Civil society - This is the sphere of vital activity of people, free from the direct influence from the state and its officials, but at the same time organized, internally ordered and interacting with the state, the area where people implement their private interests are united in groups and organizations.

Civil society is the main support of any real democracy: it contributes to its construction and serves as the key to its conservation and strengthening. Civil society acts as the main enemy of the state of state in the direction of totalitarianism and protects society from any abuse by the authorities: prevents the onset of human rights, limits corruption, etc.

Civil society is not a single uniform organizational structure, although it includes various societies (for example, consumer protection), associations, unions, etc. The essence of civil society activities is to protect the various rights of the population (both political and economic). In particular, trade unions can be found to the structures of civil society (real, of course, not fictitious). If everything goes according to the rules (in the context of mature democracy), the civil society does not exhibit itself. The activity of civil society is detected only when the authorities are trying to infringe the traditional rights of citizens in something.

The very presence and development of civil society serves as a good criterion for the democraticness of a particular society (country, states). In the countries of Western European Type (including in the United States of America), there are traditionally a strong civil society created there by the centuries of the continuous struggle of the population for their rights. In the countries of the East (Arab countries, Russia, China, etc.), civil society structures are very weak or absent at all. This is due to the differences in Western and Eastern mentality: Western mentality is based on the ideas of individualism and human rights, and the East - on the submission of the person to the state and power.

One of the goals of civil society is to build a legal state established on the principle of separation of authorities (legislative, executive and judicial) and multiparty with fair (without falsification) by all-possible elections. It is such a political system that has natural protection mechanisms for abuse, since one branch of power controls the other, and one party in opposition, exposes the violations made by another, which is currently in power. The motive mechanism of the exposure activity of officials from one branch of government in relation to officials of another branch is the desire to make a career; The motion mechanism of the opposition party actions is the desire to come to power (a sparkling party in power will undoubtedly lose the nearest elections); Also career considerations are guided by the media correspondents, which are the facts of abuse of authorities in their publications (and the media themselves are guided by the considerations of increasing their circulation).

An important component of a strong civil society is the free press, since one of the main stages of the struggle with the abuse of power is the publicity of non-residential actions of government officials who always seek to maintain their atrocities and lawlessness in secret. The freedom level of the press is thus well correlated with the level of development of democracy. For this reason, civil society always pays great attention to any facts of limiting freedom of speech and consistently struggles with attempts censorship in the media.

Civil society media is the leading power of transformations on the way to a new civilization. Consists of three "sectors" - media of social and political organizations, a commercial media, the mass media. non-political. organizations.

State media should represent "general" interests, which is difficult

State-public media - are designed to speak with a nationwide position.

It is necessary that all media comply with the requirements of the information support of democracy. 1) To strive to imagine all points of view, and not only its own. 2) to provide information on democratic requirements in all areas of social life. 3) The media it is necessary to clearly submit its place in the system of institutes of democracy and contribute to the deployment of democratic standards of life. The media should make the most informing citizens. Therefore, the media activities should be based on the idea of \u200b\u200bpluralism + tolerance.

Among the multiple areas of media activities for the development of civil society are the task of forming the civil position of each person as a subject of social relations.

The task of the media is a constant and consistent participation in comprehensive and deep civil socialization.

It is the media that should take on the main burden on the formation of the "critical mass of citizens". In this form, this "public", which is a sustainable core of civil society, which gives it stability and functioning as its integrating force. The term "public" is used in relation to the group of people who are faced with some kind of problem; b) shared in opinions on the approach to solving this problem; c) enter into a discussion on this issue.

In the "Information Security Doctrine" one of the threats to security in the country is called "Undelining of civil society institutions".

Elections time is a serious test for civil position and media, and the electorate. Competence in the situations of elections, ensuring a responsible decision, largely depends on the media information policy.

An competent and active "adequate citizen" is a decisive condition for the normal functioning of democracy. And the media nature is obliged to promote in the expansion of the circle of "adequate citizens", the formation of the public.

media civilian"Body" of society, or civilian media. It is they who are consistent representatives of the "private" interests of various social groups and public associations (with a tendency to see them in the future of common interests). Civil society (civilian "body" of society) by virtue of the sovereignty of the people as a totality of citizens - the basis and foundation of social production and commercial structures, public self-government (municipalities) and control, sports, cultural, charitable, church, human rights, etc. Organizations, organizations Type of red and green cross, etc. Up to consumer societies, animal defenders, amateur associations and others. Independent from the state (but those currently), all these amateur organizations constitute the structure of civil society, and the more developed by the fact its role. The level of democracy of the organization of the entire society, real life depends on the development and activity of various components of civil society. Civil society is the area of \u200b\u200b"independence" of a person as a citizen (and not subject), which has a wide "set" of political, economic, social, cultural and other rights enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and many international acts. One in its independence from the state, this journalism consists of some of the three "sectors" expressing the private interests of their founders and owners - media organizations, openly defending their positions and their facilities, although they can and make profit - political parties, associations entrepreneurs, creative and scientists, unions of veterans, disabled, etc. etc.; Commercial media produced by the sake of profit (but, of course, occupying a certain position, although obviously not binding to a platform of a particular party or the Union); The media of various non-political organizations (veterans, disabled, Red Cross, etc.), which have a "narrow" specialization and a specific audience.

Recently, new "pain points" was formed in the vocational and moral media situation, including in the field of media and civil society relations. Among them are the loss of trust in the reader, the viewer, the listener, their faith in the incompetence and truthfulness of the press.

The "pluralism of the media" should be understood as a variety of media products, reflected, for example, in the existence of many independent and autonomous media (which is commonly called structural pluralism), and a variety of types and contents (views and opinions) provided to the public. Thus, both structural / quantitative and qualitative aspects are major in the concept of pluralism of the media. It should be emphasized that pluralism is a variety of media provided to the public, which does not always coincide with what is actually absorbed.

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Journalistic activities are carried out in certain socio-political conditions in a certain nature and relationships of various social forces (classes, parties, trade unions, associations of entrepreneurs, creative associations, etc.). At the same time, the life of society proceeds as the functioning of a large number of various social institutions (Lat. Institution - "Establishment, Institution").

The life activity of people in a particular field (family, property, upbringing, etc.) is based on the aggregate of the functional and regulatory framework taken in this area, which then acquire legislative framework and organizational forms of the social institution. Thus, the Institute of Law, which arose as a set of "ordinary", generally accepted norms was determined as a system of "written" laws conducive to various codes (Roman law, Russian truth, Code of Napoleon, etc.) and provided by the system of law-conducting and law enforcement agencies - Justice authorities , prosecutors, consequences, trial, guard order, etc. There are economic, political, cultural and educational and other social institutions, and each of these institutions must act on the basis of clear establishments - the Constitution, laws, codes, charters, regulations, regulations, rules, etc.

Journalism is one of the most important social institutions., without which the normal functioning of society is unthinkable, regardless of which foundations it is created and operates.

For totalitarian systemDesigned primarily by the subordination of the person to the state, the only mass political party with a rigid framework of monoideology is dominated, which is intensively indocently into the masses with monopolized party-government structures through the media. Political leadership with such a system belongs to a narrow group of persons or dictator (although the democratic institutions can exist); It applies to the army, security authorities, judicial system. Constitutional and legislative acts act (or do not act) in accordance with the will of the authorities, the usual are violations of human rights, large-scale police control, the persecution of dissenters. In totalitarianism, high national-state objectives are proclaimed, the struggle for the interests of the people who allegedly serve as a regime, actually carrying out the will of the narrow layer of "elected" when visible protection of the requirements of the masses.

Democratic society Otherwise functions. In a democratic society, in contrast to the totalitarian population of the country - not "subjects", but "citizens", and it is it who owns sovereignty - the rule of law in socio-political life and, accordingly, the right to form through regular elections of the institutions of power and control over their activities. All kinds of censes (on property and social status, education, ethnicity, sex, settling, etc.) were gradually canceled, the elections became direct and universal (only the age limit was preserved - elect only adults). Thus, the idea of \u200b\u200bRes Publico is being implemented (Lat. - "The common cause") is the universal participation of the people in the implementation of power.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaims: "The sovereignty carrier and the only source of power in the Russian Federation is its multinational people. People carry out their power directly, as well as through state authorities and local governments ».

Thereby constitutionally fixed equality representative democracy and democracy directly. Representative democracy is carried out by elected for a certain period of state institutions, which people through elections delegates part of their sovereignty for a corresponding period. Direct democracy - the implementation of the sovereignty of the people implemented every day as direct civil part in the affairs of the Company and manifests every day in letters, petitions and appeals to the authorities, at rallies, meetings, demonstrations, in organizing pickets, strikes and other protests or support official authorities.

Three substructures are defining in a democratic society: civil, state, economic.

At the same time, the basis is the civil "body" (substructure) of society. After all, it is citizens who are the only owners of sovereignty, through elections create a state "body" (substructure), with different means are able to influence the economic "body" (substructure). And state institutions (in moderation of their democraticness) create favorable conditions for the functioning and development of civilian "body" of society, establish "Rules of the game" for business structures. This principal characteristic, of course, becomes additional, sometimes bizarre and even anti-democratic traits. It happens, in particular, that business captures "team heights" in society. Or state administration becomes authoritarian, subordinates the institutions of civilian "body" and business structure. But these are deviations from democracy, and it is necessary to counteract them. And the chief actor - citizens and their organizations ("civil society").

Civil society (civilian "body" of society) by virtue of the sovereignty of the people as a totality of citizens - the basis and foundation of social life. After all, from a citizen - a device of social life depends on the measure of his consciousness and activity. Civil society is the area of \u200b\u200b"independence" of a person as a citizen (and not subject), which has a wide "set" of political, economic, social, cultural and other rights enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and many international acts. The question is only as far as these rights and freedoms are recognized and consistently implemented, as they "manage" citizens as a carrier of sovereignty.

Developed civil "body" is the basis of society. For civil society, the possibility of and, moreover, the need for a free association of citizens to various organizations expressing and defending their interests in various fields - political, economic, social, cultural, creative, etc. These are political parties, professional alliances, creative associations, various societies (veterans, disabled, youth, female, children, etc.), cooperatives (production, housing, sales, etc.), public self-government authorities (municipalities) and control, Sports, cultural, charitable, church, human rights and other organizations, organization such as a red and green cross, etc. Up to consumer societies, animal defenders, amateur associations, etc.

Independent from the state (but those currently), all these amateur organizations constitute the structure of civil society, and the more developed by the fact its role. The level of democratic organization of the entire society is depends on the development and activity of various components of civil society.

Modern democracy is a particiary democracy (the most wide involvement of most citizens in all the processes of life of society), a deliberative (based on a wide awareness of citizens predetermining, and rationally informed decisions) and dialogue (ensuring the development of opinions and solutions in conditions of broad discussion when driving consent). The complete development of these properties of democracy leads to an open society, where human rights are protected for information, and journalism - to the full-blooded realization of their functions in order to approve humanistic values.

Journalism operating on developed democratic beginningsis a powerful factor in the formation, maintenance, strengthening and developing democracy (and sometimes salvation). Moreover with its specific means.

One of the most important tools of direct democracy is journalism, Potentially possessing huge power, since there is information, there is a management that is manifested in the media characteristic as a specific social institution of "powerful powers" and forms of their implementation. Journalism therefore not accidentally call "FOURTH POWER".

For the most accurate deployment of ideas about the essence of the "fourth power", it is theoretically important (by the way, and for the subsequent development of practical issues of efficacy and efficiency) to find out what are character and limits "Haste powers" of the media.

If we are talking about folk journalism, acting on behalf of the people and in the interests of the people with his active participation In order to implement the folk sovereignty, the "space" of its activity, "interventions" of the media into the affairs of society is widely and diverse.

Power is dominance (person, groups, organizations) in relations with others, the ability to spend their will, affecting "counterparties" in their own interests, achieving the implementation of the goals. The essence of power is the ability to direct or indirectly promotion People for the realization of the tasks set. To do this, you need to possess some "power", "force", the use of which leads to the realization of the potential opportunity to provide an effective impact on the behavior of "subjectable" objects, as a result of which they change their condition and activity. Forms of power - domination, violence, coercion, submission, influence, urge, conviction, seduction, manipulation, etc. These forms are used for manuals, Organizations, Control.

Power as an opportunity to subordinate to his will, manage, dispose, to encourage, organize, control is manifested in three different areas. One sphere - state-administrative (based on legislation and regulatory acts, legal system controlling and punishing organs). Another sphere - economic powerwhich is carried out through monetary power, material stimulation and authorization. Third sphere - spiritual and ideological powerwhich is carried out through the formation of consciousness, moods, value orientation, aspirations, intentions, volitional impulses, facilities of behavior, etc.

The basis of the "Pyramids" of the authorities constitute state institutionsThe three branches of power in the democratic society are the Parliamentary representative ("First"), executive ("second"), judicial ("third"). The state power of general, its decisions are mandatory for execution and support the possibility of coercion. Power non-state institutions Wider and less formalized. This scope of leadership and control, firstly, has a limited area of \u200b\u200baction (intrapartarean, intra-organizational - the authority of the leader, head, conductor, the head of the family, etc.) and, secondly, "weaker" - requires reinforcement by confidence, authority, conviction, evidence of TD And even more widely "spilled" the power that appears as informal influence - non-relational The power is "the authority of knowledge", the "power of the word" and "the force of the example", the power of public opinion (generally spiritual power). You can talk about intrapersonal power ("learn to rule out").

Thus, the authorities in society turns out a lot more than three or four. And at the same time power is very diverse by nature, ways to implement and results. Being organically connected with politics (both politics and policy) and the form of its implementation at a very different levels, the power permeates all the structures and substructures of society. The power is increasingly decentralized and acquires the type of "polyarhia".

These ideas about the essence, the nature and spheres of manifestation of power in society in their entirety are given the opportunity to raise the question about "powerful powers" of journalism as tool of direct democracy, given that in modern society, the role of information is increasing, which is becoming an increasingly important factor in socio-economic development. Therefore, in the era of the formation of the "information society" there is a gigantic growth of "power of information". And journalism is one of the most important components in this polyarchic structure.

The media do not have any power of state coercion, no opportunities for economic pressure. Their "powerful powers" lie in the sphere of spiritual and ideological, in the sphere of influence (the degree of real influence can be very different depending on the set of circumstances). Being unofficial, this power carries out penetrating pressure on all areas of life, moreover, no less strong than the pressure of economic and political power. It is worth adding - in our time especially.

Since, due to the information needs of the Company, journalism appeals to the "coverage" of the phenomena and the problems of all society, then the "power of influence" - the mass-informational impact of the media - applies to all the structures and substructures of society. The journalism inherent in ideological means interferes in various areas of public affairs management (state "body" of society), and to the life of the economic "body" of society, and in the activities of the civilian "body" of society in all wealth of institutionalized and non-relationalized forms of society. It seems to be judgments, sentences and recommendations of the media, no one is directly obliged to listen, but this is the nature of the spiritual influence that it is hidden or clearly manifests itself in the consciousness and behavior of people.

If this is so (and this is obvious) and if the "diffuse pressure" of the media is equally, and sometimes exceeds the impact of political and economic power (and this is also obvious), then there is a need to answer a substantially important question: who provided journalism so wide and powerful "Powerful powers"? Or otherwise: whose will is implemented MEDIA? Whose power is it?

Based on the concept of the sovereignty of the people and gradually in the historical perspective of the formation on this basis, folk democracy (if it is really "the power of the people"), the theoretical conclusion is inevitable that the entire set of media (regardless of who is the founder and the owner of each specific media) - this is Folk journalism. Accordingly, its vocation - realize the will and power of the people. In this regard, it is obvious that in a democratic society, healthy is journalism based on the people and therefore obligated to act in accordance with the needs and interests of the people, when taking into account the identity of various social groups, occupying the position "from private to common" or "from the common to the private" The basis of humanistic representations. And because the media, even the purely "private" positions on the side of a social group or public force, are obliged to see "private" interests in connection with "common". Therefore, it is designed to publish materials that unite, and do not disconnect people, should be a consolidating force acting in the interests of the entire people, its economic, political, social, cultural needs.

At the same time, of course, the question arises about the legitimacy of the media, legality of naughty and use journalism it powerful powers.

If the representative power acquires a legitimate character in a democratic society through elections, the media does not have such a form of legitimacy. Legitimate grounds for it are created within the framework of the state information policy through legislation, on the basis of which journalism is valid. But if a national democracy is really carried out in the state, the policy of all three branches of power in the field of cm and cannot be founded on anything else, except on the provision of people's journalism of all necessary rights and freedoms in determining the necessary forms of responsibility. And at the same time, the principle of equality of the representative of the authorities and the powerful possibilities of journalism as the Institute of Direct Democracy was observed.

Hence the characteristics of the media as fourth power. But since it is not located "on the tree of statehood", because it really does not have the same legitimacy (after all, three state branches of government are formed as a result of the elections, why they are called representative) and therefore is not official, then the conclusion of this characteristic in quotes is inevitable - " Fourth power. " These quotes do not contain ironic or conditional connotation, and accurately, although metaphorically, fix the specific content of its essence as the Institute of Direct Democracy. "FOURTH" - because there is a "nearby" with three states (if there are many others, so to speak, "fifths", "sixth", etc.), but with a special form of legitimation.

Within the framework of the "legal state" of the media - one of the institutions of direct democracy, and therefore its legitimacy, on the one hand, is determined by the legislation relating to the media. But on the other, it is not less, if no more important is the measure of the legitimacy of journalism depends on the degree of confidence in the audience, which is manifested in supporting its judgments, sentences, proposals. Moreover, journalists need to seek confidence in the media precisely as folk journalism, defending the true needs of their audience, serving its actual needs in the political, economic, social, cultural and other areas (and not "service" underdeveloped requests to the audience and, even more having a manipulating it in hidden interests of the owners of the media).

No matter how well the question of the duties, opportunities, rights and boundaries of the "fourth government" were theoretically developed, and legally enshrined characteristics as the Institute of Direct Democracy in its ministry are also needed.

Is this fixing? This is not about the rights, duties and responsibilities of journalists (which one way or another was recorded in the legislation), namely, on the legal framework of journalism activities as the "fourth government" and the framework of its "powerful powers" in society in relations with state and non-state institutions, non-relationalized structures and diverse subsystems of society, ordinary citizens.

Extremely relevantthe problem of the nature of understanding and measures to use "powerful powers".

