Kaluga State Pedagogical

University named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky

Institute of Social Relations

Department of Social Pedagogy and Organization of Work with Youth

Course work

Organization of youth leisure activities

FOMINOY NATALIA YURIEVNA

Kaluga 2010


Introduction

Chapter I. Theoretical aspects of the sociological analysis of youth leisure

1.1 The concept of leisure, free time

1.2 Functions, tasks and features of leisure

1.3 Leisure social institutions

Chapter II. Features of leisure activities for young people

2.1 Leisure preferences of different types of young people

2.2 Sociological study of leisure preferences of young people in the city of Kaluga

Conclusion

Bibliography


Introduction

Currently, the sociocultural situation is characterized by a number of negative processes that have emerged in the sphere of spiritual life - the loss of spiritual and moral guidelines, alienation from culture and art of children, youth and adults, a significant reduction in the financial security of cultural institutions, including the activities of modern cultural and leisure centers.

The transition to market relations causes the need for constant enrichment of the content of the activities of cultural institutions, methods for its implementation and the search for new leisure technologies.

Organization of various forms of leisure and recreation, creation of conditions for full self-realization in the field of leisure.

One of the urgent problems of the activities of cultural and leisure institutions on the way to solving this problem is the organization of youth leisure. Unfortunately, due to the socio-economic difficulties of society, the large number of unemployed, the lack of a proper number of cultural institutions and insufficient attention to the organization of youth leisure by local authorities and cultural and leisure institutions, non-institutional forms of youth leisure are developing. Leisure time is one of the important means of shaping the personality of a young person. It directly affects his production and labor sphere of activity, because in the conditions of free time, recreational and restorative processes take place most favorably, relieving intense physical and mental stress. The use of free time by young people is a kind of indicator of their culture, the range of spiritual needs and interests of a particular personality of a young person or social group.

As part of free time, leisure attracts young people with its unregulated and voluntary choice of its various forms, democracy, emotional coloring, the ability to combine non-physical and intellectual activities, creative and contemplative, production and play. For a significant part of young people, social institutions of leisure are the leading areas of social and cultural integration and personal self-realization. However, all these advantages of the leisure sphere of activity have not yet become a property, a familiar attribute of the lifestyle of young people.

The practice of youth leisure shows that the most attractive forms for young people are music, dance, games, talk shows, KVN, however, not always cultural - leisure centers build their work based on the interests of young people. It is necessary not only to know today's cultural demands of the young, to anticipate their change, but also to be able to respond quickly to them, to be able to offer new forms and types of leisure activities.

Improving leisure activities today is an urgent problem. And its solution should go actively in all directions: improvement of the economic mechanism, development of concepts for cultural institutions in the new conditions, content of activities, planning and management of leisure institutions.

Thus, the current stage of development of a cultural and leisure institution is characterized by a transition from criticism of the existing situation to constructive solutions.

Interest in the problems of youth is permanent and stable in Russian philosophy, sociology, psychology, and pedagogy.

The socio-philosophical problems of youth as an important social group of society are reflected in the studies of S.N. Ikonnikova, I.M. Ilyinsky, I.S. Kopa, V.T. Lisovsky and others. A significant contribution to the study of youth leisure was made by G.A. Prudensky, B.A. Trushin, V.D. Petrushev, V.N. Pimenova, A.A. Gordon, E.V. Sokolov, I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada. Works on self-development and self-realization of the individual in the field of leisure (A.I. Belyaeva, A.S. Kargin, T.I. Baklanova), on the psychology of personality (G.M. Andreeva, A.V. Petrovsky) are close to the problem we are studying. and etc.). Yu.A. Streltsov, A.D. Zharkov, V.M. Chizhikov, V.A. Kovsharov, T.G. Kiseleva, Yu.D. Krasilnikov.

The purpose of the work is to study the features of the organization of youth leisure in the conditions of cultural and leisure centers and highlight practical recommendations for its improvement.

Research objectives:

1. Determine the essence and functions of youth leisure.

2. Consider the socio-cultural technologies of youth leisure.

3. Highlight the leisure preferences of different types of young people.

4. Determine a sociological study of the leisure preferences of young people in the city of Kaluga.

Chapter I. Theoretical aspects of the sociological analysis of youth leisure

1.1 The concept of leisure, free time

Leisure, the part of non-working time that remains with a person after the performance of immutable non-productive duties (moving to and from work, sleeping, eating, and other types of domestic self-service). Leisure activities , can be divided into several interrelated groups. The first of these includes study and self-education in the broad sense of the word, i.e., various forms of individual and collective assimilation of culture: attending public entertainment events and museums, reading books and periodicals, listening to radio and watching television programs. Another, most intensively developing group in the leisure structure is represented by various forms of amateur and social activities: amateur activities and hobbies (hobbies), physical education and sports, tourism and excursions, etc. An important place in the sphere of leisure is occupied by communication with. other people: classes and games with children, friendly meetings (at home, in a cafe, at leisure evenings, etc.). Part of leisure is spent on passive recreation. Socialist society is fighting to oust various “anti-culture” phenomena (alcoholism, antisocial behavior, etc.) from the sphere of leisure.

The fruitful use of leisure by a person is an important task of society, because when he carries out the process of his leisure communication with art, technology, sports, nature, as well as with other people, it is important that he does it rationally, productively and creatively.

So what is leisure? There is still no generally accepted definition of this concept. Moreover, in the specialized literature, leisure has a wide variety of definitions and interpretations.

Leisure is often identified with free time (F.S. Makhov, A.T. Kurakin, V.V. Fatyanov and others), with extracurricular time (L.K. Balyasnaya, T.V. Sorokina and others). .). But is it possible to equate free time with leisure? No, because everyone has free time, and not everyone has leisure. There are many interpretations of the word "leisure". Leisure is an activity, a relationship, a state of mind. The multitude of approaches makes it difficult to understand what leisure means.

Leisure is able to combine both rest and work. Most of the leisure in modern society is occupied by various types of recreation, although the concept of "leisure" includes such activities as continuing education, community work on a voluntary basis.

The definition of leisure falls into four main groups.

Leisure as contemplation associated with a high level of culture and intelligence; it is a state of mind and soul. In this concept, leisure is usually considered in terms of the efficiency with which a person does something.

Leisure as an activity - usually characterized as an activity not related to work. This definition of leisure includes the values ​​of self-realization.

Leisure, like free time, time of choice. This time can be used in a variety of ways, and it can be used for work-related or non-work related activities. Leisure is considered as the time when a person is engaged in what is not his duty.

Leisure integrates the three previous concepts, blurs the line between "work" and "not work" and evaluates leisure in terms of describing human behavior. Includes concepts of time and relation to time.

Max Kaplan believes that leisure is much more than just free time or a list of activities aimed at recovery. Leisure should be understood as a central element of culture, with deep and complex connections with the general problems of work, family, politics.

Leisure is fertile ground for young people to test fundamental human needs. In the process of leisure, it is much easier for a student to form a respectful attitude towards himself, even personal shortcomings can be overcome through leisure activity.

Leisure helps to get out of stress and petty anxieties. The special value of leisure lies in the fact that it can help the student to realize the best that he has.

It is possible to single out real leisure (socially useful) and imaginary (asocial, personally significant) leisure.

Real leisure is never separated from both the individual and society. On the contrary, it is a state of activity, the creation of freedom from the necessary daily activities, time for rest, self-actualization, entertainment.

Imaginary leisure is, first of all, violence, either on oneself or on society, and as a result, the destruction of oneself and society. Imaginary leisure, due to the inability to spend one's time, is an aimless pastime, leading to antisocial acts.

Based on the above, the following main characteristics of students' leisure can be deduced:

Leisure has pronounced physiological, psychological and social aspects;

Leisure is based on voluntariness in the choice of occupation and degree of activity;

Leisure involves not regulated, but free creative activity;

Leisure forms and develops personality;

Leisure contributes to self-expression, self-affirmation and self-development of the individual through freely chosen actions;

Leisure stimulates creative initiative;

Leisure is the sphere of satisfaction of the needs of the individual;

Leisure contributes to the formation of value orientations;

Leisure forms a positive "I - concept";

Leisure provides satisfaction, cheerful mood and personal pleasure;

Leisure contributes to the self-education of the individual;

Thus, it can be stated that the essence of student leisure is the creative behavior (interaction with the environment) of people in a spatio-temporal environment free to choose the type of occupation and degree of activity, determined internally (needs, motives, attitudes, choice of forms and methods of behavior) and externally (factors generating behavior).

In our time, the needs and interests of young people are constantly changing and growing, and the structure of leisure is also becoming more complex. Leisure time is unevenly distributed among different groups of the population. Therefore, it is necessary to develop differentiated forms of organizing leisure activities for various groups of the population. This organization should include various activities. In age, professional, social status, people are heterogeneous. Different categories of people differ from each other in needs, level of cultural and professional readiness, budgets for free time and attitude towards it. Just this should be taken into account in the work of modern cultural and leisure institutions, they should offer people the most effective leisure activities in each specific case, freedom of choice and the opportunity to change different types of activities.

Let us briefly characterize these communities from the point of view of social psychology. To do this, let's start with the characteristics of the personality itself.

