Compliance with punctuation. Punctuation concept. History of Russian punctuation
General information
In russian language 10 punctuation marks. They play an important role, allow you to correctly understand written speech, provide the writer and reader with an unambiguous understanding of the meaning of the statement and the emotional shades of the sentence. In general, without punctuation marks, the text would be a collection of words. They have a varied range of uses. At first glance, it is difficult to understand their formulation, but you can learn this, you just need to know the punctuation rules.
Functions of punctuation marks
1.Sense-distinctive(they help to correctly convey the meaning of the statement; without a punctuation mark, the phrase would remain incomprehensible; it gives an unambiguous meaning to the phrase; without them, the text would be equivalent (equal to) an unclear set of symbols; they help us to make sure that we are understood unambiguously)
2.Intonation-expressive(punctuation at the end of a sentence denotes the purpose of the statement (message, question, or motivation for action) and the intonation of speech, since ZP also set emotional accents: admiration, discontent, joy, surprise, etc.).
Types of punctuation marks
1.Completion signs(period, question mark and exclamation mark, ellipsis, combination of signs: question mark with exclamation point; question mark with ellipsis; exclamation mark with ellipsis). The meaning of use: a) help to indicate the completeness, completeness of the phrase, expression; b) unambiguously convey the meaning of the statement (a story about something, a question addressed to someone, an incentive to action), i.e. to indicate intonation, to place emotional accents: admiration, discontent, joy, surprise, etc.
2.Separation marks(comma, colon, semicolon, dash). Meaning of use: helps to place semantic accents on a word or phrase in a sentence.
3.Highlight marks(comma, quotes, brackets, dash). Meaning of use: helps to place semantic accents on a word or phrase in a sentence.
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Punctuation marks |
Use |
Examples of wording in the essay |
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Completion sign. The dot unambiguously denotes the end of a sentence in which something is narrated. It indicates the independence of the complete statement. |
I will cite as an example sentence number 3: "It has become quiet in the forest." This is a complete statement, which tells about the onset of evening silence and tranquility. The dot marked the end of the sentence. |
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Ellipsis |
Completion sign. First, it unambiguously indicates the end of the utterance, which could be continued. Secondly, it denotes some kind of meditation, the reflection of the author of the speech, it may indicate incomplete information, understatement, the desire to remain silent or about the uncertainty of the writer. Thirdly, ellipsis is also placed when it is necessary to designate an unexpected transition from one statement to another. Fourth, ellipsis denotes a gap in speech (for example, when quoting). In addition, an ellipsis is placed to indicate interruptions in speech, a hitch caused by various reasons (excitement, for example). |
The ellipsis is at the end of sentence # 17: “How can I explain it to you better…” This punctuation mark indicates the end of a completed statement. The ellipsis indicates that the author is thinking, trying to find the right words to continue his speech. |
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For example, sentences 23 and 24: "Dubrovsky was silent ... Suddenly he raised his head, his eyes sparkled, he stamped his foot, pushed the secretary away ..." There is an ellipsis at the end of both statements. On the one hand, this sign marks the end of a completed utterance, separates one thought from another. On the other hand, ellipsis denotes an unexpected transition from one statement to another, a quick change of events. |
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Take, for example, sentence # 14: "In a department ... but it's better not to name which department." It is no coincidence that Gogol put the ellipsis. This punctuation mark indicates a break in speech, a hitch by the author, apparently pondering whether to indicate the place of action. |
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Exclamation- solid sign |
Completion sign. First, they unambiguously designate autonomy, independence, the end of a statement in which something is narrated or someone is called (prompted) to action. Secondly, they are given an emotional accent, because with the help of an exclamation mark, we also convey the feeling with which we would like to pronounce the phrase (delight, surprise, discontent, doubt, etc.). The sign indicates emotional tension, emotional coloring of speech. |
"What a pity the birds flew away!" This sentence (# 4) is a complete thought. The author, being in the forest, notes with regret that it has become very quiet. His emotional state is underlined by an exclamation mark at the end of a sentence. |
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Question mark |
Completion sign. First, it unambiguously indicates the end of a statement containing a direct question. Secondly, it denotes the intonation with which the sentence should be pronounced (it is interrogative). It can be placed in parentheses to express doubt or bewilderment of the writer. |
Let's look at sentence # 16: "What time is it?" This is a direct question. The finished statement belongs to Paul, the hero of the story, who is awaiting an answer. |
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"The latest (?) Models of domestic cars were presented at the exhibition." Reading this sentence, we understand that the author of the statement doubts, is somewhat unsure of the given fact. |
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First, it is a sign of separation. Separates: a) homogeneous members of the sentence, while marking their boundaries; this sign is placed when listing actions, objects, signs, etc.; b) simple sentences as part of a complex enumeration with the meaning, delimits its parts. Secondly, it is a highlight mark. Separate definitions and circumstances (including participial and adverbial expressions), introductory words and sentences, addresses, interjections, clarifying and explanatory members of the sentence are distinguished by commas. Thus, the comma serves to denote the boundaries of semantic segments that complicate a simple sentence. |
The comma separator is used several times in the sentence: "Daisies, dandelions, buttercups, clover are wildflowers." (№ 13) Here are listed homogeneous members (subjects), connected by a non-union connection. The boundaries between them are indicated by commas. |
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Two simple sentences in a complex non-union (No. 18) are separated by a comma: "Thunder roared, lightning flashed." The punctuation mark indicates the boundaries of the parts of a complex sentence, denotes their autonomy, independence. |
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For example, sentence number 2: "It was raining, slanting and shallow." The comma is used here for a reason. She isolated homogeneous single definitions, which figuratively depict the autumn rain in the city. |
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Colon |
