Prepositions is the most important thing we need to link words into phrases and sentences. Besides, in Italian no cases, and case declension It is also done through prepositions. Absolute analogy with English or French. The novelty lies in the fact that in Italian, if after the preposition there is an article, then they merge into one word, and this is called Articulated preposition - Preposizione articolata. In my opinion, articulated prepositions are exactly what makes the Italian speech flow sound so charming 🙂 but first things first!

There are quite a few prepositions, first we will study the most used ones:

di, a, da, in, con, su, per, tra, fra

Preposition "Di"

- Expresses the connections of the genitive case in the meaning of belonging, as well as belonging, origin, material, attribute, and is also part of numerous turns of speech. If it comes before a vowel, it is reduced to d '.

un pezzo di pane - a piece of bread

latte di soia - soy milk

una casa di famiglia - family house (family house)

Roma è capitale d'Italia - Rome is the capital of Italy

Preposition "A"

- Expresses the direction of movement, being in any place, appointment, time. Can be translated into Russian as a preposition "in". Also used in some cases of controlling verbs.

a casa di mamma - at mother's house

io vivo a Mosca - I live in Moscow

a piedi - on foot

io vado a lavorare - I'm going to work

sono a casa - I'm at home

Preposition "Yes"

- Expresses the direction of movement from a place or person, also to a person, suitability, purpose, feature, obligation, answers the question “from where?”, can also be translated by the Russian preposition “from”.

io vado da Napoli a Milano - I'm going from Naples to Milan

vado da Natalia - I'm going to Natalia

un libro da leggere - a book to be read

è un ragazzo dai capelli biondi is a guy with blond hair

Preposition "In"

- Translated exactly by the Russian preposition "in". Very easy to remember by analogy with English. Used to indicate location and time.

io vado in palestra - I go to the sports club

in nome di Dio - in the name of God

in un ora - within an hour

Preposition "Con"

- Expresses compatibility, as well as a tool or tool for any action.

io vado da Maria con Anna - I go to Maria with Anna

arrivare con l'auto - come by car

scrivere con la matita - to write with a pencil

Preposition "Su"

- Serves to indicate the presence of something on the surface, and also introduces an addition indicating the subject, topic of speech

il libro è sul tavolo* - book on the table (*see table below)

parlare sulla politica - talk about politics

Preposition "Per"

- Expresses the place of action, time, means of action, some meanings can be translated by the Russian preposition "for"

passeggiare per la cittĂ  - to walk around the city

è importante per me - this is important to me

partiamo per tre giorni - we are leaving for three days

Prepositions "Tra" and "Fra"

Often an equal sign is put between these prepositions, since they express the same thing - they mean between, among, through.

tra noi - between us

torno fra 5 minuti - I'll be back in 5 minutes

Now attention! If you forgot, remember from previous lessons. And now the long-awaited table of articulated prepositions:

Jointed prepositions.

A

DI

DA

SU

IN

a+il = al

a+i = ai

a+lo = allo

a+gli = agli

a+la = alla

a+le= alle

di+il = del

di+i = dei

di+lo = dello

di+gli = degli

di+la = della

di+le= delle

da+il = dal

da+i = dai

da + lo = dallo

da + gli = dagli

da+la = dalla

da+le= dale

su+il = sul

su+i = suit

su + lo = sullo

su+gli= sugli

su+la = sulla

su+le= sulle

in+il = nel

in+i = nei

in+lo= nello

in+gli = negli

in+la = nella

in+le= nelle

Pretext "Con" forms articulated shapes ONLY With definite article male "il" and plural "I", thereby forming the forms "Col" and "Coi" accordingly, however, it is not a mistake to use the preposition and the article separately, as follows: "Con il" and "Con i".

Prepositions "Per", "Tra", "Fra" do not form articulated forms.

The use of prepositions can sometimes not be obvious: apart from the logical use of prepositions (eg "di" to indicate possession), prepositions are often used in an idiomatic way. Some verbs, words and expressions require the use of certain prepositions. In order to understand what's what, you need to know idioms - this comes with practice, communicating with a living language, films, books, etc.

