Vadim Shekhtman State of Israel was born in 1984. Daniel Shekhtman. The art of sacred geometry develops Fibonacci proportions in a person and helps scientists, no doubt, in revealing their research qualities.
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Shechtman, Dan(born 1941, Tel Aviv) is an Israeli physicist.
Biographical information
Born in a family of immigrants from Russia.
After graduating from high school in Petah Tikva and serving in the army, Shekhtman entered the Technion (Haifa) in 1962, received a bachelor's degree in mechanics in 1966, a master's degree in materials technology in 1968, and in 1972 - doctorate degree. In 1972–75 was engaged in scientific research (structural defects and properties of titanium aluminides) in the laboratory of the US Air Force (near Dayton, Ohio).
In 1975–77 Shekhtman is a teacher at the Technion, and in 1977–84. - Associate Professor of the Faculty of Materials Technology, in 1984–98. - professor, since 1998 - leading professor. In 1981–89 Shechtman, as a visiting professor, worked at the D. Hopkins University (Baltimore, Maryland, USA) at the Faculty of Materials Technology, in 1989–97. - at the Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, since 1997 - at the University of Maryland (Baltimore).
Shekhtman is one of the leading scientists in the field of solid state physics, materials technology, and crystallography. Shekhtman's main scientific research is devoted to the microstructure and properties of rapidly solidifying metal alloys and other problems.
Shechtman's scientific achievements have been recognized by numerous awards, including the American Physical Society International Prize for Research in New Materials (1987), the Rothschild Prize for Engineering (1990), the H. Weizmann Prize for Achievement in Science (1993), the Israel State Prize in Physics (1998), the Wolf Prize in Physics (1999) and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2011).
The most important works
- D. Shechtman, I. Blech, D. Gratias, J. W. Cahn. Metallic Phase with Long-Range Orientational Order and No Translational Symmetry // Physical Review Letters. - 1984. - Vol. 53. - P. 1951-1953. - article containing a message about the discovery of quasicrystals
- D. Shechtman: Twin Determined Growth of Diamond Wafers, Materials Science and Engineering A184 (1994) 113
- D. Shechtman, D. van Heerden, D. Josell: fcc Titanium in Ti-Al Multilayers, Materials Letters 20 (1994) 329
- D. van Heerden, E. Zolotoyabko, D. Shechtman: Microstructural and Structural Characterization of Electrodeposited Cu/Ni multilayers, Materials Letters (1994)
- I. Goldfarb, E. Zolotoyabko, A. Berner, D. Shechtman: Novel Specimen Preparation Technique for the Study of Multi Component Phase Diagrams, Materials Letters 21 (1994), 149-154
- D. Josell, D. Shechtman, D. van Heerden: fcc Titanium in Ti/Ni Multilayers, Materials Letters 22 (1995), 275-279
Notes
Sources
- KEE, volume 10, col. 188
The surprise of Shechtman's discovery was that before him, crystallographers knew that crystals have axial symmetry of the second, third, fourth and sixth orders. In other words, the crystals will coincide with themselves when rotated 180 degrees (second order symmetry), 120 degrees (third order symmetry), 90 degrees (fourth order symmetry), and 60 degrees (sixth order symmetry).
But Shechtman discovered fifth-order symmetry - as if the crystal coincided by itself when rotated by 72 degrees.
The fifth-order symmetry is possessed by the so-called Penrose tiling - a pattern assembled from rhombuses slightly different in size, proposed by the English mathematician Roger Penrose in 1973. Before Shechtman's discovery, it was believed that the mosaic was nothing more than a mathematical abstraction.
In November 1984, the journal Physical Review Letters published Shechtman's article on experimental proof of the existence of a metal alloy with unique properties. Some experts compare the significance of the discovery of quasicrystals for crystallography with the introduction of the concept of irrational numbers in mathematics.
Between living and non-living
Fifth-order symmetry, which is absent in inanimate nature, is widely represented in the living world - it, in particular, is possessed by pear and apple flowers, starfish. Therefore, quasicrystals are often called a "bridge" between living and non-living.
