School encyclopedia. School encyclopedia Writers' language dictionaries
Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1974. - 448 p.
The dictionary contains more than 2,000 onomastic pairs (groups). The dictionary entry includes information about the type of formation of homonyms, grammatical, stylistic characteristics, the qualification of homonyms in terms of their formation or origin, information about the word-formation links of members of homonymous groups, and illustrative material. The translation of homonyms into English, German and French is also given.
The dictionary includes the following applications: 1. Functional homonymy; 2. Homographs.
Sample dictionary entry
FURI-II*II
FUR I pl. fur'. English. fur; wine Skin, fr. fourrure; outre, German. Fell, Pelz; Schlauch. Furry, furrier, furrier.
~ hare, fox, mink, squirrel; fox, sable, fluffy, precious ~; with wine, for wine.
FUR II, pl. furs´. English. bellows, fr. soufflet, soufflerie, German. Blasebalg.
Inflate, expand ~; ~ and accordion.
Kim O.M. Dictionary of grammatical homonyms of the Russian language: About 11,000 words: About 5,000 homonymous series. - M .: Astrel Publishing House LLC: AST Publishing House LLC: ZAO NPP Ermak, 2004. - 842, p.
The dictionary is devoted to the problem of delimitation of grammatical homonyms. The dictionary entry includes grammatical and stylistic characteristics of homonyms, as well as illustrative material.
Sample dictionary entries
AROUND
1. Around, adv. The sea seemed deserted for hundreds of miles around. Kataev. Some forests stand like a wall around, and only the rain dances in the huge grass. Brodsky.
2. Around, pretext. Sit around the table. Traveling across the world. Fence around the house. Talk about politics. ■ Take my sight scattered in silence And do not bother others around me to make noise. Annensky.
KANDIDA´TSKAYA
1. Candidate's,- oh, f., adj. PhD degree. Work on a PhD thesis.
2. Candidate's,-oh, f., noun. Razg. Successfully defend a Ph.D.
Vvedenskaya L.A., Kolesnikov N.P. Educational dictionary of Russian homonyms. - Moscow: ICC "MarT", Rostov-on-Don: Publishing Center "Mart", 2005. - 256 p.
The dictionary consists of "Introduction", "Dictionary of homonyms" and "Workshop". The "Introduction" tells about the reasons for the appearance of homonyms, about their use in speech, about the existing dictionaries of homonyms. The dictionary itself includes about 400 dictionary entries, which can have from two to five homonyms with an interpretation of their lexical meaning. The "Workshop" presents various tasks that help to find errors in speech associated with the use of homonyms and correct them.
Sample dictionary entries
RULER
1. Ruler 1. A straight line on paper, blackboard, etc., which helps to write in even lines. 2. Straight bar or bar for drawing straight lines. 3. The border of the camp-rya - a line marked in one way or another. 4. Line up in one line.
2. The ruler is a long multi-seat carriage with a longitudinal partition, in which they sit sideways to the direction of movement (obsolete).
DISSOLVE
1. Dissolve 1. Open, open (something closed). 2. Move apart, move the ends of something to the sides (with the legs of a compass, blades of scissors, etc.). Comm. dissolve (special).
2. Dissolve 1. Make dissolve. 2. Diluting the flour with water, cook those hundred. Comm. dissolve (colloquial).
Dictionary of phraseological homonyms of the modern Russian language / Ed. ON THE. Pavlova. - Omsk: Heritage Publishing House. Dialog-Siberia, 2003. - 290 p.
The dictionary contains 623 phraseological homonyms of various types. The dictionary entry includes the interpretation of a phraseological unit, the type of categorical meaning, grammatical, stylistic characteristics, illustrations, etc. Intended for a wide range of readers.
Sample dictionary entry
Without year week 1- "recent" Confess. Rated Unchanged Tale. Razg. Disapproved Komsomolskaya Pravda without a year a week, she said, pursing her lips. A. Fadeev. You, Vasily Karpovich, are the chairman without year week, so instead of walking with a glove, we would figure it out first. S. Antonov. But I wonder where it bends, professor's child? - again teased Lavtsov. - That's enough, that's enough ... why are you bullying a snout in front of him? Also a steam locomotive a week without a year, Titov cut him off sedately. L. Leonov. - You, father, are in the regiment without yeara week; today here, tomorrow they moved to adjutants. L. Tol-stop. When the lists and award lists for the fighters were being prepared, the political officer inserted medical instructor Likhobaba into this list. He, Mechetny, led this performance: no year no-division in a company, throwing awards is not good. B. Field.