To improve leisure activities, it is of great importance to understand the processes, connections and relationships that take place in the so-called small groups. They are the central link in the "individual-society" chain, because the degree of harmony in the combination of public interests with personal interests and the interests of the microenvironment surrounding a person depends to the greatest extent on their mediation.

In the whole cycle of social sciences, a group is understood as a real-life formation in which people are gathered together, united by some common feature, a kind of joint activity. And for the socio-psychological approach, the character has a slightly different angle of view. Performing various social functions, a person is a member of numerous social groups, he is formed, as it were, at the intersection of these groups, is the point at which various group influences intersect. This has two important consequences for the individual: on the one hand, it determines the objective place of the individual in the system of social activity, on the other hand, it affects the formation of the individual's consciousness. The personality is included in the system of views, ideas, norms, values ​​of numerous groups. So, a group can be defined as "a community of interacting people in the name of a conscious goal, a community that objectively acts as a subject of action."

1.2 Functions, tasks and features of leisure

Creative activity is the "generic essence of man", realizing which "he transforms the world" (K. Marx). Leisure is a zone of active communication that satisfies the needs of students in contacts. Such forms of leisure as an amateur association of interests, mass holidays are a favorable area for realizing oneself, one's qualities, advantages and disadvantages in comparison with other people.

In the field of leisure, students are more open to the influence and impact on them of the most social institutions, which allows them to influence their moral character and worldview with maximum efficiency. In the process of collective leisure pastime, the feeling of camaraderie is strengthened, the degree of consolidation increases, labor activity is stimulated, a life position is developed, and norms of behavior in society are taught.

The life activity of students is extremely saturated and relatively strictly regulated, and therefore requires large expenditures of physical, mental and intellectual forces. Against this background, leisure helps to relieve tension. It is within the framework of leisure time that the restoration and reproduction of lost forces takes place, that is, the recreational function is realized.

Moreover, the inherent human desire for pleasure is also mainly realized in the sphere of leisure.

Any activity is based on the general laws of its development. Leisure develops according to its own laws, principles, theoretically substantiated and tested in practice.

It is known that there are the following principles of leisure activities:

1. The principle of universality and accessibility - that is, the possibility of involvement, involvement of all people in the field of activity of leisure institutions in order to satisfy creative potentials, their leisure needs and interests.

2. The principle of amateur performance - is implemented at all levels: from an amateur association to a mass holiday. Self-activity, as an essential property of a person, ensures a high level of achievement in any individual and collective activity. The principle of an individual approach - involves taking into account individual requests, interests, inclinations, abilities, opportunities, psychophysiological characteristics while ensuring their leisure. A differentiated approach ensures the comfortable state of each participant of the leisure action.

3. The principle of systematic and purposefulness - involves the implementation of this activity on the basis of a systematic and consistent combination of continuity and interdependence in the work of all social institutions designed to ensure people's leisure. This is the process of a limited transformation of a person into a social being, into an active and creative person, living a full life in harmony with himself and society.

4. The principle of continuity - involves cultural interaction and mutual influence of generations. The implementation of the principles of leisure organization in practice, in terms of its impact on the individual, goes far beyond the scope of leisure pastime, it is a large-scale social action, the purpose of which is the diversified development of a person's personality.

A person is relatively easily able to formulate the goals and motives of his leisure, but it is difficult for him to talk about the functions of leisure, i.e. about its holistic purpose and place in life.

Leisure creates opportunities for a person to realize the needs and aspects of his internal development, which is impossible to the full in the business sphere, in the household, against the backdrop of everyday worries. Thus, compensatory functions are realized, since freedom of action and choice is limited in utilitarian areas of practice. Here, a person is far from always able to realize his creative potential, turn to his favorite activities, experience an entertaining effect that relieves internal stress, etc.

Special attention should be paid to the educational and educational functions of leisure. At first glance, it may seem that they are significant mainly for children and youth. Indeed, during the period of socialization and individual development of the individual, leisure acquires a great educational value. At the same time, these functions remain the most important even in a more mature age of a person. At this time, to a lesser extent, but still it is necessary for him to broaden his horizons, maintain social ties, and respond to the demands of the time. In adults, researchers call such processes not upbringing, but secondary socialization, which, in essence, is also associated with individual development. Leisure has ample opportunities to carry out this secondary socialization of adults and the elderly with the greatest effect.

In everyday life, leisure activity performs many different functions of a recreational, health-improving and therapeutic type. Without their implementation, many people inevitably develop a state of stress, increased neuroticism, mental imbalance, turning into stable diseases.

In addition, leisure activity allows a person to realize the opposite vectors of his existence. On the one hand, leisure activities create the possibility of interpersonal interaction with many strangers (during holidays, mass spectacles, travel, etc.) and thus give rise to a sense of unity, the general connection of people with each other. On the other hand, a person at leisure often seeks to be left alone, to feel the pacifying effect of solitude, to think about those aspects of his life that in everyday worries do not fall into the focus of his attention. At the same time, on vacation, a person easily makes acquaintances, interacts spontaneously and friendly with different people. But this freedom allows a deeper understanding of the special significance of close people, to realize the role of family relations.

In general, leisure activity is capable of performing the functions of improving the psyche, developing the inner world, and expanding the individual living environment. Thus, leisure integrates many disparate aspects of a person's life into a single whole, forming in him ideas about the fullness of his existence. Without leisure, the life of a modern person would not only be flawed, it would lose one of its basic cores, it would become unbearable.

1.3 Leisure social institutions

There are established institutions and organizations, the functioning of which is aimed at the "inclusion" of individuals in society. These are cultural and leisure institutions, sports complexes, scientific and technical centers, etc., operating in the field of leisure, with the expansion of the boundaries of which the socializing impact on students also increases.

TYPES OF MODELS OF SOCIALIZATION OF STUDENTS IN THE SPHERE OF LEISURE

Types of social and leisure institutions:

General model (mandatory)

Special model (voluntary)

(auxiliary)

family, educational institutions, secondary schools, boarding schools, special boarding schools, vocational schools, colleges, technical schools, universities, etc.

Media, theaters, cinemas, creative unions, technical and sports societies, mass voluntary organizations.

family, parks, libraries, technical stations, cultural and leisure centers, sports complexes, music, choreographic, art schools

However, leisure itself is not an indicator of values. The most important thing is the nature of its use, the degree of its social saturation. Leisure can be a powerful stimulus for personal development. Therein lie its progressive possibilities. But leisure can turn into a force that cripples a person, deforms consciousness and behavior, leads to a restriction of the spiritual world and even to such manifestations of asociality as drunkenness, drug addiction, prostitution, and crime.

Important is the leisure institution, which by its nature is a multifunctional and mobile institution, capable of uniting and actively using all social institutions that have a socializing effect on the individual. In its highest forms, leisure activities serve the purposes of education, enlightenment and self-education of the younger generation.

The features of youth leisure include the originality of the environment of its course. The parental environment, as a rule, is not a priority center for spending leisure time for young people. The vast majority of young people prefer to spend their free time outside the home, in the company of their peers. When it comes to solving serious life problems, young people willingly accept the advice and instructions of their parents, but in the field of specific leisure interests, that is, when choosing forms of behavior, friends, books, clothes, they behave independently. This feature of youth age was accurately noticed and described by I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada: “.. for young people to “sit in company” is a burning need, one of the faculties of a life school, one of the forms of self-assertion! leisure, despite the scale of the growth of the "free time industry" - tourism, sports, librarianship and club business - with all this, young people stubbornly "get lost" in the company of their peers. This means that communication in a youth company is a form of leisure that a young person needs organically. The craving for communication with peers is explained by the great need of young people for emotional contacts.

A notable feature of the leisure activities of young people has become a pronounced desire for psychological comfort in communication, the desire to acquire certain skills in communicating with people of various socio-psychological backgrounds. Communication of young people in the conditions of leisure activities satisfies, first of all, the following needs:

in emotional contact, empathy;

in information;

in joining forces for joint action.

The need for empathy is satisfied, as a rule, in small, primary groups (family, group of friends, youth informal association). The need for information forms the second type of youth communication. Communication in the information group is organized, as a rule, around "erudite", persons who have certain information that others do not have and which is of value to these others. Communication for the sake of joint coordinated actions of young people arises not only in the production and economic, but also in the leisure sphere of activity. The whole variety of forms of communication among young people in the context of leisure activities can be classified according to the following main features:

by time (short-term, periodic, systematic);

by nature (passive, active);

according to the direction of contacts (direct and indirect).

Each person develops an individual style of leisure and recreation, attachment to certain activities, each has his own principle of organizing free time - creative or uncreative. Of course, everyone rests in their own way, based on their own capabilities and conditions. However, there are a number of general requirements that leisure must meet in order to be complete. These requirements stem from the social role that leisure is called upon to play.

In today's socio-cultural situation, youth leisure appears as a socially recognized need. Society is vitally interested in the effective use of people's free time - in general, social and environmental development and spiritual renewal of our entire life. Today, leisure is becoming an ever wider area of ​​cultural leisure, where the self-realization of the creative and spiritual potential of young people and society as a whole takes place.

Youth leisure implies a free choice of leisure activities by a person. It is a necessary and integral part of a person's lifestyle. Therefore, leisure is always considered as the realization of the interests of the individual associated with recreation, self-development, self-realization, communication, health improvement, etc. This is the social role of leisure.