The first option is the subordination of power (political and economic structures), the desire of political and economic power to limit the right-wing and constraint the activities of the "fourth government", intimidate, to dive and subjugate it, to force it through regulations or hidden pressure to act in accordance with the "species" of the authorities, "In unison" with its policies in various fields. When the "political nomenclature" is recommended, moreover, it is strongly "not to laugh its judgment to have", which predetermined by the internal laws of journalism, the role is diminished, and it is practically coming down. Hence, a serious danger to the implementation of democratic standards. The desire to limit the role of the media destroys the action of the principle of complementary authorities, and journalism ceases to fulfill their responsibilities of the Institute of Democracy, violently turns into an executor of the will of the official authorities, their "servants" or, if we remember not such a long history, "rented", "tool". And this represents a serious danger to the democratic foundations of society in general, since it testifies to the movement towards the "managed democracy", the increase in authoritarian trends in the state and the threat of totalitarianism. The media in this case, naturally, cease to be a "fourth government", becoming the first three gun. It's like quasimediademokratia.

No better and conscious position of journalists, manifested as unwillingness to consider themselves "power" in any form. This position is associated with the submission of journalists that the role of the media is "clean" informing, the transfer of sterile neutral factual information. However, if this is still the information, the impact on the audience and the authorities inevitably turns out to be. But, of course, in a factual version, this influence is a kind of "dissatisfaction." If the media do not want or fear to use their "powerful powers", it costs to regret it. It happens that journalists, encroaching on obstacles and desperate to achieve an obvious result, refuse to recognize the reality of their "powerful powers" (often understanding them, besides limited and inaccurately) and the need for their implementation, conflict as with the essence of journalism ("external "), So with themselves (" internal "). And this is also the manifestation of "dissatisfaction."

The second option is an extremely dangerous exaggeration of the "fourth power" of his role, going beyond the limits of mediademokratia patterns and the desire to turn into Mediakratia. It is above the first power through the efforts of the Media Nomenclature. Not by chance in the United States, books under the characteristic names of the "Artillery Press" and "Other Government" were published. And although they contain reservations and critical comments, their very appearance testifies that the trends towards Mediakratia have been expressed and often actively implemented, the formation of a parallel or even "super-loss" of the media, when it is impaired that they are all better known, or rather understand, more precisely Everyone is judged, it is best to add solutions to problems and are ready to apply any means to achieve their goals.

The extreme look at the possible negative trends of "super-luxury" in the information society draws a scenario of "information refractalization", even "new slavery" - full dependence on the media. They are also talking about "information totalitarianism." Really, it is unlikely possible, but even attempts to the media nomenclature and standing for her forces to turn the "fourth power" in "Seremvlast" (even in "soft" manifestations) are theoretically untenable and practically dangerous.

For normal democratic orders, it is unacceptable. Therefore, the knowledge of the laws of optimal activities of journalism as the "fourth government" protects against the absolutization of the role of the press as an indispensable and permanent opponent of the authorities, in particular, as the "enemy of the government", which leads to the emergence of "hyperactive and nonsense" journalism. Acting without regard to their actual role, the possibilities and means of the media, the well-known publicist M. Sokolov witty and indiscriminately called the "quartet power".

Immerse yourself "supervustability" is not just the lack of a sense of measure and tact in the awareness and realization of the influential journalism of the "burden of power", an obvious manifestation of a lack of common, political and information culture, explicit legal incompetence. There is not only neglect of the "polyarghia" standards in the society of particial deability of dialogic democracy, but also denial them. And this is a formidable danger to democracy at all.

And only in one case, the "fourth power" can and should, in spite of any dangers and threats, stand up "over" state - when there is a need to implement, in accordance with the "theory of resistance" (as is the name of the English enlighteners), The right to fight tyranny, a tendency to authoritarianism and all the more Totalitarianism.

The third option is the optimal nature of the "fourth power" - its activities as "Mediademokratia". With the normal functioning of the public organism, the relations of the three state authorities and the "fourth" are complementary. And they cannot be other than partner, since representative and immediate democracy are equal in their rights. This means that the media, analyzing the actions of various structures of society, are obliged on behalf of the people in some cases to maintain and strengthen their authority positive trends and phenomena, and in other criticism and demand to change the policies of those or other branches of power and / or other public structures. And those in turn possess both the right and the duty to respond to criticism - agreeing in whole or in part, and in other cases and reasonably refuting and rejecting unfair remarks and requirements. And government authorities, if they act as institutions of folk democracy, has the right to fulfill the existing legislative norms, control the actions of journalism. These are the manifestations of the principle of complementarity in the field of relations between the four authorities, which is usually called the system of "checks and counterweights" in the system of democracy. Optimally organized mutual assistance and mutual control is the norm of a democratic society.

"The power relations" (faithful and incorrect) can be represented as:

Thus, it seems obvious that journalism has a system of diverse and specific "powerful powers" in accordance with its nature, which in itself and gives reason to talk about it really as the "fourth government". At the same time, it is clear that it is impossible to be understood, nor exaggerate the authorities of the "fourth power". And on the nature of the theoretical knowledge of the norms of its activities, their consolidation in regulatory documents, and then from the promotion of these norms into the conscious "working" practice of the media depends on the success of the activities of the "fourth government" in the conditions of gradual deployment of particial, deability, dialogue democracy of the XXI century. Moreover, journalism itself is also an important factor in the formation and development of the norms of democracy and their implementation in social practice.

The "powerful powers" of journalism as "the fourth government is carried out on a number of areas.

Firstly, the journalism by nature is maintaining comprehensive monitoring of all spheres of life and through this organic role of the observer and the observer determines how it is customary to say, "the agenda" - represents the public the totality of those, problems, judgments, i.e. Creates a comprehensive informational picture of everything currently significant in reality - modernity as the movement of the transition from the past to the future. Without knowledge of what is happening in life, moreover, in different ways of understanding in various layers of society and reflecting their media positions, there is no database for democratic solutions.

Secondly, journalism turns out tribune diverse opinions on a wide range of issuesLife delivered. This diversity is associated with strong Uzami with the peculiarities of the situation, and therefore the needs and interests of various social groups and representing their public associations (parties, associations, trade unions, etc.). After all, democratism requires the representation of the entire spectrum of positions and views in the media.

Thirdly, the broad and multivariate picture of life implements the right to know - "natural law", without ensuring and the protection of which citizens cannot be good owners of the country. "The right to know" is based on the needs of citizens in information serving the responsible execution of civil debt. Monitoring is necessary to determine what, in the name of the need for the needs of the people, it is necessary to attract attention and achieve the necessary changes in society.

Fourth, the passive "right to know" in folk journalism can not be not completed active right to speak out For citizens - to declare their opinions and what a citizen is facing in life, and about what the media reports, to make public their position on topical issues, put exciting problems. Thus, the journalism accumulates and makes the lives of mass consciousness, the media are therefore acting as Vox Populi (voice of the people) - throughout the wealth and diversity of public opinion judgments. But since the nation is not a monolith, but a structurally complex community of many groups, each of which occupies its social "niche" and, according to its position in society, differs from other interests, requests, aspirations, then the media must "report" information about it Diversity.

However, the realization of the right to speak out with considerable difficulties. If statements resonate with the position of the media, are aimed at its support, there are no problems most often. When they say "dissenters", the temptation is great to leave their opinions without attention. It is non-democratic, and measures are required to ensure the right to statement. Who and how guarantees citizens is their right? The answer is required to search in clearly defined norms of the "fourth power".

Fifth, it is clear that "the right to express" is no longer able to the right to be heard. This right and presentation of the results of public opinion polls in different sectors, and publishing letters, appeals, replicas, proposals and other materials from the audience and from citizens are provided. Moreover, with an indispensable media reaction on the heard - consent and disagreement, a response, a replica, comment, an alternative formulation of the issue and the invitation to discuss it in the media with the participation of different "parties". Moreover, the opinion expressed should be taken into account during the discussion (which does not mean acceptance for execution). Thus, the media turn out to be the organizers social dialogueessentially important to create a democratic information climate in society.

Sixth, accumulating and discussing various approaches and suggestions, presenting the public the results of the analysis of various opinions on the phenomena of life, journalists - explicitly or latent - act as public expert, form attitude, presentation, opinions, views, aspirations. "Going to power" for the media manifests itself in connection with this and as a role public consultant For all social subjects. As a doctor, journalism keeps his hand on the pulse of life, puts his diagnosis, suggests, if he considers it necessary, the strategy and tactics of "treatment" of those or other "bodies" of society (up to surgery) required to maintain and / or restore public health " And whether these advice listened to these advice, depends on the loyalty of the diagnosis and confidence in the judgments and suggestions of journalism.

In the seventh, the media as a result of all these shares participate in creating a spiritual atmosphere in society formation of mass consciousness In all its sides and forms. Thus, journalism implements its civic duty, taking care of the "general good", realizing its ability to organize cooperation in the name of the formation of the spirit of the consent and determining the vector of movement towards the sustainable development of the entire society in all the diversity of the components of its groups.

The result of all these interrelated areas of media activities is informational (and therefore powerful) impact on Mass consciousness citizens determination of the orientation and stimulation of their social activity. At the same time, of the two directions of activation of the behavior of various groups - integrating and disintegrating - not just preferable, but organic for folk journalism is the organization of social cooperation on the basis of "negotiations" and "consultations" in the name of the withdrawal of tension in social relations, the achievement of social stability. So when considering the media as the "fourth government" is deployed all variety of manifestations of its ideological functions.

BUT directly organizational functions The media in the performance of them the role of the "fourth power" manifest themselves through various forms of implementation organic for folk journalism roles with oral controller Activities of social institutions (state and non-state), officials of various spheres of society. Most often, the means for this are journalistic investigations. Of course, on behalf of the people and in the name of his interests.

The press services of the relevant institutions should accumulate the media concerning their materials, and called to the structures of the institutes to act with clarifications, assessments and answers, noting everything constructively useful and suitable for use in practice. And it is vowelly notifying about the results, reporting to the public and its representative - journalism. This is democratic, and at the same time increases the authority of institutions and confidence in journalism as the "fourth government." On the contrary, the "silence" in response to the speeches of the media and the judgments of the public are destroying for the authority of the "affected" institutions, deprives them of public support and inevitably affects, in particular, on the fate of parties or on the results of the elections, according to the results of which the forces may be replaced, standing in power. Such is the power of public opinion, accumulated and announced through the media as the institutions of the "fourth power". The action on the principle of "media is free to write, and we are free not to read" politically unsafe and at the same time testifies to regulatory lacunas. Meanwhile, the regulatory fixation reaction rules on speeches The media seems necessary in accordance with democratic rights and freedoms proclaimed by the Constitution. Togo requires the sovereign rights of the people.

Thanks to all these objective possibilities provided to journalism, its own nature (about the nature of the direction, and the exercise of these powerful opportunities are ahead), it has long been called "chain defocracy", somewhat softer - "Eyes

and ears of democracy, tool, guarantor, guard of democracy. Some of these characteristics are too cutting and one-way ("chain dog"), others exaggerated ("Garant"), the third insufficient ("eyes and ears") - but in aggregate, if you find a common denominator, they give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe authorities of the media as "Fourth power." And very considerable. Folk journalism - expert, Defender and Engine of Democratic Progress, His "Public Guard", By defining the European Court of Human Rights.

However, the implementation of a "pure" theoretical scheme is encountered to a number of problems.

The first is conceptually-theoretically obvious that the "people represented by journalism" is not monolithic, but consists of a variety of groups of the most different (class, national, confessional, regional, professional, age, cultural and educational, etc., etc. .) Character. Hence the multiplicity of social interests, one way or another submitted by various socio-political associations (parties, trade unions, fronts, other public structures). Accordingly, journalism carries out its powerful opportunities as a representative of private interests and positions, usually proclaimed as folk. Hence - disagreement and even disagreements of different media. And it is disadvantaged and necessary.

For this reason, the concept of "communitarianism" with its focus on the "common benefit" inevitably opposes the concept of "libertarism", which is based on the idea of \u200b\u200brepresentation and protection of individual rights and freedoms of individuals, groups, associations, their interests, positions and aspirations.

So the "fourth power" turns out to be fragmented with various detachments in accordance with their positions on the side of various forces. And most often these detachments do not act on consolidation and unity, but to win and consolidate the superiority of their position. Hence the serious weakening of the "fourth power" capabilities, because the disunity and, moreover, the struggle inside it is the power of influence on behalf and in the name of the people does not serve.

However, the problem of disunity exists in the structures of state power. The struggle of factions in parliament, contradictions between the legislative and executive power, the inconsistency of the actions of federal and regional authorities, inconsistency in approaches to the application of the law by the judicial authorities also weaken the effectiveness of state power. Therefore, it arises and requires a problem as the problem of achieving greater unity of all three branches of state institutions of popular democracy and the problem of the consolidation of the "fourth power institutions" as folk journalism on the basis of humanistically oriented ideas about the "general good".

However, democracy is the process deploying in time, and the potential of the "fourth government" as a tool of direct democracy is still being realized and is not fully implemented. Moreover, there is a danger that is often manifested in practice, the usurpation of the "fourth power" by those or other powerful forces through the restriction or complete ignoring of folk sovereignty in the field of journalism. That she was a tool in the hands of the state, the economically dominant forces. It is believed that she turned out to be independent of those and others and only then was the true "fourth government". Thus, for the modern history of Russia, the beginning of the 90s is called for the modern history of Russia, when journalistic teams on the new media law received the right to act "on the basis of professional independence", and even the founders did not have the opportunity to interfere with the development and implementation of the media information policy. However, the question arises: was this informational policy a genuine exercise of people's sovereignty and whether journalism was truly folk? There is no evidence of this, except for broadcast declarations.

Therefore, therefore, a dialogic approach to the implementation of democratic shares by various detachments of state and "fourth power", the only fruitful. It is necessary to achieve this. Otherwise, the "fourth power" will not really be able to carry out the share of national sovereignty, and act on equal in the three state authorities, which (real or formally, but legitimate) represent all society and therefore are considered a "universal representative." The same "universal representative" is also the "fourth power" in their role of one of the most important means of implementing direct democracy.

Second problem. At the same time, the situation is aggravated by the fact that various private groups and forces with their views and requirements are not presented to society through "their" media and therefore do not have the opportunities to use the funds of the "fourth power" on equal funds. The point here in unequal economic opportunities, varying degrees of organization, insufficient ability to implement even enshrined in legislation rights and freedom, and sometimes in conscious restriction by powerful public groups, including the authorities. The solution to the problem should be sought in two directions. The first, if you quote the subtitle of one of the articles about democracy in Izvestia, "the power partner must come to replace the power of the father", i.e. Genuine and comprehensive democratization of management on the basis of a social contract between managers and managed as equal partners. The second is to find ways to equalize the capabilities of various detachments of journalism based on the "doctrine of justice", the provision of weak economically and organizational groups and the forces of sufficient opportunities "walking into the fourth power".

The most accurate understanding of the essence of journalism as the "fourth government" directly brings to the task of determining such a procedure for the activity of the media, the implementation of which allows journalism to fully fulfill its tasks.

The trend of the development of human society (if the catastrophe does not occur due to the inability to cope with the growing global problems) is related to the formation of a new civilization. She still has no generally accepted name. In connection with gradually, scholarship on its parties are talking about post-industrial, or technotron, or information society. Socially the same company full democracy And - in connection with this - humanistically oriented. This means that the political, economic, social rights of humans are strictly protected, that various social groups are not opposed by one another, and contradictions and disputes are permitted democratically on the basis of the idea of \u200b\u200bsocial partnership, that the production of material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bis focused on the satisfaction of the true needs of people of all Social layers. As these (and others), the features of the new civilization in the true light will look like the idea of \u200b\u200bthe "society of universal benefits."

The essential basis of the functioning of journalism in modern society is to participate in information support democracy In a modern interpretation as particial (with the active participation of all citizens), a deliberative (requiring conscious, deliberate decisions), dialogic (when decisions are born as a result of conciliation procedures).

Hence a number of features of a democratic order of activity. First, to seek the power of the people - it means to rely not only to the position of the majority, but also take into account the requirements, views, the needs of the minority, because the minority also belongs to the people. For journalism, this manifests itself as necessary for each media (whatever social group or political party it supported) to strive to submit to your audience and all the others, understand them and in connection with this, adjust its position in the future to the most complete awareness of the true needs of the people as a totality of the most Different social groups (and not just those that the media represents) to occupy a democratic position. Secondly, realizing that democratic principles apply not only to the scope of the formation of political power, but also to all other areas of life of society (democracy in the economy, in culture, in social and other areas of life), and it is necessary to inform the implementation of democratic requirements in All areas of life society. Third, due to the fact that the power of the people exhibits themselves not only once a few years (for example, in elections), but also every day (representative democracy in unity with the immediate one), the media needs to clearly submit their place in the system of democracy institutions and Promoting the deployment of democratic life rules in all areas and constantly.

Journalism as a social institution of society developing in this direction is an active factor of its formation. And from this point of view, the objectively necessary requirements for it are formed, to its specific current activities. The future for the media that is capable of ideologically and organized to be "forward-looking" in these complex processes. Condition - recognition and implementation by each media and each journalist in the name of information support of democracy of requirements information order. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Approves: "Each person has the right to social and international order, in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully implemented" (Art. 28).

The starting point and at the same time the desired outcome of the information order in a democratic society - awareness of citizens. Participation in achieving maximum awareness of citizensit means that on the shoulders of the media lies the task of such an information activity, as a result of which citizens are not simply available a large number (no matter what) information. The arising so "information overload" leads only to QuasyInfoM. To be fairly informed in principle means that citizens are provided necessary and sufficient information for making and implementing the most correct decision. It is not by chance that in documents of the UN (res. 59 (1) ha) approves: "Freedom of information is the main human right and is the criterion of all types of freedom."

Without awareness there is indeed free thinking and behavior, there is no normal political and economic, social and cultural development. The maximum awareness also guarantees the opportunity to recognize any kind of destructive information impacts on a person and confronting them. So the development of a full-fledged civil consciousness and actions (the formation of an "adequate citizen") at the same time and the most important task, and the condition for ensuring genuine democracy.

The concept of "awareness" is gradually in legislation. In the draft law "On the right to information" Art. 4 (Among the basic principles of realization of the right to information) calls "awareness of citizens about the activities of bodies and organizations", which are obliged to "report to the universal information that has become known to them in the implementation of their activities:

    if she can prevent the threat of life or health of citizens;

    if you want to stop the message of unreliable information;

    if it has or may have a socially significant character. "

With all the importance of introducing such a norm into the legislation, it should be noted that this law is not yet adopted and only indirectly concerns the activity of the media, and, therefore, while their activities do not apply to the requirement for the implementation of the principle of awareness of citizens. And besides, the concept of "awareness", as it is formulated in the law, does not give a fairly complete presentation in relation to journalism. So, there is still a full disclosure.