The dictionary contains more than 200 rows of paronyms - words similar in sound and close, but not identical, in meaning. The article includes the interpretation of the word, its grammatical characteristics, the pattern of use in the literature, the semantic differences of each paronym of one paronymic series are explained in detail. In addition, examples of possible errors arising from the incorrect use of paronyms are given. The dictionary is intended for schoolchildren, students, translators, journalists, philologists, and anyone interested in the problems of the Russian language.
SUBSCRIPTION - SUBSCRIBER.
SUBSCRIPTION, n., m. A document granting the right to use something, to any service, as well as such a right itself. Interlibrary loan. Concert subscription. Sale of subscriptions. Subscription to the film festival can be purchased at the box office of the stadium.
SUBSCRIBER, n., m. The one who uses the subscription, as well as the client of some utilities (telephone network, electricity and gas supply). Telephone subscriber. In this small town ... subscribers were called not by numbers, but they asked for a telephone operator ... G. Baklanov. Karpukhin. [An unknown man] impudently called directly to the Department of Philosophy and asked Maisa, namely Maisa, and not Maria Ardalionovna, and then she changed a lot, and this made Iosif Yakoechevich so painful that he was ready to strangle the annoying caller. V. Khlumov. Old Virgin Mary.
Subscription. Concert, theatrical, library, children's, school, subscription, new, old, expired, invalid, expensive, cheap... subscription.
A subscription to a cycle of lectures (concerts), to a film festival, to a stadium, to a swimming pool, to a conservatory, to a theater...
Sale, purchase, return, payment, file cabinet, number of ... subscriptions. Subscription ordering.
Buy, redeem, purchase, order, receive, beg, sell, give, rub, return, pay, renew ... subscription. Unsubscribe... from the subscription.
Subscriber. City, factory, new (recent), old (long-standing), neat ... subscriber.
Subscriber of what: energy sales, radio networks, philharmonic ...
Paybook statement, request, requirement, rights, obligations, obligation... subscriber. Card file list, number of... subscribers. Reception hours ... subscribers.
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The world of Russian language dictionaries is huge.
Dictionaries aspectcharacterize the vocabulary of the Russian language from different points of view. They are divided into two large groups.
The first group: synonymic, antonymic, paronymic, homonymous, derivational, dialect dictionaries. They describe single-order language units that form a homogeneous microstructure.
The second group: etymological, historical, spelling, orthoepic dictionaries, dictionaries of grammatical difficulties, foreign words, etc. In these dictionaries, relatively different-quality lexical material is analyzed from a strictly defined point of view.
Synonym dictionaries
In dictionaries synonyms synonymous rows are given with the word-dominant. The meanings of words, combination features, stylistic coloring, scope of use, examples of use in texts can be indicated.
Synonym dictionary. Edited by A.P. Evgenieva, L., 1975.
Dictionary of Russian synonyms. Author N. Abramov, M., 1999.
Alexandrova Z. E. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language: About 9000 synonymic series / Ed. L. A. Cheshko.
Complete online dictionary of Russian synonyms and other dictionaries.
Homonym dictionaries
Homonyms(from other Greek ὁμός "the same" and ὄνομα "name") - words, morphemes and other units of the language that are different in meaning, but the same in sound and spelling.
For example: leak (verb, meaning "leak") and flow (noun, meaning "leak". Leak in the roof).
Homonym dictionaries indicate the type of homonymy, the meanings of homonym words. Information about the origin of homonyms and other indications may be given.
Akhmanova O. S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language: Over 2000 dictionary entries, M., 1986.
Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language / Ed. N. M. Shansky. M., 1976; 2nd ed., rev. M., 1978.
Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. M., 1986.
Dictionaries of antonyms
Dictionaries antonyms include antonymic pairs, the meanings of which are revealed with the help of interpretations or examples from fiction, journalistic, scientific works. The dictionaries may indicate the features of the combination of antonyms with other words, their synonymous and word-formation connections.
Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language: about 3200 antonymic pairs.
Author M. R. Lvov, M., 1988.
Vvedenskaya L.A. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language, Rostov-on-Don, 1971.
Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language online.
Dictionaries of paronyms 
Paronyms(from other Greek παρα- (prefix with the meaning of adjacency), ὄνομα - “name”) - these are single-root words that belong to the same part of speech, have similarities in sound (due to a common root or stem), but differ in their values.
Paronyms often become a source of speech errors: the similarity of words often turns out to be the reason for their confusion (for example: put on - put on).
In 1971, N. P. Kolesnikov’s Dictionary of Russian Paronyms was published in Tbilisi, which contains words similar in morphological composition and sound, but having a different meaning ( grant leave, word; But submit a report, report, present for promotion, award or a couple of words: put on - put on, health resort - health resort and so on.).
In 1984, O. V. Vishnyakova's Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language was published. Also interesting is her manual for students "Paronyms of the modern Russian language". M., 1981.
Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. Tbilisi, 1971.
Vishnyakova O. V. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. M., 1984.
Grigoriev V.P., Kozhevnikova N.A., Petrova Z.Yu. Materials for the dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. M., 1992.
Belchikov Yu. A., Panyusheva M. S. Dictionary of paronyms of the modern Russian language. M., 1994.
Dictionaries of paronyms give an interpretation of paronymic words, illustrate them with examples from fiction, journalistic, scientific literature, indicate the features of their combination with other words. Paronyms can be compared with synonyms and antonyms, characterized by examples of their erroneous use.
Dictionaries of neologisms
Dictionaries neologisms characterize new words, meanings, phraseological units that are not registered in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. Dictionaries of neologisms describe words, meanings of words or combinations of words that appeared in a certain period of time or were used only once (occasionalisms). In developed languages, the number of neologisms recorded in newspapers and magazines during one year is tens of thousands.
Indispensable signs of neologisms are their freshness and novelty. But these signs are temporary, since usually neologisms are quickly acquired by the language, become habitual and lose these initial signs (cf., for example, the rapid entry into speech use of such initially new words as astronaut, space vision, laser, rotaprint, transistor).
New words and meanings // Ed. N. Z. Kotelova, Yu. S. Sorokina L., 1973, 1984.
New words and meanings // Ed. E. A. Levashova. SPb., 1997.
Perestroika Dictionary / Ed. V. I. Maksimova. SPb., 1992.
New in Russian vocabulary. Vocabulary materials. 1977-1996.
Dictionaries of foreign words
Dictionaries of foreign words characterize words borrowed by the Russian language from other languages or formed from morphemes of ancient Greek and Latin and perceived as foreign. Dictionaries give interpretations of words and indicate the source and path of borrowing.
Dictionary of foreign words / Ed. I.V. Lekhina, F.N. Petrova et al. M., 1988.
Lokshina S.M. Brief dictionary of foreign words. M., 1988 and many other dictionaries, including online dictionaries.
Dialect dictionaries
Dialect dictionaries reflect the vocabulary of one dialect, a group of dialects of a certain territory or all Russian dialects. Many dialect dictionaries have been compiled for regions (Arkhangelsk, Bryansk, Vologda, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Pskov, Smolensk, Yaroslavl, etc.) and other regions (Moscow region, Don, Mordovia, Middle Urals, Siberia, Transbaikalia, etc.). The dialect vocabulary is most fully reflected in the consolidated multi-volume Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects, released in 1965 under the editorship of F.P. Filin, and then F.P. Sorokoletova.
Phraseological dictionaries
These dictionaries interpret the meanings phraseological units, indicate their stylistic character and origin. Exist monolingual phraseological dictionaries(Kuzmich V. Burning verb - a dictionary of folk phraseology. - 2000; Bystrova E. A. Educational phraseological dictionary. - 1997; Phraseological dictionary of expression of feelings and emotions; Fedorov A. I. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language, 2008; Fedosov I. V Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language, 2003) and bilingual(Kunin A.V. Big English-Russian Phraseological Dictionary. M .: "Russian language", 1984; Kunin A.V. Russian-English phraseological dictionary. M .: "Russian language", 1984; Lukshin Yuri. Big Polish- Russian, Russian-Polish Phraseological Dictionary, Warsaw, 1998.