The significance of these needs is extremely great, because the presence of only external, even if defining conditions, is not enough to achieve the goals of the comprehensive development of a person. It is necessary that the person himself wants this development, understands its necessity. Thus, active, meaningful leisure requires certain needs and abilities of people. Undoubtedly, leisure should be varied, interesting, entertaining and unobtrusive. Such leisure can be provided by providing an opportunity for everyone to actively show their initiative in various types of recreation and entertainment.

In modern cultural and leisure institutions, it is necessary to strive to overcome the consumer attitude to leisure, which is inherent in many people who believe that someone, but not themselves, should provide them with a meaningful free time. Consequently, the effectiveness of the use of youth leisure largely depends on the person himself, on his personal culture, interests, etc. A person's activity in his free time is determined by his objective conditions, the environment, the material security of the network of cultural and leisure institutions, etc.

The activities of a cultural and leisure institution and its improvement depend not only on the skillful organization of leisure, but also on the consideration of psychological and pedagogical factors. The activity of young people in the field of free time is based on voluntariness, on personal initiative, on an interest in communication and creativity. In this regard, there are questions of communication in teams, and the typology of leisure behavior. Therefore, one can speak about the content of events, about the forms and methods of work only when the psychology of the individual and the psychology of groups, the psychology of collectives and the masses are taken into account. Realizing the goal of developing creative abilities, taking into account personal initiative and voluntariness in leisure conditions, the type of activity of people, leisure organizers create such events that include programs for self-development and creativity. This is a fundamental difference between activities in the conditions of a cultural and leisure institution, from regulated conditions (educational process, labor activity), where the development and enrichment of the individual are of such a voluntary nature.

But under these conditions, it is impossible not to take into account the general psychological characteristics of a person, which are manifested in cognitive and creative activity. Therefore, it is impossible to abandon the general methods of pedagogical influence on the individual. The object of these influences in a cultural institution is each individual and a group of people, a team, an unstable audience and various social communities visiting a cultural and leisure institution. No wonder they say that cultural and leisure institutions are an intermediary between the individual and society.

All these conditions must be taken into account in the organization of youth leisure and in its improvement.

The structure of leisure consists of several levels, which are distinguished from each other by their psychological and cultural significance, emotional weight, and degree of spiritual activity.

The simplest kind of leisure is rest. It is designed to restore the forces expended during work and is divided into active and passive. Passive rest is characterized by a state of rest, which relieves fatigue and restores strength. What you are doing does not matter, as long as you can be distracted, freed from tension, get emotional release. Habitual simple activities at home induce a mood of peace. It can be a simple connection or flying, reading newspapers, a board game, casual conversation, an exchange of opinions, a walk. Recreation of this kind does not set far-reaching goals; it is passive, individual. contains only the beginnings of positive leisure.

And, nevertheless, such rest is an integral element of human life. It serves as a preparatory degree for more complex and creative activities.

Active recreation, on the contrary, reproduces the strength of a person in excess of the initial level. It gives work to the muscles and mental functions that have not been used in labor. A person enjoys movement, a quick change of emotional influences, communication with friends. Active rest, unlike passive, requires a certain minimum of fresh strength, strong-willed efforts and preparation. It includes physical education, sports, physical and mental exercises, tourism, games, watching movies, visiting exhibitions, theaters, museums, listening to music, reading, friendly communication.

Researchers identify three main functions of outdoor activities: restorative, development and harmonization. The first provides a person with a physiological norm of health and high performance, the second - the development of his spiritual and physical strength, the third - the harmony of soul and body. In general, many aspects of the personality can be developed and improved by active recreation, if the disabled person has a well-developed ability to relax. It is a kind of art, which consists in the ability to know the capabilities of one's body and make a choice of the most suitable activities at a given time.

Sociologists, psychologists, and economists have established a direct relationship between work and leisure. In cultural - leisure activities, a number of studies have also been carried out in this area. The most accurate and fruitful are the studies of Yu.A. Streltsov, who believes “that any type of free activity carries both the function of recuperation and the function of developing knowledge and abilities of a person. However, one of these functions is predominant, dominant: as a type of activity, it tends to develop a person or mainly restore his strength, of course, recreation and entertainment are closely intertwined with each other, but there are also differences.

Youth leisure, as if taking over the baton of teenage leisure, consolidates, and in many respects lays in a young person such habits and skills, which then will completely determine his attitude to free time. It is at this stage of a person's life that an individual style of leisure and recreation is developed, the first experience of organizing free time is accumulated, attachment to certain activities arises. In young years, the very principle of organizing and spending free time is determined - creative or non-creative. Traveling will beckon one, fishing the other, invention the third, light entertainments the fourth ...

Of course, everyone rests in their own way, based on their own capabilities and conditions. However, there are a number of general requirements that leisure must meet in order to be complete. These requirements stem from the social role that leisure is called upon to play.

Based on this, we will formulate the requirements for organizing and spending leisure time for young people. First of all, it is necessary to approach it as a means of education and self-education of a person, the formation of a comprehensively, harmoniously developed personality. When choosing and organizing certain activities, forms of leisure activities, it is necessary to take into account their educational value, to clearly understand what personality traits they will help to form or consolidate in a person.

The most prominent social value of youth leisure is revealed from the point of view of the problem of the destiny of a person, the meaning of his being.

These words, which formulate the life task of everyone, especially a young person, express the ideal of our society - a comprehensively, harmoniously developed personality.

The task of a person to comprehensively develop his abilities has a special character. The fact is that the formation and development of abilities can be realized on the basis of meeting needs.

Observations of the work of club associations convince us that in order for leisure to become really attractive for young people, it is necessary to build the work of the institutions and organizations that provide it for the interests of every young person. It is necessary not only to be well aware of today's cultural demands of the young, to anticipate their change, but also to be able to quickly respond to them by regulating the appropriate forms and types of leisure activities.

Now the work of many institutions of culture and sports increasingly includes sociological research, with the help of which they try to study the leisure needs of young people.

The magazine "Sotsis" conducted a study on the preferences of urban youth (on the example of Zelenograd.)


Table No. 1 Young people's leisure preferences

Leisure activities

Share of respondents

Reading books, magazines

Watching TV shows, videos; listening to radio broadcasts, audio cassettes

Folk crafts (knitting, sewing, weaving, embroidery)

Artistic crafts (drawing, modeling, phytodesign, painting on various materials, etc.)

Composition (poetry, prose)

Computer (games)

Computer (programming, debugging)

Sports, healthy lifestyle

pet care

Socializing with friends

Difficult to answer

Interest clubs (cynologists, lovers of bard songs, environmentalists, fans of running, football)

Sport sections

Visiting the ice rink, swimming pool, sports grounds on your own

Foreign language courses

Sections and circles of technical creativity

Sections and circles of folk crafts

Teaching music, dancing, drawing, etc.

Electives at educational institutions

Visiting the library, reading rooms

Cinema visits

Theater visits

Discos

Visiting cafe bars

Dacha, household plot

Mass holidays, festivities

professional association

Political associations

Communication with peers in free clubs

Difficult to answer

The survey data shows that the bulk of today's youth prefer passive entertainment more often than active. Only a small part of the respondents devotes their free time to education, knowledge and self-development.

Life suggests that the leisure of young people has always been interesting and attractive, depending on how it met the tasks of comprehensive education, how much the organization of free time for boys and girls combined the most popular forms of activities: sports, technical and artistic creativity, reading and cinema, entertainment and game. Where they do this, they first of all seek to overcome the consumer attitude to leisure inherent in the part of young people who believe that someone from the outside, but not themselves, should provide them with a meaningful free time.

As you know, among the most popular types of leisure among young people, physical education and sports dominate, providing not only health, normal physical development, but also the ability to control oneself, one's body. By the way, the attitude of an individual to his physical constitution is an indicator of his true culture, attitude to the rest of the world. Convenient forms of familiarization with physical culture and sports are sports clubs, sections, health groups. As evidenced by the experience of Severodonetsk, where jogging clubs, a teenage wrestling club, a weightlifting club, a tennis school, a cafe-club "Chess", tourist associations, sports and technical sections, the friendship of the population with sports and physical education is not only capable of to improve his health, but also to create a special living environment, a special mood. People not only work better, relax, but also understand each other. Possession of special mental exercises creates the foundations of mental self-regulation, reduces the time for the restoration of nervous forces.

It is possible to single out the most attractive forms of entertainment for young people: spectacles, light music, dances, games, TV programs such as games and spectacles, KVN. Today, in view of the rise of the spiritual needs of young people, the growth of their level of education, culture, the most characteristic feature of youth leisure is the increase in the share of spiritual forms and ways of spending free time in it, combining entertainment, saturation with information, the possibility of creativity and learning new things. Interest clubs, amateur associations, family clubs, circles of artistic and technical creativity, discos, youth cafe-clubs have become such "synthetic" forms of leisure organization.

The most serious way of spending free time, designed directly not for consumption, but for the creation of cultural values, is gaining momentum - creativity. The element of creativity is contained in many forms of youth leisure, and opportunities to create are open to everyone without exception. But if we mean the actual creative forms of leisure, then their essence lies in the fact that a person devotes his free time to creating something new.