Here is a list of rules for using prepositions:

  • With the name of the city we use the preposition "a": vivo a Roma - I live in Rome
  • With the name of the country we use the preposition "in": vivo in Italia - I live in Italy
  • With country names used in plural(e.g. "Stati Uniti") we use the preposition combined with the article: vivo negli Stati Unity; Vengo dagli Stati Uniti - I live in the United States; I came from the States
  • With "signora, signore" and with titles defining a profession (e.g. dottore, professore, avvocato...) we use the preposition combined with the article: vado dalla Signora Rossi. Telefono al dottore (I'm going to signora Rossi; I'm calling the doctor)
  • When directed to a location identified by a person's name or profession, we use "da": vado da mario. Vado dal dottore - I'm going to see Mario. I go to the doctor
  • To determine the amount of time in the past, we use the preposition "da": abito in Italia da tre anni - I have been living in Italy for three years
  • To express the use or purpose of an item, we use "da": vestito da sera; tazza da thè - evening dress; mug for tea

As for the verb control, here you also have to memorize which verbs are connected by which prepositions, however good dictionaries usually indicate after the verb a preposition that should follow after it. To this day I do not have a regular paper dictionary and use the online dictionary http://lingvo.yandex.ru. By the way, it contains, among other things, some idiomatic phrases! In any case, do not rush, as they say in Italy - piano(slowly)! 🙂

CLASSIFICATION OF PREPOSITIONS

CLASSIFICATION OF PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions in Italian are divided into two main groups:

1. Simple or non-derivative prepositions

2. Derived prepositions.

NON-DERIVATIVE PREPOSITIONS

From the point of view of grammatical terminology, non-derivative prepositions have several names in Italian - preposizioni semplici, preposizione proprie, preposizioni di base, preposizioni primitive, but their essence does not change from this. It's about always about simple prepositions, no matter how they are called.

Let's see what it is.

A preposition is a word consisting of one syllable, i.e. from one, two, maximum three letters, which is used to build a connection between words in a sentence, and to change the grammatical meaning of these words. Thus, the preposition must always come directly BEFORE the word it affects. To the question of changing the grammatical meaning - we must clearly understand that the preposition determines which part of speech the word that follows it will act as.

Simply put, depending on what preposition we put in front of a particular word, the question that this word answers, and hence its grammatical function, will change: a noun can turn into an adjective or an adverb, an adjective into an adverb, etc.

Let's give a simple example: we take two nouns shirt and night - camicia + notte, put the preposition da between them and get camicia DA notte, which means shirt FOR the night, and in Russian - shirt (what?) night.

As you can see, just because of the presence of the preposition DA, the second noun notte turned from "night" into the adjective "night" or vado A casa - I'm going home Preposition A turned the noun casa into an adverb function in addition (see Introduction), because the word house no longer answers the question “what?”, but answers the question “where?” This is the “work” of the preposition, its main purpose is to link words together so that they acquire a common meaning, while changing the grammatical essence of these very words, i.e. forcing them to answer another question that doesn't match their main grammatical category. Most teaching materials under prepositions, only information is provided about in which phrases or situations one or another preposition can be used, and no mechanisms, no explanations - why in this way and not otherwise.

In this tutorial, we will try to go the other way, namely, not to memorize situational patterns of using prepositions, but to analyze their principle of action. In other words, together we will try to develop a certain logic for the use of prepositions in speech, based on the basic meanings, the main mechanics of each preposition, and find the correspondence of these mechanics in Russian, in order to eventually come to the naturalness of the use of Italian prepositions in terms of understanding their meaning and their logic. influence other parts of speech in the sentence.

As we said above, we will use five main criteria (parameters) for preposition functions:

  1. Direction of movement or action, location.
  2. Case mood
  3. Parts of speech management
  4. Time Management
  5. Participation in figurative and stable expressions.

