at the beginning of the twentieth century and in Austria-Hungary. The German inventor Andreas Schwarzlose won. Compared to Maxim, his machine gun had much less detail and cost two times cheaper. "Food" new weapon with a cloth tape of 250 ammunition. They were served using a special drum. True, during the rain, the tape could overlap, and in the frost, it was barely beaten.

At the beginning of World War II, Austro-Hungary had about three thousand machine guns. A shortened stem "Schwarzlosis" did the work of automation more reliable, but a slaughter was lost. Compensated for this lack more accentuated shooting and large number of cartridges.

Top manual

The world's first manual machine gun invented the Danish Major Wilhelm Madsen.. The thought to facilitate the machine-gun machine so that he could freely transfer one soldier, came Madsen in the 80s of the XIX century. After two decades, the idea was able to realize. Weapon weapons of the Dane almost nine kilograms, because still for its transportation was used by gentle transport. Actually, after a gun gun successfully passed tests and several hundred units ordered for the Russian army, special equestrian-gun brigades were formed. Each of them was listed 40 horses and 27 people. The brigade accounted for six machine guns. New Danish weapons planned to be used to protect bridges and tunnels. Interestingly, the Madsen machine gun was even trying to establish on airplanes, but afterwards it was refused to favor other models.

For Bati Mahno

So it happens: the idea of \u200b\u200bthe invention belongs to one person, and the name it receives the other, the one who embodied the plan. The famous American machine gun invented Samuel Maklin. But weapons became famous due to the Colonel Isaac Lewis. Lewis Machine gun was demonstrated in 1911, but he did not impress the American military. Then Colonel Lewis will resign and move into the old woman Europe, where the new machine gun is adopted by the Belgians.

In 1914, the license for the production of Lewis machine gun was acquired by the British. And only after the beginning of the First World War, the Americans became interested in arms. Savage Arms Company was engaged in the production of machine guns.

In Russia, Lewis machine guns purchased in 1917. About six thousand were American production, two more thousands of British. They used cartridges from Mosina rifle. Lewis machine guns were actively used in civil war. It is known, for example, that they were in service with the guard of the Battie Makhno, because of which the guards themselves were called "luraisists." Immediately after the revolution, the supply of machine guns to Russia has ceased.

In the popular Soviet films "White Sun of the Desert", "their among others, someone else's among their" scenarios also appeared "Lewis", but under them "grimitated" machine guns Degtyarev.

Snapshot to opening Articles: First World War, 1914 / Photo: TASS / Archive

Let's say you sit so-so in the office and you are very boring. And suppose you suddenly appeared the idea to go to the shooter, take there the most powerful machine gun with a silencer, attach to it with a tape on 700 ammunition and fall out for all of them. What happens in this case? We did not know about it. It was assumed that the machine gun at that moment would not envy. But so that it is! The metal trunk metal and melted silencer, which will lead to 700 bullets, flying out of the trunk will lead to a grain.

In the frame from West Coast Armory (not to be confused with West Coast Custom), a machine gun M249 SAW and two people, arrows and a ribbon feeding with the cartridges assistant appears. As stated in the description of the video, somewhere after 350-400 the released bullet occurred rapidly muffler. And a few seconds later, the metal at the end of the barrel fucked to such an extent that the silencer was literally turned inside out, bent to the side. However, the machine gun continued shooting.

As stated proud tests, I managed to melt a bit of the machine gun: "The weapon itself was perfectly shot perfectly and there were no problems with him. The only problem with which we encountered after, someone had to make cleaning after that ".

A confirmation video with the same machine gun that would land a few hundred bullets not. I, as an amateur in this matter, it seems that after such a non-reliable use, the trunk must come to complete dissent. Perhaps it is not.

Since they spoke about machine guns, here's another video, which explains one of the most mysterious those childhood: How did the fighters shoot through the working propeller screws?