So, leisure makes it possible for a modern young person to develop many aspects of his personality, even his own talent. For this, it is necessary that he approach leisure from the standpoint of his life task, his vocation - to develop his own abilities in a comprehensive way, to consciously shape himself. What are the most common trends and problems of modern youth leisure?

It would seem that now the possibilities of filling free time are inexhaustible. Everything is available to a modern young person: self-education, going to the cinema and theater, going in for sports, meaningful communication with friends, nature, etc. But this is in theory, but in practice it is not so simple. Because of this, the problem of improving youth leisure comes to the fore.

The sphere of youth leisure has its own characteristics. The leisure of young people is significantly different from the leisure of other age groups due to its specific spiritual and physical needs and its inherent social and psychological characteristics. These features include increased emotional, physical mobility, dynamic mood swings, visual and intellectual susceptibility. Young people are attracted to everything new, unknown. The specific features of youth include the predominance of search activity in it. It is possible to single out the most attractive forms of entertainment for young people: spectacles, light music, dances, games, TV programs such as games and spectacles, KVN. Today, in view of the rise of the spiritual needs of young people, the growth of their level of education, culture, the most characteristic feature of youth leisure is the increase in the share of spiritual forms and ways of spending free time in it, combining entertainment, saturation with information, the possibility of creativity and learning new things. Interest clubs, amateur associations, family clubs, circles of artistic and technical creativity, discos, youth cafe-clubs have become such "synthetic" forms of leisure organization.

Thus, the task of cultural and leisure centers is the maximum implementation of developing leisure programs for young people, which are based on the principle of simple organization, mass character, inclusion of unused youth groups. Improving the organization of cultural forms of youth leisure will provide it with the opportunity for informal communication, creative self-realization, spiritual development, and will contribute to the educational impact on large groups of young people.

Chapter II. Features of leisure activities for young people

2.1 Leisure preferences of different types of young people

All these types of communication are present in the daily life of a young person, both in their pure form and in the form of interpenetration. Therefore, taking into account the increase from type to type of the variety of social ties, the proposed typology is as follows.

The first type is conditionally named by us “FAMILY MAN”. Young people of this type are characterized by a fairly narrow and traditional social circle, focusing mainly on stable contacts with relatives, neighbors and acquaintances, in some cases with colleagues at work (study), as well as simple and “home” forms of leisure (reading, TV, radio, newspapers, housework and just relaxing). Among today's youth, this type is not widespread and accounts for about 12% of respondents.

The second type, the prevalence of which is incomparably wider (about 30% of young people) is “SOCIABLE”, which, unlike the more withdrawn “family man”, focuses primarily on contacts with a wide circle of friends. Representatives of this type use more advanced forms of leisure - a computer, music, hobbies. Mandatory and regular meetings with friends are almost the dominant form of social life here.

The third type (approximately 25% of respondents) implies the presence in the life of young people of regular social contacts outside the established family and friendship circle and can be called “FUN”. Its representatives not only passively communicate with friends, but also visit cinemas, theaters, concerts, cafes, bars and youth clubs together. The entertainment-consumer aspect of communication and leisure becomes very significant for them. Among the “entertainers”, the proportion of fans of modern music is the highest.

The fourth type of youth can be defined as "SOCIALLY ACTIVE". It unites about 25% of young people who are more focused on developing forms of communication and leisure (visiting sports clubs, museums, exhibitions, classes in circles, interest groups, additional classes for the purpose of self-education, etc.) than on simple recreation and meetings with friends, and the attitude to free time here becomes more selective. Such a way of life is impossible without social and recreational costs (material, physical and intellectual), which makes it active and organized, thereby disciplining its followers. The “socially active” type is one of the richest in terms of social participation, and this brings it closer to the lifestyle of young people adopted in the West (we are talking about representatives of the middle class).

The fifth type - "SPIRITUAL" - lives, as it were, away from society, limiting himself to established family and family ties. It is here that the tendency of isolation from the actual youth environment manifests itself with the inevitable impoverishment of leisure, and this environment itself is replaced by a circle of spiritual or ideological like-minded people, mentors, etc. Representatives of this type, as a rule, regularly attend church, other religious meetings or take an active part in the work of any political associations. However, we note that the religious or political participation of the youth of the 90s is extremely insignificant. “Spiritualized” account for a total of less than 5% of respondents.

The sixth type - "HARMONIOUS" - means the usefulness of social ties and covers about 4% of young people. Along with the “socially active” type, it implies a versatile lifestyle that maximizes all forms of social communication and leisure that are characteristic of representatives of the other types mentioned above.

Young people are more focused on friends than family. This is her main difference from the older generation. Deviations in the prevalence of different types of communication in individual regions are associated with both socio-economic factors (state of the local economy, financial situation and income of the population) and cultural (traditions, views, preferences). In dynamically developing regions of the country, young people have significantly more chances and opportunities for enriching their social life than in depressive and crisis zones.

2.2 Sociological study of leisure preferences of young people in the city of Kaluga

For the purposes of this course work, we conducted a survey on the topic "Leisure activities of youth".

A total of 120 people aged 14 to 27 were interviewed. Of these: 15 - students, 62 - students, 43 - working youth. We set a goal to determine the most popular types of leisure activities, to identify preferences in leisure activities depending on family status, occupation, etc.

A hypothesis was put forward that: more than 60% of young people are passive, family and working youth prefer passive recreation, male schoolchildren prefer to spend time at the computer, most of the schoolchildren just walk with friends and participate in anti-cultural events, most of the students spend their free time at night clubs.

Based on the results of the survey, proposals were formed to improve leisure. Students lack: trips to cities in Russia or abroad, creative development, communication with new people, sports events, joint trips to the skating rink, the opportunity to play with their musical group in public, rock concerts affordable prices for young people, drawing circles, acting, a quality rock club, hiking trips, going to the cinema and swimming pool. Students want more: mass actions, internat-cafes, interesting projects for self-realization, free classes, hiking, free clubs, help in realizing creative abilities and publishing their creativity, interesting sightseeing trips, free trips to the cinema, trips to international climbing competitions . They also asked for assistance in building a skatepark. Indeed, there are some difficulties with the organization of leisure within the walls of educational institutions, we conducted a survey among KSPU students, and we identified the following problems. Table 1.

Table 1 Problems with the organization of leisure within the walls of the KSPU

Leisure activities
Problems

Sports

Weak technical base, no sports complex, bad organization. No tennis court, no pool.

Dance lessons

You have to pay for classes, poor information. As a rule, an already established team, not everyone who wants to accept

Computers

There are few places in computer classes, Internet access is limited.

Learning foreign languages

Paid, high cost of education

Discos

Not held at all

General problems of leisure organization

There is little time left for leisure. If time remains, then often the time of the sections coincides with the time of the classes.

Students receive little information about the opportunity to spend leisure time within the walls of the KSPU.

The hypotheses were not justified. Most of the youth prefer active recreation. Schoolchildren do not play computer games as often as expected, computer games are even in fifth place in the rating of dislikes. The hypothesis was justified that schoolchildren prefer to just go out with friends, and this is the most popular form of recreation for students. Visiting nightclubs is not in the first place in terms of preference, but there are no strong dislikes about this either. Students more than students do not like to sit at home for needlework, do housework, but they devote much more time to creativity and self-education. But students are more willing to go in for sports than students. Students more often than pupils sit behind computer games.

To the question “How often do you have free time that you can devote to your favorite pastime?” The majority of respondents tend to answer “several times a week”. Among the answers to the question "What do you do in your free time?" The first places are occupied by: visiting discos and bars, gatherings with friends, spending time with your loved one.

At the last positions now are visiting interest groups, needlework, housekeeping. Reading books and magazines, self-education, watching television and going to the cinema, theaters and exhibitions were and are constantly in the middle of the preference rating.

When asked what is the best vacation for me, working youth and students are now more and more inclined to answer “to be alone” and “to communicate only with close people”, while, on the contrary, we observe the opposite trend among students, today 89% of respondents prefer active recreation.

To the question “Is there enough places in the city to meet your leisure needs?” opinion has not changed. As before, the number of those who believe that it is “enough” (47%) is not much higher than those who believe that it is “not enough” (41%).

The pastime of students of 1-3 courses and senior students is significantly different. Thus, of the younger one-third go in for sports, 20% go to the cinema, 15% use their time for self-education, and about 64% go to nightclubs. By the fourth year, only 12% remain faithful to sports, 10% continue to engage in self-education, interest in cinemas is growing and already a third of students visit them. 73% of undergraduates are active visitors to nightclubs.

Why do students go to nightclubs? The main motive is a party (more than 50%). Further, the motives of girls and young people diverge. So, for girls, the attractiveness of nightclubs is determined by the opportunity to dance. The strong half prefers communication at the bar, and the older the student, the more pronounced this motive.

There are those who do not visit nightclubs at all. More than 60% of them do not like loud music, noisy environment, 40% refer to the lack of time, 15% are not satisfied with the price of an entrance ticket or the distance of clubs from home.

To the question "What is special about the nightclub that you like the most?" - 40.4% answered: music, disco, the opportunity to dance, 36.2% - friends, a special contingent of people, 19% - design, furniture, interior. For students aged 20-24, friends, a special contingent of people are the determining factor of sympathy for a particular club, while for the age of 17-19 years - the opportunity to dance, listen to music.