Separation sign. First, it divides simple sentences into a complex one, while the second sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first, explains or explains something. Secondly, it is used after a generalizing word before homogeneous members. In this case, the generalizing word includes all the lexical meaning of a number of homogeneous members that concretize it. Thirdly, the colon separates the words of the author and the actual direct speech. |
Consider the sentence: "I am sad: there is no friend with me." (No. 20) This is a complete statement. It is a non-union complex sentence. It has two parts, with the second explaining the reason for what the first says. The border between two simple sentences is indicated by a colon. |
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"On the rocks, birds rustled: frigates, guillemots, skuas." This simple sentence lists homogeneous terms. These are the subjects that denote the names of the birds. The generalizing word "birds" is used before them. A colon is used to separate it from homogeneous members. |
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The text contains sentence No. 15. It consists of the words of the author of the text ("He asked") and direct speech ("What time is it?"), Belonging to the hero of the story, Vladimir. A colon is placed between these statements, indicating their separation. |
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Semicolon |
Separation sign. A semicolon is placed between simple sentences as part of a complex non-union with the enumeration value if one of the simple sentences already contains a comma (i.e., parts of a sentence are already distributed by homogeneous or separate members, introductory words, appeals, qualifying members, etc.) ). |
The author uses a semicolon in the sentence: “Emerald frogs jump underfoot; between the roots, lifting the golden head, lies already and guards them. " (# 16) The statement is a non-union complex sentence. It consists of two independent, independent parts. The second simple sentence is complicated by the adverbial turnover, which is isolated. Therefore, there is a semicolon between the parts of a complex sentence. |
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Separation sign. First, it is put in a non-union complex sentence in the cases: a) the first part has the meaning of time or condition, b) the second part indicates a consequence, a result, b) the content of the parts is opposed. Secondly, a dash separates direct speech from the words of the author (together with a comma, exclamation or question mark), denoting the end of other people's words and the beginning of a statement indicating who is their author. Third, it can separate the explanatory terms of the sentence. Fourth, the dash is used in place of the missing link between the subject and the predicate (incomplete information). Fifth, this sign is in front of the replica when transmitting a dialogue. Sixth, after the homogeneous members of the sentence, a dash is also placed before the generalizing word. |
Before us is a non-union complex sentence: "The morning will come - let's start our journey." It has two parts (simple sentences), with the first of them indicating the time when the supposed events will take place. Therefore, inside a complex sentence, a dash is placed between relatively independent statements. |
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The dash is used in sentence No. 17: "The smoky sun rises - the day will be hot." It is a non-union complex sentence, consisting of two simple sentences, representing complete statements. The second part indicates the effect (result). Therefore, a dash is inserted between simple sentences. |
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First, quotation marks are used when quoting to indicate that a given statement (complete or part of it) belongs to a person or is an excerpt from a source. Secondly, the quotation marks enclose the direct speech transmitted on behalf of its author. In these cases, quotation marks indicate a change in the author of the statement. Thirdly, quotes mark words used in an unusual, conventional or ironic meaning. |
The author, analyzing the poems of the Russian poet, cites the following lines: "As Blok wrote," and an eternal battle, we only dream of peace. " (sentence number 29) A quotation from the work is enclosed in quotation marks, thereby indicating the change of the author of the speech. |
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For example, sentence No. 27 is a statement by the 19th century Russian critic VG Belinsky: “In literature we honor the“ table of ranks ”and are afraid to talk about“ high persons ”. In the words of the writer, we hear irony, and therefore some of the words are enclosed in quotation marks. |
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Highlight mark. It is used when we want to clarify, clarify something, add additional information to the statement. |
"In the summer (most likely in July) we will go on a cruise in the Black Sea." After reading this sentence, we see the circumstance of time "in the summer", which is specified by the words "most likely in July". Clarifying members of the proposal that provide the necessary information are enclosed in brackets. |
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Combination of exclamation mark with ellipsis |
A combination of completion signs. First, it (the combination) unambiguously denotes the end of the utterance. Secondly, an emotional emphasis is placed. with the help of V.Z. we also convey the feeling with which we pronounce the phrase, and with ellipses indicate some meditation, the reflection of the author of the speech, it may indicate an understatement, a desire to keep something silent or a quick transition from one statement to another (put at the end of the paragraph). |
Sample sentence: Unlikely!.. |
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Combination of question mark with ellipses |
A combination of completion signs. First, it (the combination) unambiguously denotes the end of the utterance. Secondly, V.Z. denotes the intonation with which the sentence should be pronounced (it is interrogative). Thirdly, the author, combining V.Z. with ellipses, indicates a kind of meditation, reflection, understatement. |
Sample sentence: What is his charm? In his mind? .. In his eyes? .. |
Sample composition
Period and ellipsis are important punctuation marks in writing
Period and ellipsis are important signs of writing. The dot is one of the completion signs, it denotes the intonation of the end of the utterance and is placed at the end of the declarative sentence, which expresses the finished thought. Without this sign, we would not have paused between statements, and therefore would not have understood where one thought ends and another begins. The dot denotes the intonation of the end. An ellipsis can also end a phrase, but the function of the punctuation mark is different. Arguing on any topic, narrating about something, the author of a speech, it happens, does not dare to express his thought completely, he is silent about something. The ellipsis is needed to express this innuendo and reflection. Moreover, it can be combined with both question marks and exclamation marks. In the first case, the author asks about something, in the second he expresses emotions (surprise, joy, etc.). In addition, it happens that this sign is also used inside a sentence when it is quoted
someone's statement is not complete. We put ellipsis in place of the missing words.