Happy viewing

For manual machine guns, live targets are the most characteristic - calculations of machine guns and guns, groups of shooters or individual figures, leading fire from various positions. In addition, an effective fire for cars, motorcycles, armored personnel carriers, ambrusuras can be conducted from manual machine guns, and air targets.

General provisions

48. For successful tasks in battle, it is necessary:

Continuously monitor the battlefield;

Quickly and correctly prepare data for shooting;

Skillfully lead fire in all sorts of goals in various conditions of combat situation both during the day and night; To defeat the group and most important single goals, apply a focused sudden fire; .

Watch the results of fire and skillfully adjust it;

Follow the consumption of cartridges in battle, I take steps to the timely replenishment.

Monitoring the battlefield and target designation

49. Observation is carried out in order to timely detect the location and actions of the enemy. In addition, in battle it is necessary to observe for signals and signs of the commander and for the results of its fire.

If there are no special instructions of the commander, the soldiers are monitored in the shelling sector specified by them to 1000 m.

50. Observation is carried out with a naked eye. Special attention when observed must be paid to hidden approaches. The terrain inspect on the right to left from the closest items to the distant. Inspection to produce carefully since the detection of the enemy contributes to minor demasking signs. Such signs can be: glitter, noise, swing of branches of trees and bushes, the appearance of new small objects, changes in the position and form of local items, etc.

In the presence of binoculars to use it only for a more thorough study of individual items or areas of the terrain; At the same time, take measures to make the brilliance of binoculars not to detect its place.

At night, the location and action of the enemy can be installed on sounds and light sources. If the area is illuminated with a rocket or other source of illumination, quickly inspect the illuminated area.

51. For the purposes seen on the battlefield, it is necessary to immediately report to the commander and correctly indicate their location. The goal is indicated by the oral report or tracing bullets.

The report should be brief, clear and accurate, for example: "Straight - wide bush, on the left-machine gun"; "The first landmark, to the right two fingers, under the bush - an observer."

When tarking the tracing bullets to produce one or two short queues in the direction.

Choosing a goal

52. For manual machine guns, live targets are the most characteristic - calculations of machine guns and guns, groups of shooters or individual figures, leading fire from various positions. In addition, an effective fire for cars, motorcycles, armored personnel carriers, ambrusuras can be conducted from manual machine guns, and air targets. All these goals can be fixed, emerging for a short time and moving.

53. A machine gunner in combat leads fire, as a rule, in the composition of the department or platoon, destroying the goals specified by the commander. Therefore, it must have been listening to and accurately fulfill all commands of the commander.

54. If the machine gunner in battle is not specified in battle, he chooses it himself. V. First, it is necessary to affect the most dangerous and important goals, such as the calculations of machine guns and guns, commanders and opponent observers. Of the two equal purposes, choose the nearest and most vulnerable. When a new, more important goal appears during the shooting, to immediately move fire to it.

Selection of sight, aiming point and whole

55. To select a sight, aiming point and a whole, it is necessary to determine the distance to the target and take into account external conditions that can affect the range and direction of the bullet flight. The sight, the whole point of the aiming is chosen with such a calculation so that during shooting the average trajectory passed in the midst of purpose.

When shooting at a distance of up to 300 m, the fire should be guided, as a rule, with an eye 3, aiming to the bottom edge of the target or in the middle, if the target is high (running figures, etc.).

When shooting at distances exceeding 300 m, the sight is installed, respectively, the distance to the target rounded to the whole hundred meters. For aiming point, as a rule, the middle of the target is accepted. If the conditions of the situation do not allow to change the installation of the sight depending on the distance to the target, then within the range of a direct shot, the fire should be conducted with an eye, corresponding to the range of direct shot, aiming to the lower edge of the target.

56. The distance to goals is determined by the eye meter. At the same time, the distance to the goals and local items is determined by the segments of the area, well imprinted in visual memory, according to the degree of visibility and the apparent value of the objectives (objects), as well as by combining both methods.

When determining the distances from the cuts of the areait is necessary for any familiar distance that firmly strengthened in visual memory, for example, a segment of 100, 200 or 300 m, mentally postpone from itself to the subject (target).

