When a child crosses the school threshold, he begins a new life. How to deal with problems after the first school bell? How to protect yourself and your child from the wrong and often illegal steps of the school administration? Let's try to answer some of the most common questions parents have.

What is written in the school charter?

I had a conflict with the administration of the school where my son is studying. Without going into details, I can say that it is related to the construction of the program. The director began to refer to the charter, but I did not see it. Before enrollment, no one warned us that some new programs would be "tested" on children.

Section 16 of the Education Law states: the school must to acquaint the parents of the future student with their constituent documents and other materials regulating the educational process. First of all, parents should pay attention to the charter of the educational institution. It stipulates how, in what order, children are admitted to school, the duration of study, the procedure for assessing knowledge, and how additional services are paid. The school charter must not contradict the Education Law and other regulations governing the educational process. If a contradiction is still observed, then parents can challenge all illegal provisions (for example, on the conduct of introductory exams when enrolling in the 1st grade) in a judicial or administrative order.

The organization of the educational process at the school is based on the curriculum, which it develops independently in accordance with the approximate curriculum, and is regulated by the timetable. The teaching loads of students must not exceed the maximum permissible loads determined by the school charter based on recommendations agreed with health authorities... The duration of the academic year in grades 1 lasts 30 weeks, in grades 2-11 (12) - at least 34 weeks. The duration of vacations is set during the school year at least 30 calendar days, in summer - at least 8 weeks. For students in the first grades, additional weekly holidays are established during the year. The annual educational calendar is developed and approved by the school independently.

Our school has a board of trustees. Thanks to his efforts, it is no longer possible to call a free school. Every month we are charged rather big sums for certain needs. Is it legal?

The law allows parents of students to participate in the management of the school. The charter of an educational institution may permit the organization of boards of trustees at a school. This is one of the types of school self-government and one of the most effective ways to influence the parents and legal representatives of the child on the course of the educational process. In practice, such bodies deal with organizational and auxiliary matters.

More often than not, it is the boards of trustees that collect money from the parents of the students. In this case, it should be noted that such contributions must be purely voluntary. Of course, the material support of today's schools, especially public ones, often leaves much to be desired, but still this is not a reason for systematic extortions. Therefore, the board of trustees can arrange for the renovation of the school, and not collect money for it and give it to the school management. This so-called targeted financing is much more effective than banal contributions. The financial activities of the councils must be completely transparent. You have every right to find out what the funds you donated were spent on.

We go to school

In order to send a child to a school, and, mind you, a state school, they demanded from my friends no more, no less than $ 3,000. It was necessary to pay immediately and into the hands of the school principal. The child's family lived a five-minute drive from the school, but by an unfortunate coincidence, the house was located at the junction of district councils and the school was officially registered with another council. How legitimate is this situation, what should have been done by the parents?

Unfortunately, the situation is not unique. Firstly, it is of an exclusively criminal nature and lies in the area of ​​application of the Criminal Code. Therefore, you have every right to contact law enforcement agencies and the Education Management Committee. Secondly, according to the law, state and municipal educational institutions must ensure the admission of all children who live in the territory of the school. If a child does not live in this territory, he may be refused admission only due to the lack of free places in the institution. And here, unfortunately, nothing can be done.

All children who have reached school age are enrolled in the 1st grade of a general education institution, regardless of their level of training. Admission of children to the first grades to all types of state and municipal educational institutions on a competitive basis is a violation clause 3 of Art. 5 of the Law on Education. When entering schools with in-depth study of individual subjects (for example, foreign languages), testing is allowed, but only in order to determine the level of knowledge of the child and subsequently form classes taking into account the development, abilities and health of children.

Very often, when accepting a child to school, parents require an infinite number of documents, but the regulations governing the provision of educational services clearly regulate this issue. So, to enroll a child in the 1st grade, parents or legal representatives of the child (guardians, trustees) submit an application for admission and the child's medical record to a general education institution. Requirement of certificates from the place of work of parents with an indication of wages is not permitted by law. The conclusion of the psychological-pedagogical or medical-pedagogical commission on the child's readiness for learning is of a recommendatory nature and is not mandatory.

Education in a public school is free - this rule is also established by Art. 5 of the Law on Education. Collecting money for training in "special" programs and textbooks, guarding and cleaning the school building, for supplements to the salaries of teachers and the needs of the school is not allowed. Contribution options are possible through the board of trustees, as we discussed above.

Parents' right

The school where my daughter is studying has the following policy: parents should not "get involved" in the educational process. The school is completely closed from parents. And, for example, I am not satisfied with what I hear from my daughter: it seems to me that the teacher is behaving incorrectly ...

Without a doubt, parents will be interested in the fact that, according to the law, they have the right to choose a teacher for their child. The first year of school is the most difficult for a student to adapt to. He finds himself in a new environment where issues of psychological compatibility with an adult mentor are extremely important. Therefore, parents are also endowed with the opportunity to change teachers if serious problems arise. To do this, you just need to write a statement addressed to the school principal with a justification for the request.

In addition, the normative acts give parents great opportunities to control the educational process. So in accordance with paragraph 7 of Art. 15 of the Law on Education, they have the right to attend lessons, get acquainted with the methodology of teaching subjects and grades of progress.

Conflict commissions may be organized at the school. They consist of representatives of parents, teaching staff, school administration. In the event of disputable situations, the decisions of the conflict commission are of a recommendatory nature. If a general solution cannot be found, both representatives of the educational institution and parents have the right to apply to the courts to resolve the dispute. In addition, parents have the right to apply to education authorities (education committees, district subcommittees, etc.).

Losers happiness

In our school, assessment is not a measure of knowledge, but a means of blackmail. My tenth-grader son is constantly threatened with dropping out of school because of a grade in chemistry ...

My daughter was forced to take exams in four subjects when she was transferred to a secondary (!) School. Is it legal?

According to the current legislation, each school has the right to choose the type of student certification independently. According to Art. 15 of the Law on Education, educational institutions are free to determine the assessment system, form, procedure and frequency of intermediate attestation. Therefore, parents should not be surprised if it turns out that even in the first grade they will have to pass various tests.

What to do if a child, for some reason, does not master the school curriculum well enough, gets unsatisfactory marks? Can they leave him for the second year? What exactly should parents do? Article 17 of the Education Law states that primary and secondary school students who have earned grades in two or more subjects, "at the discretion of their parents (legal representatives) are left for re-education, transferred to compensatory education classes with a smaller number of students per teacher. educational institution or continue their studies in the form of family education.Students at these levels of education, having academic debt in one subject at the end of the academic year, are transferred to the next class conditionally. In any case, the transfer of a student to the next class is made by decision of the governing body (pedagogical council) of the educational institution. "

In practice, this rule means that without the consent of the student's parents, he cannot be transferred even to a class for lagging behind. But at the same time, the parent is fully responsible for the subsequent academic performance of the child. It should be noted that school teachers and the administration of educational institutions for the most part meet the needs of students. The most common option is to organize extra classes. This is where the school has a full and completely legal right to collect fees from students. However, it should be noted that the possibility of such lessons and the payment for their organization should be directly provided for by the school charter.