On this moment, for further ease of perception, let's consider what all this means, including the very concept of "prepositional mechanics". What is "mechanics" in general - it is a way and process of carrying out this or that action, i.e. how the action is performed and what is needed to complete it. In our case, I use the term "Mechanics" to determine the meaning of the main function that the preposition performs - an indication of the location, an indication of the direction of movement (to go where? or to go from where?) or to the direction of action (to whom, for whom / what or with by whom / what we do something) or indications of the relationship between objects (as, for example, the preposition con, which is equivalent in meaning to the Russian preposition “S”. Note: Petya S Masha, bread S butter).

1. The function of indicating “direction of movement or action, location” is available for absolutely all prepositions. Some give the words the meaning of “go WHERE, WHICH SIDE OR TO WHOM”, others - “return, come “FROM”, others are used in certain situations to describe the situation within the framework of “to be WHERE” or “to go, move HOW”, and a number of prepositions generally indicate for what purpose, for whom or what, how the action was performed, which implies the “mechanics of the direction of action”.

Let's look at examples:

direction of movement (this is when we go somewhere with legs or go somewhere by transport)

I'm going WHERE? - I'm going to the theater - vado a teatro

going WHERE?—- going to the doctor—— vado DAL dottore

going WHERE? —- I'm going to Italy — vado IN Italia

food HOW? —— going by car —- vado CON la macchina

food WHERE? —— coming from Rome —- vengo DA Roma

location

I am WHERE? —— I am in Africa —- sto IN Africa

I am WHERE? —— I'm in a bar —— sto AL bar

I am WHERE? —— am on the roof —— sto SUL tetto

direction of action (this is when we do something, but we don’t go anywhere or don’t go (we don’t move))

I do FOR WHOM? —— do for you —- faccio PER te

tell who? —— telling a friend —— racconto ALL’ amico

hang WHERE? —— hang on a hanger —— appendo SULL’ attaccapanni

I put WHERE? ——- put in a box ——- metto NEL cassetto

In order to clearly distinguish the direction of movement from the direction of action, I think it would not be superfluous to create a certain classification of verbs based on the actions they describe. We will divide all verbs into:

- verbs of motion, which in turn can be divided into:

- target movement verbs (answer the question go / move / depart / arrive / leave WHERE?, go / return / arrive / leave WHERE?)

tornare, ritornare

arrive

uscire etc.

NOTA BENE: all verbs of target movement are intransitive and require the use of essere as an auxiliary verb when forming compound periods like passato prossimo, etc.

- verbs of movement ON the territory (answer the question to move WHERE? WHAT?) these are verbs

camminare

passeggiare

viaggiare

arrivare (in the sense of arriving / getting along ... siamo arrivati ​​per la via piu 'breve - we got on the shortest road), etc.

- verbs of physical action, i.e. those that describe an action performed physically, such as "hack", "write", "dance", "cut", etc. Here are some examples:

tagliare

scrivère

cucinare, etc.

- verbs of mental and verbal activity, i.e. verbs that describe thoughts, feelings, speech, such as “speak”, “tell”, “think”, “reflect”, etc., for example:

raccontare

raggionare

sognare, etc.

- verbs of emotions and will, those verbs that describe our feelings, emotions, desires, aspirations, etc., such as "hope", "believe", "order", etc. a few examples:

ordinare

pretendere, etc.

and finally - the verbs of the beginning - the end of the action, i.e. all verbs that reflect the concept of “start” doing something, “get ready” to do something, “finish” doing something.

2. case mechanics

As we said in the introduction, in Italian, in written expression, case moods are absent as a "class". What are we talking about? Let's remember what the case mood is from the point of view of the Russian language. When we ask a question to a word in Russian, two things can happen with this very word - it will change the ending in accordance with the question asked to it, or it will not change the ending, BUT at the same time, a preposition will appear before the word to show that the form of the word still corresponds to the question that was asked to him.

For example: I am writing a letter with WHAT? pen - and the word pen changed the ending from "A" to "OH"

or else: I threw the letter WHERE? In the box - and the word box did not change the ending, but in order to coordinate it with the question, we put the preposition "B"

In the first case, we put the word in the case mood, namely in instrumental case. And in the second, they answered the question by putting a preposition before the word.