Let's look at an excerpt from the text. Drawing his hero, the author describes his speech (sentence number 24), pays particular attention to the voice (sentence number 25), the manner of communicating with people. Having said this, N. Heinze ends his thoughts, which are narrative sentences, so at the end we see dots. Talking about the impression Bersenyev made on those around him, the writer cites as an example the words of some of them: "How can I tell you ... I don't know ... but he is charming." The ellipsis here is no coincidence. With its help, it is emphasized how women think, try to understand what the hero attracted to him. And N. Heinze himself, immersed in his thoughts, wonders what Bersenyev's charm is: "In his mind? .. In his look? .. Or in his voice? .." These questions he, thinking, asks himself, but I am not immediately ready to answer them, and therefore here the ellipsis is combined with a question mark.
So, dot and ellipsis are important signs of writing.
30. Principles of Russian punctuation.
Punctuation is a collection of rules for setting punctuation marks, as well as the very system of punctuation marks used in writing.
The main purpose of punctuation is to indicate the semantic division of speech. So, the statement of the dot indicates the completeness of the sentence from the tz of the writer.
At the same time, punctuation marks serve to identify various semantic shades inherent in individual parts of the written text. For example, posing a question of a sign at the end of a sentence indicates not only the division of speech, but also the question of the nature of the sentence, its special type in terms of the purpose of the statement. The choice of a sign between the parts of the BSP, conditioned by this or that understanding of the relationship of these parts, in turn serves as a means of identifying semantic relationships between them. The presence or absence of a comma between two definitions preceding the defined word is associated with the understanding of these definitions as homogeneous or heterogeneous.
So, in a number of cases, punctuation marks are the foundations or the only means of revealing the meanings of relations in a written text that cannot be expressed using grammars and lexical means. Forming together with the letters a common graphic system of the language, punctuation marks perform special functions in it.
Punctuation in Russian is based largely on a syntactic basis. However, this does not mean that punctuation reflects the syntactic structure of a sentence, obeys it: the latter, in turn, is determined by the meaning of the utterance, therefore, the outcome of the moment for the structure of the sentence and for the choice of punctuation marks is the semantic side of speech. Wed cases of setting a punctuation mark not related to syntactic rules, for example, setting the so-called intonation dash: 1) I could not walk for a long time; 2) I could not walk for a long time.
The Russian punctuation system is very flexible: along with the mandatory rules, it contains instructions that are not strictly normative and allow punctuation options necessary to express the semantic shades and stylistic features of the written text. These are punctuation options associated with the isolation or non-isolation of turns with words except, instead of, in addition, due to, due, thanks, etc.
It should also be noted that the majority of punctuation marks are “polysemous” (variety of use of comma, dash, colon and other signs).
Basic functions of punctuation marks
In terms of their general functions, first of all, distinguishing characters (period; question mark, exclamation mark, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, ellipsis) and highlighting (two commas, two dashes, brackets, quotes) are distinguished. The function of a punctuation mark is also performed by a paragraph - writing on a new line.
According to their functional qualities, they are close to the comma, semicolon, point. These signs are placed when listing syntactically equivalent units: homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a sentence, separate sentences. they can replace each other. But this is precisely what makes it possible to use their "quantitative" difference: a decrease in the degree of semantic cohesion of the shared components of the utterance. However, the apparent functional similarity of these signs does not at all mean their identity. For example, the experiment with the interchangeability of comma and semicolon with homogeneous terms connected by adversarial relations fails.
The ellipsis, along with the general separating function, has a number of specific, varied meanings, which most often reflect the emotional coloring of speech. This is a sign that conveys understatement, reticence, interruption of thought, often - its difficulty, caused either by great emotional stress, or by reasons of a different plan. It can convey the meaningfulness of what has been said, indicate subtext, hidden meaning, it can emphasize illogism.
The colon warns of further clarification and explanation. This function of the sign is revealed by different meanings: causation, justification, disclosure of content, concretization of the general concept: A bright day has come: snow lay on the ground, clouds melted in the sky, the sun appeared.
Dash is a sign of very widespread use. It means all kinds of omissions: skipping a bundle in the predicate, skipping members of a sentence in incomplete and elliptical sentences, skipping adversarial conjunctions: In addition, one aunt had to send money to Vladivostok, and another to Kiev. 2nd dash function - semantic: the transfer of the values of the condition, time, comparison, effect, opposition and comparison, in cases where these values are not expressed lexically; in the final analysis, this is also a fixation of a kind of gaps: to fight alone - life cannot be turned over. The indicator of "surprise" - semantic, compositional, intonational; in such cases, the sign conveys the emotional intensity of speech (dynamism, sharpness, rapid change of events, etc.): It seemed one more minute - and the escorts would rush to him.
As a formal delimiter, the dash is used, for example, in the design of direct speech, in the delimitation of dialogue replicas: - Are you very tired, Efim? - I cannot be tired, I have to work all day ... (Prishv.).
Interrogative and exclamation marks form the corresponding sentences: Where have you seen such a transparent sea? Nowhere! When did you live among such kind and honest people? Never!".
Paragraph indentation serves the purpose of highlighting significant parts of the text. The reasons for highlighting can be different, and therefore the specific functions of the paragraph are tied to the target setting of the text. For example, when delimiting the replicas of a dialogue, the paragraph is a formal means of delimitation. In a monologue of an organized text, a paragraph performs either a logical-sense function (divides the text into logically and by meaning - thematically - unified parts), in which a sequential transition from one thought to another is recorded, or an expressive-emotional function, when a paragraph breaks the logical-sense sequence statements, and then serves as a bright stylistic means of highlighting.