The most painful issue is the expulsion of students from school. Parents should be aware that exclude a child under the age of 14, the school has no right at all... According to Art. 19 of the Education Law, a student who has reached the age of 14 can be expelled from school "for committing illegal acts, gross and repeated violations of the charter of an educational institution" - in other words, for hooliganism and bad behavior. After the decision on expulsion has been made, the school administration is obliged to inform the local government of the decision within three days. He, in turn, takes measures to arrange the expelled person to a new place of study. The decision to expel a child from school can be challenged both administratively (by filing a complaint with the education authorities) and in court.


Who will catch up?

My son was ill for almost the entire quarter. Is he obligated to take those homework and intermediate tests that he missed due to illness?

The law says that each student must master a certain amount of knowledge - an educational program for a certain educational level. If a child is often sick, parents have the right to choose an acceptable form of individual education for him, including home education. In any case, the state educational standard must be met. Which gives the right to the school to require the student to complete those tasks that he missed due to illness. Of course, he will not be forced to do all the missed homework. But he must pass a certain minimum. In practice, such questions are resolved individually by each teacher.

Security

A classmate of my son was injured in a labor lesson. He even had to undergo surgery on his hands. Is the school responsible for such incidents?

According to Art. 32 of the Law on Education, the school is responsible for the life and health of the student during the educational process. In any situation, the school must compensate for the costs of medical treatment and childcare. As practice shows, schools do not hide the facts of injuries during their studies and, upon request, issue appropriate certificates, which are the basis for claims for damages. If the school administration refuses to issue such a document, then the fact of injury can be confirmed by testimony or a medical report obtained in any medical institution.

In conclusion, I would like to note that the laws related to education in our country require urgent reform in accordance with the conditions of a market economy. So today, Russian certificates of complete secondary education are not recognized in many European countries. Teenagers have to finish their studies for a year and a half to be able to study at foreign universities. In addition, it is impossible to reduce the level of that fundamental classical school education, which was held in the days of the USSR. If we add to this the experience that the school education system has accumulated over the past ten years, then we can get the most acceptable version of the education system.

Discussion

Hello Tell me what to do?
When my child finished the first grade, there was no problem in his studies. The child knows the alphabet and can count, the only limp reading. I turned to the class teacher and asked if she could work with my child additionally in the summer. She answered yes of course I will call you and invite you. Throughout the summer, I contacted the teacher more than once, and she fed us with promises. And she invited me only in August, a week before the end of the school year, for 3 lessons.
Which did not give any result. And from other parents in our class, I learned that she invited their children to additional classes in the summer in June. And she just ignored us. In the second grade in the 1st quarter, the child fell ill, she did not attend classes for one week. And also in the second quarter. Then we started having problems at the end of the second quarter, the teacher called me to school for a conversation with a psychologist. When I came to the psychologist, their name is school, they began to talk to each other, and after my child. They said that she needed to be transferred back to the first grade or left for the second year, and it is best to transfer the child to a school for mentally retarded children, since she did not know the alphabet, she has a very short memory, she cannot read and write. And he only knows how to write off mechanically. Then they hooked me up. They said that nobody needs my child in this school, they are not obliged to study with her and teach her, I must do this myself. They already have more than 700 people at school and they do not have enough time for this. Since the school has a free education, and for a small salary, no one will additionally study with your child. I went home in tears. But that was the end of it. At the beginning of the third quarter, I was again summoned to school, but this time to the director in the presence of a psychologist, social worker, class teacher. The psychologist again began to say that my child had a short memory and only mechanical cheating that she had problems with her head. When I tried to object, they immediately interrupted me, said that it was not when I tried to object that I was immediately interrupted, saying that I had no right to do so. The psychologist said that I have no rights for this. The psychologist said that due to the fact that I work, I devote little time to my child. The class teacher and the psychologist exchanged phrases among themselves that they needed to free up space in the classroom, and then it would take someone there. The psychologist appointed another commission.
I have always thought that teachers should educate children, give them the knowledge that they need to be respected and appreciated. I told my children about this so that they respect teachers and listen to them carefully, because teachers give us knowledge that will be useful in life. For children to be literate and educated. But when faced with such a situation, I no longer know what to think.

02/14/2019 18:57:55, Lol228008

Hello, such a situation, a 9th grade student gets into an unpleasant story, did not study for a month and was sent to an educational colony, he left there ahead of schedule, what should he do? Re-studying the 9th grade? Or can you pass exams and get a certificate?

10/08/2018 20:25:47, Angelina

Good day! Today is the last day of the first quarter of 2016-2017 academic year. of the year. A 7th grade child, i.e. the oldest daughter in history is 2, and the second daughter is 4. The fact is that the eldest always prepares and reads her homework, and the history teacher never asks her about what she has read in class, but only those students who always answer and answer accordingly get good grades. But the second daughter, to be honest, does not read, does not prepare for history, for some reason she has 4 ka inserted. Of course, as a parent, I am pleased with any deserved not deserved good marks from children. But it seems to me that this is not fair. Because of unfairness, I want to change the history teacher.
Question: Can a parent change a subject teacher? How to write a statement?

10/29/2016 07:49:30, Yuliana Pavlova

Hello. Please tell me what to do. When my child was admitted to grade 1, they hardly found a teacher, she was asked to return to school because she had already decided to end her career. As a result, she agreed and became a very good teacher. for our children. This is a very good, educated and knowledgeable pedagogue. Literally the other day, we learn that she is being transferred back to first graders, because they did not have a teacher who knows the 2100 program (why then they had to recruit a class?) the children lost both their favorite teacher and the cabinet itself. Our teacher repeatedly asked the director to stay with us, to which she was told, "You can leave school and take your daughter a graduate." "scream" so that everything would return to its place. Do we parents have the right to return the teacher. In the place of our pedagogue we were given a very young girl who had just entered the university and left her maternity leave, which means Endless sick leave, sessions, etc. And our children are not needed by anyone! Thanks in advance for your answer.

08/25/2012 10:55:44 AM, Natalia V.B

The teacher said: "Fuck you" on the son's refusal to change clothes for physical education lesson! How can you influence a teacher or school administration?

12/02/2008 10:40:31 PM, Dima

Do parents have the right to refuse to teach their children in math Peterson from grade 3? Grades 1 and 2, children learned mathematics using this program. But the psyche of children breaks down, tk. it is difficult for them to assimilate the material.