Writers' language dictionaries
The writers' language dictionary reflects the words used by a given author in all his works or in one of them. For example:
Dictionary of the language of Dostoevsky. Ch. ed. Yu.N. Karaulov;
Dictionary of the language of Pushkin. Rep. ed. V. V. Vinogradov. This is the most complete theoretically developed explanatory dictionary of the writer. It consists of 4 volumes. The dictionary contains and explains 21,191 words.
The original "Dictionary for the plays of A. N. Ostrovsky" by N. S. Ashukin, S. I. Ozhegov, V. A. Filippov was released in Moscow in 1993. This dictionary is unusual, it is a whole encyclopedia of Russian life that has gone into the distant past.
Pertsova N. N. Dictionary of neologisms by Velimir Khlebnikov, 1995.
Dictionary of the language of K. G. Paustovsky / Comp. L. V. Sudavichen. Vilnius, 1996.
Dictionary of the poetic language of Marina Tsvetaeva: In 4 vols. M., 1996.
Onomastic dictionaries
Onomastic dictionaries describe proper names: anthroponyms (personal names) and toponyms (geographical names).
Petrovsky N.A. Dictionary of Russian personal names. M., 1984.
Fedosyuk Yu.A. Russian surnames. M., 1981.
Nikonov V.A. Brief toponymic dictionary. M., 1966, etc.
Abbreviations Dictionaries
These dictionaries give a decoding of alphabetic abbreviations and compound words used in the language, as well as graphic abbreviations used in writing.
Alekseev D.I., Gozman I.G., Sakharov G.V. Dictionary of abbreviations of the Russian language. M., 1983.
Dictionaries of correct speech
Such dictionaries contain words and expressions, the use of which causes certain difficulties.
Difficulties of the Russian language / Edited by L.I. Rakhmanova. M., 1981.
Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1987.
Efremova T.F., Kostomarov V.G. Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1986.
Aspect dictionaries of another type consider all words from one angle of view, specific to each dictionary.
Spelling dictionaries
These dictionaries give the correct spelling of words and some forms. Spelling dictionaries are the most popular among dictionaries and the most numerous.
Orthoepic dictionaries
These dictionaries provide information about the correct pronunciation and stress of words and grammatical forms. They reflect the rules of literary pronunciation.
Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language / Edited by R.I. Avanesov. M., 1989.
Ageenko F. L., Zarva M. V. Dictionary of stresses of the Russian language. M., 1993.
Kalenchuk M. L., Kasatkina R. F. Dictionary of the difficulties of Russian pronunciation. M., 1997.
Frequency Dictionaries 
Frequency dictionaries show the degree of use of different words in speech. The dictionary can be sorted by frequency, alphabetically (then for each word its frequency will be indicated), by groups of words (for example, the first thousand most frequent words, followed by the second, etc.), by typicality (words that are frequent for most texts), etc. Frequency lists are used for language teaching, creating new vocabularies, computational linguistics applications, linguistic typology research, etc.
Frequency Dictionary of the Russian Language / Ed. L. N. Zasorina. - M.: Russian language, 1977.
Frequency Dictionary of the Language of M. Yu. Lermontov // Lermontov Encyclopedia / Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House). M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1981.
Sharov S.A. Frequency Dictionary.
Steinfeldt E. A. Frequency Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language. M., 1973.
Reverse Dictionaries
These dictionaries list words in alphabetical order of the final letters of words, which makes it possible to identify all words with the same endings, suffixes, final sounds of the root. Such dictionaries are useful in the study of word formation, structural features of the end of words. In computational linguistics, they are used as the basis for compiling and checking dictionaries of word forms.
The reverse dictionary can also be used as a rhyming dictionary.
Greve R., Kröshe G. Reverse Dictionary of the Russian Language / Ed. M. Fasmer. Wiesbaden, 1958-1959.
Reverse dictionary of the Russian language / Scientific consultants A. A. Zaliznyak, R. V. Bakhturina, E. M. Smorgunova. M., 1974.
Kudryavtseva L. A. Reverse derivational dictionary of Russian neoplasms. Kyiv, 1993.