When determining distances according to the degree of visibility and the apparent value of the goals (items) It is necessary to compare the apparent value of the target with the visible dimensions of this goal that are visible in memory at certain removal.

If the goal is found near the reference point or the local subject, the distance to which is known, then when determining the distance to the target, it is necessary to take it into account its removal from the reference.

At night, the distance to litious goals is determined in the same way as during the day.

57. When determining the distance, the following should consider the following:

The apparent value of the same segment of the area with the removal of it from the machine gunner (in the future) is gradually reduced;

Ravines, dell, rivers, etc., crossing the direction to the local subject or purpose, grind (reduce) distance;

Small items (bushes, stones, individual figures) seem further than large objects on the same distance (forest, mountain, tv column);

Bright color (white, orange) items seem closer than dark-colored items (blue, black, brown);

Monochrome, monotonous area (meadow, snow, arable land) highlights, and how the items that are on it are on it, if they are differently painted, and a motley, diverse background of the area, on the contrary, masks and, as if removes items on it;

On a cloudy day, in the rain, at twilight, in the fog of the distance they seem enlarged, and in a bright, sunny day, on the contrary, - reduced;

In the mountainous area visible items like approaching.

58. A significant deviation of external conditions from table (normal) changes the range of the bullet flight or deflects it away from the fifth plane. For table conditions of shooting are accepted: air temperature + 15 ° C; lack of wind; no exceeding area above sea level; The angle of place is not exceeding 15 °.

59. The deviation of the air temperature from the tabular (+ 15 ° C) causes a change in the range of the bullet flight, increasing it when shooting in summer conditions and reducing in winter. The distance of the flight of the bullet during shooting in summer conditions increases slightly, so you should not be amended or in the point of aiming point. The range of the bullet's flight when firing in winter (under conditions of low temperatures ^ at a distance over 400 m decreases to a significant amount (50-100 m); therefore, it is necessary at the air temperature above -25 ° C to choose a target point at the top edge of the target, and at air temperature Below -25 ° С Enlarge the sight for one division..

60. The amendments to the installation of a sight on the excess of the area above the sea level and at the angle of place of place are taken into account only when shooting in the mountains, if the distance to the target is more than 400 m.

61. The selection of a whole for shooting on fixed targets depends on the speed of the lateral wind and the range to the target. The stronger the side wind and the farther the goal, the larger the bullet will be rejected aside from the direction of shooting. In this regard, the whole need to make amendment. The amendment to the installation of the whole is taken in the other direction, from where the wind blows; For example, the wind blows on the right left, the whole must be moved to the right.

If the time does not allow an amendment to the whole, then the adjustment on the side wind is taken into account by the removal of the target point in the figures of the target or in meters, and the countdown of the aiming point is made from the middle of the target.

62. Amendments to the side moderate wind (speed 4 m / s) in meters, human figures and fission divisions are featured in the following table.

Range tracks Side-smokelometer (4 m / s) at an angle of 90 °
Amendments (rounded)
Notes Vyfigorhechelovka Employed
100 - - -
200 0,2 0,5 -
300 0,4 1 0,5
400 0,8 1,5 1
500 1,3 2,5 1,5
600 1.9 4 1,5
700 2,7 5 2
800 3,6 7 2

Table corrections with strong wind (rate of 8 m / s), which can be at a right angle to the direction of firing, must be increased twice, and with a weak wind (speed 2 m / s) or with moderate wind, which blows under a sharp angle to the direction of firing , Reduce twice.

Choice of moment for opening fire

63. The moment for the opening of fire is determined by the team of the Commander "Fire", and with independent signing of fire - depending on the situation and the situation position.

The most favorable moments for the opening of the fire: when the goal can be hit suddenly at close range; When the goal is clearly visible;

when the target is bought, substitutes a flank or rises to the whole growth.