28.11.2008 00:46:02

I had a conflict with the memorization of the school. She leads English. In her lesson I got up without permission and took my portfolio from a classmate, after which she kicked me out. And now she does not allow me to class. And threatens me with a scandal. She should have call my parents and talk to them, but she didn’t. I believe she overstepped her authority. Help me with this question. My name is Sasha, I am 14 years old in grade 8, and I don’t know what to do?

11.24.2008 03:22:59, Sasha

What rights do I have when classmates insult me.

11/17/2008 10:42:54 AM, Kirill 11/01/2008 14:54:09, Svetlana

In our school, from the beginning of the second quarter, the administration decided to change the start time of classes from 8-00 to 08-30. This is extremely inconvenient for us, for the reason that my working day starts at 8-00. Also, my child attends additional circles outside of school and it is impossible to transfer these classes to another time! Is it legal? and what actions can be taken to avoid change? The school refers to the Sanpin norms, do not tell me where you can get acquainted with them !?

11/01/2008 14:53:48, Svetlana

I was insulted by the teacher in front of the whole class for not having learned the verse and threatening to leave for the second year. what rights does the teacher have?

10/31/2008 06:24:06, yaroslav

Do I have the right to leave the school without finishing the 9th grade?

09/02/2008 16:12:20, irina selezneva

Maintaining discipline is difficult, and not everyone can handle the challenge. A bunch of restless children can drive anyone crazy and destroy a school in a matter of minutes. That is why punishments were invented, and we will talk about the most terrible ones today.

China

In China, negligent students were punished by hitting their hands with a bamboo twig. It only seems fearless if you do not know how many times schoolchildren received them ... The most interesting thing is that the parents only supported this method of raising children. It was canceled just 50 years ago.

United Kingdom

In Great Britain, schoolchildren were put on peas. Yes, it was from there that this tradition originated, and it quickly came to us, we also practiced this kind of punishment. They put them on the scattered peas with their bare knees. Believe me, it didn't hurt only for the first 30 seconds, and Russian schoolchildren sometimes stood on peas for 4 hours. Corporal punishment was canceled only in 1986.

Japan

Those who are skilled in torture are the Japanese. They had many punishments, but the most brutal were these two: standing with a porcelain cup on their head, straightening one leg at a right angle to the body and lying on two stools, holding on to them only with their palms and toes, that is, in fact, it turns out - between the stools.
In addition, there are no cleaning ladies in Japanese schools; punished students are cleaned up there.

Nepal

Nepal. The worst punishment there is when a boy is dressed in a woman's dress and, depending on the degree of offense, is forced to walk in it from one to 5 days. In fact, girls in Nepal are not sent to schools, they are considered exclusively a burden and are fed very poorly. Boys do not stand such a diet and begin to ask for forgiveness around the second day.

Whatever area of ​​our life we ​​touch, it is important to observe certain rules everywhere, so that not chaos reigns, but order. Each of us is an independent person who should know his rights, but we should not forget that each person also has certain responsibilities.

Most often, it is when a child crosses the threshold of school and comes to the first grade that he should have an idea of ​​what the rights of the student are. Parents can also acquaint the baby with the most basic of them. In the article, we will try to analyze in more detail not only the rights of the student in the school of the Russian Federation, but also we will not forget about their immediate responsibilities.

Eligibility for Basic Education

Our constitution spelled out the rights of citizens of our country, one of which is the right to receive education. The state needs literate and educated people. Therefore, education in secondary school is currently free of charge. This refers to the state. Parents have the right to send their child to a private school, but there you will have to pay for the education.

Children come to school so that, before the start of training, the rights of a student of grade 1 must be clarified by the class teacher. We must not forget that already in elementary school, kids should be well acquainted with their responsibilities.

Everyone, regardless of nationality, age, gender or religion, has the right to secondary education. Every resident of Russia is obliged to go to school. The state fully financially provides the entire educational process - from textbooks to visual aids and the necessary equipment.

Upon graduation, a secondary education certificate is issued, but in order to obtain it, it is necessary to pass final exams, which will confirm that the child did not go to school for 11 years in vain. Only with this document, the graduate has the full right to continue his education in a higher or secondary specialized institution.

What the student is entitled to

Having crossed the threshold of the school, a small child is no longer just a child of his parents, but also a student. At the first class hour, the first teacher must necessarily familiarize with and also with what the child has every right, being within the walls of the institution. The student's rights are as follows:


The rights of a student of the Russian Federation also have a clause that, if desired, a child can always go to another school. Home schooling, external studies or early exams are not prohibited.

Student rights in the lesson

You can name individual points that clarify what the student's rights at school in the classroom. Among many, I would like to note the following:

  • The student can always express his opinion in the lesson.
  • The child has the right to go to the toilet after warning the teacher.
  • The student must know all the grades given in this subject.
  • Each child can correct the teacher if he made an inaccuracy in his speech regarding the topic of the lesson.
  • After the bell has rung, the child can leave the class.

This, of course, is not all the rights of the student, you can name others that no longer directly relate to the educational process.

The right to a healthy education

Each student not only can receive, but also has the right to have it full, high-quality and, most importantly, safe for the child's health. Maintaining a healthy school environment is very important, and in order to do so, it is necessary to adhere to certain conditions:


Parents not only can, but must also monitor how the student's rights are respected at school. For this, parental committees can be created, each parent has the right to come to school and look at the learning conditions.

What the student is obliged to do

Student rights are good, but do not forget that each person has a range of responsibilities that he must fulfill. This also applies to students at school. Here is a list of some of the responsibilities of children within the walls of the school:


All rights and obligations of a student at school must not only be known to adults and children, but must also be fulfilled.

What is forbidden for students at school

There are some things that children are prohibited from doing at school:

  • In no case should you bring dangerous items with you to class, for example, weapons, ammunition.
  • Provoke conflicts that end in a fight, as well as take part in showdowns of other students.
  • It is forbidden for a student to miss lessons without a valid reason.
  • It is strictly forbidden to bring alcoholic beverages with you, consume them at school or come under the influence of alcohol.
  • Smoking on school grounds is also prohibited. For this, the student can be put on and fined by the parents.
  • It is unacceptable to gamble within the walls of the school.
  • It is forbidden to steal other people's things, school supplies.
  • Any harm to school property will be punished.
  • It is forbidden to address rudely and disrespectfully to the administration of an educational institution or a teacher.
  • The student should not ignore the comments of the teachers.
  • Every child at school should know that it is forbidden for him to come to classes without completing homework, although there are plenty of such unscrupulous students in every school.

If the rights and obligations of the student are always respected in all educational institutions, then school life will be interesting and organized, and all participants in the educational process will be satisfied with everything.