Grammar dictionaries
Grammar dictionaries contain information about the grammatical properties of words. One of the best grammar dictionaries is the “Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language. Inflection” by A. A. Zaliznyak (Moscow, 1977). It contains about 100,000 words in reverse alphabetical order, for which a unique system of indices has been developed that relates words to a specific category, type within it, type of stress, etc.
Dictionary-reference book for press workers D. E. Rozental "Management in the Russian language" (M., 1981) contains 2100 dictionary entries that give an idea of the possible choice of design options that differ in semantic or stylistic shades. In 1986, the 2nd, significantly expanded edition of this dictionary was published.
Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of indeclinable words. M., 1978.
Morphemic and word-building dictionaries
Such dictionaries provide lists of Russian morphemes, show the division of words into morphemes, establish ways of forming words from other words.
Morpheme (from the Greek morphe - "form") - the minimum significant part of the word.
Shklyarov V. T., Künert H. A Brief Derivative Dictionary of the Russian Language. Potsdam, 1973.
Tikhonov A.N. School word-formation dictionary. M., 1978.
Potikha Z. A. The structure of the Russian word: Educational dictionary for foreign schools. M., 1981.
Etymological dictionaries
Etymological dictionaries explain the origin of words. Since the origin of many words does not lend itself to an exact unambiguous definition, etymological dictionaries record different points of view and contain references to the relevant literature.
Some etymological dictionaries include information on groups of languages and contain reconstructions of the parent language's vocabulary and its contacts with other reconstructed parent languages.
Etymological dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. N. M. Shansky (1963-1999), A. F. Zhuravlev (since 1999), Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. - M .: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 1963-2007 (publication continues).
Fasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 vols. / Ed. B. A. Larina. M.: AST, 2009.
Historical dictionaries
Historical dictionaries reflect the vocabulary of past historical eras and are compiled on the basis of written records.
Sometimes Russian classics are not always clear. For example, this line of A.S. Pushkin:
Winter!.. The peasant, triumphant,
On firewood updates the path;
His horse, smelling snow,
Trotting somehow;
reins fluffy exploding,
flies wagon remote;
Coachman is sitting on irradiation
In a sheepskin coat, in a red sash.
A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
« The coachman sits on the irradiation, in a sheepskin coat, in a red sash..." - in these lines of Pushkin, modern schoolchildren do not raise questions only the words "sitting" and "in red", the rest can cause difficulties.
To overcome these difficulties, historical dictionaries of the Russian language are being created.
Explanatory dictionaries
Dictionaries of this type serve to interpret and explain the meanings of words.
The first explanatory dictionary of the Russian language was the Dictionary of the Russian Academy (1789-1794). It included over 43,000 words and was focused mainly on the transmission of high-style words, including those of Old Church Slavonic origin.
4-volume "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V.I. Dahl came out in 1863-1966. (second edition with corrections by the author - in 1880-1882) and included about 200,000 words. Of these, about 80,000 words were collected by V.I. Dalem.
The arrangement of words in the explanatory dictionary can be nesting(in one dictionary entry a nest of related, cognate words is given) or alphabetical.
The authors of the most famous explanatory dictionaries: D.N. Ushakov, S.I. Ozhegov.
Lapatukhin M.S., Skorlupovskaya E.V., Snetova S.P. School explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: A guide for students / Ed. F. P. Filina. M., 1981.
4000 most common words of the Russian language / Ed. N. M. Shansky. M., 1981.
Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: A Handbook for Students of National Schools / Ed. M. M. Makhmutova, A. V. Tekucheva. N. M. Shansky. L., 1982.
Gabuchan K.V. Educational explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1983.
Lopatin V.V., Lopatina L.E. Small explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. M., 5th ed., M., 1998.
Lexical homonyms two or more words of different meanings are called, coinciding in spelling, pronunciation and grammatical design.
It differs from polysemy either by the absence of common semes in words (different meanings of one word always have common semes), or by belonging of words to different parts of speech.
For example, "boron"- chemical element and "boron"- the forest is completely unrelated in meaning. Words with a sound shell "know" in contexts “to know the city”, “city to know” and “to know, it will get colder' refer to different parts of speech. In both cases homonymy is presented.
There are two types of homonyms: complete and incomplete (or partial)
Full lexical homonyms include such words of the same part of speech, in which the entire system of forms coincides. 1 - key (for the lock), 2 - key (spring)
For incomplete ones, not the entire system of forms coincides. plant (enterprise) - plant (hours)
The emergence of homonyms.