So, the case mood (case) will be considered a change in the ending of a word in accordance with the question to which it answers. At the same time, questions corresponding to adverbs, i.e. WHERE?, WHERE?, HOW? etc. (see Introduction) are not questions of case moods and, accordingly, have nothing to do with cases. Although this is debatable, because the “great and mighty” Russian language has many more of them, even if we are not taught this. Philologists and linguists, quite officially, define at least 4 more case moods: vocative, quantitative-attributive, local and original.

But we will not complicate our lives, if anyone is interested - look at Wikipedia, these cases are described in detail there. We will be based on what we were taught and taught in school, namely:

that officially in Russian there are 6 cases (case moods):

Case Question Result

Nominative Who? What? Vasya; table

Parent Who? What? Vasi, table

Dative give to whom? What? VasE, table

Accusative Who? What? Vasyu, table

Creative Whom? How? Vasey, table

Prepositional About whom? About what about you, about the table

There is no such phenomenon in Italian, i.e. words do NOT change endings when answering questions. But there must be a mechanism for expressing these questions in a word, and this is precisely what prepositions serve for.

For example:

who's pen? Vasi - la penna DI Vasia

write to whom? mom - scrivo ALLA mamma

I cut WHAT? knife - taglio con il coltello

I'm talking about WHAT? about work — parlo DI lavoro

It is this mechanism that we will call further "mechanics of the case mood".

NOTA BENE: In Italian, all cases are created using prepositions, except for the ACCUSATIVE. The word in this case DOES NOT require preposition control, for example: car of WHOM? (genus case) Vasi - la macchina DI Vasia I see WHOM? (Vin. case) Vasya - vedo Vasia

3. mechanics of controlling parts of speech

We have already touched on this question in passing above using the example " nightgown". Therefore, we will discuss this topic for a long time, and we will formulate this concept as follows: when prepositions connect two parts of speech, changing the meaning of the one they are facing, they MANAGE this part of speech.

It is possible to distinguish between grammatical control and technical control of parts of speech.

Grammatical control, this is all the same, the change in the meaning of the part of speech already mentioned above due to the influence of the preposition.

For example:

il bicchiere DI vetro - a glass FROM WHAT? (WHAT?) from glass - a glass cup

barca A vela - boat WITH WHAT? (WHAT?) with a sail - a sailboat

partire IN fretta - go HOW? in a hurry

mangiare CON piacere - is there HOW? with pleasure, etc.

While the technical management of parts of speech is the setting of a preposition between words for their connection, but without changing their grammatical meaning. In particular, this is observed when linking verbs, since in Italian in constructions like “I’m going to sleep” or “I’m starting to work”, there must be a preposition between verbs.

For example:

I'm going to work - vado a lavorare

I begin to write - comincio A scrivere

hope to win - spero di vincere

It is these functions of prepositions that we will call "management of parts of speech"

4. time management mechanics

Each of the prepositions in one way or another affects the description of the periods of time during which the action takes place, but it is not quite easy to understand when and what kind of preposition to put in order for the phrase to be formed correctly. For example, how to say - in the summer I'm going to the sea? IN estate vado al mare, AL estate vado al mare, DI estate vado al mare, PER estate vado al mare? In our case, with a short sentence “In the summer I go to the sea”, the correct option would be IN estate vado al mare, but if we said “Usually in the summer I go to the sea”, then the correct option would be DI estate vado al mare; while if we said “I'm going to the sea FOR THE WHOLE summer” - the last version becomes literate PER TUTTA l’estate vado al mare.

This is "time management", i.e. competent agreement, using a preposition, a noun that describes a period of time, when answering the question "WHEN?"

5. Participation in figurative and stable expressions.

As we said above (see Introduction), prepositions in Italian very often participate in the formation of figurative and set expressions. In this case, we cannot work out a specific algorithm for using the preposition, since such expressions cannot be translated into a direct line and, from the point of view of the Russian language, they do not obey any logic. There is only one logic here - because they say so.