What a teacher is entitled to at school

It is impossible to imagine a lesson without being guides to the world of knowledge. The rights of a student and a teacher at school are not exactly the same, here is a list of what the latter is entitled to:


In addition to rights, of course, there is a list of responsibilities that each teacher must fulfill.

Responsibilities of teachers

Despite the fact that teachers are adults and the entire educational process rests on them, the list of duties they have is no less than student ones:


The list of duties is decent. But let's not be honest, because teachers are people too - not always, especially some points, are observed.

Homeroom teacher rights

After the child crosses the school threshold for the first time, he falls into the hands of his second mother, the class teacher. It is this person who will become their main mentor, protector and guide to a new school life for them. All class teachers, as well as other teachers, have their own rights, which are as follows:

  • Probably the most important right is to ensure that the rights and obligations of the student at school are respected.
  • The class teacher can independently develop at his own discretion a program of work with children and their parents.
  • He can count on the help of the administration.
  • It is in his right to invite his parents to school.
  • You can always give up duties that are not included in the scope of his professional activities.
  • The class teacher has the right to information about the mental and physical health of his pupils.

In order to enforce your rights, you first need to know them well.

What the class teacher is not entitled to

In any institution there is a line through which employees should not cross under any circumstances. This applies to educational institutions in the first place, since teachers work with the younger generation, which within the school walls must learn how to become an independent responsible person.

  1. The class teacher does not have the right to humiliate and insult a student.
  2. It is unacceptable to use marks in the journal as punishment for misconduct.
  3. You cannot break the word given to the child, because we must educate honest citizens of our country.
  4. It is also not proper for a teacher to abuse a child's trust.
  5. The family cannot be used as a means of punishment.
  6. Not only for class teachers, but also for all teachers, it is not very nice and correct to discuss behind the backs of their colleagues, thereby undermining the authority of the team of teachers.

Responsibilities of class teachers

In addition to his immediate duties as a teacher, the class teacher must also perform a number of duties:

  1. Ensure that the rights and obligations of a student in his class are respected.
  2. Constantly monitor the progress in your ward class and the overall dynamics of its development.
  3. Keep the progress of their pupils under control, make sure that students do not admit absences without a good reason.
  4. Monitor progress not only at the level of the entire class, but also note the successes and failures of each child so that the necessary assistance can be provided on time.
  5. Be sure to involve students in your class in participating not only in classroom activities but also in school-wide activities.
  6. Having started working in the classroom, it is imperative to study not only children, but also the peculiarities of their life, conditions in the family.
  7. Notice any deviations in the behavior and development of the child so that psychological assistance is provided on time. If the situation is rather difficult, then the administration of the educational institution must be notified.
  8. Any student can approach the class teacher with his problem, and he must be sure that the conversation remains between them.
  9. Work with the parents of their students, inform them of all misconduct, successes and failures and jointly look for ways to solve the problems that have arisen.
  10. Carefully and in a timely manner fill in all the necessary documentation: journals, personal files, student diaries, personality study cards, and others.
  11. Monitor the health of children, strengthen it by involving students in the work of sports sections.
  12. The responsibilities of the class teachers include organizing the duty of their class around the school and the cafeteria.
  13. Timely work to identify children from disadvantaged families who fall into the "risk group" and conduct individual educational work with them and their families.
  14. If there are already children from the "risk group" in the class, then it is necessary to constantly monitor attendance, progress and behavior.

It may be added that the class teacher is responsible for the life and health of his pupils during all school and class activities. If, in the process of his work, the teacher violated the rights of the student by using methods of physical or mental violence against him, then he can be released from his duties, and in some cases also brought to criminal responsibility.

In order for the environment within the walls of an educational institution to be benevolent and favorable for the development of knowledge, it is necessary for parents to instill in their kids the rules of good behavior from early childhood. But within the walls of an educational institution for children it is already important to know not only the rights of the student at school, but also the range of their direct responsibilities. It is important that parents are interested in the school life of their children, know about all his failures and successes, relations with teachers and peers, in order, if necessary, to be able to protect their rights.

On the "patriotisation of literature." According to legislators and clergymen, Fyodor Dostoevsky's “confused” works and “complex thoughts” and Ivan Bunin’s stories praising “free love” can become a “time bomb for our children”. T&P contacted literature teaching experts to find out why it is beneficial to study the classics and what the consequences of missing them from the required curriculum might be.

"Former C grade students in the Duma are not ashamed to admit that they do not understand the Russian classics"

“It seems to me that even a C grade student should be clear that if he does not understand or is not interested in Tolstoy, then Tolstoy is not to blame for this. Of course, "War and Peace" or "Crime and Punishment" are written to everyone "for growth" - over the years, when rereading, a person understands these books differently than at 17; this is an endless process, but how should the moral and intellectual bar of our society have dropped if in the Duma the former C-grade students are not ashamed to admit that they are uninterested and incomprehensible to the Russian classics. Even in the most terrible years (Stalin's thirtieth birthday), there was no talk of removing Leo Tolstoy from the program. What other book can compare in its patriotism with War and Peace? Yes, both Dostoevsky and Bulgakov, like everything present in art, are complex, but behind these books is the vast world of their authors, their questions, which are no less important for us than for their contemporaries.

I would like to note that The Master and Margarita is still one of the favorite novels of young people, and ignorance of this is evidence of the unprofessionalism of those who claim to correct the school curriculum. Each student understands literature as best he can - our (teacher's) task is not to turn the student away from rereading, from returning to Dostoevsky, Pushkin and Gogol.

I hope, nevertheless, that the preparation of the literature program will not be dense C grade students, but competent people. Removing the classics and replacing them with ephemeral ones means taking one more step towards the spiritual impoverishment of our children. "

Lev Sobolev

teacher of literature, literary critic, honored teacher of Russia

"If these works are harmful, then all literature is harmful - from the point of view of legislators."

“If you can do without these writers, you can do without books at all. Small children read "Prisoner of the Caucasus", older children - "Childhood" by Tolstoy. This is what our country is proud of. Something about which you can talk with people of all ages. I am convinced that if in the 10th grade it will be necessary to study not twenty, but five books, then one of them should be “War and Peace”. In this work there is also the personality of an individual person, and his whole life, and history, and philosophical questions - even the question of what happiness is. I’m not so sure that Dostoevsky must be studied at school, but it’s very good that his works are included in the curriculum. After all, there are questions that only Dostoevsky poses with such depth and power. It is correct to talk about them with people when they are 16 years old. As for Bulgakov, the children really like him. In the 11th grade curriculum there are works that pupils are reluctant to read or do not read at all, but with “The Master and Margarita” each time is a completely different story, and it is a pleasure to discuss this book. If these works are harmful, then all literature is harmful from the point of view of legislators. This is a clinical case that doctors should discuss, not the cultural community.