The implementation of ideas about the information support of democracy based on awareness requires that the principle of "one person - one voice" acted on the basis of valid equality and at the maximum activity of citizens. If a citizen on a solved question is not enough or not at all is informed, and even more so disinforced if the voice of a citizen can be bought or forcefully to give under psychological or other pressure, if most of the citizens do not show activity in managing public affairs (when, for example, in the election participated in the election 25% of voters - and this is considered good luck - and defeats the candidate who scored 10% of the vote), then you can agree with the judgment that democracy is a bad system, although it did not invent better humanity.

It is fundamentally important to note that in order to be fairly informed for the adoption and realization of the most correct decision, as generally defines awareness, from the media, firstly, it is necessary to expect equally active work with all parties to the mass consciousness (worldview, worldview, historical consciousness and especially public opinion).

Secondly, given the peculiarities of the situation of different groups of society, informing flows taking into account the objective needs of each social group, the public layer in the system of social relations, moreover, taking into account the differences in their ideas, views, sentiments. The fact is that the objective positions of different groups (workers or pensioners, small entrepreneurs or unemployed, employees or researchers, etc.) encourage them to take different positions in public life (including supporting different applicants for elected positions). And these differences should affect the nature of informing and its results - awareness. An informed citizen when he clearly understands the surrounding and knows what choice he should do in accordance with his needs in order to maximize the implementation of his needs and take a worthy place in society.

Thirdly, based on the unity of society as systemically organized integrity, where each group only functions in the presence of others and in organic communications with them, the awareness of each layer may be fully aware of the needs of the needs, interests, the needs of others. At the same time, it is important not only knowledge, but also the accounting of the positions of different groups, which should certainly manifest itself in the course of informing each when "its" is seen against the background and taking into account the "alien" interest, in the prospect of coordination of "their" and "foreign" in general solutions.

In this regard, the media activities should be firmly based on the idea and practice of political, ideological, cultural pluralism.

The basis of pluralism in journalism is the constitutional rate of recognition of a social, ideological and political manifold, and no ideology can act as a state, and all public associations acting within the framework of the Constitution are equal to the law.

Pluralism (from Lat. Pluralis - "Multiple") Unlike Montizm (from Lat. Monos - "Single") or dualism (from Latis. Dualis - "Double") - point of view coming from recognition of multiplicity of positions, views, ideas representing objectively existing differences between their carriers - by various social groups of society, the special place and the role of which in the life of society leads to the formation of peculiar needs, interests, requests, on which the formation of various ideological concepts and political ideas is based. This diversity finds a bright manifestation in the field of journalism: domestic and foreign media (press, radio, television, Internet media) provide a wide range of views and approaches in relation to all parties to the life of the country and the world. This diversity can be different in nature - from minor to cardinal differences. Schematically, this can be submitted:

In this regard, it is assumed that all possible views (not leaving for the Constitution) not only can, but should also be presented to society, to become accessible to the most different layers of the audience, to undergo a comprehensive discussion in order to search for a generally acceptable solution.

However, it is obvious that not all social forces and their ideological representatives have the opportunity to create their media, and the materials offered in the "Aliens" materials are rejected. This is because these media, recognizing the permissible pluralism, consider only their point of view the most correct. And therefore, either reject the other "from the threshold" without even discussing, or "honor" only denying argumentation. So it is done, they want to or no, an invalid "fight to victory". In the best case, the suggestions and arguments of others, if they are valid and reasonable, are included (incorporated) into their system of representations. It is also a "struggle for the victory" of its position, although in a slightly softened version. But even if different opinions are widely published in different media, the audience, having 2-3 sources of information, does not have the opportunity to get acquainted with everyone. And if they assume an unlikely case) and meets, in a huge majority of cases (due to the lack of preparedness of the audience; due to the incompleteness and inadequacy of the argument; difficulties of mapping positions and its development, etc.) can not understand the problem independently. So understood and implemented pluralism leads to the "struggle against all" against all "and in fact represents what is customary to be called" coarse plurality ", because in fact the monistic look is laid in it (" My position is correct, and all others incorrect ").

Thus, in the conditions of unregulated, "spontaneous", focused on "victory" of pluralism in the form "Rough plush" In journalism and then in the mass consciousness there are significant centrifugal trends. The result is paradoxal: instead of leading to high awareness and, due to the agreement, pluralism is almost the opposite of the objectives. Consequently, it is necessary to include centripetal forces.

To achieve this, the organic rule of media activities should be actively implemented by the requirement of tolerance (Lat. Tolerantia - "Patience") - tolerance, moreover benevolentthe interests and views of others recognized by the equal balance of social forces, their expressing and defending (within the framework of the Constitution). However, simply the benevolent recognition of the equality of other forces and their positions without active interaction with them is not enough, in this case, everyone still lives in itself. Tolerance is therefore, requires understanding and recognizing that all heterogeneous forces and positions arose and exist within the "common house" (region, country, continent, the whole world). Hence the need for a third party tolerance - constructive interaction. And this cooperation arises with the inner awareness of others as "fellow citizens", with which it is necessary to find mutual understanding when solving common problems that cannot be solved by the efforts of only one force and only from the position of this one. And a lot of effort is required, so that solidarity consciousness arose between those who separate and in the position, and in the views. But this is the need - the centrifugal trends of pluralism for the "normal" humanistic development of society in solving common problems require the centripetal potential of active tolerance, movement towards another in a solidarity desire to find a generally acceptable solution.

Large difficulties occur when a collision with intolerance. At the same time, it is necessary to distinguish with sincere misunderstanding of the need for tolerant behavior in modern conditions and an irreconcilable intolerance of extremists, fundamentalists - all who consider themselves the only right and therefore are configured and acting against everyone. If the first case requires a patient (tolerant!) Representing impact, then in the second - persistent ideological and political struggle, and in extreme cases (in violation of domestic legislation and / or international law) the use of force.

Thus, pluralism and tolerance are complementary in the presence of the plurality of forces, including in the field of the media. Awareness will be the maximum only when "own" point view will be video on the background of "strangers" with a sincere desire to take into account, and not ignore them.

In this case, each cm and it turns out as if the "servant of the two gentlemen": his "private" position and together with the "common" society (for state-public media, on the contrary: "Total society", taking into account all the "private" views). And therefore, when discussing all the problems, there is a movement or from "private" to "common" or from "common" to "private" in the future of their coordination.

Therefore, the system of rules of mass-information activities to achieve awareness includes the provision on the need for active social dialogue In the media regarding the problems that are different and which different social forces solve differently.

Dialogue (from Greek. Dia - "Through, Pere" + Logos - "Word", "Teaching") in politics, including in journalism - not a simple replica exchange, debate, discussion, and constructive negotiations aimed at achieving positive TOTALS. Dialogue - "Talk to achieve agreement" between representatives of different positions (nominated on behalf of parties, groups, regions, republics and other social actors, up to states and international organizations).

Constructive results, agreements, of course, can not be achieved immediately, and during the dialogue of discrepancies can be deepened and lead to exacerbations. However, recognition of the fact that in modern conditions only sincere confidence that only a dialogue leads to positive results, is an alternative to confrontation and "powerful" solutions to problems.

Methods of maintaining dialogue can be different. The "open" dialogue implies the most complete statement of its positions and arguments with the hope of the oncoming openness of other participants. The "closed" position is generally reduced to the monologue presentation of its point of view and conviction in its full right. "Half-closed" The forms of dialogue are the "monologue dialogue" (when under the influence of opponents, amendments are made to their position without open-ended on the "counter step") and the "dialogic monologue" (in which the arguments and proposal of opponents are indicated open, but when approving that We are talking about partial and insignificant change in your own position).

The media leading outdoor dialogue is concerned about the search for such a decision (compromise, consensus), which would benefit everyone, and are not afraid of reproach in "too large concessions" or even "face loss". But at the same time, of course, a clear analysis of the problem situation is required, around which various positions have been formed, the understanding of what the parties want, what are the strengths and weak arguments, on which path is the convergence of positions, ways to move to a possible solution, considering not only logic, but and psychological state of opponents. And the ability to keep an argument "in common interests", seeing its position against the background of strangers, showing and proving the path to the decision that would arise all.

This is a difficult path. He passes through the "concessions", recognition of "weaknesses" in his positions and "inaccuracies" of some of its arguments, through the recognition of the loyalty of certain judgments of opponents, etc. But on

this difficult path goes if there is a sense of decision to "general benefit." At the same time, an open dialogue, leading one side in the dispute, can be encountered on the "closed" position of others, misunderstanding and unwillingness to come closer and search for a generally acceptable solution. And sometimes on the desire for one-sided benefit (they say, the opponent, leading outdoor dialogue, demonstrates its openness of weakness, and it is necessary to use in its "private" purposes). The non-constructive position of the opponent is not a reason for the "closure" of its position and the transition to the position of "struggle to victory." Tolerance should not change the one who is configured to open dialogue. In the end, the immutability of the "problem situation" and the desire of one side to find a solution will force others to stand on the way of open dialogue.

And during the dialogue, it is necessary to show benevolence, the ability to listen, to accurately understand the questions and adequately respond to them, have the ability to replicate the sake of clarifying the essence, and not to "push" and unjust disavow opponent. And there is also an extremely important position of the open dialogue - the condiction of opponents. There is also an important nature of the KollocHumum, and the organization "Solokvium" (internal discussion). At the same time, it is important that the audience also participates during the discussion - its replicas, comments, the proposals are important to take into account during the dialogue. And it is necessary to "collect" and the systematization of all positive developments made during the dialogue in order to transform the initial matrix of judgment and the arguments of each participant in the reciprocal system.

The nature of the tolerant dialogue "obliges" to move to position "MONOPLULRALISM" (Sometimes the term "praneersums" is used): this is not the preservation of plural views, as well as not coming to monolithic monism. As the technique allows to achieve synthesizing materials, or their alloys, or amalgaming, and as a result of the dialogue, you can come to different positive results. The best (although by nature is rare) - consensus as an obvious the only and all satisfying, more often a compromise (by mutual concessions), often palliatives (temporary intermediate solution). Worse - false compromise Based on one-sided concession close to imposed decision. It happens I. conservation conflict positions and approaches, refusal to continue the dialogue. It is bad: democratically configured journalists (as well as politicians) cannot but understand that the problem still have to return - moreover, as often happens, in a worsened conflict situation. But the dialogue can be postponed and with an honest intention to carry out additional internal analysis (Solokvium) and exit after a while with new (updated, revised ...) ideas and suggestions. In general, the dialogue is continuous - there are new problematic situations, it is necessary to "reasons" and "prevent" the old, and sometimes and to revise the solutions adopted before and seemingly optimal solutions.

The result of the "correct" development and deployment of pluralistic oriented media activities based on the recognition of values \u200b\u200band norms of tolerance and participation in a dialogical discussion is movement to a monopluralistic solution. But this decision is not a predetermined, and the result of a wide discussion and "struggle" approaches, rapprochement of positions when understanding its objective necessity, when "centrifugal" and "centripetal" trends in journalism and society are balanced. Hence the result: the sustainable condition and development of the society, in which the struggle of ideas, approaches, proposals always occurs, but this struggle does not end with an explosion, but by a decision on a general agreement. The EU "Mass Media Policy for tomorrow" is recorded that the "Humanistic and Democratic Measurement" of CM activities also assumes such "pluralism of services and content" of the media, which is set to "promoting social harmony".

And this is because in a democratic system in which the action of the principle is organically social partnership, go on each socially significant question of the search for the consent between the various layers and forces. So, formed humanistically oriented conciliation democracy moderate pluralism for which peculiar tolerant interaction.

In the course and result of a constructive dialogue (among the media, among the media and social institutions, between the media and the audience) is active formation of the public - the growing and fracting layer of "adequate citizens" as the core, the leading force of civil society, from the development and activity of which the measure depends on the measure and the course of democratization of the country, the consolidation of society, the configuration of consent and activities in the name of the "common good", taking into account the characteristics of the "private" groups and forces.

Otherwise, it does not have anything else, how to "fight to victory", which in the conditions of unity and interdependence in the world of public life, is obviously only sharpening social conflicts, leads to confrontation, which in modern conditions is fraught with extremely dangerous consequences for humanity.

However, the knowledge of the requirements of the information order and even subjective desire Follow them not enough. Best information order can be respected only when there are objective conditions For this, which largely depends on the optimal state of all social types of journalism in the democratic society.

The essence of democratic orders is predetermined by the need for representation in journalism as the media that express and defend primarily "private" interests and those facing the advantage of the positions and requirements of the "common good" at the same time the problem of balance between different relationships is becoming increasingly relevant. The detachments of journalism and their constructive interaction, the formation of the media, in the positions and activities of which will be the balance of "private-group" and "universal".

Therefore, the result of democratic development in the field of journalism are three social typesMEDIA.

First social type- The media representing primarily the "private" interests of various social groups and public associations (of course, with one or another measure of aspiration to see them in the future of the "common good"). These media go in the interests, on behalf of or with the support of civil society institutions and various business structures of the economic community.

In structure civil society The journalism of civil society is also occupied by its place and created by relevant associations or individual citizens. One in its independence from the state, this journalism expresses the private interests of their founders and owners. Created by them by the media either openly represent and defend the positions of certain social groups, political parties, various non-political organizations (creative and scientists, veterans, disabled people, the Red Cross, etc.), or position itself as "independent". The ratio in their programs and the activities of "private-group" and "universal" interests can be very different: from the tough protection of the interests of a private group to the desire to the balance of "private" and "common". The latter is especially characteristic of publications and programs that defend the values \u200b\u200bof humanism.

Business communityThe economic "body" of society also "comes out" into the sphere of journalism with its publications and programs, representing "private" interests of various bizenis structures, associations of entrepreneurs, etc. etc. Amazing media often have a commercial nature and are issued for the sake of profits, but, of course, it is clearly or latently occupy a certain position, although obviously not bonded with a particular party or union platform. It is often thinking that the commercial media for the sake of success in the audience (and, accordingly, commercial success) is ready to come from "private" interests of their owners. Some of the media of this kind ("qualitative") really go on concessions to the ideas of the "common good", but to refuse the basics of their "private" interests, of course, cannot. Others ("Mass") are valid for the sake of economic success on the principle of "service" underdeveloped, often low-lying tastes and preferences of the audience. But these "concessions" of the audience actually pursue the commercial goals together with the desire to lead the audience from essential issues, which is beneficial to the media owners with their "private" interests.

Second social type - state Mediacreated by various power structures, both in-department and regional. In a number of countries (for example, in the United States), state media is not at all (except for bulletins that are typing official documents and performances); In some there is no state press, but there is TV and RV, as well as agencies (although often managed by special bodies, and not directly appointed by the state leaders). It is believed that taxpayers ("general") cannot be issued by the media representing the "private" point of view of a state institution. After all, all the branches of the authorities (executive led by the president, who also has some legislative powers; representative - from parliament to the city meeting; judicial) represent in their positions not all, but the victims of the elections most, and then the interests of their own structures. So folded from the long time.

However, firstly, state media represent the majority, and sometimes at all overwhelming "part" of society. And by this, they differ from those "private" media, which are on behalf of various social minorities, and often in general, peripheral small groups and public associations. Moreover, often this most is consolidated in nature - those who came to the harmony of a number of "private" forces.

Secondly, elected democratically power and their media, in principle, take responsibility to all people to represent and defend the interests of the whole country (as they do - the problem of control by the institutions of direct democracy and the public). Moreover, as democracy develops, it becomes more and more obvious that state institutions, despite the fact that the victorious majority is worth the victorious, and real, "by law" be universal Representative and take into account interests, points of view, position, requirements of both the majority and minorities. And state media in the future are obliged, unlike the "private" media of civilian "body" of society and business community, consolidate all components of society and represent "common" interests. It is difficult to implement this approach, but necessary.

Third type - Public media (They are also called socio-legal, public-public), which can most fully implement common interests. These media in nature and with the proper organization of the case are just designed to speak with a nationwide, nationwide position and to offer generally acceptable solutions for controversial issues of society. This is difficult, but certainly requiring the implementation of the mission of this detachment of journalism. The prerequisite for success is a proportional quota representation in the "Third" leadership of the social type of journalism of all significant civil society institutions, business structures and government agencies, and the following should be delegated to those who are configured to achieve concerted solutions and is able to overcome the inevitable difficulties of their development. The National Media Council can fulfill such a role.

The information policy of the public media is of particular nature - on the one hand, to represent the interests of all social groups through the presentation of all significant positions. So the audience will be able to get acquainted with all points of view. On the other hand, a comprehensive analysis of the proposed positions and solutions. From the third - organization of dialogue between various social forces with summing up with the publication of agreed approaches.

Creating a public media system is a central task for journalism of a developed democratic society. The media created by the institutes of one branch of the authorities (the government of the country or the district administration) through co-foundation with the individual structures of civil society (by a group of banks or the editorial board of the newspaper), only apparently are "public", since when they are organized, the main principle is not observed - strictly quoted representation. All institutions.

Thus, there are three social types of journalism - civil society media, state-owned media and public-public media (see Figure)

The possibilities of all three types of media modes are fully implemented, subject to a clear understanding and recognition of the internal laws of the functioning of journalism in a democratic society.

At first glance it seems that each of the social types of the media lives and operates according to the rules, "writing" only for him. In fact, the leaders of civil society media and state media seem to be called upon by their "origin" to express and defend "private" interests. The first - various layers of society in accordance with the originality of their position and needs, the second - those layers that led them to power ("most"). And only state-public media represent "common" interests.

However, if each type of media (and even each media separately) will strive to ensure the protection of public forces submitted by it (to disseminate information on its own behalf, for its audience, for their own purposes, from their own positions), then "Private" and "General" Will be withstanding one another, and every "private" will defend its interest, different from other "private" interests. And only limitedly (in a small scale for the media of civil society and the business community, in large for state media) will be discovered by the "common benefit". And only one media group defends the needs of "all" taking into account the peculiarities of "each" when the unity of society is taken into account, the need to search for ways to consolidate and consent.

The formation of three social types of journalism is determined by the inevitability of the democracy of the "social partnership" of the society of society. Therefore, it is obvious in their functioning the action of the "Principle of Supplement", which requires clear formulation in the system of information about the information procedure for journalism of a democratic, humanistic-oriented society moving towards the civilization of the XXI century.

With the development of each of the social types of journalism, two trends inevitably appear in the direction of optimizing the activities of each and, accordingly, consolidation of the information procedure.

First. In the conditions of active activities of public media and in the measure of their influence on the wide ranges of the cumulative audience

a community of "adequate citizens" - a good public, well informed, thinking global categories of all mankind, and therefore recognizing "private" interests only in organic communications with "common", and often subordinate to them. In this regard, the "private" media, while maintaining a representative of the "private" interests, will have to defend them less aggressively, more tolerantly, taking into account the interests of others and therefore more clearly see "their" in connection with the "common". So fruitfully affect the influence of public media for private.