Let's look at a few examples again:

essere IN testa a qualcosa - to be ahead of something

prima di tutto - first of all

PER via DI ... - through

Do without figurative expressions in Italian it is not possible, because they make up 50% of the speech of any normal Italian, and are as natural in use as obscene expressions in Russian. Therefore, they can only learn by heart. In this tutorial, I will do my best to cover as many figurative and set expressions as possible for each of the simple prepositions. What you need to remember once and for all:

figurative and set expressions are STATIC, i.e. you can’t add or subtract anything in them - if there is no article with a preposition in the expression, then we should NEVER put it there using this expression; and vice versa, if there is an article in the expression, then it should ALWAYS be there, no matter how much we would like to forget about it,

For example:

SULL ' imbrunire - at sunset, the article is an integral part of the expression paired with a preposition, and accordingly we must always use it when using this expression.

Well, now let's finally “look in the face” of non-derivative prepositions - there are eight of them in Italian:

TRA/FRA SU CON PER IN A DA DI

Non-derivative prepositions, in turn, are divided into two groups:

A) non-derivative prepositions that do NOT merge with articles

B) CONNECTED prepositions - those prepositions that merge with articles, forming special forms such as ALLA, DEGLI, SUI, etc.

To begin with, let's figure out what the merging of a preposition with an article is.

We have already discussed the concept of the article in a nutshell in the Introduction, so at this stage I just want to remind you that the article is an integral part of speech when building a sentence and you cannot do without it. Considering that this textbook is designed for users who have already reached at least minimal heights in learning Italian, we will not consider the rules for setting the article, specifying only one thing: the article with a noun should be present almost ALWAYS. Therefore, when we build a sentence, we constantly encounter the neighborhood of a preposition with an article,

For example:

Anna va A LO zoo

Vasia salta SU IL letto

Cerco le mutande IN IL cassetto

Domani vado DA IL dentista

Non riesco a trovare la chiave TRA LE cose che ho IN LA borsa

So, a number (BUT not all) of prepositions, with such a neighborhood, MUST merge with the article, whether we like it or not. This is an absolute rule with no exceptions. As a result of this merger, special grammatical forms are formed, which we call “JOINT prepositions”.

Let's see how the sentences presented above should look like when the preposition is correctly merged with the article:

Anna va ALLO zoo

Petia compra regalo PER LA sua mamma

Vasia salta SUL letto

Cerco le mutande NEL cassetto

Dormo CON IL mio giocattolo preferito

Domani vado DAL dentista

Non riesco a trovare la chiave TRA LE cose che ho NELLA borsa

Sul tetto c "è un gatto. (sul tètto che un gatto) - There is one cat on this roof.

Sono stato allo stadio. (sòàto stato allo stadio) - I was at the def. this stadium.

  • in(about means of transport, indicates distribution):

Sto andando in bus. (one hundred andando in bus) - I am going (currently) by bus.

Dividiamo i soldi in tre parti. (dividyamo and sòldi in tre parti) - Let's divide this money into three parts.

  • per(indicates the place of action, time, purpose)

Qui c "è molta gente per la strada. (Qui" che molta gente per la stràda) - There are many people on this street.

Ho fatto il mio compito per lunedĂŹ. (o fatto il mio campito per lunedi") - (I) did this my assignment for Monday.

I genitori mi danno i soldi per la macchina. (and Genitri Mi Danno and Sòldi Perla Makkina) - Defined. my parents give me a money for the car.

di (when compared)

Il suo fratello è piÚ grande di due anni. (il suo fratello e pyu grande di due anni) - This brother of his/hers is two years older.

  • da(location, distance, number, time, etc., origin, separation):

Il cane e bianco dalla testa ai piedi. (il kane e bianco dalla testa ai pèdi) - This dog is white from the definition. head to predetermined stop (heels).

Da Mosca a Pietroburgo si può viaggiare con il treno. (yes mòska a pietroburgo si put vyagjare con il trino) - From Moscow to St. Petersburg you can travel with (via) a specific by train.