Music/light music turned out to be the most significant factor - for 63.8% it is important. The students have the most neutral attitude towards the presence of billiards and a bar in a nightclub. With age, the role of the image of a nightclub increases.

Thus, at present, the majority of students are active visitors to nightclubs.

The most popular places of recreation are Karpov Square, Victory Square, City Park of Culture and Leisure, Theater Square, Trinity, Senatra, Lampaclub, Youth clubs, cafes, coffee houses, Park named after. K.E. Tsiolkovsky.

Respondents were asked the question "What could the city authorities do to meet your needs?". 42% of respondents ask to build a new swimming pool, stadium, gym, 31% - to organize free interest clubs, 18% - to create youth organizations that would promote collective recreation (for example, hiking), 9% - to create structures that allow young people to communicate with governing authorities.

If there was an opportunity to become a member of any organization, then the youth would choose the organization:

a) sports orientation 45%

b) creative orientation 33%

d) intellectual plan 22%

In the course of the study, an acute contradiction was revealed between the increase in free time among young people and the possibilities of its qualitative saturation. Judging by the figures, there is a tendency for a certain part of the youth to spend their leisure time in front of the TV, computer, which to some extent reduces the time for self-education, self-development and creativity.

The conclusion suggests itself: young people suffer from dangerous social weakness, the cause of which is the deterioration of the moral climate in society, the quality of human communication, and social well-being in general. To the question: "What types of cultural leisure do you prefer?" The answers were distributed as follows. It turns out that only about 30% of respondents visit libraries, and most of them are students of 1-3 courses. Cinemas were preferred by 47.57%, nightclubs and cafes - by 33.66%. Slightly more than 3 percent of respondents preferred participation in amateur performances and sports sections as a form of leisure. In recent years, sociologists sadly state, the role of reading among young people has declined. This was immediately reflected in the spoken language. She became tongue-tied. If young people read, then, as can be seen from the survey, these are adventures and detective stories. It is not real communication that is very popular today, but virtual communication, such sites as Odnoklassniki, VKontakte, and of course the most popular means of communication can be called ICQ.

How do young people imagine a cultured person? This concept includes, first of all, education, knowledge of the native language, the history of one's people and foreign languages. At the same time, our young people do not have such concepts as good manners, tact, honesty, etc. in their ideas about a cultured person. Today, the youth of Kaluga consider it more important and valuable to have a prestigious job (70.04%), big money (70.04%), a family (52.24%), to occupy a high position in society (36.83%), to be healthy (25.84%). The values ​​of the following order are less significant for young people: to be intellectually developed (13.67%), to receive a high salary (13.67%), to be independent (10.86%), honest (7.68%), act according to conscience ( 3.93%), to be educated (3.18%). (Diagram 1).

Diagram 1. Value orientations of young people in the city of Kaluga

Analyzing the data obtained during the surveys, we can conclude that students, students and working youth have a clearly formed opinion on leisure issues. Views change depending on the season, social status, and in connection with the development and maturation of both Russian youth and the country itself.


Conclusion

At present, the problems of youth leisure are attracting more and more attention of scientists. This is largely dictated by the scale of the changes that characterize this area of ​​life. It becomes possible to talk about the growing role of leisure for young people and, as a result, about the increase in its influence on the process of socialization of the younger generation.

The increased interest in the sociological study of leisure is also determined by changes in the content and structure of leisure under the influence of sociocultural transformations that have taken place in the country (changes in the values ​​of Russian youth, the development of social infrastructure, the emergence of new information technologies). This dictates the need to typify the leisure behavior of young people in accordance with the current socio-cultural situation in modern Russia.

The main conclusions on the research topic[ 25, p. 112-114]:

1. Leisure acts as a structural element of free time, its content is filled with activities that allow not only to overcome stress and fatigue, but also to develop spiritual and physical qualities based on the needs of the individual. At the same time, leisure is a relatively independent sphere of youth activity. The main feature that distinguishes leisure time from free time is the ability to choose activities based on one's interests and spiritual and moral preferences. A person is free to dispose of leisure time at his own discretion in accordance with his value orientations.

2. Leisure is characterized by the variability of structural and functional characteristics, a different set of which forms the types of leisure activities. The most significant types of leisure can be called developing, entertaining, home, sports, socio-political, destructive. There is a close interpenetration between them, which allows the main social functions of leisure to be realized: compensatory, socializing, hedonistic, communication functions, creative self-realization, development of personal qualities. The fulfillment of these functions is of paramount importance in the process of creating the conditions necessary for the development and self-development of the individual.

3. The peculiarities of the socio-cultural position of young people are refracted in their leisure, which, compared with the leisure of other age groups, is distinguished by its diversity and the predominance of active and entertaining forms. The weakening of the influence of traditional institutions of socialization on the development of young people under the conditions of reforms led to an increase in the role of leisure for young people and, as a result, an increase in the influence of its components on the process of formation of the personality of the young generation. In the youth environment, there is a rapid change in the main life value orientations: earlier these were the values ​​of labor, in which leisure is only compensatory rest and preparation for new work; today these are the values ​​of leisure, in which labor acts as a means of ensuring leisure. Under these conditions, the very identification of the personality of a young person is formed under the influence of leisure preferences.

4. The process of transformation of the leisure sphere of life of the Russian youth is due both to changes in the socio-cultural life of the country and to technological and cultural changes that have taken place in the context of globalization. Qualitatively new types of leisure have emerged, the characteristic features of which are entertaining, cultural-consumer, recreational orientation of their content. The main types of leisure have become different not so much in form as in content (composition of literature read, TV and film addiction), which is associated both with the advent of new information technologies and with a change in the entire motivational sphere of a young person's personality.

5. The role of leisure as a factor in the formation of a special youth subculture is increasing due to the decline in the role of traditional institutions of socialization and the lack of a coordinated state policy in the field of youth leisure. The formation of subcultures is an inevitable process, conditioned both by the differentiation and autonomization of social institutions, and by the involvement of the individual in various social groups. The results of sociological studies of youth groups show that joint activities are perceived by members of these groups, first of all, as leisure activities. As a result, we can talk about the formation of youth subcultures that are leisure in nature.

6. Reforming the former structures of leisure management actualizes the need to develop a new system for regulating youth leisure, adequate to the current socio-cultural situation. Leisure is perceived by young people as the main sphere of life, and the overall satisfaction with the life of a young person depends on satisfaction with it. Therefore, at present, the regulation of youth leisure should be directed to the formation of such a type of leisure behavior, which, on the one hand, would meet the needs of society in organizing cultural leisure that contributes to the development of the personality of a young person, and on the other hand, the socio-cultural needs of the youth themselves.

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Introduction

Chapter 1. Historical and pedagogical aspects of social education of student youth in terms of leisure activities 14

1.1. Social education of students in the context of leisure activities as a research problem 14

1.2. Socio-pedagogical characteristics of cultural and leisure activities of students 36

1.3. Analysis of the solution of the studied problem of increasing the effectiveness of social education in the educational process of higher education 63

Conclusions on Chapter 1 102

Chapter 2. Organizational and pedagogical conditions for the effectiveness of social education of students in cultural and leisure activities 106

2.1. Diagnostics of spatio-temporal structure and content of free time of students 106

2.2. Formation of students' experience in organizing cultural and leisure activities 130

2.3. Training of students and faculty in the specialization "Social and pedagogical animation" 160

Conclusions on Chapter 2 185

Conclusion 188

Bibliography 191

Applications 206

Introduction to work

The relevance of research. The interests of any society, its prosperity, security, to a large extent at all times, were determined by the intellectual power and level of spirituality of the population. World experience shows that many countries have achieved socio-economic progress through the priority development of the education and social upbringing system, which ensured the social development of the younger generation, the constant increase in the spiritual and material wealth of society.

State-political and socio-economic transformations at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. had a certain impact on the status of education in higher educational institutions, updating its structure and content, promoting and disseminating best practices in educational activities in higher education. Many higher education institutions have developed their own educational programs that are consistent with the concept of modernizing Russian education for the period up to 2010.

However, the state of the current system of education as a whole can be characterized as complex, which is associated with the collapse of the main goal-forming elements of educational policy, the search for new guidelines in education and upbringing. There are changes in value orientations among various socio-demographic groups of the Russian population, including young people and, above all, among its representative part - students.

The students, as the most educated and socially active macro-group of young people, are especially keenly aware of the ongoing changes in the life of society. As a result of well-known innovative and destructive tendencies in social development, there is an increase in pragmatism and individualism among young people and students, recorded by sociologists.

In these contradictory conditions, social education becomes in demand at all levels of public life. It is social education that can and should exert its effective influence today on the formation of spiritual values ​​and ideals among the younger generation, individual

visual and social outlook, behavioral stereotypes and specific actions.

A significant role in the education of a socially oriented personality belongs to higher education, which corresponds to domestic pedagogical traditions that take into account the interests of the individual, society and the state as a whole. At the same time, higher education is designed not only to train highly qualified specialists, but also to educate in them socially approved qualities, a willingness to fulfill socially significant social roles using modern pedagogical technologies.

The lack of a purposefully implemented state youth policy in the country, as well as a clear concept of social education of student youth in higher education, significantly complicates the education of students. Despite the fact that the trend in student-centered education is growing and the main goal of the university was and remains the formation and development of the personality of a specialist, pedagogy at all levels of the educational process has been replaced by didactics.