A sudden fire attack on the enemy, especially from the flank, produces a stunning effect on him and causes the greatest defeat.

Maintaining fire, observation of its results and adjustment

64. When running fire, the machine gunner must carefully observe the results of its fire and adjust it.

Observation of the results of its fire is carried out on ricochetam, bullets and opponent's behavior.

Fire adjustment is made by changing the position of the point of aiming in height and side direction or the installation of the installation and the whole. The aiming point is made by the deviation of the ricochets or the tracks to the side opposite to their deviation from the target (Fig. 34). If the deviation of the bullet from the target is exceeding 100 m, then it is necessary to change the installation of the sight to one division. To adjust the fire along the tracks, it is necessary that the shooter was conducted by cartridges with ordinary and tracing bullets in the ratio: one cartridge with a tracer bullet with ordinary bullets.

Fig. 34. Takeense point aiming

65. Signs indicating the validity of their fire, can serve: the loss of the enemy, the transition of it from the fuses to the crossing, the dismemberment and deployment of the columns, the weakening or cease-fire of the enemy, the waste or deposition.

Shooting on fixed and emerging purposes

66. Single clearly visible goal to install short or long queues depending on the importance of the goal, its size and range to it. The more dangerous or the farther goal, the longer there should be a queue. The fire is carried out until the goal is destroyed or does not work.

67. When shooting at the appearance of the target, the shooting time is determined by the appearance of the target. To defeat the appearing target, it is necessary, noticing the place of its appearance, quickly make up to shoot and open fire. The speed of the opening of fire is crucial for defeating the target. If during the manufacture of making a target hide, with the secondary appearance to clarify the tip and open fire.

When shooting on "repeatedly appearing targets should be borne in mind that it may appear in a new place, so the defeat will depend on care when observing, the speed of manufacture to shoot and open fire /

The appearing target to affect queues, quickly follow one after another.

68. A group target consisting of individual, distinctly visible figures, firing queues, sequentially carrying fire from one figure to another.

69. A wide goal consisting of unclearly visible shapes or disguised, and a single disguised goal to decide with the scattering of bullets on the target front (masks) or with a sequential transfer of aiming point from one flank target (masks) to another.

70. Shooting on the attacking vibrant enemy's strength at distances from 200 m and closer to long queues with scattering bullets on the target front.

Scattering bullets on the front when shooting is achieved by the angular movement of the machine gun along the horizon. The speed of the angular movement of the machine gun when shooting with scattering bullets on the front of the target depends on the range of firing and the required density of fire. In this case, the density of fire in all cases should be at least two bullets. On each meter of the target front.

Archery for moving goals

71. When the target is moving to the shooting or from it at a distance not exceeding the distance of the direct shot, the fire will be carried out with the installation of a sight corresponding to the distance of the direct shot. At distances that exceed the range of direct shot, the fire will be carried out with the installation of a sight, corresponding to that distance on which the goal may be at the time of the opening of fire.

72. When shooting for the target moving at an angle to the fifth plane, the aiming point must be selected ahead of the target and at such a distance from it so that the target has advanced to this distance during the flight. The distance to which the goal moves during the flight of the bullet to it is called protect.

When shooting from the machine gun, the improvement can be taken before the start of firing using the whole, while the whole is moving towards the movement of the target. If the time does not allow you to install a certificate, then the protection is taken in the goal figures or in meters.

73. To determine the probe in shooting for the target, moving at an angle of 90 ° to the fifth plane, guided the following table.

Footing distance in meters Purpose running at a speed of 3m / s (approximately 10km / hour) Motocel moving at a speed of 6 m / s (approximately 20km / hour)
Control (round)
In the figures of man In fission chuck in meters In fission chuck
100 1 2 1 4
200 2 2 2 4
300 3 2,5 3 5
400 4 3 4 5
500 6 3 6 6
600 8 3,5 7 6

74. Fire in the target moving at an angle to the sefing plane is carried out by the method of maintaining a goal or a way to exit targets (fire attack).