A quarter of a century after Shekhtmam's first publication on quasicrystals, it was believed that they could only be created artificially. But in 2009, natural quasi-crystals, consisting of iron, copper and aluminum atoms, were discovered in Russia in rock fragments collected in the Koryak Highlands.
Quasicrystals are alloys of metallic elements, and their properties are unique, they are widely used in various fields, Yury Vekilov, professor at the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys, explained to RIA Novosti. According to him, they have low thermal conductivity, their electrical resistance decreases with increasing temperature, while that of ordinary metals increases. Quasicrystals are used in the aviation and automotive industries in the form of alloying additives, the scientist noted.
Israel's Nobel Jubilee
Shechtman became the "jubilee", the tenth representative of Israel, who received the Nobel Prize. The first Nobel laureate from this country was the writer Shmul Yosef Agnon, who in 1966, together with the German poetess Nelly Sachs, received the Literature Prize. Later in the 20th century, Israeli Prime Ministers Menachem Begin and Yitzhak Rabin with President Shimon Peres became Nobel laureates. The advent of the new century was marked by two Israeli laureates in economics and three in chemistry.
The decision of the Nobel committee did not live up to various predictions, in particular, by players in the ChemBark chemistry blog. According to their bets, the Frenchman Pierre Chambon and two Americans, Ronald Evans and Elwood Jensen, who made their discoveries in the field of so-called nuclear receptors, which regulate the work of genes in living cells, had a good chance of receiving this year's prize.
In 2011, Israeli scientist Dan Shechtman (b. 1941) received the Nobel Prize for the discovery of quasicrystals. The possibility of the existence of this substance for thirty years was the subject of heated debate - so it does not fit into the known physical and chemical laws. The science magazine "Schrödinger's Cat" talked with Professor Shechtman and wrote down what the Nobel laureate thinks about science and life. The material was published in the 10th issue of the journal for 2017.Rules of Life by Nobel Laureate Dan Shechtman
A good scientist, firstly, works on important questions and makes discoveries. Secondly, he knows how to communicate well with colleagues. Thirdly, he is a teacher, because passing on knowledge to the next generation is very important.
I have always talked about science with my children, and now I talk with my grandchildren. Teach kids about science from kindergarten. Make science seem easy to them. I am now sitting with my grandson, who has just gone to school - we are learning geometry. Once we drew a triangle, then a square, then a five, a hexagon. I asked: "What happens if you draw an infinite number of angles?" He replied: "Circle." That is, what they explain to adult schoolchildren, he understood at the age of five.
The most important people in the world are teachers. They are the ones who pass on knowledge to the next generation. The main task of any government is to adequately pay for the work of good teachers.
In Russia, the main problem is the English language. Everyone must speak English. My first language is Hebrew, I learned English already at a mature age: I just realized that I could not do science without it. Whether we like it or not, it is now the universal language for discussing any subject in the world.
Science has no boundaries. There is no Russian, American or Israeli science. If you write an article in Russian, few people will be able to read it and understand that you are a great scientist.
An idea is 20% of success. When you launch a startup, you do a market survey, collect information about competitors, find out how to produce a product, what equipment will be needed, and if necessary, look for a partner. And also rent a room, hire staff - perform many, many actions, which ultimately provide 80% of success. This is a huge job. Therefore, there are millions of good ideas, but literally a few are embodied in reality.
Failure is okay. Always start over, no matter how many times you “fly”. With each attempt, the chances of winning increase. Most people succeed at least the second, or even the third time.
To be honest, I got the Nobel Prize because I'm not a very good startup manager. It's either one or the other. Otherwise, I would be a rich man - but without the Nobel Prize.
If a schoolboy or a very young student who has chosen the path of a scientist asked me what science to study, I would advise molecular biology. It is her methods that will help solve most of our problems, get rid of the most serious diseases. Cancer drugs are what we really need. As well as personalized medicine - drugs selected for each individual person. I think there will inevitably be an explosion of technology in this area.
I am against editing the human genome. But we cannot prevent the development of this technology. Of course, you can pass prohibitive laws, but there will always be a place in the world where this will be done. It is impossible to stop the process. But I think it's bad. I would not want a human to produce genetically modified humans. It is very dangerous. But, on the other hand, the better we understand the human body, the more likely it is to defeat incurable diseases.