The specificity of the paragraph division is determined by the target setting of the text itself, its compositional features, in artistic texts - moreover, by the author's modality.
Highlighting characters - commas, dashes, brackets - highlight especially significant parts in a sentence; special significance is manifested in the complement of meanings to the load (separate members of the sentence), in a specific function (addresses, interjections, introductory words, phrases and sentences), in the transmission of additional messages (plug-in constructions). The difference in the degree of emphasis is emphasized by the choice of distinguishing signs: in terms of the degree of excretory significance, the signs form a gradation series from commas (lower degree) to dashes (medium degree) and, finally, to brackets (the highest degree of emphasis, bordering on the complete exclusion of the structure from the composition of the sentence).
Javl marks and quotes. The general functional uniqueness of quotation marks (emphasis) does not prevent them from having a variety of particular meanings. Quotation marks highlight someone else's speech in the text - a section of a word belonging to another author, quotes, direct speech. People say about the blind rain falling in the sun: "The princess is crying." The words unusually used by the author are highlighted - for example, the words are of little use, foreign style, used in the ironic sense, in the opposite meaning, with a double meaning, etc. And if you live according to the new law, then there can be no “suddenly”, there are reasons for everything (Prishv.) Quotation marks are a means of highlighting various names - orders and medals, letters of works, newspapers, magazines; enterprises, organizations; production of products, car brands; plant varieties, etc.
The general functions of punctuation marks, as well as, more often, implemented in the semantic-grammatical conditions of specific texts, create the basis for the individual use of signs of the punctuation system. Such signs are associated with the author's understanding of what is written and usually convey the emotional structure of speech.
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Principles of Russian punctuation. Functions of punctuation marks. Russian language lesson. Grade 11.
Punctuation (late Latin punctuatio, from Latin punctum - dot), the system of punctuation marks in the writing of any language, the rules for their use; their arrangement in the text; along with graphics and spelling, it is the main element of writing.
It is known that there were no punctuation marks in books until the 15th century. And how many punctuation marks are there in the Russian punctuation system at the present time? Do we know how to use the opportunities provided by a harmonious system of punctuation marks?
Principles of Russian punctuation Structural principle Semantic principle Intonation principle
The use of punctuation marks is primarily due to the structure of the sentence, its syntactic structure. The basic principle on which modern Russian punctuation is built is the structural (or syntactic) principle. The structure of a sentence is associated with the use of: a point that fixes the end of a sentence; signs between parts of a complex sentence; signs that highlight a variety of constructions in a simple sentence (isolated members, homogeneous members, circulation, introductory, etc. constructions). ...
For example: It is known, 1 (that, 2 (in order to see the desired mushroom in the forest, 3 a bird, 4 lurking in the branches, 5 a bird's nest, 6 a nut on a branch - 7 in one word, 8 everything), 9 (which rarely comes across and one way or another hides from the eyes), 10 must be kept in the imagination), 11 (what you are looking for). 12 Here punctuation marks reflect the structure of the sentence: 1 - a comma separates the clause from the main; 2 - comma at the junction of unions with successive subordination of clauses; 2, 10 - commas allocate subordinate clauses within another subordinate clause in sequential subordination; 3, 6 - commas separate homogeneous members connected non-union; 4, 5 - commas highlight the participle after the word being defined; 7 - dash after a homogeneous row before the general word; 8 - comma marks the introductory construction; 9, 11 - commas separate subordinate clauses in case of sequential subordination; 12 - the dot indicates the end of the sentence.
The second principle, on which punctuation rules are based, is the principle of semantic syntactic division of a text (including a separate sentence) is associated with its semantic division and in most cases coincides with it. However, it often happens that the semantic division of speech subjugates the structural one and dictates one or another arrangement of punctuation marks (their choice or place).
Place punctuation marks in the next phrase (the title of one of the articles of the newspaper "Argumenty i Fakty") to get several options for semantic content. Stop chewing let's read Stop! Let's chew, read ... Enough. Chew? Let's! Read? Stop chewing - let's read. (An article about the need to carefully study what is written on the product packaging.) What were you guided by when placing punctuation marks? What is the function of the dash in this sentence? The dash in the BSP, in the second part, the opposition is expressed in relation to the content of the 1st part (the union a, but can be inserted between the parts).
The conceptual principle also allows the so-called "copyright" signs. For example: Without a twig in his hand, at night, he, without hesitation, galloped alone on the wolves (I. Turgenev). The first two commas are "copyright" signs, they are not required by the sentence structure. But thanks to this author's isolation, the features that are indicated by circumstances without a twig in the hand, at night, turn out to be highlighted, their exclusivity is emphasized. In the absence of commas, this connotation of meaning, important for the author, disappears.
Russian punctuation partly reflects intonation (and this is the third, intonation principle). For example, intonation determines: the choice of a period or an exclamation mark at the end of a sentence (non-exclamation or exclamation intonation), the choice of a comma or an exclamation mark after the address, the setting of an intonation dash, etc.