When running fire method of maintaining a goalthe machine gunner, moving the machine gun towards the movement of the target, at the time of the most proper fitting of the machine gun leads shooting short or long queues depending on the range of firing and from the speed of the target.

When running fire the way to wait for the goal The machine gunner is aimed at the point selected ahead of the target, and with the target approach to this point by the value of two tables, firmly holding the machine gun, produces a long queue, then selects a new target point in front of the target, is aimed at approaching the value to it the value of the desired probe. Again the long queue, etc. This way you can fire, aiming and in the middle of the goal. To do this, you need to move the entire goal in the direction of motion to the value of the desired progress.

75. When the target is moving under an acute angle to the plane of the shooting, the protection of the goal is taken two times less than the table with the way of maintaining the target, and when the ladder is on the way the target waiting for the target.

76. The use of tracer bullets when shooting for moving purposes provides better observation of the results of firing and the ability to clarify the probe.

77. Shooting for the vibrant enemy on armored personnel carriers, vehicles or motorcycles to maintain ordinary and armor-sieved bullets (with a ratio of bullets 1: 1 or with a different ratio, depending on the presence of cartridges with the specified bullets).

Aircraft shooting

78. The fire from manual machine guns on aircraft and parachutists is carried out in the composition of the separation or platoon at a distance of up to 500 m with the installation of trance 3.

Fire on the aircraft only on the command of the commander, and on the parachutists - on the team or independently.

Shooting on aircraft to carry out cartridges with armor-piercing bullets, and in their absence - with ordinary; Parachutists - with ordinary bullets. To adjust the fire, apply cartridges with tracing bullets.

79. According to the aircraft diving towards the shooting, firing to conduct continuous fire with a gun 3, aiming to the head of the target or putting the machine gun on the trunk. Fire open from a distance of 700-900 m.

80. By the aircraft flying aside or above the machine gunner, the fire is carried out a barrage or accompanying way.

The fire is a barrier way of flying aircraft with a flight speed of more than 150 m / s.

When running fire barrifying method The fire of separation or platoon focuses on the command of the commander in the direction of the movement of the approaching aircraft (Fig. 35). In the direction indicated in the team, the machine gunner gives the machine gun angle of the elevation of 45 ° and opens fire, holding the machine gun in the affected direction. Shooting is conducted continuous fire until the aircraft is released from the fire zone. If the machine gunner clearly sees near the target direction of the tracks of his machine gun, then he is allowed, without stopping the leading of the fire, move the machine gun towards the target, seeking the alignment of the tracks with the aim.

Fig. 35Barrifying fire by plane:

a-coming along the front of the position of the platoon; B - going at an angle to the front position of the position of the platoon

When adjusting fire along the tracks, it should be borne in mind that the routes aimed at the plane seem to shoot the above aircraft and ahead of it.

Slowly flying air targets (helicopters, transport aircraft) fire is conducted accompanying method.The improvement is determined and counted in visible sizes of the target (in the figures). When running the fire with the accompanying method, the machine gunner holds the aiming line ahead of the aircraft to the value of the desired probe and produces a long queue.

81. To determine the probe when shooting on air targets, follow the following table.

Airplane and speed Footing distance in meters
100 300 500
Bare
in metersin the hull of aircraft in metersin aircraft housings in metersin aircraft housings
Helicopter, 50 m / s 8 1 25 3 50 6
Transport, 100 m / s 15 1 50 3 100 6

82. Fire on parachutists lead long queues. The aiming point is to be taken in the direction of the parachutist by the value specified in the following table.

Counting of the probe is made from the middle of the parachute figure (Fig. 36).

Fig. 36 Movement point of aiming during a parachutist shooting

Shooting in the mountains

83. In the mountains when shooting on the range over 400 m, if the height of the area above the sea level exceeds 2000 m, the sight, the corresponding range to the target, due to the reduced air density, should be reduced by 1 division; If the height of the terrain above the sea level is less than 2000 m, the sight is not reduced, and the aiming point is to choose on the lower edge of the target.