However, it seems to me that no one will throw out either Tolstoy or Dostoevsky. All normal teachers will teach what they taught before. They say such things only to "cheer us up" once again. Even if these writers are excluded from the examination program, we will still talk about them with the students. Nobody can forbid the teacher from doing this.

Such a phenomenon as patriotic literature objectively does not exist in history. There are pamphlets with patriotic content, but normal literature cannot be patriotic or antipatriotic. This is an unnatural combination of words. Any work can be interpreted in different ways, and the word "patriotism" too.

There were always people who did not read anything, and people who read all their free time. All students are different. I have just arrived from the All-Russian Olympiad in Literature, where we read the works of high school students who came from all over the country. They were very different: some were incredibly bright and talented, while others were funny, without any understanding of the work in question. It was not clear how their authors even got to this Olympiad. This is always the case in all matters, and in this too.

It may seem like it was better in the past, because the kids were better at writing essays. But often they just memorized the material, although this is impossible to verify. Of course, in the past, literature was given more importance than it is now. However, for educators, this has both pros and cons. On the one hand, we are sorry that this item was “in the pen” for a long time. After the obligatory exam disappeared, there was no longer the need to repeat, reread and memorize everything in preparation for graduation. On the other hand, there was a danger in such obligation, since many students memorized ready-made thoughts, rather than thinking themselves. Now there is no such need, so if the teacher manages to talk about works, he has more freedom. He can choose what to discuss and on what topics to write essays, depending on which class and what the students are able to do. So far there is no total government intervention in the teaching of literature, and there are advantages for teachers. "


Nadezhda Shapiro

teacher of Russian language and literature, teacher at the Higher School of Economics, teacher of the highest category

"People who can speak and think in the categories of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky are more difficult to manipulate"

“The works of Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and Bulgakov, by and large, do not need my protection. They long ago won the interest of the reader not only in Russia, but also abroad, and it is strange that we suddenly began to discuss the need to study them in school, and that in a country where the question of love for the motherland is again so acute, patriotism began to manifest itself again in expanding the geographic space, and not deepening the humanitarian space and pride in it.

Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and Bulgakov, of course, are not very easy for schoolchildren. But it would be foolish for us, teachers of literature, to help the younger generation become poor. Nothing broadens interest and understanding of the world as the great literature that we have. Tolstoy's War and Peace is four thick volumes. However, 15-year-old children have been reading them for more than a hundred years, and if they do not understand everything at this tender age, then at least they become involved in the culture - through its main masterpieces. And no one said that Pushkin is simpler than Tolstoy or Dostoevsky. If we throw Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and Bulgakov out of the school curriculum and from the main cultural points, we must throw out everything: Griboyedov, and Pushkin, and Lermontov. If we don't need these writers, we don't need anything. You can safely cancel the alphabet too.

One can hope that good teachers will still teach Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and Bulgakov, but this will not work: if they do not have hours in literature, they will not be able to study what is not included in the narrow curriculum that is tested on the exam. And if the teachers do not have the opportunity to talk about "Crime and Punishment", we lose the entire Petersburg text of Russian literature. Any change in the school curriculum is always fraught with significant consequences. One more argument - "We will remove complex works from the program, because no one knows how to teach them." But this only means that it is necessary to ensure that good philologists teach literature at school, and not to throw out works.

The Soviet school lived well without The Master and Margarita, and perhaps the children read this novel with great interest until it was replicated and, in a sense, vulgarized. But here again the question arises whether you teach well or badly. If it's good, you need to go through this book, and if it's bad, it's better not to take anything at all. When we discuss Gogol, we talk about The Master and Margarita, and when we take The Master and Margarita, we again remember Gogol, because everything is interconnected.

I'd like to ask: what and who was the problem with “The Master and Margarita”, “Crime and Punishment” and “War and Peace”? Someone who can't read a thick book? In the context of today, I would like to say that if a person decided to commit suicide, let him do it on his own, and not together with the plane. If someone wants his children not to read these books, let him cancel them for his family. Why bring down our entire culture?

An experienced teacher can pass even "The Tale of the Ryaba Chicken" as a complex work. And a bad teacher will make War and Peace a simple novel. It is clear what is happening and why it is being done. And, of course, all of us, people of the humanitarian sphere, are categorically opposed to someone emasculating the brain of our children. Of course, it is much more difficult to manipulate people who have read, studied and can speak and think in the categories of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. To make it easier to manage, you need to ban these writers. But then, I repeat, we must also ban Pushkin, Lermontov and Tyutchev.

Patriotism and patriotic literature - this is what Pasternak said: "I made the whole world cry." When the author writes and the whole world makes us cry over the beauty of the native land, this is patriotism. Patriotic literature is Pushkin, Tolstoy, Brodsky, Mandelstam. These are writers and books that contain what Tolstoy calls the "latent warmth" of patriotism. This is love for native literature and native culture. And I don’t know any other patriotism ”.


Elena Vigdorova

literature teacher, literary critic

"If the teaching of literature is equal to the intellectual level of the deputies, Russia will disappear"

“Only inventive political strategists work in the offices of power today. By the way, their names, though carefully hidden, are nevertheless known - and sooner or later they will be covered with contempt; This is what they seem to be ignoring - that their grown-up children will feel uncomfortable. They achieve their goals over and over again quite easily. And there are still a lot of thinking people in our country, despite their colossal outflow (last year - a record number of those who left: 300,000; knowingly sure that there are almost no fools among them), there are still a lot of them - they rush to defend the opera house, then, let's say (like I am now), a Russian school from one hundred percent absurdity. Sane fellow citizens are simply not allowed to look around and see real threats to our economy, the life of civil society and just life.

One deputy, who in his school years was undoubtedly a student of little capacity (I taught at school, for many years I have dealt with students and I know what I am talking about), remembered that he did not understand either War and Peace or Bulgakov. Output? Well, it would seem - to scratch in the back of your head, to regret your stupidity ... To talk, finally, with those "clever and clever men" who understood Leo Tolstoy. It wasn’t there! We have to assume that about a million rubles in two months (parliamentary salary) burns the crown of the head. Apparently, the remnants of conscience are tormenting - you have to do something for such crazy (from the point of view of his voters) money ... Ch.) - in grades 9-10 difficult philosophical questions are too early to pass! It is difficult and early to study War and Peace, Crime and Punishment, Bulgakov and others. " This alone "and others" betrays a C grade student!