Dan Shekhtman(born January 24, 1941, Tel Aviv, Palestine) - Israeli physicist and chemist; winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011; professor at Iowa State University, USA; Professor of the University "Technion Institute of Israel Technion" (Technion - Israel Institute of Technology); Chairman of the TPU International Scientific Council. By the decision of the TPU Academic Council dated January 29, 2016 (minutes No. 1), Dan Shekhtman was awarded the title of Honorary Member of TPU.
Biography
Dan Shechtman was born in Tel Aviv in 1941. In 1966 he received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the Technion, in 1968 a master's degree, and in 1972 a doctor of philosophy (PhD) degree. After receiving the PhD degree, Prof. Shechtman studied the properties of titanium aluminides for three years at the Air Force Research Laboratory at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio, USA. In 1975 he joined the Department of Materials Science at the Technion. In 1981 - 1983 at Johns Hopkins University, together with the NIST Institute (USA), he studied rapidly cooled aluminum alloys with transition metals. The result of these studies was the discovery of the icosahedral phase and the subsequent discovery of quasi-periodic crystals. In 1992 - 1994 prof. Shekhtman studied the effect of defective structures of crystals grown by chemical vapor deposition on their growth and properties. In the period 2001-2004 prof. Shechtman headed the scientific department of the Israeli Academy of Sciences and Humanities. In 2004 prof. Shechtman began working at the Ames Laboratory at the University of Iowa.
In 1996, Shekhtman was elected a member of the Israeli Academy of Sciences, in 2000 - a member of the US National Technical Academy, in 2004 - a member of the European Academy of Sciences.
On January 17, 2014, he announced his decision to stand as a candidate in the 2014 Israeli presidential elections. According to the results of the elections, he was not elected, gaining 1 vote out of 120 in the first round of elections.
Since 2014, he has been the head of the International Scientific Council of Tomsk Polytechnic University.
Awards
- 1986 - Friedenberg Foundation Prize for Physics
- 1988 - American Physical Society
- 1988 - Rothschild Prize
- 1998 - Israeli State Prize in Physics
- 1999 - Wolf Prize in Physics
- 2000 - Grigory Aminov Prize
- 2000 - EMET Award
- 2008 - European Society for Materials Science Prize
- 2011 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Selected bibliography
- D. Shechtman: Twin Determined Growth of Diamond Wafers, Materials Science and Engineering A184 (1994) 113
- D. Shechtman, D. van Heerden, D. Josell: fcc Titanium in Ti-Al Multilayers, Materials Letters 20 (1994) 329
- D. van Heerden, E. Zolotoyabko, D. Shechtman: Microstructural and Structural Characterization of Electrodeposited Cu/Ni multilayers, Materials Letters (1994)
- I. Goldfarb, E. Zolotoyabko, A. Berner, D. Shechtman: Novel Specimen Preparation Technique for the Study of Multi Component Phase Diagrams, Materials Letters 21 (1994), 149-154
- D. Josell, D. Shechtman, D. van Heerden: fcc Titanium in Ti/Ni Multilayers, Materials Letters 22 (1995), 275-279
Nobel Laureate October 2011 Dan Shechtman
He and his discovery had to be criticized by the scientific community in classical crystallography. And as a result, he won the Nobel Prize in 2011.
When asked by a journalist how he managed to survive then, he replied:
“However, the ability to go against the flow manifested itself in me as a child, when the whole class said: “You are mistaken,” and I continued to insist on my own: they say that you are all mistaken, but I am right. I have never been afraid to have an opinion different from the majority.”
Humanity is connected with the crystalline world, since this is the physico-bio-chemical basis of our physical body. And it is reasonable, just like all the nature that surrounds us.
The New Time sets us up so that a person discovers in himself and in the external environment the New Knowledge of the structure of crystals and the crystalline nature of light. And even the basic knowledge and physical laws of the organization of matter part to help humanity enter a new round of evolution.
Everyone who is interested in crystallography knows today about the amazing discovery of quasicrystals. Quasicrystals are one of the forms of organization of the structure of solids along with crystals and amorphous bodies.