Lei ci sarĂ  dalle due alle cinque. (lei chi sarĂ  dalle due alle cinque) - She will be here with a specific. 2 (h) to def. 5 (h). (the presence of an article indicates a specific clock time)

Lei starĂ  qui da due a cinque ore. (lei stara kui "dalle due alle chinque tre) - She will stay here from 2 to 5 hours. (duration of the period)

L "ho saputo da loro. (lo saputo da loro) - This (I) learned from them.

Separa il bene dal male. (separa il bene dal male) - Separate the definition. good from def. evil.

  • control(purpose):

Mi serve un rimedio contro il mal di testa. (mi serve un rimedio còntro il mal di testa) - I need some kind of remedy for (for) a headache.

  • per(when indicating the reason):

In deserto si soffre per la sete. (in deserto si suffre per la site) - In the definition. desert suffers (suffer) from opred. thirst.

From to

  • fra(distance)

Ci sono dieci chilometri fra la casa mia e il mare. (ChòòòòòòòòòîòîòîòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòÀòòÀòòÀòÀòÀòÀòÀòÀòÀòÀòÀòÀòÀòÀòÀ à la kaza mia e il mare) - There are 10 km here between (from) this house of mine and (to) a certain. by sea.

Ha letto tutto dalla prima all "ultima pagina. (and letto tutto dalla prima allultima pagina) - (He) read everything from the first to the last page.

  • fino a:

Continuamo cosÏ fino a ulteriore avviso. (Continuamo cosi "fino a ulteriòre avviso) - We continue this way until further notice.

Above

  • sopra(location)

Il libro sta sopra i giornali. (il libro sta sòpra i jornali) - This book is on top of these newspapers.

  • dall'alto(when moving, starting position):

Ci guarda dall "alto in basso - Looks at us from a certain height (top) down.

Down

Loro passano su e giÚ. (lòro passano su e ju) - They go up and down.

Through

  • tra, fra, dopo(about the time):

Fra (tra) un "ora ci saremo nel aeroporto. (fra (tra) unòra chi saremo nel aeroporto) - In one hour we will be here at a certain airport. (tra, fra - only for weekdays)

Un "ora dopo loro c" erano nel aeroporto. (Untra dòpo lòro cirano nel aeropòrto) - One hour later (an hour later) they were here in def. airport.

  • per(through):

Dobbiamo passare per Milano. (dobbiamo passare per milano) - (We) must pass through Milan.

  • attraverso(through):

Sai passare attraverso i muri? (sai passare atraverso and muri?) - You know how to pass through the definition. walls.

Near

  • accanto:

Si sono seduti accanto. (si sono seduti accanto) - (They) sat down side by side.

  • vicino:

Noi stiamo qui vicino. (noy stiamo kui "vicino) - We are here nearby.

Near

  • vicino a:

Lascia il libro vicino alla borsa. (lashya il libro vicino alla bòrsa) - Leave this book near (next to) def. bags.

  • circa(about quantity, time):

Un caffè costa circa un euro. (un kaffè costa chirca un euro) - One coffee costs about 1 euro.



From: ,  

In Italian, there is no case declension, as in Russian, so prepositions are endowed with this function. They express grammatical relations transmitted in Russian by indirect cases. Therefore, the role of prepositions in Italian is extremely high. Traditionally in Italian, the following forms are considered prepositions: a, con, da, di, fra (tra), in, per, su. These forms (with the exception of su) only function as prepositions. Other word forms and prepositional phrases can also act as prepositions, for example: contro, dentro, fuori, sopra, sotto, oltre, al di la, in fondo di, in mezzo a, etc.
The main prepositions have several different meanings.

The meaning and use of the preposition "di".

The preposition "di" expresses:

1. Relations of the genitive case:

a) affiliation: la casa di Giorgio (George's house); il libro del nonno (grandfather's/grandfather's book); Di chi e questo whoa? — Whose book is this?

b) sign, quality, specification:

i fiori de l giardino (garden flowers); un soldato di fanteria (foot soldier), casa di cinque piani (five-storey house).