Whether it is impossible to predict that for most of the audience "Private" will still have to see through the prism of "General" with the desire to find optimum, balance, unity. As a result, the consolidation of society will increase, which, of course, does not mean that this will be introduced. And the challenges on information support of democracy should be implemented as successfully as the socio-political and journalistic circles of Russian society will be able to realize and implement the requirements of the information procedure and the implementation of the principles of particial, deability, dialogue democracy in the field of journalism.

Second. The activities of public media defending the "common good" will have a beneficial effect on state (after all, government in principle should play the role of a "universal representative"). And state-owned media, approaching the type with public, will gradually turn into bulletins of official information, more and more "freeing" from the mass-information "load". Tang "non-violent" through state-owned media will go out of the mass information sphere. Then two social types of journalism will remain in the information space - "private" and "social" media, the interaction of which (subject to the admonition of the democratic information procedure) will acquire the nature of a fruitful civilized dialogue for the benefit of each individual social strength and at the same time society.

However, the idea of \u200b\u200b"public media" is encountered (and not only in Russia) on a number of difficulties, including organizational and economic. And if before creating and - in the future, the acquisition of the sustainability of the "public" media is still far away, then the question arises - how to optimize the activities of the existing social types of journalism "private" and "state" in the near future?

The information policy of state media is primarily transformed.

After all, if the state is theoretically - "Universal Representative", then state Media - Universal Representative in the Information Space of the Country and World. The logic is as follows: representing national (and in the future of universal) interests, they can and are obliged to see and take into account all social diversion in the nation (and humanity), the features of the situation, the needs, interests, requests of all social layers and groups. Here (in the support on the "general" with meaningful adoption of the "private") just lies the specifics of the social status of state-owned media. Therefore, it is precisely to them, by nature, to "think for everyone for everyone", it is necessary to build information policies in hard compliance with the requirements of the information procedure for the information support of democracy. And this means to seek awareness through the demonstration of the entire variety of views within the framework of recognized pluralism inflamed on tolerance, to lead on its pages (in programs, on sites) a wide and constructive dialogue in the future to find the consent and consolidation of society. And "pulling" in it all other types of media.

"Technologically" this is ensured, firstly, care for the maximum effective awareness of journalists both about state solutions and disputes in the "corridors of power" and the comprehensive knowledge of the basics of the information policy of the "private" media and its specific manifestations throughout the spectrum of social life phenomena. So it appears the possibility of truly complete and reliable audience informing. Secondly, the most accurate digest (and in the most important cases - complete) representation of the positions of the state (and its representatives), as well as, of course, and the "private" media. Thus, the claim of those (fairly) believes that it is impossible to represent part of all. But not only: the reader gets the opportunity to get acquainted with the whole range of multidirectional ideas about modernity. At the same time, thirdly, real pluralism is impossible without tolerance. But the tolerant behavior of state-owned journalists in relation to a variety of positions, manifested in tolerance towards them and "neat" their presentation of the audience, is only the basis for their true pluralism. The authenticity of pluralism is checked and implemented in a constructive dialogue. And this is fourth. But with a dialogue in public cm and (with the "private" media of Russia, with foreign media, with various socio-political forces, with an audience in different layers) for many more problems. Although the word "dialogue" (for example, "dialogue live") is often used, but most often in a non-strict sense. So far, the realities of the lives of state media are such that they are implementing "not fully" in accordance with the laws of information about the information procedure, only an intuitively sensitive role of state-owned media. The problem must be translated into the "clear field of consciousness" and find the necessary organizational solutions. It may be necessary to appeal to the idea formulated in the information security doctrine: "In order to identify and coordinate the interests of federal state authorities, the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and other subjects of relations in the information sphere, the development of the necessary decisions is supported by the formation of public councils, committees and commissions with a wide representation of public associations and promotes the organization of their effective work. "

If nevertheless, such a model of public media information policy will be accepted in one form or another to be implemented, the changes in the information policy of the "private" media will certainly follow.

What "private" media literally will be forced to do, finding the changed behavior of "state"? Seeing there is critical-analytical (and maybe argumentally indignantly, reasonable ironic) replicas in their address, will the discouragement, non-treatment, invented in their publications will not be afraid? Will not be less closed, detached from "others" and more tolerant to "Inim"? Will the desire to move from a deaf monologue to the dialogue (let the hidden, what are called "monologic dialogue")? And with a movement to some form of consent? In other words, whether the "private" media will first be forced to be forced, and then the sincere desire to see "himself" and its position and desire against the background of the interests of "others" and to adjust its position in the future of "general interest" ?

Of course, the approach to the requirement of awareness will be different: one approach to the content of awareness will be at the "state" media and other approaches from "private". But they will be complementary - after all, every citizen needs awareness and from the point of view of the group (and even groups) in which it enters, and from the point of view of national (even universal), for he is also a "citizen of the world." And if necessary, a permanent dialogue between both types of media will be folded, which will benefit all the society. Citizens will be better, moreover, stereoscopically, informed throughout the spectrum of society's life (from politics, economics and law to ethics, aesthetics, culture, life, etc.). Finally. Such an organization of the information procedure, uniformly interpreted by complementary "state" and "private" media, but at the same time implemented for the purposes of full-blooded and efficient information support of democracy will give journalism to be truly free.

However, for approval in the media activities of a democratic information procedure requires continuation of the consistent development and implementation of state information policy.

The patterns of the functioning of the media in a democratic, humanistic-oriented society, objective by their nature, manifest themselves in the activities of journalists not automatically. Detected and developed theoretically, they then pass the stage of fixation in deontological (Greek. Deontis - "Debt" + Logos - "Teaching") documents. The content of the deontological standards in a democratic society is to consolidate the requirements of the informational order and ensuring their implementation in the practice of journalism. Community norms are fixed in domestic legislationand solutions of UN Institutes, UNESCO, Council of Europe and other international organizations, etc. The situation was taken, according to which Russian legislation should not contradict international. Corporate norms Self-regulation in journalism is recorded in documents of various scale and nature - international principles of journalistic ethics, charters, codes, charters of journalistic organizations, editorial rules of behavior, etc.

Public policies are carried out primarily through legislation developed at its base of submission acts. The state policy in the field of the media produces and implements a whole system of institutions. In the field of legislation, these are parliamentary and presidential structures, in the field of management - the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications, etc. There are also regional regulations.

In Russian legislation, the expression of the state policy in the field of media as a totality of the leadership began journalistic activities. At the same time, state policy, although its provisions are developed and implemented in the legislation by representatives of the majority in power, in principle there should be a nationwide policy that takes into account the objective needs in the information support of democracy. According to the characteristics of the law "On information, informatization and protection of information", state policy in the field of information is defined as "creating conditions for solving the strategic and operational tasks of the social and economic development of the Russian Federation" (Article 3).

The basis of government policies - legislation and other regulatory acts. Legislative initiatives and proposals are initially concentrated in the Committee on the Information Policy of the Federal Assembly of the Federal Assembly, which is conducting public hearings with the participation of journalistic public, and then are made to discuss the State Duma, and on the adoption of the Council of Federation, and finally submit to the signature to the President.

The fundamentals of state policy are formulated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted on a nationwide referendum. The Constitution is enshrined the principle of ideological manifold, and no ideology can be considered state. In accordance with the Constitution, "everyone is guaranteed freedom of thought and words" and "everyone has the right to freely look for, receive, transmit, produce and disseminate information by any legitimate way." At the same time, "Freedom of the media is guaranteed. Censorship is prohibited. "

Constitutional norms are specified and developed in special legislation, which contains generally binding rules, permissions, prohibitions, bids, promotion and punishment. The activity of the media is governed by the laws "On the media", "On the right to information", "On Copyright and Related Rights", "On Participation in International Information Exchange", "On Advertising", "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection" , "On television and broadcasting", "about publishing activities" (prepared) and other journalism concern the norms recorded in the Criminal Code, the Civil Code and a number of other legal entities, part of the articles of which affects individual parties to the functioning of the media.

Legislation (including in the media field) can be considered on both sides. First, from the completeness of the coverage of the regulated "field" of relations. For journalism, this is a system of relations between the state and the media (the procedure for creating and registering registration, allowable and prohibited activities, licensing and control); founder / owner and journalists; journalists and objects of their works; Media and social institutions; Media and citizens; Media and audiences; Media and other media; Media and technical services, etc., i.e. All relations in the field of media functioning. Secondly, by the accuracy and justice of legal, since the legal relations between various social actors involved in the media, should be regulated so that the law and order (the word "right" stands in a series of such as "truth", "right", " Righteousness "," Justice "), which meets the needs of the state, society, citizens, the positions of all participants in the mass and information process - and" owners ", and" workers ", and those who" writes "and those who write" , and "criticizing", and "criticized" and the needs of the audience, etc.

There are many difficulties in both cases, and with cognitive (gnoseological), and with social (depending on positions) points of view. Therefore, the legislative process is not interrupted: new laws are discussed and adopted, changes are made to already valid.

The first sphere of regulation - Relationship "State - Media". Realizing the requirements of the Constitution, the Law "On Media" guarantees freedom of institution (licensing), possession, use and disposal by the media, and founders and co-founders (owners) all social entities can be separate citizens and their associations, institutions, organizations, State bodies (although their right to publish their media is constantly questioned - see above). When establishing, for example, newspapers need to specify information about the founders (and, if there are co-founders), name, language, editorial address, form and territory of the intended distribution, approximate topics and specialization, frequency and amount of media, sources of financing, information about other media where the founder performs the function of the owner, publisher, editor-in-chief, distributor. Approximately the same requirements are presented to the applicant to receive a license for broadcasting (TV, PB).

The development of these provisions seems to be the necessary characterization of the activities of the media in terms of the requirements of the information procedure and, accordingly, determining the specifics of various social types of journalism.

This also applies to the measures of state support for the media in the economic sphere (facilitating tax, customs, currency and other financial requirements, with respect to all media and / or special measures to support individual press sectors, which are in particularly difficult conditions, but necessary for society) . On this occasion, legislative and other regulatory acts are being taken as permanent effects and calculated for a certain period.

Second sphere of relationship - intrahamranistical. These relationships (founder, i.e. the publisher who owns the media or broadcaster, is the editor-in-chief - journalists) due to objective difficulties are difficult for legislative regulation. The founder as the owner of the media, creating it, rightly expects the fact that media workers will be guided by his interests and goals. However, the "hired" staff (perhaps initially agreeing with the media line proclaimed by the founder) at a stage as a result of their analysis and understanding of life phenomena, as well as the originality of creative appearance, can more or less disperse in their judgments with the position of the founder. If we consider it as unsuitable to the head, then the yield is obvious - either the return to the position adopted in the media, or parting from the media.

However, such a "hard" management cannot be characterized by journalism of a democratic society. Therefore, the founder / owner of the media and its employees coming out of the "private" interests of the media and its employees should be considered with other "private" positions and "common" needs of society if they are configured to solve the tasks of information support of democracy and, accordingly, awareness of the audience.

Therefore, not only the dialogue between the media is very fruitful, but also an intraconductive pluralistic-democratic dialogue (between the founder / owner - the editor - employees) as a result of which "progress" occurs in the positions of the parties. The leading, of course, remains the role of the founder / owner, who has the right to the "last word", but on the basis of a democratic procedure, in such a situation, sometimes inevitable employees are also possible. But in most cases the dialogue is able to lead to the restoration of unity, although in another turn of the vital activity of this media. The components of the group "Founder / Owner - the chief editor - journalists", as it were, the intra-journalist "triumvirate", which determines the life of the media hidden from the audience. Contradictions, disagreements, conflicts within the triumvirate (unlike the well-known software, the history of triumvirates) can be resolved not just "peacefully", but also fruitful to develop increasingly accurate positions on the information support of democracy.

The current media law records intracepherdistic legal relations not enough. According to the law, the editorial board is governed by the Charter of the editorial board, in which the rights and obligations of the founder, editor, employees, the authority of the team of journalists, the procedure for appointing or election of the editor-in-chief and other editorial office bodies should be identified. The charter is accepted at the general meeting of the team by a majority vote and is approved by the founder (Art. 20). At the same time, the founder is not entitled to interfere with the activities of the media (Article 18), and "the editorial office operates on the basis of professional independence" (Article 19). The founder can only "oblige the editorial office to place for free and within the specified period of communication or material on its own behalf (statement of the founder)", the amount of which is determined in the Charter of the editorial board (Article 18).

Thus, the media law regulates the relationship between the founder and the editorial board (editor and employees) with sufficient evidence of the "in favor of" the editorial office that at the time of adoption of the Law (1991) was associated with the processes of transformation in journalism. However, the Civil Code adopted later entered the first person rights (as in other areas of activity) the owner, i.e. Founder (publisher, broadcaster). In some media, conflicts arose, as a result of which the owners won the victory.

The contradictions between the Civil Code and the Media Law can be amended in both legislative acts, and these amendments should be formulated so that the democracy of intra-directorial relations triumphantly (in the articles on the status of the founder [publisher, broadcaster], about the status of the chief editor, about the status of the editorial board and Charter editorial).

Third sphere of relationshipregulated by law is about mass media and information sources (Social institutions and citizens). To fulfill your functions, journalists must have wide range of information. Legislation regulates these relationships, relying on the concept of publicity.

Publicity is achieved and then necessary for the normal functioning of democratic journalism of publicity, openness (often used the term "transparency" - from the English. Transparency, meaning "transparency") of the functioning of various social structures.

Legislation with its permissions, obligations and prohibitions regulates the legal relationship over the access of journalists to information. The media law obliges: "Government agencies and organizations, public associations and officials provide information on their activities of the media at the request of the editors, as well as by holding press conferences, sending reference and other materials and in other forms" (Article 38 ). Constitution, media law, legislation on the right to information, on the protection of information, about state secrets, on the procedure for coverage of state bodies and other regulations, determine the rights of journalists for information, the order of the parties, sanctions for unlawful behavior.

The legislation provides for the protection of state secrets (there is a corresponding law), service, commercial, banking secrets, secrets of investigation, adoption, deposits in banks, medical and a number of others. According to the law, the dignity of personality is defended, her honor and good name, inviolability of privacy, personal and family secrets, secrets of correspondence, telephone conversations, telegraph and other messages. The dissemination of information about private life is permissible only with the consent of the relevant person or persons. However, the rules for the "closure" of information (especially government agencies, manufacturing and other organizations) require more accurate characteristics so that journalists do not "cut out" from the requested information on arbitrary solutions.

The law obliges to satisfy requests (except when the invasion is occurred in the secrecy specially protected by law). In case of refusal or deferment, the relevant instances should notify the reasons for a three-day period (and in the case of a deferment - and about the time when the information is provided).

Journalists are very often faced with the reluctance of official structures, their officials and press services that protect the "interests" of departments, provide information or desire to limit the provision of a partial, arranging agency. Often there are references to the technical difficulties and employment of employees, the requirement of fees for services, etc. A special case is to indicate an indication of the official character or even the secrecy of the requested information.

Information that has not passed the "closure" procedures must be provided without nominating any conditions. Otherwise, the legislation establishes sanctions for the unauthorized failure (fine). However, the right to seek the court to achieve information and / or punish the perpetrator, journalists usually do not use: after all, information, the receipt of which is drawn on weeks and months, loses its importance for the media.

It is also important that many organizations seek to maximize the circle of information attributable to the secret. Normal is the trend to the increasing "transparency" of the activities of organizations and departments, their supreme employees with careful observance and even expanding the rights of ordinary people to protect their private life.

Fourth regulatory area - rights of journalists for information disseminationwhich are guaranteed by international and internal legal documents. However, the use of these rights imposes, according to, for example, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, "Special Responsibilities and Special Responsibility" due to the need for "respect for the rights and reputation of other persons" and "Protection of state security, public order, health and population morality. "

In this regard, in Russian legislation, the rights and obligations of the journalist are recorded, as well as the inadmissibility of the prevention of their activities, which does not violate the legislation (about it in more detail in ch. X).

Media legislation contains a requirement Inadmissibility of abuse of freedom Mass media. In accordance with it, the use of the media for calls for the seizure of power and the violent change of the system, a violation of the integrity of the state; for inciting national, social, religious retail and intolerance; For promoting war, fascism and other forms of extremism; For the spread of pornography, cult of violence and cruelty. It is limited to the distribution of erotic publications and programs; Reports on the methods of manufacturing and using drugs, propaganda of any advantages of their use.

The law on advertising requires advertising materials to not encourage violence, aggression, initiation of national passions, etc., prohibits unfair, unreliable, unethical, false, hidden advertising, limits the volume of advertising on the press pages and on the air. The Consumer Protection Act defines the necessary consumer informing norms about goods and services.

State media on electoral legislation and legislation on the coverage of state bodies should comply with a number of requirements. The nature of free provision of space in printed and time in electronic media for speeches of registered candidates, based on the principle of equality, is regulated. At the same time, non-state media decisions are made by themselves, and state-owned media can also sell a place or time (which is often criticized). State media are required to publish the appeals and statements of the President, the Council of the Federation, the State Duma, the Government, to report on the decisions of the Constitutional Court, the Federal Assembly, the Chairman of the Government and other common facts of the activities of government bodies.

Materials of deputies of the Federation Council and the State Duma are printed by state media in priority, and deputies elected by territorial districts have the right to regular publication in relevant regional media. When organizing media debate deputies are obliged to take care of equal terms for all participants.

Fifth regulatory area - relationship between the media and the audience (MA and C). According to the media law, "citizens are entitled to the operational receipt of ... reliable information about the activities of state bodies, organizations, public associations, their officials" (Art. 38). However, this is too common a declaration that requires elaboration from the point of view of awareness requirements. The limitations of obligations to the audience even more manifests itself in a legitimate possibility of not paying attention to the post office, refuse to publish the appeals received by the editor, not to respond to letters. And the media, not careful about the solid connection with the audience, declare: "The editors in the correspondence enters. Manuscripts will not be reviewed and returned". Doubt of this rate for democratic journalism prompted some media to introduce special sections of the "Correspondence with readers". And the Internet is widely open for interactive communication.

When the media acts against certain social institutions, then, according to the Mass Law, they have the right to respond, but are not obligated to react to criticism.

For its part, journalists are responsible for slander and insult (under the Criminal Code), the media may be made claims for compensation for non-pecuniary damage to the publication. Offended have the right to apply to the court in protecting their honor, dignity, business reputation (according to the Civil Code). The court may make a decision on criminal punishment, a fine, about monetary compensation for damage, as well as the publication of refutation in connection with the court decision.