However, there is no literal match between punctuation marks and intonation. This is manifested, on the one hand, in the fact that not all pauses in writing correspond to punctuation marks, and on the other hand, in the fact that a comma can be used where there is no pause in oral speech. For example: 1) In a sentence Short speeches / are always more meaningful / and are able to cause / a strong impression (M. Gorky) three pauses, but there are no punctuation marks. 2) In the sentence Under the arm, the boy was carrying some kind of knot / and, turning to the pier, / began to descend along a narrow and steep path (M. Lermontov) between the union and the verbal participle, turning the comma there, and there is no pause in oral speech; on the contrary, there is a pause before this union, but not a comma. Thus, modern punctuation is based on structure, meaning, and intonation articulation of speech in their interaction.
Functions of punctuation marks Emphasis, -: "" () Separating. ? ! ; ,
Punctuation marks Function of marks Example 1 Dot Dividing the text into grammatically and semanticly significant parts 2 Ellipsis A. Separating B. Sign of emotional stress C. Emphasizes the lack of exhaustion of the transmitted content D. Signal of intentional skipping of parts
3 Exclamation mark A. They convey the appropriate intonation B. Indicate the purpose of the sentence or its emotional coloring 4 Question mark
5 Comma A. Dividing the text into grammatically and semantic meaningful parts B. Highlighting especially significant parts in the sentence 6 Semicolon Dividing the text into grammatically and semantic meaningful parts
7 Dash A. It means skipping a link in the predicate (the subject and the predicate are expressed by a noun, numeral, infinitive, a phrase with a noun in SP) B. It means skipping the members of a sentence C. Transfer of the meanings of a condition, time, comparison, consequence, comparison in the BSP D. Separates homogeneous members from the generalizing word E. Means compositional, intonational, semantic surprise F. Isolation of especially significant parts in a sentence (isolation, isolation of words and combinations that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence)
8 Colon Explanatory and explanatory (separates homogeneous terms from the generalizing word, the author's words from direct speech, parts of the BSP) 9 Brackets Highlighting especially significant parts in the sentence (isolation, highlighting words and combinations that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence) 10 Quotation marks Highlighting quotations, "Someone else's speech"
Read the text. Highlight the grammatical basis of the sentence, indicate how it is expressed. Explain the use of punctuation marks and their function. 1. Russia is not only a state ... 2. It is a superstate, an ocean, an element that has not yet taken shape, has not fallen into its intended shores. 3. It has not yet flashed in perfected and faceted concepts in its originality, as a rough diamond begins to sparkle in a diamond. 4. She is still full of forebodings, fermentations, endless desires and endless organic possibilities. Russia is an ocean of lands, swinging a whole sixth of the world and holding the West and East in the touch of its open wings. Russia is seven blue seas; mountains crowned with white ice; Russia - furry bristles of endless forests, carpets of windy and flowering meadows. 7. Russia is endless snows, over which dead silver blizzards sing, but on which the scarves of Russian women are so bright, snows from under which dark violets and blue snowdrops emerge in gentle springs. 8. Russia is a country of unheard-of, richest treasures that ... are hidden in its deep bowels. 9. Russia is a country of Byzantine domes, ringing and blue incense that rush from the great and extinct heiress of Rome - Byzantium, the second Rome. 10. And they give Russia an unheard-of beauty captured in Russian art.<...>
Homework: 1) continue filling in the table "Functions of punctuation marks", defining the functions of the comma in the text of the exercise ...; 2) write a miniature essay "Dots - traces on the tiptoe of the words gone" (VV Nabokov).
Puktuatsiya(late Latin punctuatio, from Latin punctum - dot) is
Collection of rules for setting punctuation marks;
Placement of punctuation marks in the text;
Same as punctuation marks.
Punctuation marks indicate the boundaries of independent, complete sentences, serve to separate parts of a complex sentence, to highlight some members of the sentence. At the same time, punctuation marks perform the function of conveying certain semantic shades.
For example:
What's the news today?(= question, "what happened?"). - What's the news today?(= statement, "something amazing has happened")
The first wounded soldier came(= "One of the fighters"). - The first wounded came– fighter(Pan.) (= "The first to come, the wounded was a fighter").
Punctuation as a system of punctuation marks and rules for their use is a necessary component of the written form of speech. Punctuation is mandatory and public; the meaning and use of punctuation marks is determined by the norm, which is the same for the writer and the reader. A text written without punctuation marks (and without capital letters!) Is read three to five times slower than a text that is well-formed. With the help of punctuation, the division of the text, its purposefulness, structure and the main features of intonation are conveyed.
For example:
Lightning flashed far over the sea and a dull clap of thunder was heard.
- How stuffy before the storm!- said von Koren.- I bet that you have already been to Laevsky and cried on his chest.
- Why should I go to him?- answered the doctor, embarrassed. - Here's another!(Ch.)
Russian punctuation is based on two principles:
- syntactic;
- semantic.
The correct placement of punctuation marks helps the writer to more accurately express their thoughts and feelings, and the reader - to perceive them correctly.
The importance of punctuation rules and the ability to apply them correctly is practically a necessary skill. As A.P. Chekhov, punctuation marks serve as "reading notes."
The principles of Russian punctuation are the foundations of modern punctuation rules that determine the optimal use of punctuation marks. It must be remembered that the purpose of punctuation marks is to help reflect the sounding speech in writing in such a way that it can be understood, reproduced unambiguously, without options. The task is very difficult. Punctuation marks reflect the semantic and structural division of speech, as well as its rhythmic and intonational structure.
It is hardly possible to build all the rules on one principle - semantic, formal or intonation.
For example, the desire to reflect all the structural components of intonation would greatly complicate punctuation, since all pauses would have to be marked with signs.
For example:
My father \\ was a poor peasant;
The moon has risen over the forest;
Grandfather asked Vanya \\ to chop and bring firewood etc.