So, I have to say - I held a competition in several Moscow schools (it was a test - in the near future I will hold it in several regions, and then, perhaps, even wider) based on the novel “The Master and Margarita”. Soon we will summarize the results with the presentation of the awards. The theme was formulated as follows: "What exactly attracted you and your friends in the novel" The Master and Margarita "?" If the deputy had read the compositions sent to me - perhaps, he would have become depressed ... If, of course, he retained at least some self-criticism in his high position. Today's schoolchildren understand a lot in this novel! Yes, just imagine - they understand the centuries-old drama of the struggle between good and evil, reflections on the meaning of human life, free will in the choice between good and evil, given to a person from birth. No wonder, according to all sociological polls, firstly, they read this novel from the age of 12 (!), And secondly, for how many years schoolchildren put it in first place among the books they read. This is one of the most read.

These are the facts. And it is necessary to proceed from them, trying to benefit from this for studying the classics of the 19th century at school - it often, as you know, comes with a creak. To show exactly how to use the fact of love for Bulgakov's novel, I try in my book for language teachers "Literature at school: read or pass?" (that is - we pass by ...). I wrote for teachers, but, to my pleasant surprise, it is actively bought by parents - those who do not want their children to become like those who are unable to perceive the Russian classics ... I show it there, as through the novel "The Master and Margarita" ( which has become a truly cult novel by Russian schoolchildren), the teacher can go to Pushkin, Gogol and Bunin (since they are all "contained" in this novel). The same book explains how many minutes of a literature lesson must be spent on reading Russian classics aloud - today this is the only sure way to convey it to a student. And already there our classics will stand up for themselves - and will reveal their enormous ethical potential.

And regarding the delusional idea of ​​creating a special patriotic literature in our country, I will turn directly to Sergei Stepashin - suddenly my appeal will somehow reach him.

Sergei Vadimovich, you - an intelligent, educated person - cannot help but understand that it is unlikely that anyone will be able to write pages today that will overshadow the pages of War and Peace, which take with a sense of living patriotism! "The theme of patriotic education of citizens is a strategic state task that has fallen on the fertile soil of the reunification of Crimea and Russia." If this is true your words, and not the fantasies of the Duma journalists, then I am ashamed to read, Sergei Vadimovich! What is the style - "strategic"! After all, you are a conscientious person, and this means that in a few years you will have to repent, as you did for the first Chechen war ... Only two - Yeltsin and you - publicly repented; I personally really appreciated it.

So in today's regular "patriotic campaign" I was only pleased with the words of Vladimir Tolstoy - in a journalistic, however, retelling - that "any quality literature can be called patriotic." Let's proceed from this. One thing I can say for sure: if in today's school teaching of literature we will be equal to the mental level of our today's deputies, Mother Russia has disappeared. "

Few areas depend on changes in the political system and public sentiment more than education. On the one hand, it is at school that a person usually learns basic knowledge about himself and the world, and on the other hand, due to the content of the courses and teaching methods, it is very easy to control what information children will receive and in what form it will reach them. The school curriculum over the past hundred years clearly demonstrates the changes that state ideology has undergone: from the attempt to give students a breath of freedom at the dawn of the 1920s to their imprisonment in a hurray-patriotic vacuum in the 1940s, from the space cult of the 1960s to the confusion of the 1990s. NS.

Of course, making an overview of the evolution of the entire school curriculum is an almost impossible task: even pedagogical researchers prefer to focus on one or two areas of knowledge. However, in retrospect, its key features are easily guessed. Firstly, there are a number of objects that have suffered more than others from the trends of the times. It’s not even about history: it’s clear that it was repeatedly hacked and rewritten. Secondly, a number of disciplines that enjoyed great prestige in Soviet times were eventually abolished or transferred to the status of optional ones. Finally, thirdly, some courses developed decades ago clearly need rethinking.

Items that have fallen victim to the regime

Literature

History. Literature is perhaps the most problematic area of ​​Russian school education: the debate about which books children should read and which should not have been going on for over a hundred years. Before the situation was a little simpler: a strictly verified reading program, in general, did not exist until the 1850s. Each educational institution received a certain credit of trust in this sense, although the priority still remained the translations of ancient and European authors, supplemented by Sumarokov, Kheraskov, Derzhavin, etc. And only in the middle of the 19th century was the first more or less obligatory list compiled by Alexei Dmitrievich Galakhov, literary historian, professor of the Petersburg Historical and Philological Institute.

Including thanks to Galakhov, a stratum of writers and poets was formed, which even today children study as part of the course on the golden age of Russian literature. For example, it was he who gave priority attention to Lermontov. And also, in his anthology he got rid of Trediakovsky and Kheraskov, thus expressing a thought sensational for those times: adolescents can read not only long-dead classics. Galakhov's program was the standard until the early 1920s, but already in the second half of the decade, a steady process of subordinating pedagogy to the goals of the party began.

Radishchev and Saltykov-Shchedrin were not thrown off the ship of the present: the training manual for 1932 clearly stated that this should not be done, since the literature of past years allows us to restore "the life and struggle of classes." Of course, the lights of socialist thought were added to the geniuses of the 19th century: schoolchildren began to read, Fadeev, Serafimovich. However, the main thing was that the approach to teaching literature has changed radically: it has become an instrument of cognition not of life, but of society. The unified textbook, in turn, was now positioned as a reference source of knowledge: neither the teacher nor the students were allowed to improvise. If Mary Ivanna, observing the interests of the party, said that the Russian revolt was not senseless and merciless, but quite conscious and even necessary, then she was right, not Pushkin.

Schoolchildren living in the union republics did not go unnoticed either: they studied Russian literature practically on a par with national literature - primarily for the sake of mastering the language. For example, in Estonian schools in the second half of the 1940s, at least 165 hours a year were devoted to Russian and literary reading. Closer to the 1970s, the works of Vilis Latsis, Mukhtar Auezov, Oles Gonchar were invited to familiarize themselves not only with Latvian, Kazakh and Ukrainian schoolchildren, but also 8-9 graders from the RSFSR.

It would be logical to assume that with the advent of the Khrushchev thaw and the emergence of a new, special layer of the Soviet literary intelligentsia - - liberalization will reach the school reading list. This is partly what happened, but due to the reduction of teaching hours, coupled with a significant expansion of the program, into which, by the way, Dostoevsky, who was previously considered unreliable, first burst with Crime and Punishment, teachers had to try to grasp the immensity. Moreover, they were still required to delicately keep silent about the Christian origins of Russian literature and to promote the idea that Pushkin was created in order to subsequently give birth to a great Soviet culture.

