Romanian language(aka Daco-Romanian, Moldavian, Wallachian) formally belongs to the Romance languages, that is, it is a "relative" of Italian, French and Spanish. But one must understand that since the time of Dacia and Trajan, Huns, Goths, and Bulgars also swept through these lands ... So really modern Romanian is an enchanting mishmash of Dacian (in particular, many Dacian geographical names, for example, the same Argesh), Latin, Slavic languages ​​​​and later borrowings from Western European languages. Eventually lexicon it differs very much from Western European languages, there are very few familiar roots in Romanian, but fairly Slavic ones.

We, of course, cannot master the language seriously, but it may be worth making some efforts to give our speech some recognizable flavor - especially since the same Poles or Serbs have already done this a hundred pounds. Perhaps this has already been done for Romanians on XC before, so if someone comes up with some smart ideas, it will be very cool. For now, I propose to dwell on two things - phonetics and a small phrase book.

Phonetics

The Romanian language uses the Latin alphabet. "Cyrilizations" of Romanian words in some cases are not quite phonetically accurate - they sound logical for a Russian person, but do not fully reflect the Romanian flavor (for example, it is more correct to pronounce - Draculesti and Danesti). We can change this for ourselves. So, how to read Romanian Latin?

Most of the letters are read quite habitually, as in Latin or German.
- Unstressed vowels are reduced much weaker than we are used to, it is worth trying to pronounce all vowels like stressed ones.
- In electronic texts and writing, diacritics are often omitted, but with a little practice you can guess where they should be and read them correctly.
- Non-obvious letter readings: ă /uh(actually something in between A And uh), î /s, â /s, With/To, g/G, j/and, ș /w, ţ /c.
- Unobvious combinations of letters: ci/whose(in Russian they often write chi), ce/Che, chi/ky(in Russian they often write ki), Che/ke, gi/ji, ge/je, ghi/gi, ghe/ge.
- voiced consonants b/b, d/d, g/G, j/and, v/V, z/h are not stunned and are not replaced by paired deaf.
- Sounds ţ /c, ș /w, j/and softened by subsequent vowels i/And, e/e, that is, they turn into "ts", "sh", "zh".

Phrasebook

There are very few words in my phrasebook for travelers that are useful to us. But Google Translate does an excellent job of translating both Romanian and Romanian (although its robotic Romanian pronunciation is only good for the trash). There is also a very useful Romanian-Dacian-English dictionary (and here's a little more). If someone figures out what words can be useful to us and adds, it will be great.

Pronunciation modifications

What to do with ordinary Russian words to form a characteristic accent - I don’t know yet. It is possible, for example, With on w change would be quite typical. Durmstrang and Stefan, for example. And also Romania, Romany. Suggest.

The Romanian alphabet is based on the Latin script with diacritics ( ă , î , ş , ţ ). Letters q, w, x, y found only in names and names of foreign origin.

2. Transliteration

Part of the Romanian letters is transmitted into Russian unambiguously:

ă → uh k → To p → P t → T
b → b l → l q → To ţ → c
d → d m → m r → R v → V
f → f n → n s → With w → V
j → and o → O ş → w z → h

3. C, G, H

Before front vowels ( i And e) c → h, g → j. Often i And e serve solely to show softening c And g. In particular, cea (cia) → cha, cio → cho, ciu → chu, geo (gia) → ja, geo (gio) → Joe, Giu → ju. At the end of a word ci → h.

Mitigate does not occur if after g And c should h: ch → To, gh → G, th → T.

In other cases c → To, g → G, h → X.

So, Tecuci → Fluid, Gheorghe → George.

4. X, Y

Letter x occurs only in names and names of foreign origin and can be transmitted as ks or how gz, depending on the pronunciation in the corresponding language: Alexandru → Alexander.

Letter y also occurs only in loanwords and can be transmitted as And or th, depending on pronunciation.

"Transcriptor" always translates x → ks, y → And.

5. Vowels and their combinations

Diphthong ea in transcription corresponds I(excluding combinations cea, geo).

Diphthongs of the species i + vowel are transmitted as follows:

At the end of a word ia → and I, ie → ie, iu → july;

At the beginning of a word and after vowels ia → I, ie → e, io → yo, iu → Yu;

In the middle of a word after consonants ia → ya, ie → ye, io → yo, iu → ew.

In diphthongs of the form vowel + i the rule works i → th: Baicoi → Beikoy.

doubled ii at the end of words is conveyed by a single letter i.

At the beginning of a word î → And, in other positions î → s.

In names of foreign origin at the beginning of a word and after vowels, it is possible e → uh, in proper Romanian words always e → e.

6. Indirect forms

The Romanian language has a definite postpositive article, which is written together with the word to which it refers. During transcription, it remains in its place.

If the word in the Romanian text is in an indirect form, for transcription it must be translated into its original form, that is, put definite article in the nominative case.

"Transcriptor" does not decline Romanian names.

7. Pre-reform spelling

In the 1950s, the Romanian orthography was reformed. In particular, the letter â everywhere replaced by î and instead s before voiced consonants b, d, g, m now spelled z. In addition, the mute is omitted u at the end of words. These changes are not always reflected in the spelling of proper names.

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