1. Semantic splitting, disintegration of a polysemantic word. The original meanings of one word diverge and become sooooo distant.
debt is an obligation, debt is borrowed. In the 50s - variants of the same word. duration of the splitting process.
2. Homonymy can be the result of the coincidence of sound, spelling and full or partial coincidence of the form change of the original word and the borrowed one.
cabin (Russian, dissection) - cabin (Dutch, enclosed space on the upper deck of the ship or the superstructures of the ship)
3. Two or more words borrowed from different languages, due to certain phonetic reasons, turned out to be consonant in Russian.
block - union (from fr), block - machine for lifting weights (eng).
Often homonymous in Russian are different words borrowed from the same language. quarry - the fastest horse run (from French corriere)
quarry - quarry (from French carriere)
By structure:
simple (non-derivative) most often in the circle of nouns. They arose as a result of coincidences of primordial and borrowed words, through phonetic transformations of primordial Russian words, as well as in the process of word formation. Among them, Vinogradov singles out: 1) homonymous derived bases each consist of two (or more) homomorphemes of the same type: tolst - ovk - a (follower of Tolstoy - horror, it should be called that) and tolst - ovk - a (shirt of a special cut)
2) homonymous derived stems consist of morphemes that do not match in sound paper - ik (paper industry worker) and paper - nickname (paper wallet)
3) in a homonymous pair of words, the derivative of the stem is felt only in one of the words, and in the other (or others) there is a morphological process of simplifying the siege - it - to besiege (to surround with troops), to besiege - to besiege (to highlight an integral part of the sediment), to besiege - to besiege ( force to slow down at full gallop)
4) one of the homonymous bases is derivative, the other is non-derivative
mink-a (reduced to a hole) and mink (animal and animal skin)
In Akhmanova's dictionary, such types of derived homonyms are called "words with a pronounced morphological structure", among them there are five subtypes: 1) homonymy of the bases
2) homonymy of affixes
3) homonymy with different internal structure
4) homonymy of different parts of speech
and the fifth one is not written
derivatives
Homophony - 1) the coincidence of the pronunciation of the words flu - mushroom
2) the coincidence of words and phrases: mute - not mine, skidding - by the nose
3) the coincidence of individual forms of the word (homoforms, or grammatical homonyms): saw (she drank) - saw (n), I fly (treat) - I fly (fly)
Often, homographs are also referred to as homonymy, i.e. words that have the same spelling but differ in pronunciation, in particular stress. iris (candy) - Iris (type of thread), village - village.
Stylistic function: for creating images, for actualization, puns
Homonym dictionaries:
first: 1974 "Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language", O.A. Akhmanova
1976 "Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language" (Kolesnikov, ed. Shansky
in the journal "Russian language at school" for the first time published "A short word-formation and etymological dictionary of Russian polysemy and single-root homonymy" (Shansky, Romanov, Filippov).
Paronyms words different in meaning are called, similar in pronunciation, lexical and grammatical affiliation and, as a rule, the relationship of the roots: addressee - addresser, breath - sigh, earth - earth, etc.
They differ from homonyms: 1) paronyms have different spellings
2) do not have a complete match in pronunciation
Kolesnikov: incomplete paronyms. Words of this type come close to synonyms of the same root, although they also have obvious distinctive features: 1) paronymous words refer either only to original Russian words (tramp - stray, remains - remains, pay - pay, litters - marks), or only to borrowed ones (subscriber - subscription, being - essence, fact - factor)
2) synonyms, denoting the same or a close concept, are often semantically extremely close, while paronyms always denote completely different concepts and differ from each other by a clear semantic differentiation.
Reasons for mixing paronymic words:
1) mixing occurs as a result of the convergence of the realities denoted by these words (bottom - bottom, chara - glass, bowl - cup)
2) the commonality of the scope of the concepts, objects, processes, actions, qualities, etc. they call. or the similarity of emerging associative connections: anaphora - epiphora, apogee - perigee, gross - net, pilot - boatswain, baroque - rococo.