In general, about the relationship between "media - audience" requires clarification and deployment of legislation. Yes, and general legislation as a state of state requirements for the media are "Framework", mandatory for the performance of each media in the development and implementation of information policies that undergo changes in connection with the clarification and deployment of ideas about the information procedure, on the norms of mass-information activities in Specific social conditions.

Sixth componentstate Policy in the field of media is the definition The volume and nature of the direct participation of state bodies in mass-information activities. State authorities are the founder of the information telegraph agency of Russia - the successor of the telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (ITAR-TASS), the Russian Information Agency (RIA-News), various information services of the Chamber of the Federal Assembly, the Administration of the President, Government, ministries and departments, local authorities and state authorities and etc. State institutions are founders of a number of media ("Russian newspaper", "Parliamentary newspaper"), All-Russian State Television and Radio Company (Holding VGTRK, which includes a number of television and radio channels, transmitting stations, many other media infrastructures), as well as co-founders of a number of federal and regional MEDIA. In state ownership there are terrestrial and space channels of communication, many printing enterprises and other components of the information infrastructure. The state is the "Ether Manager", issuing licenses for television and broadcasting.

Seventh State Policy Area - media Controlimplemented in order to comply with legislation. The nature and procedure for monitoring determine the special provisions of the legislation.

Historically, the name of censorship comes from the control of journalism and book publishing the control of journalism and book publishes, which comes from an old Rome of the Censor position (Lat. Censeo - "I do inventory"), which occupied first the correspondence of citizens and the determination of their applied

standing, state finance control, and then observation of the nravami. In the Middle Ages, the church authorities introduced censorship over theological and church-handwritten books. With the emergence of typography, the book of spiritual content was published only with the permission of the hierarchs of the church. The indexes of prohibited books were produced. In the XVI century, the censorship of state bodies began to occur everywhere.

Censorship as a form of control of the authorities for the content of the work issued to the light in terms of their compliance with the requirements of legislation is preliminary and subsequent. Preliminarycensorship is carried out before entering light. Censors, guided by charters, provisions, lists of prohibited topics, etc., had the right to prohibit generally publishing a work or demand to make bills or corrections in it. Without the permission of censorship, no work could not be published. Subsequent (punitive) Censorship is carried out for published works. In accordance with the valid censorship authority could make comments, make warnings, demand the seizure of the circulation, even prohibit newspapers and magazines.

In Russia, according to the current legislation, preliminary censorship is not allowed. Only in exceptional cases, preliminary censorship can be administered in accordance with the law on the emergency, the arrest of printing products, multiplying and sound-seeing techniques. In some countries (for example, in Spain), and in Russia - in some departments there are divisions (for example, in the Ministry of Defense), which can be called consultative Cancer - Journalists contacting there can receive recommendations on the revision or correction of the texts presented on view if information is found that are not subject to disclosure. These recommendations are not mandatory for execution, but make a journalist think about them and consciously accept this or that decision.

It should be borne in mind that the activities of the editor or other persons authorized by the management of the media are not censorship. Attempts by persons and organizations that are not authorized by the state, to influence decision-making by journalists to publish affecting the interests of these individuals and organizations of works are qualified as indirect censorship. Media workers are entitled not to listen to such "tips", but, unfortunately, it is often possible to pressure due to different fees.

Subsequent control (Regarding it in the legislation, the word "censorship" is not used) by law by many state institutions - the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications, the Antimonopoly Committee, law enforcement agencies. The Federal Service for Supervision in the field of mass communications, communications and protection of cultural heritage was also established - an authorized federal executive body, performing functions on regulatory legal regulation, control and supervision in the field of media and mass communications, information technologies, communications and protection of cultural inheritance, copyright and related rights, as well as the organization of the radio frequency service. Violation of the requirements of the law leads to the fact that the media receive a written warning, and repeatedly during the year of violations (and, accordingly, preventing) may be the basis for appealing to court with the requirement of suspension or termination of print media activities, reviewing a license for television and broadcasting. It is possible to appeal to the prosecutor's office and the court of citizens and organizations with claims in defense of honor, dignity, business reputation, as well as about publications that can be qualified as abusive and slanderous.

As the democratic development of society, intra-directorial corporate self-regulation will be gained increasing importance. Journalistic self-consciousness, based on ideas about the essence of the information order in a democratic society, is the foundation of responsible behavior, a kind of "self-centers". It should not be mixed with self-censorship as a realization. socially necessary information about information about self-domain as concession explicit or hidden pressureaimed at ensuring that the journalist violates the requirements of the information order. And such pressure even increases from the side of inadequate forces as it is aware of the really increasing possibilities of journalism as the "fourth power".

In the context of the wide freedom of activity of pluralistic journalism, with insufficient understanding and implementation of the requirements of the information procedure, the combination of a number of information security problems began to be acute. For example, maybe every socially significant socio-political force "go out" to the "necessary" audience? Or: Can a "ordinary" citizen who has "ordinary" income and "ordinary" time for contact with the media, get acquainted with all the diversity of points of view and the proposed socio-political decisions, and even if it can, whether he is able to personally understand These positions and take an adequate solution? Or: Does a citizen have an opportunity to independently separate the grains of information from the spoiled disinformation? Or: Does he have the opportunity (all the more sufficient legal) to declare his point of view about the speech of the media in it itself? Or: How constantly and consistently monitors the accuracy of the implementation of the program objectives recorded in the charters and violation of the law on the media? These "or" set. All these questions are just when developing the concept of mass-information security (MIB) and its implementation in practice.

The official "concept of national security of the Russian Federation" (1997 with clarifications 2000), departing from the provisions of the Law "On Security", was naturally continued and development in "The Doctrine of Information Security of the Russian Federation" (2000). It is not by chance that the basis of the concept of the law "On Security" is considered "Needs, the satisfaction of which reliably ensures the existence and possibility of progressive development of the personality, society and the state" (Article 1).

The basis of understanding the essence of mass-information security - characteristics optimal status of protection objects (states, societies, citizens) indicating character of dangers and threats and their sources. Then the clarification is required ways and means of ensuring the safety and elimination of hazards and liquidation of threats, as well as determine organizational forms and structureswhose function is - monitoring and analysis information security status development and implementation of measures Conservation and strengthening the safe functioning of the media. Finally, the definition of subsequent forms control of efficiency Accepted measures.

In matrix form it can be represented as:

Document Untitled

Normal condition Mass-information security (MIB) - such a nature of the system and media activities, when the functions takes place within the framework of the norms information order, and the fulfillment of the role of the media as the "fourth power" is based on the requirements direct Democracy As an equal partner representative. Therefore, the desired result of information security is the result - awarenessall social subjects.

The provision of MIC is impossible without knowledge of the potential and real hazards and threats arising in the process of the functioning of the media - their organization and activities in relation to "consumers" (mass audience and social institutions), and, on the contrary, about the difficulties and "faults" in perception " consumers of the "media and the degree of adequacy of the reaction to it.

Comparison of the norms of the information order and the tasks of the media as the "fourth government" with the peculiarities of the implementation of functions and the principles of journalism at a certain stage of its activity makes it possible to give a clear characteristic of the whole totality dangers and threats For MIB) danger and threats - these are factors that make it difficult or even blocking the normal functioning of each of the social constituent society in the information space in terms of ensuring its awareness.

In the "Doctrine" "Under the information security of the Russian Federation, it is understood as the state of the protection of its national interests in the information sphere, which is determined by a set of balanced interests of the individual, society and the state." And allocated the main total components. This is the need for spiritual renewal of Russia, the preservation and strengthening of the moral values \u200b\u200bof society, the traditions of patriotism and humanism, cultural and scientific potential. This is the strengthening of the mechanism of legal regulation, ensuring freedom of the mass media and prevent censorship, countering propaganda and agitation, contributing to the incitement of social, racial, national or religious hatred and hostility. This is the need for "information support of state policy" of the Russian Federation, which is connected "with bringing to the Russian and international community to reliable information about the state policy of the Russian Federation, its official policy on socially significant events of Russian and international life," which requires strengthening public media. This is the need to "expand international cooperation of the Russian Federation in the field of development and safe use of information resources", as well as compliance with state secrets and "countering the threat of confrontation in the information sphere." In order to achieve this, it is necessary to "increase the efficiency of using the information infrastructure in the interests of social development, the consolidation of Russian society, the spiritual revival of the multinational people of Russia."

Thus, provision of favorable information conditions for sustainable functioning and progressive development of the social system is required. And for this, it is necessary to effectively counter destructive information effects, the ability of all social actors to resist the dangers and threats, the ownership of critical contact skills with multidirectional, inadequate, manipulative, dubious, fragmentary, even false (, etc.) information to eliminate potential and real Danger and threats.

Concerning personal interests It is to implement the constitutional rights to access information and the use of it in the interests of the physical, spiritual and intellectual development of a person and in protecting information that provides personal safety. The interests of society, in the development of personal rights, includes the consolidation of democracy, the legal social state, the spiritual renewal of Russia, the achievement and maintenance of public consent. The interests of the state Associated with the development of Russian information infrastructure, equal and mutually beneficial international cooperation. These measures are needed to "implement the constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen in obtaining information and use it to ensure the inviolability of the state system, the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia, political, economic and social stability, in the unconditional provision of legality and law enforcement."

Characterized in general hazards and threats"Doctrine" notes that the level of information security "does not fully meet the needs of society, states, personality. First of all, this is manifested in the imperfection of regulatory legal regulation in the field of mass media, the underdevelopment of the mass media system and the weakness of efforts to form a single information space, adopting the various authorities of legal acts that infringe upon the rights of citizens in the field of information activities, monopolizing the information market, the shortcomings in the organization of international information exchange. The "striving of a number of countries to dominate and infringement of the interests of Russia in the world information space is also ranked with threats, the threat to the use of" information weapons ", the development of a number of state war concepts by the concept of information wars.

In the field of interaction between the media with mass consciousness Threats are manifested as "devaluation of spiritual values, the propaganda of mass culture samples based on the cult of violence, on spiritual and moral values \u200b\u200bthat contradict the values \u200b\u200badopted in Russian society, , group and public consciousness ", manipulative impact (disinformation, concealment or distortion of information, imposing false information).

Sources of dangers and threats lie in the insufficient development of a pluralistic media system that does not close all information niches and applying to all the sections of the audience, in the difficulties of identifying and announcement of the entire diversity of opinions and proposals of citizens, as well as receiving adequate responses to them from the media and social institutions, In weakness of interactive relations between "Media - Audience" and a dialogic interaction in society. This is "external" dangers and threats depending on the nature of the media.

But there is, so to speak, and intracadial. "Consumers" of the media (and social institutions, and individual citizens) are not active in contact with the media. The mass audience is experiencing material and technical difficulties of obtaining all the necessary information, and the interests and requests are weakly, and even in all are incorrectly formed. Social institutions often do not give due import to media performances. The audience does not have enough work skills to work with varying flow streams.

Measures to eliminate hazards and optimization Situations in the field of MIC are also lying in two regions.

The first is the optimization of the functioning of the media. The state policy in the field of the media needs such "amendments and additions" that contribute to strengthening the information procedure, the development of information space in order to achieve a more complete awareness of citizens. Guided by these requirements and granted rights, the media, their system and interaction would move on the way to optimize their activities in cooperation with their "counterparties" (mass audience and social institutions).

The second is the optimization of the state and forms of activity of the mass audience and social institutions.

Social institutions It is important not to just recognize the role of the media as the "fourth government" and to implement its legitimate "right to answer" in a wider plan - as the requirement of everyday and active interaction with the media and, respecting her "powerful powers", adequately respond to their "presentation »On pages and in media programs.

The mass audience is important, developing its civil consciousness, intensify on the basis of the right conscious information needs for its interaction with the media, and for this it is necessary to have sufficient information resources, ideas about the situation in the media, society, analytical criticality, the ability to understand the media information policy, its motives and goals, etc. And accordingly, form its information environment in order to achieve adequate awareness. Recently, increasingly talking about "Informational and Psychological Safety" - "self-defense" of citizens from negative information and psychological impacts. Risks in this area are associated with the immaturity of the individual, the disadvantages of personal self-determination, suggestion, installation for conformism or nonconformism, errors of perception and interpretation of information. It is important that every citizen sought to ensure its own information and psychological safety and skillfully include the appropriate mechanisms. The media themselves should be an active assistant here, which, on the one hand, demonstrating their approaches and justifying them, criticizing opponents, looking for a dialogue to solve problems discussed, thereby teaching the audience to understand the intricacies of information confrontation. And on the other - showing possible means of "personal protection" from threats and dangers.

These are the main (not all) conditions for maintaining and strengthening MIB. So that they can be implemented in any optimal form, all social constituent requirements of MIC are required. For only with the desire to create a spirit of public consent in finding decisions of complex public problems, it is possible to achieve information security in relation to journalism.

In various social forces coming from the priority of "private" interests, there may be distinguished ideas about information security. But the more importantly, a clear understanding of all its common entities and problems that need to be addressed to joint efforts, overcoming the discrepancies of "private" ideas to ensure common-valuable and national interests. The formation of a single generally recognized idea of \u200b\u200bthe information security of all social actors in national and global scales is all the more important that there is a point of view that the purpose of the information security is to ensure the necessary degree of own information security and the reduction of its level at the opposite side. This characteristic is a kind of invitation to the "information wars" between states, classes, nations, social groups, public

associations, political forces, media. "Information Wars" undermines the possibility of social dialogue and movement to social harmony, block the transition to sustainable development rails. What kind of security then can we talk at all?

Rather, the point of view that declares the need to ensure all social actors with reliable, complete and timely information necessary for adequate decisions, which allow to maintain and provide productive relations of partners, and also exclude the onset of harmful consequences at least for one of the participants.

The provision of MIB requires the creation of the relevant Organizational structuresfor monitoring, analyzing situations in the media and information services, the development and implementation of measures to contribute to the creation of conditions for MIB, maintaining and improving it. The scattered efforts of "private" structures are not enough. If so, the search for forces and factors of stabilization and strengthening of the MIB is inevitable not only through the efforts of individual subjects Society. And since some "percentable" forces do not exist, as well as in society there are no non-commissioned, ready and able to act only and exclusively in the interests of the MIB of the whole society, then the decision should be sought in another sphere.

Abstract-theoretically, the task of providing M IB of all social subjects "In general interests" can be the prerogative of state power, since it is the state in a democratic society in principle universal RepresentativeWhat obliges it to act from nationwide positions, harmonizing the interests of all "private" subjects. However, the authorities are formed after the elections by the winning party, and this leads to the predominance of representatives of the "private forces" (one or coalition) predominance in the authorities. And state policy (in particular, in the field of the media) acquires relevant accents and painting. Therefore, the concern for the MIB of the Company with one or another measure of reports in state-owned media contains inside itself priorities for the MIB of the forms that have formed power structures.

In such a situation, the optimal output is the provision of MIC by the joint efforts of both components of the democratic structure - state institutionsTheoretically, the "Universal Representative", diverse civil society institutions (Party, unions, associations, societies and other representatives of the "private interests" of various social forces) involved in the media of business structures. It is important to deploy in the field of the MIB of the activities of the Public Chamber, as well as the Council to promote the development of civil society institutions. At the same time, it is extremely important that the coordination of efforts takes place on an equal basis when an understanding of the need for support for the needs of the development of "civil participation" in the media activities.

And the Doctrine contains a number of ideas for such a focus. Here they are: the state "organizes the development of the federal program to ensure the information security of the Russian Federation, which unites the efforts of state and non-governmental organizations in this field." Therefore, "in order to identify and coordinate the interests of the federal state authorities, the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and other subjects in the information sphere, the development of the necessary decisions, the state supports the formation of public councils, committees and commissions with a wide representation of public associations and promotes their effective work." The state also guarantees the "legal equality of all participants in the information interaction process, regardless of their political, social and economic status." And "supports the activities of public associations aimed at objective informing of the public about socially significant phenomena of society, protection of society from distorted and unreliable information, as well as in connection with this" use of public control forms ". Thus, it is determined that providing mass-information security is carried out. with common effort both components of a democratic structure - state institutionsTheoretically, the "universal representative" and citizens participants in the diverse institutions of civil society (parties, unions, associations, societies and other representatives of the "private interests" of various social forces). The challenge to combine and especially "to force" the state bodies and institutions of civil society in the interests of the whole society, when taking into account the interests of various forces, of course, is unusually difficult. But "no one is not given," the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need for joint efforts, "coalition" actions in nationwide, nationwide, the national goal of the construction of the "Society of the 21st Century" may not be roighted in society.

Higher statethe structure is the Security Council (and with the SAT, the Scientific Council is organized), which by office is headed by the President of the Russian Federation. In 1993, an interdepartmental commission for information security was created in 1993, which includes analysis and prediction of situations arising in this area, identifying potential hazards and their assessment, preparation of federal targeted programs and other information security materials, the development of proposals Sat on the necessary legal acts for this. Other government agencies (Federal Assembly, Government, Law Enforcement) also have their own functional tasks in ensuring information security (including MIB).

In the development of requirements and action to ensure information security, along with state structures, the most important role should belong to public organizations. The Communications, Information Policy and Freedom of the Public Chamber of the Russian Chamber of the Russian Federation is deploying gradually its activities. A significant role can also play various journalistic organizations (Union of Journalists of Russia, Mediasuyuz, Various Guilds and Associations, Publication Protection Fund, Commission for Access to Information, etc.). Of course, all other institutions of civil society should say "his word". Accordingly, the creation of state-public coalition bodies is necessary. Such a joint, "coalition" tool for developing and conducting national media policies with the inclusion of mass-information security facilities may be the state-public organization of the type National Media CouncilIn which public and public structures would be presented on the parity principle.

Institutes involved in the problems of MIC, as in other structures involved in the field of defining information policy, many functions, including working out document systems, in the aggregate components of a kind of journalistic constitution, which could be presented in Charter behavior of journalistsDeveloped under the auspices of the National Media Council. Since the problem of MIB is multi-storage, the Charter will inevitably be to contaminating the legal and moral, political and creative, organizational and psychological (and other) parties, determining the system deontologicalprinciples (see ch. 10). At the same time, the most important, moreover integrative, is the task of theoretical, legal, practical "arrangement" of the unified mass-information space of Russia in the name of information support of democracy and to achieve awareness of all social constituents.

It is not difficult to foresee the enormous difficulties of forming the Charter as a fundamental main journalistic deontological document. After all, it is necessary for this not only to collect, explore and encodify the entire concerning journalism Corps of Russian legal documents (from the Constitution to the numerous provisions adopted by various state institutions), as well as international documents (UN, UNESCO, Council of Europe). At the same time, given the existing "lacquers" and contradictions, in accordance with this, the amendments to the current legislation, develop and adopt new ones - suffice to say that there is no law on TV and RV, agencies and press services, the right to information and a number of others .