Many Italian nouns with a preposition di acting as inconsistent definition, in Russian correspond to qualitative adjectives: una giornata di maggio (May day); una serata d"inverno (winter evening);

c) quantity, weight, size, distance, etc.: un chilo

Pane (a kilogram of bread), un gruppo di studenti (a group of students), un muro di 50 metri (a fifty-meter wall), un bicchiere d "acqua (a glass of water);

d) price (equal to da): un gelato di mille lire ice cream for a thousand lire;

e) means, tool: colpo di pistola (pistol shot), ornato di fiori (decorated with flowers);

2. Forms applications of the type: la citta di Mosca; quel monello di Pinocchio; quello stupido di Pietro.

3. Used in comparative constructions: e piu bravo di te (di Mario, del fratello), aumento del 2% (2% increase), Roma è piu grande di Como (Rome is larger than Como);

4. Included in many adverbs of the mode of action: di corsa, di notte, d "autunno, di malavoglia and set phrases (adverbial type):

di tempo in tempo (from time to time), di colpo (suddenly), di anno in anno (from year to year), di bene in meglio (from good to better), di male in peggio (from good to bad);

5. Many verbs require after themselves the preposition di before the infinitive of another verb (the so-called prepositional control of the verb):

finire di fare (finisce di fare il compito) finish doing something), finire di parlare (finish talking), pregare di leggere (ask to read);

6. The preposition di is also controlled by the following adjectives: ornato (decorated), capace (capable), convinto (confident), pieno (full), ricco (rich), privo (without), etc.

For example:

ornate di fiori (decorated with flowers), pieno di libri (full of books), sarase di fare (able to do), siamo contenti di vivere qui (we are happy to live here), sono convinto di aver ragione (I'm sure I'm right).

7. Infinitives: credo di aver visto; penso di poterlo fare.

8. Preposition with some verbs di may indicate distance from a place: uscire di casa.

Pretext di also serves to designate:

Origin: un ragazzo di Mosca, E di Napoli.

Material: una tavola di legno, una statua di marmo.

Topics of conversation: discutono di politica, parliamo di te.

Now, for a better understanding and perception, let's make some comparisons with the cases we are used to.

With almost all simple prepositions (a, di, in, da, per, con, senza), an Italian noun can act as an adjective, adverb, participle (as a verb form). That is, with the help of prepositions in Italian, adverbial combinations can be formed. What is an adverb, I hope you remember. This is a part of speech that answers the questions where, where, when, where, why, why and how. This has stuck in my memory since high school.

Consider adverbial combinations with the preposition "di" = "from", instrumental case.

Silk shirt - una camicia di seta (material)

Golden watch - un orologio d'oro

Winter, summer - d'inverno, d'estate

Secretly - di nascosto (mode of action)

running - di corsa

In a hurry - di fretta

A dish rich in proteins but low in calories - un piatto ricco di proteine ​​ma povero di calorie (too much or too little)

"di" = genitive, prepositional, verb+infinitive

Whose is he? Paola. - Di chi e? È di Paola (belonging)
Mailbox - La cassatta delle lettere (destination)

It's a fashionable color - è un colore di moda
He tries to be helpful - Cerca di rendersi utility

In the construction “personal form of the verb + infinitive”, the preposition is placed before the infinitive di.

Pensano di ritornare in Italia con l'aereo - They are going to return to Italy by plane.
Spero di aver finito - I hope I'm done.
Crede di aver vinto - She thinks she has won.

« Di” in expressions denoting the time of day, season, etc. In the broadest sense.

These include the following prepositions: contro, dentro, dierto, dopo, presso, prima, senza, sopra, sotto, su, verso.

Pretext fuori used without preposition di if combined with a noun without
article:

Abitare fuori cittĂ  - to live outside the city.

Essere fuori pericolo - to be out of danger.

Essere fuori moda - go out of fashion.

Chiuso fuori orario - Closed after business hours.

Victoria Blind,
March 2014