When shooting in the mountains from the bottom up or top down at the corners of the target point of less than 30 °, the aiming point should be chosen at the bottom edge of the target, and at the corners of the place of the goal more than 30 ° sight, the corresponding range to the target, decrease by 1 division.

Shooting in limited visibility

84. Shooting at night on lit goals is made in the same way as during the day. During the coverage of the terrain, the machine gunner, finding the target, quickly installs the sight, aims and produces a queue.

With short-term illumination of the target (for example, the terrain is illuminated with lighting cartridges) the fire must be conducted with an eye 3, aiming in the middle of the target, if the range is not more than 300 m, and in the upper part of the target, if the target is at a distance of more than 300 m.

In order to avoid temporary blinding, it is impossible to look at the source of lighting.

85. Shooting at night for the purpose that detects itself with flashes of shots, is carried out with the installation of the sight 3 long queues. The fire opens at the moment when the outbreaks of shots are visible in the center of the fuse of the flies and the whole (Fig. 86). In cases where the fuse of the flies and the grivy is not visible, the machine gun is sent to the target target.

Fig. 37. (Left)Aiming when shooting for a goal that detects itself with flash shots

Fig. 38. (Right) Silhouette

If self-liquefied nozzles are put on the sighting device, then when the machine gun is directed to the target, the glowing points of the nozzle are to combine with flashes of shots.

86. For shooting in the target, the silhouette of which is visible against the background of the sky, the glow of fire, snow, it is necessary to send a machine gun next to the goal of a light background and take a smooth fly (Fig. 87). Then, moving the machine gun, bring the aiming line in the middle of the silhouette and open the fire.

Shooting is conducted long queues. When shooting for targets visible on a dark background (forest, shrub), the machine gun is made on the trunk.

87. With advance preparation for shooting at night, the feet of the colts of a hand-held machine gun are limited by pegs so that they can only make the necessary longitudinal movements.

The position of the machine gun in height is fixed by a layer of turf (dense snow, a board with cutouts, etc.), the pistol handle.

The movement of the weapon on the side direction is limited by pegs or neckline in the board so that the movement of the weapon makes it possible to fire in the specified sector.

88. For better fire adjustment when shooting at night, it is advisable to use cartridges with tracing bullets.

89. Shooting for the purposes in close proximity to the machine gunner and found itself sound, is carried out long queues with the direction of the machine gun on the trunk towards the sound.

90. Shooting for the purposes behind the smoke curtain or for a mask is carried out long queues with scattering bullets on the front.

Shooting under the actions of poisoning and radioactive substances

91. Shooting under the conditions of the actions of poisoning and radioactive substances are carried out in individual means of antihimical protection. Archery in gas mask is carried out long queues. If when shooting the grivy, the whole and the fly is not visible, the machine gun is made according to the trunk.

When the fire is conducted on the ground infected with poisoning or radioactive substances, it should be protected from them and degassed (deactivate) first of all those part of the machine gun with which it is necessary to contact when shooting.

Shooting rules are the same as for shooting under normal conditions.

Shooting when moving machine gunner

92. Shooting when driving a machine gunner (on the go, from the armored personnel carrier, from the car) is possible with a short stop and without stopping.

With a short stop, aiming fire is conducted on the same rules as when shooting from place.

When moving without stopping on an armored personnel carrier, a car, rough terrain, or on landing overruns, if there are large shooting waves, it is conducted with long queues with a machine gun in the trunk without use.

For better fire adjustment, apply cartridges with tracing bullets.

Powered by cartridges and consumption in battle

93. The reserve of cartridges machine gunners are in stores laid in bags.

Food with machine gun cartridges in battle is made by strokes of cartridges, dedicated separation commander.

In the consolidation of half of the wearable reserve, the machine gunner reports the commander of the department.

One drum shop, equipped with cartridges, should always be at the machine gunner as an inviolable margin of cartridges, which is consumed only with the permission of the commander.