It is also to lead to the system and, given the government legal acts, consistently incorporated into the charter of developed Russian, foreign and international ethical principles and norms (and here it also has great efforts to replenish them and clarification).

In addition to legal and ethical standards, it is necessary to interpolate the fundamental provisions of the social and creative norms of democratic journalism (the entire system of the requirements of information support of democracy - from ways to organize information about tools to ensure mass-information security). But still there are norms of an administrative and organizational nature of intraconductive life - which one and exactly how to include in the Charter? Probably (and even be sure), another suggestions will arise and requiring resolving issues.

Who will decide? It seems the inevitable participation in this complex matter of all relevant to journalism of state and public institutions. And higher state authorities with their special structures (ministries of culture and mass communications, relevant services of the Presidential Administration, the Federal Assembly, Government, ministries and departments). And the Public Chamber, and Journalist Organizations (from unions of journalists to editorial groups), and relevant scientific institutions, including various journalistic scientific and educational, and Russian author's society, etc. And who is the organizer? It seems inevitable the fulfillment of this role that the national media council and its regional divisions with the participation of the structures of the Public Chamber.

By the way, despite the presence of dozens of different and diverse regulators in Europe (some purely advisory, others are empowered for decision-making) organs created on a social basis or with the participation of the state, there is no single and full-featured state-public institution. But at the same time, all persistent experts advocate the strengthening, and not the weakening of the non-market power of society over the means of information, which involves the creation of advice as a public "supervision" authorities. Moreover, public regulation should be aimed at implementing the idea that the means of information is a common good, and not a private product whose first task is to create and distribute the word corporations. How easy to see, the Council does not think as common observational or guardianship councils, but as something (it may even seem too much) more. But it is not by chance that a specialist in legal issues of informatization proposes to create the National Council for Information and Informatization in the Russian Federation. A similar body is needed at the EU level and at the UN level. The prototype of such an organization may be, for example, the IAEA.

Of course, careful understanding of the functions of the Council, the methods of its formation, the scope of competence, the nature of decision-making, the level of their obligation, the method of implementation. In this regard, the structure of the Council, the nature of its interaction with all social institutions acting in the field of media will be determined.

There are many problems here. But the state of affairs in journalism, the realities of the "information order" are such that the decision is brewing. And the initiators are different sides - both the state and the institutions of civil society, and scientists, and journalists.

The universal involvement of the National Media Council in organizing a single information space for the information support of democracy and, accordingly, mass-information security, the diversity of directions of its activities should not create impressions that all the existing institutions involved in journalism problems under themselves. No, he is a kind of supreme supervisory and advisory authority for state bodies and civil society organizations and operates in these areas primarily from the point of view of maintaining the optimal state of information procedure and maintaining mass-information security. Parity participation in his activities of the institutions of state power, civil society, the business community is extremely important for democratic management of the Council's activities, to develop areas and nature of its functioning, to identify interests and positions of various social constituents. The focus on the production of generally acceptable solutions, taking into account the characteristics of the situation and the aspirations of each inevitably hesitates in each case of the discussion. The dialogue inside the board is unlikely to ever be easy. However, the interests of maintaining an information order across the country (and even the world) are the time and efforts that participants will spend on permission to the dialogic path of problems found in the information space, and even more so conflict situations.

The functions of the National Media Council and the scope of its competence are manifested in the aggregate areas of activity, among which should be allocated to the main ones, since they are directly related to the provision of information support of democracy. Of course, the Council and others will inevitably "figure out". However, it is fundamentally important to see essentially necessary, central directions, directly arising from the tasks of establishing, maintaining and strengthening the mass-information security of each citizen, of the whole society and the state as a whole.

First of all, it is monitoring - tracking processes occurring in the media from the point of view of the implementation of the information procedure. In first place here, perhaps, it is worth putting the task of studying the realities of the functioning of the media system in the aspect of its "sufficiency", the ability to ensure the awareness of the state, society, groups, institutions, personality. It is here that it lies, in particular, the problem whether every citizen can get all the information they need, with an optimal pricing, accessibility of development, time on its "consumption", etc. The second problem is whether all social groups and institutions have sufficient opportunities to participate in social dialogue by whether to create their media, co-foundation or subseduction, by access to state-owned media, etc., and if they do not have, what and how to do, To ensure their right to participate in the dialogue? The third problem: how constructively and fruitfully this dialogue is carried out by all participants and what "failures" and "failures" here? Of course, it is important to determine how to optimize the situation so that the case goes to achieving public consent on the main "issues of the day". Fourth: What destructive forces act in the field of the media and how to resist them? In particular, the maintenance of a constructive dialogue depends on the nature of the social position, and on the knowledge of the social structure of society, and on the penetration of communication psychology, and from the ideas about the laws of controversy, discussion, arguments and counter-proves, evidence and conviction, etc. The fifth is connected With the previous one: an acute is the question of the state of the personnel corps of the media, its readiness, ability, the preparedness to act in modern conditions, taking into account the requirements of the information procedure. Immediately the problem of providing scientific and educational developments, professional periodicals, optimality of the structure of education (training, retraining, advanced training). Problems requiring permanent "tracking" of situations in the media can also be listed even (they are associated with almost all parties to the functioning of the media), but it is worth named another key. Let it be in the list will be the sixth: what is the state of the legislation (and other regulatory acts, including the ethical) and the nature of its implementation in practice (compliance, violations, sanctions, etc.), which state and public organizations are involved in the field of rule-making and the implementation of adopted standards, in which areas the changes, additions, etc. are needed. For information support of democracy and the right to awareness?

Of course, one of the activities of the National Council on Media may not be an analysis, comparison, the development of comments and proposals in connection with the peculiarities of the information policy of specific social actors and the implementation of it in their (or close to them) media. Indeed, in a pluralistic society, due to the complex structure and diversity of interests and the needs of various groups of layers, public structures, disagreements, misconception of positions, conflict situations, struggle. This naturally generates a kind of information policy of each private social force. And in this area, the main criterion is the requirements of the information procedure, taking into account both national and private-group interests and approaches in this area.

It is important, understanding the complexity of professional activity in the media, especially in the transition period, patiently and consistently lead expectantly recommendatory Activity. Perhaps, according to its value, it costs even next after the organization of monitoring. How wide and the activities of a professional journalistic press ("journalist", "journalism and media shops", "fourth power", "legislation and practice of mass media", local media publications)? How journalistic organizations are working (often called "lobbying") in the Federal Assembly, other state bodies, with specific media and local journalistic organizations, etc.? Is the level and volume of "journalistic criticism" (by analogy with literary criticism)? What should be scientific and critical literature on journalism, how to organize studies, advanced training, retraining of personnel? Finally, how to influence the practice of scientific work in the field of journalism? After all, the theoretical developments of the problems of modern journalism are the base for all areas of information support of democracy.

At the same time, monitoring, critical-analytical and advisory activities of the Council of the investigation of their own participation in rulemaking. Therefore, it seems the nomination of another group of functions. determination of areas of rule-making activities. First of all, it is important to understand how satisfactory legislative norms from the point of view of information support of democracy, how are they fully ensured by the sub-banner and other acts, what are the legal "lacquers", what acts and norms are necessary to ensure the functioning of the media. Immediately the task arises, who in what order should participate in the lawsuit, what is the role of state and public bodies and organizations in it, how to organize this case. Then - how to convey to journalists and all media related to the entire system of existing norms, which "codified" collections of official documents are needed whether official explanations and comments are required. But this is not enough. To ensure the information procedure, it is important to clearly "register" the entire system of deontological norms, create a type of type Charter behavior of a journalist. The sharpness of the rule-making problem is due to the fact that the information struggle (often developing in information wars) requires not only regulation, but also controls. In this row and the issue of censorship in extraordinary circumstances.

Questions of rule-making activities, therefore, right "flow" into the system of problems control activity. If laws, like other norms, should not be just a declaration, but to be executed, then all and any violations should not only be fully and consistently tracked, but also apply in their "punishing" provisions. Naturally, the question of the relevant monitoring institutions, moreover, both state and public ones. Who and which can apply sanctions (judicial, administrative, "intraprofessional", ethical ...) and how in this regard, there are an alliance of journalists and other journalistic organizations, the publication fund, do they have relevant structures, how are their activities have been established? And how much is an effective verdict (from a court decision before discussing and condemning the large jury of the SBR, in professional editions of the magazine type "Journalist")? After all, not only the organization of constructive actions is required, but also preventing destructive. And there are enough problems here: many journalists freedom are perceived as permissiveness and exemption from responsibility to law, society, colleagues.

It seems important that the National Media Council is actively distributed information about their activities, acting as a founder or co-founder in the publication of magazines and other publications, designed for journalists ("journalist", "Fourth Power", etc.), to effectively participate in discussing the problems of media activities from the point of view of the tasks implemented by the Council. The need to establish a special bulletin (admit, called "Mass Information"), intended for media workers, organizations - founders / media owners, agencies (information, advertising, PR, etc.) and press services, state and public institutions related with mass information activities, scientific and educational organizations and specialists, etc. His role is to inform all interested parties on the activities of the National Media Council, the new legislation, the discussion of the already adopted, publication of the media of state documents and comments to them, reports of work in the field of media organs of the Federal Assembly, the presidential administration, government, law enforcement agencies, imposed sanctions, the results of sociological research on the media, developed recommendations for the provision of MIB, etc. While such information is printed (and if it is printed, then fragmentary) in different publications, often inaccessible or pr Osto unknown to journalists and related to media organizations and specialists, and therefore, due to the uncertainty, it turns out to be non-working.

One of the practical "outputs" of such an analysis of the multitude of media behavior lines, in our opinion, may and should be generalizing proposals for the formation of state (national) media policies. The National Media Council can actively contribute to the aggregate of the state institutions as fully, purposefully, consistently served as a "universal representative". In this case, the situation will arise when the state policy will act as a national and expressing this attitude to the information policy of "private" social actors, as if to "rise" above them, to generalize them, formulating principles, norms and rules for the behavior of power in the field The media in terms of the interests of the whole society. Along with such concepts as military doctrine, the principles of international politics, the development of the economy, social sphere, culture, etc., the state (national) media policy does not just have the right to exist, but also necessary.

The structure of the national (state) policy in the field of media, naturally, is determined by the role of the state in creating such a "climate" for media activities, which would create the necessary conditions for providing information on a nationwide scale. The desired result is the optimization of the mass-information activities of all interested structures so that each social force is able to fully participate in social dialogue in the interests of public consent in solving national problems. In general, this policy is manifested, on the one hand, in creating a favorable economic, legal, information, organizational "climate" for the activities of the entire spectrum of the media, and on the other - ensuring the protection of society from false, distorted and unreliable information. From the point of view of all the designated functions of the National Media Council (from monitoring to participation in the formation of national (state) policy policies) The object of attention must be all three types of media- Private (civil and economic "bodies" of society), state and state-public.

Of course, the first concern of the Public Council - conceptual, organizational and creative participation in public media activities - the third social type of journalism (along with private and state media). If the "private" media see common interests through the prism of the interests of the private group, the layer, the party, and the state media (second type) is difficult to avoid the temptation of "reconcile" public positions, depending on the interests of the "for" the power of the forces, the public most of the least Play the role of "Universal Representative." And the guarantee of this is their activities on behalf of and under the control of the National Media Council with its role of the expressive of common interests, the main force in finding public consent through dialogue in the media leading to optimal solutions taking into account the interests of each.

UDC 34.023

Media as a civil society element

K. A. Orlov, Candidate of Law, Teacher of the Department of Theory and

story of the State and Law, Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

At the present stage of development in Russia, the problem of objective and timely informing of citizens about the processes occurring in society is increasingly brewing, as well as the problem of forming a truly information and open civil society. Today it is necessary to achieve the recognition that the media is a way of informational impact, forming an independent education capable of providing modern technologies to both targeted and spontaneous impact on citizens, to form their values, installations and motives of behavior, including in the legal sphere .

Keywords: media, impact media, social institution, civil society.

In modern Russian society in general, there are three main ways of information communication: informal contacts; Public and political organizations (political and legal institutions, etc.); media. Currently, the methods of the media are particularly dynamically developing from the methods of information communication.

In general, when analyzing the media, their understanding should be resisted only as a product of communication. Such a formal dogmatic (narrow) approach to their essence can orient on one-sided and incomplete awareness of their role in society, he encourages conservative views by ignoring the peculiarities of the modern development and formation of a public sector of civil society. With this approach, the multidimensity of the media is denied as a separate Social Institute, which is an element of civil society, its relationship and the condition of social relations.

As part of the general concept of this article, the media is justified that the media is a way of informational influence, forming an independent education capable of providing both modern technologies to provide both targeted and spontaneous impact on citizens, to form their valuable

, Installation and motives of behavior, including in the legal sphere.

The media in the public sector today is an important part of civil society, carrying out a dialogue between citizens, society and the state, and are also considered as a tool of publicity, openness, public sphere, civil society.

Open Society Problems are an important part of the development of democratic oblats. The most important tools of civil society are socuradeless or public television, broadcasting and Internet structures, which give citizens the opportunity to participate in the dialogue in the most public sphere that is necessary to have a democratic society.

The media can be represented as an organizer and managing various processes in society, this is reflected in their use to build civil society and the creation of public officials in the context of the modern Russian state.

The radically new ratio of socio-political forces at the end of the twentieth century, the rapid turn to new values \u200b\u200bfound their adequate consolidation in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It seems that ideological and political pluralism, multiparty, free contesting periodic elections act as an objective need of society and the state,

pronounced by the whole course of domestic history.

In this regard, it is important to emphasize - they received the distribution of the media, the purpose of which is not political suppression of the masses, and their broad information support in all spheres of life. They try to implement the right of citizens to information, do not always serve reports without ideological pressure, without a well-pronounced ideological position. Weekly also appeared, magazines that are trying to avoid political problems at all.

Significant changes occurred in the political life of the country - there was a change in the Soviet political system for democratic, and therefore a large number of diverse political media appeared. These changes can be associated with the fact that when changing the Soviet political system, the democratic change of methods, methods and types of legal regulation occurs. A new type of legal regulation appears - the general allowance is based on the general permitting and which is based on the principle "allowed everything, except that it is directly prohibited by law", as well as a new dispositive method of legal regulation, which is based on the initiative, independence in choosing or other behavior by participants in relations. This method provides the possibility of political parties, associations and movements to make a significant contribution to the political formation and socialization of the masses, in their awareness and involvement in political processes, because for the successful functioning of the democratic system, it is important that among citizens there are interest in the formations of management, composition and work of political appliances. -You1. In this regard, many editions of a democratic, communist, national-patriotic orientation appeared.

First of all, speaking of printed publications, I would like to note that with the help of these media, the legal consciousness of citizens is formed, the behavior in the field of law, economics and business is determined and formed, in various sectors of life. These goals are mainly achieved using the business and legal press whose goals are

formation of information infrastructure that provides the needs of entrepreneurs, propaganda ideas and principles of a market economy, the dissemination of legislative and regulatory information, creating a positive image of a domestic businessman, broad informing readers about the world of business and law.

Today's press serves the objectives of legal education, the free exchange of views in a circle of like-minded people, where there is a special moral and psychological atmosphere of the Commonwealth and solidarity, an internal organization, coordination of actions, coordination of efforts.

The second in time of the appearance of the mass media after printing is broadcasting. The characteristic of the current structure of Russian radio broadcasting includes the typology of radio channels for their meaningful-thematic orientation, the nature of the information proposed, functional characteristics, the addressee of the messages. Among the variety of broadcasters, a universal or general radio station can be distinguished, programs of which include a wide range of information, analytical, socio-political, popular science, artistic, musical, educational, entertainment and other programs intended for all categories of students, including youth and children's audiences. . A special segment of ether is information radio stations. The main component of these stations programs are news issues going in intensive mode, operational comments, interviews, reports, reviews.

A special place is occupied by the radio station "Echo of Moscow", in whose programs of operational information and analytics, the most important role is allocated, the morning, day and evening information channels are allocated, which in the interactive mode are discussed with the listeners the most relevant topics.

The development of radio broadcasting in the country did not stop in connection with the transition to new political and economic systems, in connection with the formation and formation of a new Russian state.

Radio still plays an important role, and sometimes key, in the country's media system. After all, in the country for many years there has been a special culture of the hearing of radio broadcasts, a solid in-

teres audiences to broadcasting, in addition, historically radio was and remains one of the main sources of information, especially in the regions of Russia.

Analysis of the structure of modern domestic broadcasting on the example of "Echo Moscow" allows you to distinguish a number of important trends in its development and the most clearly determine its role in the life of society:

There was a stable interest of the audience to radio programs and broadcasting in conditions of broad selection of channels;

The audience of the listeners was determined and consolidated;

Channel specialization, search for its broadcast niche, its format of programs, its audience - important areas of development of broadcasting;

The new impetus was developed to develop information broadcasting, increased its efficiency, reliability, dynamism through the use of an ever-expanding spectrum of information sources, the latest technologies;

Especially noticeable movement of broadcasting in the direction of the discussion of various general civil positions, legal aspects, which is largely due to the interest of the audience to these issues;

Direct ether and simultaneous interactive broadcast broadcast on the Internet became everyday broadcasting practice.

The radio listener is directly included in the process of creating transmission as its participant.

Television, unlike textual information, "helps instantly move to any point of the globe, gives greater freedom to choose information: provides the viewer of Erzatz experiences and impressions that he does not have in real life; becomes a source of council and assistance; facilitates communication with other people, compensates for a sense of loneliness; Helps the viewer to feel his "inclusiveness" into the world of more prestigious groups (elites); It gives you the opportunity to "highlight someone else's life", relax and forget about the burrs and concerns. "2

It was from the position of manipulation that I would like to dwell on the role of television in the life of citizens, as well as his place in the media system, as the manipulation is one of the forms of impact on the behavior of people.

Methods of a detrimental impact of the media for unprepared readers, listeners and television viewers are also not visible as radiation. An ordinary consciousness openly and trustfully absorbs everything that the smart and professional journalists say and show. People do not suspect that they are targeted. Takes and methods of impact on public consciousness through the media are numerous. Some of them are so embedded that journalists easily bypass existing laws in this area. The default of any important phenomena in life, a distortion of the scale of events, focusing on the secondary details, appeal to the negative levels of consciousness, the primitization of opponents by journalists lead to inciting intergroup, inter-ethnic, interethnic conflicts, to the emergence of feeling of deception, humiliation, defenselessness, uncertainty, Utility, finally, apathy for readers, listeners, viewers3. Perhaps this is one of the goals of the current media - to form the population of its inferiority, social passivity.