The absence of signs in such positions does not make it difficult to read texts, reproduce their intonation. Not reflected by punctuation marks with full consistency and formal structure of the sentence.
For example:
homogeneous compositional rows for single and: Signs are associated with everything: with the color of the sky, with dew and fogs, with the cry of birds and the brightness of starlight(Paust.)
Modern punctuation is based on meaning, structure, and rhythmic-intonational division of the utterance in their interaction.
Punctuation marks are graphic (written) marks needed to dismember the text into sentences, to convey the features of the structure of sentences and their intonation in writing. Punctuation marks are used according to the rules that are necessary for the writer and reader to equally understand the meaning and structure of the text.
Russian punctuation marks include:
1) a period, a question mark, an exclamation mark are signs for the end of a sentence;
2) comma, dash, colon, semicolon are signs of separation of parts of a sentence;
3) brackets, quotation marks ("double" signs), which highlight individual words or parts of a sentence, for this, a comma and a dash are used as paired characters; if the construction to be highlighted is at the absolute beginning or at the end of a sentence, then one comma or dash is used: I missed the village like a puppy locked up (T.); Besides rivers, there are many canals in the Meshchora region(Paust.); “Hey, and you. where, mother?"- “And there, - home, son" (Tv.);
4) ellipsis; being a "semantic" sign, it can be placed at the end of a sentence to indicate the special significance of what has been said, or in the middle to convey confused, difficult or agitated speech: What is dinner? Prose. Here is the moon, the stars ...(Acute); “Father, don't shout. I will also say ... well, yes! You're right ... But your truth is narrow to us ... "- "Well, yes! You ... you! How ... you formed ... and I'm a fool! And you..."(M.G.)
A special, complex meaning is conveyed by combinations of punctuation marks. So, the use of interrogative and exclamation marks together forms a rhetorical question (that is, an intensified affirmation or denial) with an emotional connotation.
For example:
Who among us has not thought about war there ?! Of course everyone thought(Sim.);
A scoundrel and a thief, in a word. And to marry such a person? Live with him ?!(Ch.)
Combining different meanings can be achieved by combining a comma and a dash as a single punctuation mark (more often they can be placed side by side, each according to its own rule: for example, a dash in a non-union complex sentence after a comma that does not convey isolation).
For example:
The sky has cleared over the forest- the pale sun poured on the gray bell towers of Whitemouth(Paust.) - grammatical homogeneity, the enumeration is transmitted by a comma, and with the help of a dash the meaning of the effect-result is emphasized; Wed: You, brother, - this is battalion. Regiment. Division(Tv.) - a dash is used between the subject and the predicate (before the particle-link this is), and commas are the reference
Punctuation marks are provided for in punctuation rules. If the setting of different signs is allowed, then usually one of them is the main one, that is, it is given an advantage. So, plug-in constructions are distinguished, as a rule, by brackets.
For example:
In a few days the four of us (not counting the all-seeing and omnipresent boys) became so friends that the four of us walked almost everywhere(Paust.)
It is allowed to highlight a plug-in structure using two dashes.
For example:
And in mid-May there was a thunderstorm and such a downpour that down the street- it was not even, but sloping - a whole river of yellow water rolled violently(S.-Ts.)
For parentheses, this use is the main one, and for a dash it is one of many and secondary.
Variants of the use of punctuation marks are provided for by the rules for the design of non-union complex sentences.
For example:
when explaining or motivating, instead of the main colon, a dash is used: Parting is illusory- we will be together soon(Ahm.).
When separating definitions and applications, dashes can be used along with commas: Sea- gray-haired, wintry, unspeakably gloomy - roared and rushed behind thin sides, like Niagara(Paust.); Colored autumn- evening of the year - smiles at me lightly(March.).
It is possible to highlight separate definitions and applications with two characters - a comma and a dash at the same time: A calm courageous whistle flew- oceanic, in three tones(Paust.)
Variants of the setting of signs are allowed by some other rules: in particular, a comma and semicolons in a non-union complex sentence, a comma and an exclamation mark when addressing, an exclamation mark and an interrogative with an exclamation point when a rhetorical question, etc.
In some cases, there is variance in the possibility of using or not using punctuation marks.
For example, turnover with prepositions except along with and others ("standalone addition") may not be highlighted if used with the meaning of inclusion; introductory words are highlighted inconsistently: indeed, in fact, first of all, predominantly and others (they can be highlighted together with the attached noun).
Optional (optional) punctuation marks are marks that are not clearly defined by punctuation rules. Their use is associated with the transfer of a pause in writing, which either reflects the omission of a word (a dash is placed in the place of the gap).
For example:
No, comrade, do not forget in a cruel war: war has a shortcut, love- distant(Tv.);
I wanted to eat belt - tighter, into the hands of a rifle and to the front(M.), or emphasizes the absence of a grammatical connection between adjacent word forms that do not constitute a phrase (a dash is put in this place) this scream- thirst for the storm(M.G.);
Outside the city- field. In the fields- villages. Peasants in the villages(M.).
On the issue of the foundations of Russian puktuations, three main directions have emerged:
Logical,
Syntactic,
Intonational.
The theoretician of the logical, or semantic, direction was F.I. Buslaev, who formulated the purpose of punctuation as follows: “Since through language one person conveys his thoughts and feelings to another, then punctuation marks have a double purpose:
1) promote clarity in the presentation of thoughts, separating one sentence from another or one part of it from another,
1) express the sensations of the speaker's face and his attitude towards the listener. "
In modern Russian studies, the semantic understanding of the foundations of Russian puktuatsii found expression in the works of S.I. Abakumov and A.B. Shapiro. The first of them considered the main meaning of punctuation to indicate the division of speech into parts that are important for expressing thoughts in writing. A.B. Shapiro saw the main role of punctuation in the designation of those semantic relations and shades that, being important for understanding the written text, cannot be expressed by lexical and syntactic means.