3) a consequence of the possibility of their synonymous connection and the proximity or identity of the boundaries of lexical compatibility: anecdotal (anecdotal), apathetic (apathetic), tragic (tragic)
4) indistinguishability of the stylistic affiliation of words (rapprochement of book words with colloquial ones (nonsense - nonsense (colloquial), rotten - rotten (simple)
5) close semantic connections of derivational suffixes: n and sk; ovit, ov and n; stvo and awn, etc. (inventive - inventive, businesslike - business - efficient)
Stylistic functions: paronomasia (paronomasia) is a stylistic figure, the essence of which is the deliberate mixing or deliberate clash of paronymic words: not stupid, but oak; both deaf and stupid.
a means of creating an unusual image in order to enhance its persuasiveness., puns
Dictionaries of paronyms:
the first - "Difficult cases of the use of single-root words of the Russian language" (Belchikov, Panyusheva) - 1968
1971 - "Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language" (Kolesnikov)
1976 - "Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language" (Rosenthal, Telenkova)
1984 "Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language" Vishnyakova
Here is a good example of homoforms (grammatical homonyms, in the first stanza) + stylistic function
Doves coo in the morning...
Valentin Vikhorev
By morning, pigeons coo About one thing, Girlfriends are dizzy, Drawing asphalt with a wing. Pay attention: From a flock of pigeons, Spring thawed patches Have become pigeons! The windows turn pink My city, Wet streets We go with you. Helmets are blazing Domes, In the squares the shadows are viscous, Like pitch. The city is shaking the Twilight from the roofs. 1965
Synonyms.
It is very important to determine what underlies the synonymic series.
2 positions:
1) Alexandrova. Synonyms should be considered words that have one DL, differing only in shades of meaning, expressive coloring, belonging to a particular style; must have overlapping compatibility.
A.P. Evgenieva. Synonyms are words that are identical or close in meaning.
Budagov. Synonyms are words that are close in meaning, expressing shades of the same concept.
2) Reformed. Synonyms are words that name the same thing, but correlate it with different concepts and thereby reveal different properties of this thing through naming.
Proponents of the 1st position approach the definition linguistically, in terms of systems, proceed from the identity of concepts.
The 2nd concept comes from extralinguistic reality. Words designate the same phenomenon of reality.
Denotatum - a homogeneous set of objects, phenomena of reality, can be called the same language unit (denoted).
The referent is an object of extralinguistic reality that the speaker has in mind by correlating a word (designation) with it.
What is the nature of the differences acceptable between synonyms?
Only semantic identity, and not the proximity of meanings, allows us to consider words as synonyms.
The difference in emotions coloring, own style coloring, functionality style differences, formally grammatical.
Characteristics of synonyms.
On the example of a synonymic series: to ask - to beg - to pray - to beg - to beg - to beg - to gypsy - to shoot.
The LZ of these words is based on one concept ‘strives to get smth., to achieve smth., to address someone. with the request'.
Dominant is a word that most clearly, objectively expresses the concept underlying the synonymic series. This word, as a rule, has a direct nominative meaning and is stylistically neutral.
To beg: to beg intensely to the point of humiliation.
Pray: ask + passionately, fervently.
To beg: "very" to beg.
To beg and beg: to ask + persistently, tediously, importunately (in rude speech + emotional assessment "disapproving").
Gypsy: to ask, as is typical of gypsies, relentlessly, obsessively (colloquially reduced).
Shoot: ask for coll. money or cigarettes.
Synonym classification.
The basis of classification may be different.
I. With t. sp. differences between synonyms.
Ideographic (semantic) - synonyms that differ in shades of meaning.
Quickly - hastily (forced speed).
Stylistic - synonyms that, coinciding in meaning, differ in emotionally expressive and stylistic coloring.
Semantic-stylistic - synonyms that differ in both semantic shades and stylistic qualities.
Absolute (doublets) - one stylistic layer + are identical in meaning, without prejudice are interchangeable in speech.
The language tends to get rid of doublets. Very often the old vocabulary remains in dialects, or differentiation (semantic or stylistic). For example, an image is an image.
II. With t. sp. structures (structures of words).
One-root (to ask - to beg);
Heterogeneous.
III. With t. sp. language and speech.
Linguistic (usual);
Speech (occasional).
The functions of synonyms in the language.
1. Clarification, detailing, concretization.
2. Purely stylistic.
3. Purely technical (to avoid repetition).
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