And at the same time, the manipulation itself cannot be estimated as a positive or negative phenomenon. It is necessary to consider it from the point of view of social and legal utility. If manipulation is harmful if it destroys social and legal ties, such manipulations should be avoided. If the manipulation serves for the benefit of society, if it is a tool for competent management of society, legal education, legal regulation, legal education, then it undoubtedly has the right to exist.

Today, television occupies a leading place among the media to provide information, it is affordable and well developed, and in connection with the global development processes, it acquires a truly comprehensive nature of the coverage of the population not only a separate country, but also the whole world. The opportunity to see and feel like as a TV viewer of a certain event and its participant, and this largely causes confidence and interest, as well as the effect of creating a television audience, which is very characteristic of civil society. The most direct possibility of control and influence on the audience appears, as it creates a kind of dialogue

between the audience and the media, and this is the embodiment of ideas, goals, and at the same time - tools and technologies for the implementation of these goals.

This allows us to talk about the creative meaning of the dialogue interaction, which arises between the audience and television and the media in general. After all, the dialogue is not only a method of assimilating information, and above all the condition of the viability of the mass-communication system of information in a truly democratic society, to which we all strive.

In this regard, the following is the following observation - using the media as a direct channel, as well as representative democracy of the media. To the most rational to equip the life of your own country, to maintain the Company's reorganization to the present civil, in which the freedom of information choice, real security, consumption and possession of information, is needed to be fundamentally transforming the media to each member. In civil, self-governing society, the universal computerization will provide an opportunity to participate in discussion and voting on the most important state and social issues. As O. Toffler noted, the computer may be the biggest friend

wet after urn.

Printing, radio and television are basic media, each of which has a number of features that are manifested in the nature and methods of reporting information to the audience.

To the previously discussed funds in recent decades, the fourth type of media channels is also joined - the worldwide computer network presented in our time. The Internet has included Russia into a global information environment. The agenda was raised as the most important strategic objective of the country's development and its future the problem of the information society and new media5.

At the same time, for Russia, the Internet is the most important part, the basis for the development of information and civil society, as well as a key element of future breakthroughs in the modern elite of states. Situations where any citizen is able to write in "

howl Journal "to the president or a deputy - no longer as situations where supporters of certain ideas are able to find themselves on the Internet (for example, information about the upcoming rally" disagreeable "after elections to the State Duma of the Russian Federation in December 2011).

Three important processes in the field of information exchange occur in the world. First, globalization, i.e. Fast information sharing with the whole world. Secondly, thanks to the same Internet, the development of small local structures is possible - modern information-communications networks make it possible, as already mentioned, small groups, including ethnic, attend virtual space, combining their representatives regardless of state borders and geographic distances. Finally, thirdly, the peculiarity of modern development is technologism, which is increasing in the field of mass funds in technological determinism; The development of mobile telephony, 8sh8 messages opens up new approaches to the Internet, bypassing a wired link6.

In modern Russia, the following observation is considered to be true - the Internet and related information structures today essentially create and develop the all-Russian information space. And it is despite the fact that the Internet is available to a relatively small number of people. In this sense, today the Internet in the Russian information space plays a vital role - it is not some private structure, but one of the integrating and formative structures of our information space in terms of access to information, to news, knowledge, various documents and various media .

Based on the above, taking into account the research of leading specialists in the field of media, it can be said that in general, the media as a complexly organized entity and the object of civil society meet the following requirements:

Preserve a holistic nature, despite the existence of a variety of media different from each other, forming a single information space for all members of society, constant information interaction in the public system;

Have a combination of components, each of which actively interacts with its medium and with each other on the basis of the inherent media patterns;

Have the necessary set of functions and implement them, satisfying the informational needs of the individual, various groups of the population, society as a whole;

For the media, a non-permanent and dispersed type of audience is characterized, which is formed from the case of the case as a result of a concentration of general attention on a particular message (article, radio or telecast, etc.) 7;

The media are an organized system acting in accordance with the development of the living conditions of society, have the necessary organizational relations between participants in mass-information activities.

In addition to the system approach, which characterizes the position of the media in society as a civil society element, one can say that the media:

Satisfy the informational needs of the individual, various public groups and organizations, facilitating their active participation in the processes of the economic, political, legal and cultural life of society;

Ensure interaction, cooperation, coordination and division of labor between them on the basis of jointly formed models of the behavior of each social entity;

Reflect the realities of public life;

Collected, produce and distribute information in accordance with the dynamics of social development;

It is attracted to the production of information all creatively active forces that serve public progress create and enrich the spiritual potential of society;

Use modern information and communication technologies for mass information progress;

Ensure the implementation of multiple media functions in accordance with the processes of updating, the growth of the information needs of members of the Company;

Serve as a means of legal education and legal enlightenment;

Perform the role of the legal regulator.

Examined this element of civil

societies from the standpoint of various categories, it will noticeably suggest that the media in the institutional context there is a social education, an institution carrying out the collection, accumulation, systematization, stereotypes and the dissemination of the media in the interests of the Company based on existing technologies and thereby providing both targeted and spontaneous The impact on all sides of the social life, the consciousness and behavior of a person in the conditions of pluralism and competition of opinions.

1 Baychorov A. M. Introduction to politicalology. Minsk, 1991.

2 Chramzova N. G. Psychology of information impact. Kurgan, 2003.

3 Grabelnikov A. A. Russian journalism at the turn of the Millennium. Results and prospects: monograph. M., 2001. P. 54.

4 TOFFLER A. PREIEWS & PREMISES. N. Y., 1983. R. 120.

5 Prokhorov E. P. Introduction to the theory of journalism. M., 2003. P. 55.

6 Skoresky Ya. N. The media system of Russia. M., 2003. P. 219.

7 McLuhan M. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. N. Y., 1965; The system of media of Russia. M., 2003. P. 259.

The subjects of civil society acting in the information sphere are non-state media. Their role in the state and civil society is extremely important. The media is practically "eyes and ears" of civil society. The media are designed to inform civil society about the activities of the government, an attempt to limit the rights of individuals and society, about the illegal actions of the authorities. It is through them that civil society monitors the activities of the state. And it is they who carry out "Feedback" between the state and civil society, informing the authorities on the attitude of the population to the actions of the authorities and the problems of individuals and their associations in need of assistance from the state.

One of the important criteria of civil society is its openness, which suggests, first, free access to all sources of information, except for state, commercial and family secrets, secondly, the publicity of the social and political measures carried out, including those taken by law. , thirdly, freedom of speech, beliefs, judgments, freedom of criticism, fourth, freedom of communication with international and foreign public organizations.

According to Part 4 of Art. 29 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation "Everyone has the right to freely search, receive, transmit information by any legitimate way." Information, its production and distribution, in general, the information rights of a citizen, personality are one of the most important guarantees of compliance and protect any human rights.

It should be noted that in June 2000, in Okinawa, the Global and Information Society was adopted by the world's leading global powers, aimed at developing information and communication technologies, strengthening its relevant political and legal framework, providing everyone without eliminating people to enjoy the benefits of global information societies.

We live in the world of information that has become an important production factor, we can say even the most important factor in the economic life of modern society. That is why knowledge in the field of international information rights is now necessary for almost everyone. There is not a single area of \u200b\u200bhuman activity, which in one degree or another has not been associated with the processes of obtaining and processing information.

1. Informatization carries with you, first of all, new opportunities for a person to search, receive and distribute information, giving a person the opportunity to correctly make a choice in any area of \u200b\u200bvital activity.

2. Informatization opens up new perspectives and in the field of economics, communicating together the economy and politics, economy and power.



3. Many new and useful informatization introduces to the system of international relations. In the Okinawan Charter of the Global Information Society (2000), signed among the eight leading countries of the world also Russia, it is noted that: "Information Society ... Allows people wider use their potential and implement their aspirations."

At the present stage, the development of society is characterized by an increasing role of political communications information, in our opinion, is an important factor in public life, which will largely determine the prospects for the successful implementation of political, legal, economic transformations of Russian society.

The term "media" appeared relatively recently and reflects not just a terminological, but also a certain social evolution. Each of the words of this term carries a certain semantic load.

As V.A. notes Kopylov, the term "information" is new to Russian law and its definition is still not clearly developed in Russian legal science.

Massibility fixes the interaction of mass facilities: a newspaper article or a telecast is not addressed to each separately, but to all at once. This gives communication and information a special character - "compressedness", "coaling", "packaged", implies the loss of certain information nuances, inefficiency and accessibility. At the same time, the "mass cause" characterizes the corporate nature of the production of information.

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation of 27.12.1991 N 2124-1 (Ed. From 12/30/2015) "On the media" under the mass information is understood to be intended for an unlimited circle of persons printed, audio-, audiovisual and other messages and materials; Under the media means a periodic printing edition, a network edition, a television channel, radio channel, television program, radio program, video program, a filmmaker, a different form of periodic distribution of the media under constant name (title).



Communication and informing can be directly (a situation of communication between two people) and mediated character. When they talk about the media, they mean special intermediaries, the appearance of which has become possible only at a certain stage of social development. These technical intermediaries are sometimes referred to as "communicative" means (press, radio, television, Internet, multichannel communications, etc.). Thus, the media (or mass media) is not just a message channel, an impartially transmitting message, namely an intermediary, medium, refracting, interpreting and painting information (as in the well-known Mascuan formula "The Medium Is the Message" - Mediator essence ). It is hardly randomly the term "information" in this phrase is often replaced by the term "Communication". This is due to the increase in the interactive, educational and propaganda mass media potential. The media is not simply informed, but carry out a socio-converter function.

This determines the specificity of the media in the information space and in society as a whole.

In general, the media can be defined as a multifunctional socio-political institution acting through the system with respect to local implementers (funds) of information and characterized: 1) by the infusion of the mass audience and the public accessibility; 2) the corporate nature of the production and dissemination of information; 3) socio-transformative potential.

So, the media system is determined by the following characteristics:

Informative saturation;

Publicity, i.e. Unlimited and superonal circle of consumers;

Availability of special, technical devices, equipment for transmitting messages;

Indirect, divided into space and time interaction of communication partners;

One-directionality of interaction from the communicator to the recipient, limited feedback;

The non-permanent and dispersed type of an audience, which is formed from the case of the case as a result of a concentration of general attention on a particular message (article, radii telecast, etc.).

Based on the technical ways to disseminate information and imposed restrictions imposed by these methods, the media can be considered as a system consisting of three main subsystems:

1) press (printing) - information dissemination tools using printed text and image playback;

2) radio - transmission of sound information using electromagnetic waves;

3) Television - sound and video transmission using electromagnetic waves.

In fact, the definition of "media" is also suitable for the Internet, although the legislation of most countries does not relate to it.

The media possess various possibilities and strength of impact, which depend primarily on the method of their perception of recipients.

Based on its communicative potential, the media can be characterized as a special subsystem (institute) of the socio-political integer, which has exceptional importance: they are simultaneously and permeating the entire society by the information exchange channel, and the fluid circulating on this channel (information). In this regard, their role is similar to the role of money in the economy (universal intermediaries). On the other hand, they play an active role, and in this respect can be shared by political action as such (forces, expressing the Language of Bourdieu).

You should agree with Y. Voskresensky in the fact that the media is not "localized" in any "place" of the political system and are simultaneously its environment and the "internal" communicative channel. As part of the model described above, role-playing media problems are distributed immediately for all three levels (measurements) of the political process - a formal, meaningful, procedural.

"At the formal level (POLITY), the role of the media is to distribute and promote common collective goals and the requirements that the political system is observed. At the substantive level (Policy), political communication is carried out through the media ensures the mobilization of society resources, making management decisions, the formation of political programs. In other words, by virtue of its nature, the political system needs not only in the presence of basic institutional conditions for its existence, but also in the agreed interaction of all its subsystems.

At the Procedure (Politics), the media level ensure the articulation and aggregation of interests, their conversion to political socialization and political support.

It is on state media that the role of the state of interest of the state, on the one hand, and society - on the other hand, falls on the other side. Under conditions, when civil society structures are in the infancy, immature state, it improves the role of state media in the political process. "

Yu.M. Koloskov notes that freedom of information is expressed primarily in the right of each to seek and receive information. The right to access to information is defined in the Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection", although it concerns mainly documented information.

Citizens, along with other users, have an equal right to access state information resources (directly concerns the sphere of culture). The exception is information with limited access (Article 12 of the Law). Citizens and organizations have the right to access documentary information and about themselves (Article 14 of the Law). Failure to access open information, as well as information about himself, may be according to Articles 13, 14, 24 of the specified law appealed in court.

The state is also a subject of informational law, since it acts as the owner of the main information resources and technologies, forms the country's information policy, provides a unified information space, solves many problems in international information exchange. In addition, the legislator refers to the subjects of the information law (the Council of Federation, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications); media (newspapers, magazines, publishers, television, agencies, associations, etc.); Archives, cultural funds, libraries, data banks, etc.

As you can see, issues of information, as well as the possibilities of obtaining it and use today, pays great attention. Increasingly, information and related relations become a subject of legal regulation. At the same time, the process of rethinking (deepening and expansion) of the concept of "information" is underway. If initially the information was understood as information transmitted by people oral, writing or otherwise, by the end of the XX century. The information began to be considered as "a universal substance that permeates all spheres of human activity that serves as a guide of knowledge and opinions, a tool for communicating, mutual understanding and cooperation, approval of the stereotypes of thinking and behavior." It is this definition of information gives UNESCO.

In accordance with the Law on Media, the censorship of the Mass Media, that is, the demand from the editorship of the media by officials, government agencies, organizations, institutions or public associations to pre-coordinate messages and materials (except when an official is the author or interviewee) , As well, the imposition of a ban on the distribution of messages and materials, their individual parts, is not allowed.

The use of the media in order to commit criminal acts, to disclose the information constituting the state or other secretly protected by law, to distribute materials containing public calls to the implementation of terrorist activities or publicly justifying terrorism, other extremist materials, as well as materials that promote pornography , the cult of violence and cruelty, and materials containing obscene brands.

It is prohibited to use hidden inserts and other technical techniques for the dissemination of information affecting the subconscious of people and have a harmful effect on their health, the dissemination of information on public association or other organizations included in the list of organizations in respect of which the court decided to eliminate or prohibit activities, without The indication that the relevant organization is liquidated or its activities is prohibited.

Dissemination of information on methods, methods of development, manufacture and use, places of acquisition of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors, propaganda of any advantages of the use of individual drugs, as well as the dissemination of other information, the dissemination of which is prohibited by federal laws, is prohibited.

When illuminating a counter-terrorist operation, the dissemination of information on special means, technical techniques and tactics of such an operation is prohibited if their distribution can impede a counter-terrorism operation or jeopardize the life and health of people.

It is prohibited to disseminate information containing instructions on the homemade manufacture of explosives and explosive devices.

In accordance with the media law, citizens have the right to operational receipt through the media, reliable information about the activities of state bodies, local governments, organizations, public associations, their officials.

State bodies, local governments, organizations, public associations, their officials provide information on their activities of the media at the request of the editors, as well as by holding press conferences, send reference and statistical materials and in other forms.

The current international and national legislation of Russia allows the media and journalists to create professional organizations (including self-regulation) independently. The case remains only for the form of legal regulation: what legal act - federal law, decree of the President of the Russian Federation, decree of the Government of the Russian Federation or any other - should determine the legal status of the media self-regulation bodies.

Some specialists are noting concerned that hypertrophically developed state media are busy servicing power, forgetting about their social function. Not always adequately and professionally react to the processes occurring in society and non-state media.

It affects the strengthening of police functions of the state both in the center and in the regions, where the power vertical of the media management is formed with the submission of the executive bodies, increasingly serving with its functions for configuring CPSU bodies. In this situation, the violation of the constitutional rights of citizens to the information becomes usual for the authorities. There is not a single decision of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the fact of violation of the citizen's right to information. In the practice of regional courts of all levels there are also no precedents of such a property. This speaks not only about the reluctance of the authorities to respond to a violation of one of the fundamental human rights, but also on the inertness of civil organizations that are not ready to adequately and intentionally defend this right in court.

There is no understanding of the tasks and problems of civil organizations from the part of the journalistic community. Perfers the injection of power and economic dependence. Representatives of NGOs wishing to convey their aspirations and care to the population through the media are not always ready to work in a way and professionally with journalists.

In Russia, a journalist is entitled:

1) search, request, receive and distribute information;

2) visit state bodies and organizations, enterprises and institutions, bodies of public associations or their press service;

3) to be accepted by officials in connection with the request of the information;

4) gain access to documents and materials, with the exception of their fragments containing information that make up the state, commercial or other secretly protected by law;

5) copy, publish, announce or otherwise reproduce documents and materials;

6) to produce records, including using audio video equipment, photography movies, except in cases provided by law;

7) attend specially protected areas of natural disasters, accidents and disasters, mass riots and mass clusters of citizens, as well as the area in which a state of emergency is announced; attend rallies and demonstrations;

8) check the accuracy of the information reported to him;

9) express their personal judgments and evaluations in messages and materials intended to disseminate its signature;

10) refuse to prepare for his signature of communication or material contrary to his beliefs;

11) Remove its signature under the message or material, the content of which, in his opinion, was distorted in the process of editorial training;

12) to distribute reported messages and materials for their signature, under a pseudonym or without signature.

Journalist must:

1) comply with the Charter of the editorial board with which it is in labor relations;

2) to check the accuracy of the information they communicate;

3) to satisfy the requests of persons providing information on the indication of its source, as well as on the authorization of a quoted statement if it is announced for the first time;

4) maintain the confidentiality of information and (or) its source;

5) to obtain agreement (except when it is necessary for the protection of public interests) to disseminate in the media information about the personal life of a citizen from the citizen himself or his legal representatives;

6) when receiving information from citizens and officials, they are informed about the audio video recording, cinema and photography;

7) to inform the chief editor on possible claims and the presentation of other requirements provided for by the law in connection with the distribution of communication or material prepared by him;

8) refuse to give him the chief editor or edit the task, if it is either its implementation is associated with a violation of the law;

9) to present in the implementation of professional activities on the first requirement Editorial Card, or another document certifying the identity and powers of the journalist;

10) comply with the ban on their pre-election campaigning, campaigning on referendum issues in the implementation of professional activities.

In the implementation of professional activities, a journalist is obliged to respect the rights, legitimate interests, honor and dignity of citizens and organizations.

The state guarantees a journalist in connection with the implementation of their professional activities to protect his honor, dignity, health, life and property as a person performing public debt.