Leisure has a huge impact on all spheres of human life and contains a significant educational potential. However, a characteristic trend of our days in the field of youth and student leisure, noted by researchers L.A. Akimova, N.D. Vavilina, Yu.A. Streltsov, V.Ya. spheres of a significant part of young people. As social practice shows, leisure with a relatively low culture of its use (spontaneity of flow, consumer attitude, prestige-conformist motivation, etc.) not only does not bring the expected restoration of lost strength, spiritual, cultural and physical development, the flowering of creative abilities, and sometimes even turns into a criminogenic factor of society.

Thus, at present, the problem of the effective use of the educational potential of cultural and leisure activities in the system

me education universities has acquired particular relevance. Having the opportunity to choose leisure activities at their own request, due to the lack of necessary skills, insufficient organizational and pedagogical assistance, students are often not ready for a conscious choice of activities that contribute to their full development.

In recent years, there has been a marked increase contradiction between the need for students to use leisure as a sphere for satisfying creative needs, self-affirmation, full communication and the inability to realize themselves in their free time due to the lack of efforts in organizing educational work on the part of universities, which today most often comes down to separate entertainment events or to the transfer of methods and methods to the sphere of leisure forms of learning activity. Due to the lack of systematic organization, coordination in the implementation of educational work and underestimation in this process of new trends in the lifestyle of young people, the educational potential of the leisure sector, as well as the extensive experience in organizing cultural and leisure activities accumulated by domestic higher education and abroad, is not fully realized. measure.

The degree of scientific development of the problem.

The works of many modern scientists are devoted to social education as an integral part of social pedagogy, among them V.G. Bocharova, M.P. Guryanova, I.P. Klemantovich, A.V. , V.D. Semenov, G.N. Filonov and others. Russian scientists L.A. Akimova, S.R. Demyanenko, A.D. Zharkov address the problem of social education in the field of leisure and socio-cultural activities in general , T.G.Kiselyova, Yu.D.Krasilnikov, I.A.Novikova, Yu.A.Streltsov, V.M.Chizhikov and others. and etc.

Questions of the pedagogical organization of leisure in a broad sociocultural context were developed by R.N. Azarova, G.A. Evteeva, M.B. Zatsepina, V.Ya. Surtaev, B.A. Titov and others; professional training of future specialists

6 socialists in the educational system - L.G. Archazhnikova, A.Yu. Goncharuk, I.P. Klemantovich, A.I. Luchankin, E.M. Priezzheva, L.A. .Snyatsky, I.I. Shulga and others.

Modern studies of the problem of educational work at the university are presented by the works of V.A. Berezina, E.V. Bondarevskaya, I.A. Vintin, N.S. Dezhnikova, I.M. Ilyinsky, T.S. , V.L.Matrosov, E.I.Sokolnikova and others. The problems of extracurricular time at the university are studied in the works of A.A.Bartolomey, B.Z.Vulfov, L.I.Novikova, V.A.Slastenin and others.

Methodological problems of studying youth as a social
demographic group, psychological and pedagogical characteristics of adolescents
adolescence are comprehensively covered in research
L.I. Bozhovich, L.S. Vygotsky, S.N. Ikonnikova, N.P. Ishchenko, I.S. Kona,
S.I. Levikova, V.T. Lisovsky, A.V. Mudrik, V.S. Mukhina,

A.V. Petrovsky and others; students as a special independent social group A.S. Vlasenko, T.V. Ishchenko, T.N. Kukhtevich, A.S. Panarina and others.

Despite the presence of a large array of socio-pedagogical literature, studies conducted so far on the problems of social education of student youth in leisure conditions do not provide answers to many of today's topical questions and recommendations on creating conditions for their cultural and developmental leisure activities that are adequate to the problematic trends that have place in the socio-cultural sphere of modern Russia.

The relevance of the study of this problem, the insufficient level of its theoretical and methodological development led to the choice of the thesis topic: "Social education of students in cultural and leisure activities."

The purpose of the study: to develop and implement a pedagogical model of social education of students in cultural and leisure activities using modern educational technologies.

The object of the research is the social education of student youth; subject - organizational and pedagogical conditions for increasing the effectiveness of social education of students in cultural and leisure activities.

Research hypothesis: the effectiveness of social education of students in cultural and leisure activities can be significantly increased if:

a system of organizational and pedagogical conditions, methods and means aimed at the formation of a leisure culture of students, their professional development of cultural and leisure technologies, namely: the development of skills for the rational use of their free time, creative development and dissemination of spiritual and cultural values; increasing the level of leisure activity with participation in socially significant cultural and developmental forms of leisure activities; development of skills and abilities to organize cultural and leisure activities;

pedagogical model of social education of students in cultural and leisure activities using technologies of socio-cultural animation, which involve the implementation of programs for the development of a cultural and creative personality, active intellectually and physically developing recreation, socio-psychological consolidation of the student team, the creation of pedagogical relations in the process of leisure interaction on the basis of the values ​​of culture and art.

Research objectives.

    Determine the theoretical and methodological foundations of the social education of student youth in cultural and leisure activities.

    To characterize the pedagogical essence and educational value of cultural and leisure activities in the process of social education of students, to explore the structure and content of their free time.

    To reveal and substantiate the organizational and pedagogical conditions for increasing the efficiency of organizing cultural and leisure activities in the process of social education of students.

    Develop and implement a pedagogical model of social education of students in cultural and leisure activities.

Methodological basis of the study were general philosophical, sociological and psychological-pedagogical conceptual provisions about the facts and patterns of personality development in society, educational relations in leisure conditions, in particular, the natural, cultural and social conditioning of this process, contained in the works of A.I. Arnoldov, Yu.K. Babansky, L.S. Vygotsky, S.V. Darmodekhin, I.A. Zimnyaya, S.N. Ikonnikova, I.S. Kon, V.V. Kraevsky, V.T. A.V. Petrovsky, I.N. Semenov, E.V. Sokolov, V.A. Yadov, E.A. Yamburg, N.N. Yaroshenko and others.

To solve the tasks and test the evidence for the proposed hypothesis, the following were used: methods:

theoretical: comparative theoretical analysis of psychological-pedagogical, philosophical, culturological, sociological literature;

empirical: observational: observation, conversation, interview, analysis of activity products; experimental: modeling, pedagogical experiment; diagnostic: questioning, testing, interviews, conversations; statistical: mathematical and statistical processing of the obtained results, their systematic and qualitative analysis, tabular and graphical interpretation.

Reliability and reliability of scientific results provided by the methodological basis of the study, the theoretical substantiation of the problem, the variety of research methods used, adequate to its subject, hypothesis, tasks and logic; representativeness of the research base; the ability to reproduce empirical data; compare-

the relevance of theoretical and experimental data with innovative mass practice.

Scientific novelty of the research.

Philosophical, socio-pedagogical, psychological approaches to understanding the importance of social education in shaping the personality of student youth are analyzed, taking into account the current socio-cultural situation.

The process of social education of student youth is considered from the standpoint of its involvement in cultural and leisure activities organized in the conditions of higher education, where both recreational and entertainment and cultural and developmental components are of great importance in the organization of educational work.

The pedagogical meaning and potential of cultural and leisure activities in the educational system of universities, its cultural and developmental essence and social significance are determined. The organizational and pedagogical conditions that ensure the effectiveness of the social education of students, taking into account the current socio-cultural situation, the specifics of the student environment, their leisure preferences, the use of modern technologies of socio-cultural activities in educational work using the appropriate socio-cultural infrastructure, are determined and justified.

Theoretical significance of the study.

Consideration of student youth as an object of influence of the leisure environment is carried out from the standpoint of their value-oriented attitude to their free time. The leisure interests of students in the conditions of the modern socio-cultural situation, the motives for their participation in additional

activities, as well as problems associated with the organization of their free time.

The conceptual foundations of the pedagogically expedient organization of cultural and leisure activities of students are determined, according to which the necessary condition for the effectiveness of this process is the formation of a leisure culture among students, the professional development of leisure technologies by them. A pedagogical model of social education of students in cultural and leisure activities has been developed using technologies of socio-cultural animation.

Practical significance.

The provisions and conclusions of the study, the developed pedagogical model and scientific and practical recommendations aimed at improving the process of preparing students for the organization of cultural and leisure activities, can be used in the preparation of teaching aids, the development of programs for the organization of cultural and leisure activities in work centers with children and youth, in educational institutions, in the educational process in the courses of the humanities, as well as in the training of teachers, social educators and social workers whose professional activities are in contact with the field of education and upbringing in leisure conditions.

Based on the results of the study, specialization 031344 "Social and pedagogical animation" in the specialty 031300 (050711.65) "Social Pedagogy" was developed and included in the educational process, aimed at professional training of students for the organization of cultural and leisure activities (approved by the Educational and Methodological Association in the specialties teacher education November 14, 2006 No. 25/03-08).

The defenses are as follows: 1. Social education plays one of the leading roles in solving the problems of personality formation and involves coordinated participation in this.

11 the process of all institutions of education, based on the full use of the potential of the individual, educational means and the possibilities of the socio-cultural environment. The sociocultural sphere and, in particular, education in the system of higher education is considered as an important component of the social education of the younger generation.