The syntactic direction in the theory of punctuation, which has become widespread in the practice of teaching it, proceeds from the fact that punctuation marks are designed primarily to make the syntactic structure of speech clear, to highlight individual sentences and their parts. The most prominent representative of this trend, J.K. Groth believed that through the main punctuation marks "an indication of a greater or lesser connection between sentences, and partly between the members of sentences" is given, which serves "to facilitate the reader's understanding of written speech."
Representatives of the intonation theory of punctuation believe that punctuation marks serve to denote the rhythm and melody of a phrase, otherwise phrasal intonation (L.V. Shcherba), that in the vast majority of cases they reflect not grammatical, but declamatory-psychological dismemberment of speech (A.M. Peshkovsky ) and are needed "to convey the melody of speech, its tempo and pauses" (LA Bulakhovsky).
Despite the differences in the views of representatives of different directions, they have in common the recognition of the communicative function of punctuation as an important means of formalizing written speech: punctuation marks indicate its semantic division. At the same time, to a large extent, Russian punctuation is built on a syntactic basis, as shown by the wording of most punctuation rules. In some cases, Russian punctuation is also associated with intonation. All this gives the Russian punctuation system great flexibility: along with the mandatory rules, it contains instructions that are not strictly normative and allow punctuation options associated not only with the semantic side of the written text, but also with its stylistic features (D.E. Rosenthal).
The basic unit of punctuation is punctogram (from Latin punctum - dot and Greek gramma - written sign, record) - a punctuation mark regularly reproduced in written speech, corresponding to the rules of punctuation, for example, a dash between the subject and the predicate, a dot at the end of a sentence, a colon in a non-union complex sentence, a colon and a dash in a sentence with a generalizing word for homogeneous members, commas when separating minor members (definitions, applications, circumstances, etc.), brackets for inserted constructions, etc. The list of punctuation marks corresponds to the list of private punctuation rules. According to the degree of generalization of the reflected rule, punctograms are of different types, for example, a comma for homogeneous members with connecting unions or, in general, for homogeneous members. The concept of a punctogram also includes the absence of a sign in one or another place of a sentence, if this absence is significant, i.e. regulated by the rules, for example, the absence of a comma between parts of a compound sentence with a common term, the absence of a comma between two subordinate clauses connected by a union and. The terms "punctuation" and "punctuation mark" are not identical: the first includes the name of the syntactic unit drawn up by the sign, the second only indicates an element of the graphic system of the language.
The term "punctogram" originated in the 70s. 20th century by analogy with the term spelling. It is used as a "working" term among the school's methodologists, is used in the methodological and didactic literature addressed to teachers, is used in combinations such as: punctograms studied in the 8th grade; a list of punctograms studied in the 4th grade; punctograms associated with the allocation of the structural parts of the sentence. However, in school practice itself, the term has not been fixed (the combination "punctuation rules" is used instead), and is not registered in linguistic dictionaries, incl. terminological.
In a literary text, punctuation marks primarily perform the general function of Russian punctuation, that is, they carry out grammatical and semantic division of the text. One of the common tasks of punctuation is to participate in the transmission of the intonation of a sentence in writing. For a literary text, this task is very important. Reading ("reproducing") it requires a particularly expressive intonation. On this occasion, the writer KG Paustovsky spoke figuratively and very accurately: "Punctuation marks are like musical notes." Therefore, the author of a literary text - a prose writer, poet and, especially, a playwright - must take into account the need for a correct "reading" of the signs.
Colons and dashes have a special semantic capacity and expressiveness, which the authors sometimes use one instead of the other, wishing to enhance any shade of meaning.
For example:
Turkin knew that in this fight he was weaker: not those grubs(TV.) - the colon, in accordance with the rule, conveys the meaning of motivation, reason;
Let the crowd trample my crown: the singer's crown, the crown of thorns(L.) - the colon is used instead of the "correct" dash and emphasizes the explanatory meaning
A dash is often used instead of a comma to convey (and read) a pause; this feature of intonation attracts attention, enhances the meaning of the effect, opposition.
For example:
Listen! After all, if the stars light up- means- Does anyone need it?(M.);
You know what, violin? We are terribly alike: I'm yelling too- but I can not prove anything!(M.)
Finally, the dash is used as a purely "author's" punctuation mark, which denotes and forces a pause to be played (according to general rules, there should not be any sign in this place). This emphasizes the significance of what was said, especially the part of the statement after the dash.
For example:
Of the law- no. There is- command. To the left, all around the march! AND- go!(M.G.)
The ellipsis performs various functions in a literary text; they mainly relate to the depiction, expressiveness of speech. Most often, this punctuation mark makes speech agitated or difficult. It is also used when the speaker stops looking for a word (or words).
For example:
You have to agree that with this worker you behaved ... pretty stupid(M.G.)
The ellipsis can also indicate that the speech is reporting unexpected turns of events.
For example:
The argument is louder, louder; suddenly Evgeny grabs a long knife, and instantly Lensky is defeated; terrible shadows thickened; an intolerable scream resounded ... the hut swayed ... And Tanya woke up in horror ...(NS.)
With the help of the ellipsis, an interrupted utterance is drawn up, and inarticulate speech is also transmitted.
For example:
What right do you have? How dare you? Yes, here I am ... I serve in St. Petersburg. I, I, I ...(G.)