The infringement of freedom of the mass media, that is, the prevengence in any form by citizens, officials of state bodies and organizations, public associations of legitimate activities of the founders, edits, publishers and distributors of products of the media, as well as journalists, including through :

exercise censorship;

interventions in activities and violations of professional independence of the editorial board;

illegal termination or suspension of the media;

violations of the right to request and obtain information;

illegal seizure, as well as the destruction of the circulation or part of it;

coercion of a journalist to distribute or fails to disseminate information;

establishing restrictions on contacts with a journalist and transferring information to him, with the exception of information constituting a state, commercial or other secretly protected by law;

violations of the Rights of the journalist established by this Law entails criminal, administrative, disciplinary or other liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

When considering the role of the media in the formation of civil society, it can be found that with general recognition of the media mission - to form civil society, there are different approaches to the question of its implementation, about the specific functions of the media, etc. Deployed judgments about the methods of execution of the Mission Media on the formation of civil society can be represented by two approaches. The first of them emphasizes the information function of the journalist. For example, Ya. Vazksky allocates several tasks of a journalist in civil society: an analysis of government policy and the publication of materials related to the government; providing different points of view, the entire spectrum of opinions; providing analytical materials and sociological data that would allow the audience to draw up an independent opinion on the most important political issues; promulgation of the most important economic data; Publication of letters of readers. Summarizing, Ya. Vazksky says: "Thus, the media develop civil identity, contribute to the formation of civil society."

The second approach emphasizes the ideological function of the journalist in the formation of civil society. For example, E.P. Prokhorov, calling journalism in the civil society of the people ("... if the people's folk sovereignty are primary, then the ideal social structure is a folk democracy, and its information service is carried out by a folk journalist," puts the following tasks before it. 1. Implement comprehensive monitoring, to compile a "agenda" . 2. act as a public expert: to form attitudes, submissions, opinions, views, aspirations. 3. To speak in the role of a public consultant. 4. To participate in the creation of a spiritual atmosphere in society through participation in the formation of mass consciousness. 5. Provide the tribune for different Opinions. The media act as Vox Populi - "Nation talking with himself." 6. Battery and make a vowel life of a mass consciousness, public opinion. 7. Act in the role of the organizer of social dialogue. "Moreover, separate E.P. Prokhorov says About such a task, as "introduction into the mass consciousness of the concept of democratic social legal states Ecology, ideological to ensure its functioning and development. " In another interpretation, the information and ideological functions of journalism are characterized, respectively, as the position of pure professionalism or the "technique of the pen", and the position of public calling, the social role of the journalist or the "Pera Mission".

Note that the information function of the journalist almost as the only adequate nature of the profession was particularly mentioned in the first post-Soviet period. The journalists themselves preference also preferred the same features.

The media, the professional community of journalists, a separate journalist called to reflect the situation of the choice of adequate values \u200b\u200bof civil society mission and implementing its functions.

The choice of a particular media function demonstrates the social responsibility of the community and journalist, the responsibility is not only for following by professional standards, but also for the process of the formation of civil society, the prospects for which are not predetermined. It is worth noting the position of V.A. Kabakuchi, which says that the further development of civil society in our country largely depends on the selection of media, the professional community, each journalist, because this is the meaning of the media activity as the institution of civil society.

Thus, one of the main basic conditions for the existence of civil society is publicity, which is provided through independent media. In a democracy, civil society institutions and states function as different, but interdependent parts in the overall system. Relations between the authorities and civil society are built on the basis of a public agreement, and the interaction is aimed at achieving a compromise. Citizens of the democratic state enjoy the right of individual freedom, but at the same time, together with other state institutions, share responsibility for building the future.

Today, the main information sources for the Russian population are: television and the Internet. The remaining types of media are in demand much less: so, 7% of respondents learn from newspapers (for comparison: in 1991, this source of information occupied second place after television - 31%). Radio prefers 5% of Russians as the main source of information. Personal communication is not assessed by people as a channel for receiving socially significant information (4%).

Television is the most popular news source, first of all, for the village (67%), the respondents over 45 years old (72% - 76%), as well as Russians with the initial level of education (74%). The Internet is preferred, as a rule, Muscovites and Petersburgers (35%), 18-24-year-old (50%) and highly educated respondents (32%).

An important event of 2013 was the beginning of broadcasting of public television of Russia (May 19, the channel was broadcast). The Public Chamber has taken direct participation in the creation of OTP, in the formation of its public and supervisory board.

The main goals and objectives of public television of Russia were proclaimed the development of civil society in our country, education and education of viewers, propaganda of universal moral values. With all the complexity of the process of becoming in a tough competitive environment, the OTP gradually conquers its audience, becomes a platform for discussing the most pressing problems that concern society.

If we talk about Russians actively using the Internet, then among them 48% prefer to receive information about the situation in the country through the network, television for them occupies second place (40%).

According to the study of the "Civil Society Development Fund", the most likely forecast for the coming years is the preservation of the status of the system-forming media under the gradual, not yet cardinal, transformation of the television itself under pressure from the Internet and new technological capabilities.

During the activities of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation, their participants were repeatedly emphasized: the relationship to the media, to the freedom of speech - the health indicator of society. 2013 was far from the easiest of the Russian media. The process of population, a major state-oriented business continues, continues to buy media, there is a reduction in the circulation of many publications and the fall in the prestige of journalism, a decrease in confidence in the media.

In recent years, the trend of legislative regulation of the media is directed towards prohibitions. Unlike most developed countries, where the media are self-regulated, in Russia, legislators seek to put them under increasingly stringent state control.

During 2013, the media legislation has undergone new changes. According to a new law, citizens will be able to demand not only refutation, but also to remove any "non-relevant reality" of information, including on the Internet. The initiators of the bill argue that it is directed only to the protection of media people from the persecution of the "yellow press". However, in fact, the new law first hit the investigative journalism.

The Criminal Code has amended the penalties for publishing information about children-victims of crimes. It was not taken into account that the disclosure of personal data of children has long been prohibited by applicable law. At the same time, the formulation entered is "information indicating the identity" - makes it possible for expansion interpretation. As a result, it may be difficult to illuminate the facts of violence against children, although society, according to many specialists, should have access to information about crimes against children.

In April 2013, the law prohibiting the use of obscene vocabulary in the media came into force. Of course, obscene can not be used. However, the first application of the law in practice turned into the closure of the Rosbalt news agency. According to the analysis of the legal situation, which was conducted by the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation, the court decision to revoke the certificate of registration of the news agency was unreasonable. Experts noted that under the reception of the claim, gross procedural errors were admitted, in their decision the judge refers to the norms that can rather interpret in favor of a recognized responsiveness.

Amendments to the Federal Law "On Advertising", which entered into force in October 2013, and Article 14.3 of the Codex of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses concerning the responsibility of the media for advertising biologically active additives also creates great difficulties for revisions. There are no specialists in the media who determine the quality of the BAA, they should be responsible for it, which give licenses. A situation in which the media should be responsible for the quality of all the goods advertised by them: from building materials to plant seeds.

Also, the draft law N 383153-6 "On Amendments to Article 4 of the Law of the Russian Federation" On Mass Media ", which was submitted to the State Duma in the State Duma in the State Duma. The bill is proposed to expand the list of information prohibited to disseminate in the media and the Internet, namely: "It is prohibited to disseminate in the media, as well as in information and telecommunication networks of audiovisual communications and materials containing images of bodies (fragments of bodies) of people who died as a result of road Transport incidents, accidents, disasters, mass riots, natural disasters and other incidents. " It is proposed to reinforce this prohibition by appropriate administrative responsibility (fines for legal entities up to 50 thousand rubles).

In fact, the bill involves the introduction of a ban on a message of operational information from the sites of events. Under such conditions, reporter photos and reports about what happened will be impossible. In addition, citizens will also be deprived of the opportunity to post online photos from the seats and incidents, which will question the possibility of notifying the relatives of victims.

Extremely relevant in 2013 were the problems of extrajudicial termination of access to the media, in particular, to Internet versions of publications. The adopted Law on the "Black List" of sites, "Antipiratsky" Law127 and amendments to the Civil Code relating to the media activities led to blocking sites of a number of federal editions. With this problem, "Komsomolskaya Pravda" collided. The KP website in the Ulyanovsk region was blocked by Rostelecom to solve the local court due to the article published in 2002. No less controversial was the decision to block the site "KP" in the Trans-Baikal Territory. A journalist of the newspaper was captured by uncomfortable contests in one of the local clubs. The prosecutor ruled that video violates the rights of adolescents for privacy, promotes the cult of cruelty and violence. Not a word was said that brutality captured on video and violence require law enforcement agencies.

The greatest disputes were conducted around the "anti-piracy law", with a sharp criticism of which large Internet resources and the medioscience were made.

There are fundamental problems of regulating the Internet. For example, despite the fact that the term "site", "Internet", they do not have a legal definition in everyday life. Thus, a basic law should be created, which would be fixed the basic concepts and set the limits of state regulation. The control should be distributed only on that sphere of vital activity on the Internet, which is necessary and possible to regulate.

Another problem is the lack of proper knowledge of the Internet environment from officials and law enforcement officers who make decisions on intervention in the activities of Internet resources. Today, due to the lack of interdepartmental interaction at the regions level, often local courts make decisions on blocking sites in certain constituent entities of the Russian Federation, without informing neither Roskomnadzor nor the edition of the editions themselves.

In April 2013, the Russian Association of Electronic Communications - RAEC conducted a study of international trends in the regulation and self-regulation of the Internet in various countries. A comprehensive analysis of Russian legislation relating to the regulation of the Internet was also conducted. The main conclusions of the study are the following:

Increasingly, the management of countries are attempts to strengthen the impact on the Internet;

As the main regulation objectives, national security can be allocated, the growth of the economy due to the use of the Internet, the protection of citizens' rights;

The directions of regulation are the protection of children, the fight against cybercrime and cyberrorism, the development of e-commerce and copyright protection;

The most adequate in a democratic society is a combination of mild regulation with self-regulation based on public-private partnership.

In 2013, about 20 billion rubles were allocated from the budget for VGTRK, Russia Today TV channel - 11.2 billion, and the Russian Gazette - 4.9 billion.

In general, most of the media in Russia live in subsidies, receive money from regional budgets, so it is difficult to talk about their genuine independence. Authorities use various pressure leverage.

At the same time, 2013 was marked by a number of innovations that tightened the rules of the game for the market members of the Melkovorn Trade. Mandatory tax deductions are changed, the requirements for the placement of trading facilities are complicated, whole product categories are washed out of the range available to trade. According to the Association of Printed Press Distributors, in 2004, 42 thousand press kiosks operated in Russia, and in 2013 - only 30 thousand, and therefore, there was a loss of a certain part of the purchasing venture.

In March 2013, representatives of the United Russia party said that the tax policy regarding the media should be revised, in particular, tax benefits are deprived of printed publications, with the exception of "socially oriented". Such a concept is supposed to be consolidated in federal legislation.

The guild of publishers of periodic printing (HPP), uniting multimedia publishing enterprises, assesses the position of print media as extremely severe: a real economic war is unleashed against the print media. According to expert estimates, on a whole country, about 10 kiosks are liquidated daily. The departments are planned to change the subscription subscription scheme for periodic prints. The leaders of the leading media, publishers and distributors of printed products appealed in June 2013 to President of Russia V. V. Putin with a request to preserve subsidies allocated by FSUE "Post of Russia" to compensate for damages arising from the provision of subscription services from the population and delivery of newspapers and logs to subscribers.

The state, in addition, refuses to fully fulfill the obligations taken when entering the WTO, to establish duties on easily coated paper at the level of 5%. This is a blow to domestic printing, for which the increase in the price of paper due to the overestimated customs tariff will turn the loss of customers in favor of foreign competitors. It seems that the so-called "death of newspapers" from natural and stretched in time of the process associated with changing the preferences of generations and changes to the audience in the choice of media can turn into a targeted economic suffocation of a competitive, mature and capable of developing the body of printed media.

What does this mean for civil society? First of all, an artificial limitation of the constitutional right of citizens to receive information.

It is obvious that in the foreseeable future, with all the high rates of penetration of mobile and Internet technologies, there will be territories that they are not covered, and where citizens do not have sufficient skills in their use, or deliberately prefer to receive information on paper. Today, even in the Moscow region there are quite a few places where the Internet and mobile communications does not reach sufficient quality to ensure the normal mode of receipt of information. What to talk about less "advanced" regions.

There are not enough evidence that the demand for printed products is not satisfied. In most cities and villages of the Russian Federation, it is difficult to buy not only the federal press, but also a local newspaper; If you can find something, then entertainment products are not the highest quality.

The main trends in the development of regional press in 2013 analyzed the Alliance of Independent Regional Publishers - Henri. Experts point to the stagnation of the advertising regional market: however, in some subjects of the Russian Federation, a slight increase was noted compared with the previous year (up to 7%), in others, a slight decline (up to 10%). Stagnation is continuing or a slight drop in circulation of regional newspapers (from 0% to -12%). At the same time, there is a development of online projects from traditional printed regional publishing houses. As with federal print media, there are problems with a subscription due to the unsatisfactory work of post offices in the field. The tightening of advertising legislation has led to mass checks on the part of the regional units of the FAS, which are not always reasonable warnings. According to Henri, 2013 was marked by a sharp increase in the amount of legal work in the regional media: a prepress check of advertisements and editorial texts, legal challenge of FAS solutions, etc.

In the early years of market reforms for domestic media, attempts to understand their new fate and the new destination are rather through the clarification of relations with the state power than with a civil society. However, the professional community of the media of this period has also found the risk of loss of their own social mission, often demonstrating worldviews in the consciousness of many community members. From here and the desire to find the cherished chance of the transformation of the media from servile institutions of state power or the factory financial and industrial groups in the autonomous corporation of civil society. The journalist community sought to streamline the spontaneous process of self-knowledge, including through the design of its results in the form of charters, codes, etc. Characteristic trends in creating this kind of codes: either abstract moralizing pathos, or technocraticism in circulation of the values \u200b\u200bof professional morality.

Today's journalism is looking for a new identity. At the same time, and in the case when the identification crisis begins to overcome, recognizing itself in the mirror is often very unpleasant. And since the system of reasons for the loss of trust in the media, including the unbelief of the possibility of realization through the media, the citizen's right to access socially significant information has not yet become, as far as we know, the subject of a special study, the lack of reliable analytical and conceptual information, an emotional response to Folding media morals generate catastrophic moods about the moral level of the media community.

To give a rational nature to the diagnosis of the situation, mitigate catastrophicity - either cynicism - sentiment may not so much even a reminder that the longing is caused by the most likely of the morality, which actually, due to the journalistic ethics, how much the offer to reflect the modern vocational and moral media situation in the terms of the ethos - " Spirit "and" Rules of the game "of the Patriotic Press. At the same time, the effectiveness of the analysis of nature and the content of the moral crisis of domestic media is closely related to the inclusion of this analysis in the context of studying the moral crisis of Russian society as a whole.

At the same time, the accuracy of the problem of analyzing and evaluating the values \u200b\u200band rules of "Games", characteristic of modern media, and, moreover, the accuracy of choosing ways to solve it, including such a way as the active codification of domestic media ethics, directly depend From the degree of overcoming and in the ordinary professional-moral consciousness, and in the consciousness of the theoreticals of a number of requiring criticism of stereotypical approaches and judgments that significantly reduce the effect of moral analysis and self-analysis of values \u200b\u200band the rules of the game of the media community.


A special subject of analysis and self-analysis is an exacerbated need for a civil society in adequate media ethnicity, in the respective values \u200b\u200bof civil society, the values \u200b\u200band "rules of the game" of the media. The significance of the design of the ethical consultation-dialogue of the position of the professional media-ethos organized by the project, on the one hand, the position of social ethics - on the other, is that the value of professionalism (from the point of view of the journalist or the media community) is not self-sufficient, because it also implies intent An accented correlation with its values \u200b\u200bof civil society, the essence of which is expressed in the imperative of Hegel: "Be face and respect others as people."

The success of the consultual dialogue is directly due to the understanding of the not simple relationship between the media-ethos and the ethos of civil society. The spirit of civil society, elected as a guide for an altosis of the media, is not so "ideal," as it may seem for those who do not distinguish morality traditional and modern. Not ideal in the sense, in which the imperative of modern morality "be face ..." differs from the values \u200b\u200bof traditional morality.

At the same time, we note that the articulated desire of civil society has already been publicly publicly audited, according to which the media act today, does not exhaust their ambitions only by the consumer's position interested in protecting their rights with a certain "Committee for the Protection of Consumer Interests MEDIA". Enlightened and moral and imputed media are of serious responsibility for the moral development of the civil society itself.

The media is a mirror of society, which is reproducing including its moral state, and therefore they cannot be applied special moral requirements (a judgment option: "Each society has the press that it deserves").

Pluralism (from Latin pluralis - Multiple), 1) Philosophical teaching, according to which there are several (or many) independent beginning of being or grounds for knowledge. The term "pluralism" was introduced by H. Wolf (1712). The type of pluralism is dualism (approves the existence of two principles - material and ideal); The opposite of pluralism is monism (recognizes the unified basis of the entire existing). 2) the characteristics of the democratic political system of society, in which social groups have organizational (institutional) opportunities to express their interests through their representatives (political parties, trade unions, church and other organizations).

The "pluralism of the media" should be understood as a variety of media products, reflected, for example, in the existence of many independent and autonomous media (which is commonly called structural pluralism), and a variety of types and contents (views and opinions) provided to the public. Thus, both structural / quantitative and qualitative aspects are major in the concept of pluralism of the media. It should be emphasized that pluralism is a variety of media provided to the public, which does not always coincide with what is actually absorbed.

Council of Europe: documents on media issues

Council of Europe

Committee of Ministers

Committee of Ministers, under the terms of Article 15, B Statute of the Council of Europe,

Measures to stimulate pluralism media

I. Regulation of property rights: broadcasting and press

States parties should consider making legislation aimed at preventing and counteracting the concentration of media, which may endanger pluralism at the national, regional and local levels.

1. General principle

States parties should monitor the development of new media in order to take any measures that may be needed to protect media pluralism and ensure equitable access: service providers and content - to networks, and the public to new communication services.

2. Principles relating to digital broadcasting

Due to the expansion of the telecommunications sector, the participating States in the redistribution of the frequency spectrum or the allocation of other communication resources as a result of the introduction of digital technologies should pay serious attention to the interests of the broadcasting sector, given its contribution to political and cultural pluralism.

States parties should consider making rules for a fair, transparent and equal to all access to systems and services that are necessary for digital broadcasting providing for the impartiality of the main navigation systems and allowing the regulatory authorities to prevent cases of abuse.

Examples of these measures, States parties should also explore the feasibility and desirability of entering general technical standards for broadcasting services. Moreover, given the fact that the interaction of technical systems contributes to an increase in the selection of the audience and simplify access at a reasonable price, the participating States should strive to achieve the highest possible compatibility between digital decoders.