2. Pedagogical essence of cultural and leisure activities of students
in the process of social education is determined by the fact that leisure is,
above all, a necessary and integral element of their way of life is
space for students to meet the needs for creative
self-expression, spiritual and cultural growth, intellectual and physical
self-improvement, fulfillment of a wide range of social roles, topics
most considered as the most favorable educational field.

In the leisure sphere, there are wide educational opportunities based on the use of cultural values ​​accumulated by society. The full realization of the educational potential of the leisure sphere is due to the pedagogically expedient organization of cultural and leisure activities, where the emphasis is on the spiritual, cultural, creative, intellectually and physically developing components.

From a socio-pedagogical point of view, students' leisure is considered as: a time of spiritual communication, where they are given the opportunity to freely choose socially and personally significant social roles; a sphere in which their natural needs for freedom and independence, vigorous activity and self-expression are fully revealed; activities that develop the capabilities of students, their creative abilities in the most appropriate application; a social environment in which students are open to the influence of various public institutions and organizations.

3. Organizational and pedagogical conditions for the effectiveness of organizations
cultural and leisure activities in the process of social education
students are:

the formation of leisure culture of students, namely: the development of

skills of rational use of free time through planning your free time, focus on self-education, creative creative activity; increasing the level of leisure activity through involvement in socially significant cultural and developmental forms of leisure;

the use of the entire surrounding socio-cultural infrastructure in the organization of cultural and leisure activities of students, the involvement of specialists in the field of leisure pedagogy;

development of students' skills in organizing cultural and leisure activities through the use of socio-cultural animation technologies, which involve the creation of pedagogical relations in the process of leisure interaction based on the widespread use of public spiritual and cultural values, traditional types and genres of artistic creativity, providing the individual with real conditions for inclusion in educational, creative, recreational, entertainment and other activities.

4. The pedagogical model of student youth social education in cultural and leisure activities takes into account the content-target basis of leisure organization, the specifics of student subculture in the current socio-cultural situation, their leisure preferences and is based on the wide use of the pedagogical potential of the leisure sphere, the use of modern educational technologies.

Experimental research base The Moscow State University for the Humanities named after M.A. Sholokhov and its branches served with the active participation of students of the Faculty of Pedagogy and Psychology, as well as the organizational assistance of the teaching staff of the Departments of Theory and Methods of Educational Work and Applied Psychology.

Research stages.

The first stage (2001-2003) - search-theoretical (stating): the study and analysis of the philosophical, cultural, social

pedagogical, psychological literature; definition and formulation of the goal, object, subject, general hypothesis and objectives, plan and strategy of the study; establishing the initial positions of the study; determination of the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study, clarification and concretization of the basic concepts, significant indicators.

The second stage (2004-2005) is experimental and diagnostic (formative): accumulation, systematization and scientific analysis of the accumulated data, their theoretical interpretation. Carrying out diagnostics, quantitative and qualitative analysis and generalization of the obtained results, formulation of primary conclusions, search for ways to solve problems identified during the study.

The third stage (2006-2007) is the final and generalizing (control): development and implementation of an experimental pedagogical model, systematization and presentation of the research results. Formulation of conclusions and methodological recommendations based on the results of the study, preparation of a dissertation.

Testing and implementation of research results. The main provisions and results of the study were used by the dissertation student in his practical educational work on the organization of various cultural and leisure activities with students studying at the Faculty of Pedagogy and Psychology of MTU. M.A. Sholokhov. They became the basis of reports at scientific and practical conferences, meetings of the Department of Theory and Methods of Educational Work of the above university. Some ideas of the research were discussed and approved at the scientific-practical conference dedicated to "Civic development and patriotic education of student youth", which was held at the first Moscow polycultural school No. 1650.

Thesis structure corresponds to the logic of the study and includes: introduction, two chapters, conclusion, bibliography, applications.

Social education of students in the context of leisure activities as a research problem

Along with the growth of the role and influence of a person in the modern world, the importance of education, the education of society, which is associated not only with an increase in its well-being, the development of the state economy, and an increase in its competitiveness, is increasing. The educational policy aimed at the social formation of the young generation of the new Russia is becoming the main, most important component of state policy, an instrument for ensuring the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, increasing the pace of socio-economic and scientific and technological development, humanizing social relations, and growing culture.

On what the coming generations of the near future will become, on the level and quality of their education, upbringing, preparedness for life in rapidly changing conditions, on the modernity of their thinking, devotion and civic responsibility, on the initiative of their social participation in the affairs of their country, on their readiness ( and readiness) for political and social choice - today the future of the country depends.

These and other qualitative characteristics of a young person, who is in demand at the present stage of the development of society and its future development, testify to a fundamentally new formulation of the problems of education and approaches to its understanding and implementation. In scientific literature, there are at least three meanings of the concept of "education". One of them interprets "education" broadly, meaning by it such processes as "educates life", "educates the family and school", "educates every square meter of land", etc. In this case, the influence of the natural and social environment on a growing person is implied. At the same time, there is a broadcast to the next generation of cultural values, knowledge, customs, traditions that have developed in a certain people, family-neighborhood community, social group.

A.V. Mudrik interprets another meaning of the concept of “education” as the purposeful creation of conditions for human development. Or: education as a relatively socially controlled process of human development in the course of his socialization.

From this we can conclude that: education can be carried out in the family, and in this case we are dealing with family education; education is carried out by religious organizations, and in this case we are talking about religious or confessional education; education is carried out by society in social institutions specially created for these purposes, or in social institutions of society that are engaged in education in addition to their main functions. In this case, we are talking about public or social education; education carried out in special organizations (for example, for deaf-blind people with mental and social defects and deviations) is adaptive and corrective education.

We support the point of view of M.M. Plotkin, which consists in the fact that social education permeates all areas of education that “go beyond” the institutional environment and in which there is a social component in one form or another - factors of the micro-, macroenvironment that have its influence on the processes of socialization of the individual, social relations between individual institutions and subjects of socialization.

Finally, the third definition of the concept of "education". I.P. Klemantovich considers education to be the most important function of society and defines it as “a social process consisting of targeted influences on human behavior and activities of all educational institutions of society, the impact of the environment and the activity of the individual himself as the subject of this process” . S.D. Polyakov also interprets this concept as a purposeful influence on the development of the personality and clarifies that the influence on the development of "... the most important motivational-value sphere of a young person" .

In explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, the morphological meaning of the word "education" consists of the interpretation of its constituent parts - the prefix "voi" and the root "nutrition". In Russian, the prefix "voe" is "the same as" cart "...; written instead of "voz" before deaf consonants ".

The semantic meaning of the prefix is ​​associated with replenishment, and answering the question: replenishment of what? The prefix “voz”, which is identical to the prefix “voo”, can fill the word “education” with the meaning of “cultivation”. It is to this semantic meaning that the interpretation of “education” in the explanatory dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov is closest. He points out: “To educate, -ay, -ayesh, -itanny; 1. whom (what): to raise (a child), influencing the spiritual and physical development, giving education, teaching the rules of behavior. V. children. 2. whom (what): by systematic influence, influence to form (character, skills). B. specialist. B. student. 3. what (in whom): instill, inspire smth. to someone V. in children is love for the motherland.

Over the past decade, in the course of the sociocultural transformation of Russia, its transition to a democratic model of governance and a market economy, the image of student youth has changed significantly.

Socio-pedagogical characteristics of cultural and leisure activities of student youth

The leisure sphere is one of the dominant spheres in people's lives, which is of the utmost importance and has a decisive influence on the development of the individual. Leisure is a necessary and integral element of the way of life and contains a significant potential for the formation of personality.

Leisure activity is one of the most important means of realizing the essential forces of a person and optimizing the socio-cultural environment surrounding him, as well as an important factor in the implementation of the leading principles of democracy: openness and freedom of speech, liberated consciousness. The special value of leisure lies in the fact that it can help young people realize the best that they have. The cultural and developmental significance of leisure activities lies in its influence on the development of the creative inclinations and abilities of young people.

Through leisure activities, the transmission of spiritual and cultural values ​​takes place, the continuity of generations is ensured, the transmission of traditions, and the stimulation of creativity.

In the sphere of leisure there is an active contact of the emerging person with the outside world, the necessary social experience is accumulated. Various forms of cultural and leisure activities are an integral part of spiritual life, meet the needs of a particular community and individual. Therefore, thanks to cultural and leisure activities, favorable conditions are created for successful socialization - "the development and self-realization of a person throughout his life in the process of assimilation and reproduction of the culture of society" .

The study of the problems of social education of students and the leisure sphere as a socializing environment, its educational potential is impossible without a detailed consideration of the concepts: “free time”, “leisure”, “cultural and leisure activities”.

The term "leisure" is already found in the philosophical and pedagogical heritage of Plato (427 BC - 347 BC) and his student Aristotle (384 BC - 392 BC). .e.) Leisure, according to Plato, is the property of a society that is completely freed from labor and uses its leisure time not so much to restore the mental and physical energy necessary for labor, but to transform this energy into forms worthy of a free citizen and corresponding to his high appointment. Aristotle owns the concept of "high leisure", in which he puts the intrinsic value of free time, all its wealth as sources of joy and happiness.