They have a number of unique properties and do not fit into the existing theory, which was laid down in 1611 by the German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Keppler in his treatise On Hexagonal Snowflakes. Crystallography allows only 32 point symmetry groups, since only 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 symmetry axes are possible in crystals.
However, quasicrystals have a long-range order in the arrangement of molecules and point symmetry of a five-, ten-, eight- and dodecagon, which refute the well-known "laws of nature."
This story is about the scientist Dan Shekhtman, a researcher in the field of chemistry and physics, a professional connoisseur of modern electron microscopes, who went "against the current of the old laws", believing and defending his discovery.
Dan Shechtman was born on January 24, 1941 in Tel Aviv and, as a child, dreamed of becoming an engineer, like the hero of the novel The Mysterious Island by Jules Verne, who turned a deserted island into a lush garden. Following his dream, Shekhtman entered the Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering.
After graduating in 1966, he could not find a job and decided to continue his studies at the magistracy. Shechtman fell in love with science and went to doctoral studies. During his studies, he became fascinated with the electron microscope and improved methods of using it.
It was with the help of an electron microscope that Dan Shechtman conducted experiments on electron diffraction on a rapidly cooled aluminum alloy with transition metals.
This happened at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the United States. On the morning of April 8, 1982 (the exact date of the discovery, which, by the way, is very rare, was preserved thanks to Shekhtman's journal), he studied the diffraction pattern, which was obtained after scattering of an electron beam on a sample of a rapidly solidifying alloy of aluminum and manganese.
As a result of such scattering, a set of bright dots usually appears on the photographic plate, the location of which is related to the arrangement of atoms in the lattice of the crystalline material.
Electron diffraction pattern on a quasicrystal
Seeing such a picture, Shekhtman was extremely surprised. In his own words, he even said aloud a phrase in Hebrew, which can be roughly translated as “This simply cannot be”, making an entry in the journal: “10th order ???”
It was quite easy to understand Shechtman: his discovery contradicted everything that at that time people knew about the structure of crystals.
This discovery made him one of the most unpopular scientists in crystallography.
He fell victim to the conservative nature of science, which rejects ideas that differ from the mainstream of research. Shechtman faced disbelief, ridicule and insults from colleagues at the US National Bureau of Standards, where the Israeli scientist worked while on vacation at the Technion.
His scientific career was seriously tested when Linus Pauling, the luminary of science and a two-time Nobel Prize winner, called him a "quasi-scientist" and called his ideas stupid.
Shekhtman even managed to publish an article with the results of his experiment only two years after it was written, and even then in an abbreviated form.
The first recognition came in the mid-1980s, when colleagues from France and India managed to repeat the experiment of an Israeli scientist, proving that the impossible is possible and that quasicrystals do exist.
The release of the article produced the effect of an exploding bomb. Many scientists suddenly suddenly remembered that they either heard from colleagues, or received similar paradoxical results themselves.
For example, already in 1972, researchers discovered that crystals of sodium carbonate (common soda) scatter electrons “incorrectly”, but later, however, they attributed everything to a measurement error and material defects.
In December 1984, almost immediately after Shekhtman's publication, in Physical Review letters there was an article by Dov Levin and Paul Steinhardt and then a similar work by Soviet scientists in February 1985, which explained the process of formation of unusual material.
Using McKay's work, they became the first physicists who connected Shechtman's results with the rich mathematical developments at that time on non-periodic partitions of the plane and space. Also Levin and Steinhardt were the first to use the word "quasicrystal".
This and subsequent work convinced the scientific community of the truth of Shechtman's discovery. And in 2009, an American-Italian group with Paul Steinhardt discovered for the first time quasicrystals in nature.
They consist of atoms of iron, copper and aluminum and are contained in the mineral khatyrkite in a single place - in the Koryak Highlands, in Chukotka, near the Listvenitovy stream.
The 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Daniel Shechtman, professor at the Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, "for the discovery of quasicrystals". Characteristically, in the message of the Nobel Committee on awarding the prize in chemistry for 2011 to Dan Shechtman, it was emphasized that "his discoveries forced scientists to reconsider their ideas about the very nature of matter."
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