The school - as, indeed, the whole country - managed to take a breath of freedom only in the 1990s. If earlier the framework on which the works of different authors were strung was the Leninist periodization of the revolutionary movement, now the writers were divided simply into representatives of a particular era. In secondary school, children began to read "The Tale of Bygone Years" and "The Life of Archpriest Avvakum", and high school students - Bunin and Pasternak. A significant part of the program acquired a recommendatory nature, and teachers were able to choose which poems and stories to discuss with students. To Shakespeare, Byron and Goethe, which they studied in Soviet times, were added optional Flaubert, Tolkien, Hemingway and Japanese hockey. In 2011, an abridged version of The Gulag Archipelago was released, which was recommended for teenagers to read. It would seem that a compromise has finally been reached. Alas, in fact, passions around the school curriculum in literature are only flaring up.

Perspectives. Although after the recent scandal, the Ministry of Education rejected the idea of ​​excluding Kuprin and Leskov from the mandatory reading list, replacing them, the number of contemporary authors in the school curriculum will increase: this is a natural process that has not been avoided in any historical period. In addition, since today's schoolchildren have less and less understanding of the language spoken by the heroes of Pushkin and Karamzin, they will soon have to revise the methodology for studying the classics - towards, if not reducing the hours allotted to it, then deepening linguistic analysis.

Foreign languages


History. Another subject that directly depended on the trends of the times was a foreign language. From the basic course of literature, we know that Gallomania led to the fact that the Russian elite of Fonvizin's time spoke almost exclusively French, and later Anglomania also spread to the country. In turn, the so-called classical education system, widespread at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, implied a thorough, hours-long study of Latin and Greek, which supposedly helped high school students in comprehending all sciences.

With the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, the excitement around the study of foreign languages ​​at school at first died down, but by 1927 it became mandatory. At the same time, it was primarily about German: firstly, those for whom this language was native lived in the Volga region and the present Baltic, and secondly, the Soviet government hoped to establish diplomatic relations with Germany. An almost anecdotal episode is also known - an attempt by the government, at the suggestion of Leon Trotsky, to introduce Esperanto into young heads in the same 1920s. Then Trotsky became persona non grata, and since then, for decades, knowledge of Esperanto could rather harm the Soviet youth.

Of course, after World War II, the balance of power changed: in almost half of the schools, English came to the fore, and French and Spanish were added to German. By the 1960s, there were already more than a thousand language special schools in the country, which were considered extremely prestigious. So why are we constantly faced with the fact that a person who grew up in the Soviet Union does not know English at all or operates with a dull excuse “I taught German at school”? In German, however, he also cannot really say anything.

Teaching foreign languages ​​in the USSR was very far from ideal, primarily because schools, in fact, did not have access to original textbooks, and teachers and students - to communicate with foreigners. With the fall of the Iron Curtain, the situation has changed dramatically: today's children speak much better English thanks not to educational reforms, but to the availability of British-written manuals, travel abroad and the Internet.

Perspectives.“Chinese is the new black,” the authorities unequivocally hint to us: in Russia, more than 6% of schools already practice the study of this language either as an option or on a mandatory basis. The seeming know-how of the 21st century is not that: back in the 1960s, Ninel Kovtun and Liu Fenglan published several canonical Chinese textbooks for primary grades. Another thing is that then he was a huge rarity.


History. Those who have had a chance to study logic in a humanitarian university remember that classes in this subject were mainly reduced to solving unpretentious problems like “Penguins are black and white. Vaska's cat, too. Does this mean that Vaska the cat is a penguin? " It is hard to believe that in the Soviet Union such a seemingly harmless discipline was subjected to repression. However, it was precisely this fate that awaited her.

Before the revolution, logic was taught in grammar schools and seminaries as a kind of synthesis of rhetoric, psychology and philosophy - with an emphasis on the latter. In the classroom, disputes were conducted: adolescents learned to reason and defend their point of view with an eye to the thinkers of the past - mainly to Aristotle and the scholastics. However, after the triumphant arrival of Marxism-Leninism in the country, it turned out that logic was not simply unnecessary for Soviet citizens - it was even dangerous, since it implies the presence of different points of view and philosophical systems. As a result, after 1918, discipline disappeared from the school curriculum, although not forever.

In December 1946, a decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) "On the Teaching of Logic and Psychology in Secondary Schools" was suddenly issued. Stalin considered that it is impossible to understand the dialectical logic on which Marx's teaching was based without knowledge of formal logic. They did not dare to disobey the leader, and the almost forgotten subject was returned to the high school students - alas, for only six years. After Stalin's death, they got rid of logic again: de jure due to the lack of hours in the schedule, in fact - for the same reasons as in the post-revolutionary period.

Perspectives. Despite the fact that in the 1990s schools were given the opportunity to teach logic as an optional subject of choice, the return of the discipline to the compulsory curriculum so far does not bode well.

basic military training


© Photo chronicle TASS

History. In the USSR, the concept of patriotic education was closely related to the ability to defend the Motherland: if you are unable to assemble a machine gun or to bandage a wound, there will be no sense in you in the fight against an enemy who has come from the West. The people then seriously feared that the cold war with the United States could well develop into a hot one, and it is even surprising that the subject "Basic military training" was fixed in schools only in the late 1960s, and not much earlier.

Grades 8-10 were taught to walk in formation, shoot at targets, put on a gas mask at speed, determine the rank of a serviceman by shoulder straps and tap out secret messages with Morse code. Storekeepers or veterans of the Great Patriotic War were invited to teach such lessons. At the NVP, up to 70 hours were allotted: the figure is significant and comparable, for example, with the number of geography lessons in the senior grades of a modern school. However, in the late 1980s, on the basis of the M. Bauman, the concept of a new discipline was approved, and the boring abbreviation CWP was replaced by another one that gives schoolchildren a wide scope for exercises in wit - OBZH. Although the lessons on the basics of life safety also talk about the features of military service, they are given secondary importance.

Perspectives. Against the backdrop of the jingoistic patriotic sentiments prevailing in Russia, coupled with the imposed fears that the decaying West is about to attack us with war, the revival of interest in CWP does not seem so incredible. In the coming years, the subject, of course, is unlikely to be made mandatory: after all, it will look too defiant. But he may well return to duty as an optional. Well, or get additional hours as part of the OBZH course.

Items Abolished in Zero

Drawing


© Yu. Bagryansky / RIA Novosti

If in biology lessons, in the context of talking about atavisms, adolescents are still shown a photograph of a tailed boy, then drawing is perhaps the ugliest relic of the 20th century school curriculum - a subject that seems to be too specialized to be useful to all children without exception. In any case, he seems to be so today. But in the Soviet years, the dispute about how exactly drawing should be taught was conducted at the state level. Back in 1918, Lunacharsky signed an appeal from the State Commission on Education, which stated that this subject should become the apotheosis of the aesthetic education of schoolchildren.