For example:
I know everything myself! I AM- saw the sky ...(MG) - here the dash conveys a pause, with the help of which the speaker emphasizes the significance of what was said, as well as his own "significance";
Machine-gun fire shaved area. Embankments- empty(M.)
Copyright punctuation marks are not arbitrary and "empty", they convey any additional meaning. Most often, dashes and ellipsis are used as copyright marks. The dash usually emphasizes the opposition and emphasis of the second (after the sign) part.
For example:
Born to crawl- cannot fly! ..(M.G.);
A I want to sleep after long chases, I will fly to you- moth on fire(Born.);
Will they pop up again? Well, on the defensive today- I am...(Tv.);
How can you go against the law? And you- let's go!(M.G.)
The ellipsis can be used in a similar way, but most often it conveys confused, agitated or difficult, "clumsy" speech.
For example:
Lived better ... yes! I ... used to ... wake up in the morning and, lying in bed, I drink coffee ... coffee!- with cream ... yes!(M.G.)
For example:
Meadow- swamp- field- field, over the willow river. Breathing sweetly in the wild! All flowers are beautiful!(Balm.)
Punctuation - this is
1) the system of punctuation marks;
2) norms and rules for the use of punctuation marks, historically formed in Russian writing;
3) a section of linguistics that studies punctuation marks and the rules for their use in writing.
The main purpose of punctuation is to help the reader understand the written text, its structure, syntactic and semantic. Text written without punctuation marks reads three to five times slower than formatted text. (Lecant)
At the heart of the word punctuation lies the root -pa-, from which words such as comma, kick, obstacle and others. All these words contain, to one degree or another, the meaning of an obstacle, obstacle, situation, delay. Likewise, punctuation marks coincide with stops in speech, with intonation, with the transition to a new thought, to a new concept.
PUNCTUATION RULE
A punctuation rule is an instruction that specifies the conditions for choosing a punctuation mark (that is, its use or non-use). The conditions for choosing a punctuation mark are grammatical, semantic and intonational features of sentences and their parts.
Note. The place in a sentence where punctuation marks are needed can be found by identification signs (signs). Identifying signs of the application of punctuation rules:
1) morphological: the presence of participles, gerunds, interjections, unions, individual particles;
2) syntactic: the presence of two or more grammatical foundations, addresses, introductory words, isolated members of a sentence, homogeneous members, someone else's speech;
3) sound: pronunciation with vocative and other types of intonations;
4) semantic: expression of reason, etc.
(MT Baranov, T. Kostyaeva ... A guide to the Russian language for students)
PRINCIPLES OF PUNCTUATION
1. Intonation principle... (L.V.Shcherba, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.A. Bulakhovsky) Punctuation marks are indicators of rhythm and melody of speech. (Russian punctuation partly reflects intonation: a dot in the place of a large drop in voice and a long pause; question and exclamation marks, intonation dash, in some cases ellipsis, etc.. (...)
Warm wind blowing from the south, died down.
A sharp wind blowing from the west suddenly suddenly died down.
2. Syntactic (grammatical) principle.(J. K. Groth) punctuation marks make the syntactic structure of speech clear, highlight individual sentences and their parts. This is reflected in the wording of most of the punctuation rules:
as a point, fixing the end of a sentence; signs at the junction of parts of a complex sentence (when we mean their delimiting role); signs that distinguish various constructions, but are not grammatically associated with it, that is, they are not members of it (introductory words, combinations of words and sentences; insertions, references; interjections); signs for homogeneous members of the proposal; signs that highlight applications, definitions - participial phrases and definitions - adjectives with dependent words, standing immediately after the defined word or torn from it by other members of the sentence (...)
3. Logical (semantic) principle. punctuation provides comprehension of the text. (But quite often it happens that the semantic division of speech subjugates the structural one, that is, the concrete meaning dictates the only possible structure.
For example: Three in front of a photo, tense(I. Ilf).
The three are tense before the photo.
The semantic principle in the placement of punctuation marks is revealed especially clearly when separation, as well as in case of connecting members of the proposal (...) The specific shades of meaning fixed in a sentence can (...) vary, and therefore in punctuation based on such a principle, there is always something subjective, individual (...)
CONCLUSIONS: all three principles operate in it not in isolation, but in unity (...) It is now possible to single out the principles separately only conditionally, for the convenience of study (...)
Thus, if we take into account that the syntactic units of speech are created in order to convey thoughts and emotions, it becomes obvious that all three principles operate in a single punctuation system. (Valgina)
Intonation and punctuation are children of the same father - the meaning of speech.
Some cases of intonation and punctuation mismatch
1) There is no pause, but there is a comma:
He made several jumps, but realizing that he could not catch up with them, he fell behind.
It is strange for us to hear that if a person is sick, he should have money for a doctor.
After learning what had happened, they immediately arrived.
Output:“by ear” letter is a source of errors.
2) There is a pause, but no comma.
Cut through a century-old pine forest, the clearing went far beyond the horizon.
Back in the fall, the Nazis burned the village for contact with the partisans.
And sailing to other lands in sea water, you will not find another such Russia anywhere.
Punctuation marks and their functions.
11 punctuation marks:
period (.), question mark (?), exclamation mark (!),
ellipsis (...), comma (,), semicolon (;), colon (:),
dash (-), brackets (round) (), quotation marks ("") paragraph (red line)
Functions of the RFP:
Separating (dot,?,!,;, ...,:, red line) - separate text segments from each other
Emphasis (brackets, quotes, single dashes and commas)
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