At first, drawing served to a greater extent as a continuation of the art course, which clearly echoed the dominant role of constructivism in art. By the end of the 1930s, however, the discipline was almost entirely left to mathematics. It is important, however, to understand that, starting from the 5th, 6th or 7th grade, schoolchildren drew both abstract geometric shapes and models of objects around them, parts of production machines and even the simplest structures, and also learned to read ready-made drawings (for example, geodetic ) and write in different fonts.

Undoubtedly, drawing was one of the tools of professional training and corresponded to the state ideology, which preferred following the canon to the freedom of creativity. It is also important to consider that in the 1960s – 1970s, many children went to technical circles, where it was almost useless to meddle without the ability to draw an electrical circuit. However, the main purpose of drawing is still called the development of abstract thinking - a skill that is useful in any situation.

Perspectives. Drawing was taken out of the grid of the main school schedule in the 2000s and left in the elective status. While the return to him of the status of a compulsory subject is not expected.

Astronomy


History. It is widely believed that astronomy began to be studied at school only against the background of the space race, but in fact, its basics became available to adolescents already in Peter's times, and by the first quarter of the 20th century, several dozen textbooks had been written. A number of schools - for example, in the Rostov gymnasium named after A.L. Kekin - even had their own observatories. True, in tsarist Russia, the teaching of astronomy inevitably ran into barriers that were placed by influential clergy: it was supposed to present scientific truths in such a way that they did not contradict religious ideas about where the Lord's residence is and how the Earth originated.

In the atheistic Soviet Union, religious barriers fell, but for a long time astronomy was taught more like mathematical geography - an archaic branch of science that considered the position of the Earth relative to other celestial bodies. This is understandable: until the middle of the century, space exploration was engaged only in theory. The development of technology and Gagarin's flight gave rise to a revision not only of expectations from the future, but also of the school curriculum. Since the 1960s, from the basic course of astronomy, students in grades 10-11 learned about the structure of our Galaxy, about the evolution of the Universe, about the methods of astrophysical research, about astronautics as a professional branch, etc. The canonical textbook was Astronomy by B.A. Vorontsov-Velyaminov, and 35 hours a year were allocated for discipline - that is, one lesson a week. Alas, in the 1990s, the authority of this area of ​​knowledge began to decline steadily, and in zero the subject was completely canceled.

Perspectives. At the beginning of August this year, it became known that astronomy would again be taught to schoolchildren as an independent discipline, and not as a subsection of physics. The course will also be designed for 35 hours, and it will begin to read either from September or from January 2018, depending on the capabilities of each particular school. So we are likely to face an astronomical renaissance.

Items in dire need of rethinking

Labor / technology


© Evgeniy Logvinov / TASS

History. Manual labor training, like many other educational trends, came to us from abroad - though not from the usual France, Germany or Britain, but from the territory of present-day Finland, where the importance of this discipline was realized back in the 1860s. The subject was introduced into the Russian school curriculum almost 25 years later. Its essence boiled down, first of all, to ensure that children master the basics of the most common crafts (in particular, carpentry and locksmith) and understand that being able to create something with their own hands is pleasant and useful. It is noteworthy, by the way, that in the 19th century in women's schools more hours were given to needlework lessons than to calligraphy lessons.

Of course, the cult of the labor movement that was established in the country could not but affect the methodology of teaching the basics of labor activity, but this subject in its pure form began to play a truly important role only by the middle of the century: in the 1920s, a significant part of the time in the classroom was devoted to stories about the construction new society, and in the 1930s, workshops began to be created at schools, but then a war broke out, and precious resources were used for something more important than cutting out the details of a stool. Already in the 1950s, specially equipped classrooms appeared in 80% of schools, and a little later work became what it should ideally be: not just the promotion of useful skills, but the most important tool for career guidance. In the Brezhnev era, interschool educational and production complexes for high school students were opened at all.

At the same time, from the 5th-6th grade, girls usually studied separately from boys: they learned to sew, knit and create products from paper and cardboard. The program was different in urban and rural schools: the students of the latter cultivated the beds and understood the device of the combine. In the 1990s, when the state, with the collapse of socialist ideals, seemed to have ceased to need workers' hands, labor lessons (now they were called "Technology") acquired an almost caricatured character: there were jokes about the ever-drunk Trudovik, boys, instead of learning with a plane, they began to redraw it into a notebook from a textbook, and their classmates were asked to master mainly the science of making borscht and weaving bracelets from beads.

Perspectives. Obviously, the course towards equality, which Russia is taking up, albeit very slowly, nevertheless, requires that the subject "Technology" in the future does not imply separation by gender, even if the content of the lessons remains the same. After all, self-made furniture production in large cities today is more of an exotic hobby, but the ability to cook dinner, screw in a light bulb or iron a shirt will come in handy for a person of any gender.

Social Studies


History. Despite the fact that social science took a permanent place in the curriculum of secondary schools only in 1963, methodological developments in this area have been carried out practically since the founding of the USSR. It is not surprising: in order for a person to strive with all his heart for a bright communist future, he must understand how the class struggle developed, and under the guise of discipline, considering the features of the structure of society, it is very convenient to promote party slogans.

It is noteworthy that, although at first the People's Commissariat of Education still had doubts about whether to involve adolescents in the political struggle, at the dawn of the 1920s social science actually replaced history, which was now regarded as an auxiliary subject, a source of knowledge about the prerequisites for the emergence of the proletarian movement. In the next decade, history was returned to schoolchildren, but in the 7th grade they began to thoroughly study the Constitution of the USSR, and under Khrushchev, social science again found itself in the grid of the schedule, but already as a problematic discipline. High school students no longer just listened to the teacher: they encouraged classroom discussion of current political events and topical materials published in the press. Of course, dissent was not allowed, but on the whole the Soviet pedagogical tradition then made a serious step forward.

After perestroika, the position of social science became precarious. The ideology, which had failed, could no longer serve as a reliable support for the education of young people, so the question arose sharply: what in general should be taught to schoolchildren within the framework of this course? As a result of fierce debate among experts until the mid-1990s, social science was replaced by social science: it was a loosely structured body of data about politics, law, environment, morality, spiritual development, and marriage. In approximately the same form, the object has survived to this day.

Perspectives. The problem of excessive heterogeneity of information, inherent, of course, in modern school social studies, is usually corrected with the help of specialization. For example, a conversation about the role of marriage can be held in psychology classes, and about the purpose and meaning of a person's life - in philosophy. Moreover, the recent story with the textbook "Bustard", which denied people with severe mental illness the right to be considered a person, indicates to us that, due to the same breadth of coverage of topics, the authors of the manuals are free to express their thoughts as they please, and with this also need to do something. Alas, today children are already overloaded with lessons, so there is clearly no reason to hope that a few additional subjects will be added to the schedule and, for convenience, the social studies course will be divided into independent parts.