The term “leisure” and the adjective from this word “leisure” have been known since the ancient Russian era, from the 14th century, although they are rarely found in written monuments and therefore their meaning is contradictory. Judging by the contexts cited by the linguist I.I. Sreznevsky, the following meaning was put into the term "leisure": "skill", "understanding", "ability". The researcher takes this explanation from a 14th-century bondage letter: “cook at your leisure ... as much as you can.” He also has about Ivan the Terrible: “he is similar in courage and dosudestvo”.

In the historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language P.Ya.Chernykh, there is evidence that the word “leisure” in etymological terms was first explained by I.M. He connected the term "leisure" with the Old Slavonic word - "achieve". Further, this explanation was confirmed in the article by B.M. Lyapunov “From semasiological studies in the field of the Russian language”, which says: “Leisure is actually the ability to reach with the hand, hence the ability to do something and free time as a condition for this possibility.” Both scientists, from our point of view, give not only a linguistic, but also a philosophical and sociological interpretation of this term. According to B.M. Lyapunov, the development of the meaning of the word leisure was as follows: “achievement” - “success”, “opportunity”, apparently, we are talking about the opportunity to have one’s time at the end of work and, finally, “rest”.

There is a need to turn to the authority of the researcher and collector of words of the Russian language V.I. for recreation, for parties, idleness. And here: "Leisure - able, capable of business, dexterous, skillful, a good master of his craft or a jack of all trades ... Leisure - find yourself free time, leisure, bother." The interpretation of the term "leisure" by V.I. b) spheres of activity (it's time for leisure - able, capable of business, etc.); c) the activity itself (skill, dexterity, ability to work, mastery), opportunities for leisure, to show the properties of leisure.

In the second part of the definition, V.I. Dal puts unexpectedly contrasting characteristics of “leisureness”: “he can do a lot, is able to do business, is a jack of all trades, “a gracious husband has a wife of leisure”, “a wife of leisure, kindness and without a husband”; "Leisure is more precious than leisure"; have fun - find yourself in your free time.

In the popular dictionary of the Russian language S.I. Ozhegov it is written: “Leisure is time free from work”. In the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary (1998), the same interpretation: "Leisure - free time".

Culturologist T.G. Kiseleva analyzes the definitions of the essence of leisure according to the most authoritative dictionaries of England and the USA. Webster Dictionary of Sociology: "Leisure" - freedom from obligations or business, idle time, time free from work, during which a person can be given to rest, recreation, etc. ” .

Diagnostics of spatio-temporal structure and content of free time of students

The study of the spatio-temporal structure and content of students' free time relies primarily on the analysis of their leisure sphere and is aimed at identifying students' leisure interests and inclinations; motives for choosing activities in their free time; needs and the possibility of satisfying them in the conditions of leisure activities; problems related to the organization of their free time by students; and identifying the development potential of young people in the leisure sector.

Diagnostics of leisure socio-cultural processes makes it possible to fix stable combinations of the properties of various types of leisure activities, their cultural potential and educational opportunities, to identify certain features of the manifestations of the personality of young people, their needs and motivation, and on this basis to predict the development and improvement of the leisure sphere in order to create optimal conditions for the formation of personality.

In the field of sociology of leisure, diagnostics is knowledge of the state and quality of the functioning of the leisure sphere, the relationship between the main features and parameters of leisure processes, their socio-psychological characteristics. Diagnostics of the state and nature of leisure, based on reliable and comparable information about the positive and negative aspects of leisure processes, the ability to divide them into constituent elements, allows you to identify the real state of affairs, delve into the essence of the contradictions of a particular leisure situation, learn the logic and dynamics of its changes. The basis of sociological diagnosis is the analysis of cause-and-effect relationships, observable signs with the internal properties of the real process being studied. Diagnostics is a differentiated knowledge about the patterns and features of the leisure sphere. It allows you to make a holistic description of an object based on finding its universal constant properties, patterns, their stable combination, subject specificity and the optimal set of directly recorded indicators of the state of leisure processes and phenomena.

The study was conducted on the basis of the Moscow State University for the Humanities named after M.A. Sholokhov with the participation of students from various faculties of full-time, part-time and part-time forms of education in the amount of 248 people, of which 36 were boys and 212 were girls. Of the entire population of respondents, those young people whose age was 17-21 years old (67%) were analyzed. For a significant number of respondents (77%), studying at a university is their main activity, while the rest have a permanent or temporary job outside of school hours.

Consideration of student youth as an object of influence of the leisure environment is most productive, in our opinion, from the standpoint of a value-oriented attitude to leisure.

One of the methods for studying the various features of the leisure sphere of students that we used was the method of "projective situation", when the studied subject is given some ideal, but quite possible situation (a questionnaire that contains options for statements, from which the respondent must choose one or more corresponding to him , as well as the possibility for the respondent to include what is not taken into account).

At the initial stage of this study, during numerous discussions, we tried to find out what “leisure” is in the understanding of students, why it is valuable to them, whether they are aware of its social and personal significance, cultural and developing essence. Below is a typology of definitions (see table No. 2)

When considering this seemingly easy-to-understand and “close” concept for everyone and trying to give the most specific and correct definition, difficulties arose, and this is natural, since each participant in the discussion characterizing the concept of “leisure” was guided by his interests, needs, values, conditions of life and thereby moving away from objectivity, he gave a (more or less justified) definition of his personal leisure. But, there were also quite correct options, distinguished by concreteness and objectivity.

The following version of the definition turned out to be the most common: “Leisure is free from work .., study .., household (practically only for girls) affairs”, in which the guys simply oppose leisure to work or study, although there are many leisure activities associated with creative labor and rather energy-intensive (for example: blacksmithing, carpentry, gardening, etc.). With this approach, young people clearly missed the fact that not all people work and study (these are, for example, preschool children, pensioners, the disabled and simply not working people). According to sociological studies, only 44% of the population is engaged in labor activity (working in production, in the service sector, etc.), and then it turns out that leisure time for them lasts all the time.

Training of students and faculty in the specialization "Social and pedagogical animation"

Since the mid-1990s, the universities of the country have been working to train specialists in such specialties as "manager of social and cultural activities", "technologist of social and cultural activities", "director of cultural and leisure programs", "social teacher of leisure" etc. In accordance with the SES of higher professional education, such specializations are provided for specialty 053100 "social and cultural activities". Curricula and training programs for specialists have been developed. The issues of professional development of leisure organizers are the subject of scientific analysis of a significant number of researchers (A.D. Zharkov, T.G. Kiseleva, Yu.D. Krasilnikov, D.A. Streltsov, N.N. Yaroshenko, etc.).

The training of such specialists is carried out in many universities of culture of the Russian Federation. However, given the current socio-cultural situation, namely, the urgent social need to most effectively use the educational potential of leisure, to reduce the impact of the global informatization process with its destructive content on the developing personality, it is legitimate to talk about the need to increase attention to the training of specialists of this profile and within the framework of higher pedagogical education, especially since educational activity in the socio-cultural environment is the sphere of activity of social pedagogy.

The existing system of training students in the specialty 031300 "Social Pedagogy" with various specializations focused on working in society has a tremendous potential for training specialists in the field of children's and youth leisure.

The sphere of free time, as a special space for self-expression, self-realization of the individual makes special demands on the teacher who specializes in this area. In a qualitatively new status of a teacher-animator, the dominant features are his high cultural education, spiritual and moral education, and professional competence. Pedagogically organized leisure, as a system, cannot be reduced to the sum of its constituent elements. It has a special integrative quality, which is set by the object of the animator's professional activity. On the one hand, this is a child, a teenager, a young man in all the richness of his life, and on the other hand, this is high professionalism, elements of social culture that a social pedagogue owns.

The concept of social education of student youth proposed by us in the process of cultural and leisure activities involves an in-depth study of the processes of preparing social teachers for practical activities in the field of sociocultural animation. Our task is not only to train a specialist as an impeccable functionary, but also to give him the opportunity to solve the problems of modern society at a qualitatively new, spiritualized level, involving the implementation of creative rehabilitation programs, active cultural and developmental recreation, social -pedagogical consolidation of social groups on the basis of cultural values. The ability to inspire, create a favorable educational environment in the process of pedagogical interaction, make full use of the cultural and developmental potential of socio-cultural activities, including the educational potential of higher education - this is what today is in the first place of social expectations from the professional activities of a social teacher .

Having a positive experience in the application of pedagogical technologies of socio-cultural animation in educational work based on organizational and pedagogical conditions conducive to their effective implementation, we decided to include this component in the educational process.

In this regard, we propose to introduce the specialization "Social and Pedagogical Animation" into the process of training specialists in the specialty 031300 "Social Pedagogy". The need for this is recognized by the majority of the faculty and students of the Faculty of Pedagogy and Psychology of the Moscow State University for the Humanities. M.A. Sholokhov. Our study on this issue among the faculty of the faculty shows that the arguments “for the introduction of this specialization” are based on the following arguments: the need to increase the leisure culture and creative potential of future social teachers - 54%; as a way of familiarizing with ethno-cultural values ​​- 26%; as a way to form a systematic approach in professional thinking, which will allow not only to successfully achieve the goals set in professional activities, but also to ensure the client's comfort in the socio-pedagogical process - 20%.

Among the students, arguments prevail that argue the need to include this specialization in the educational process of a more pragmatic nature.

Firstly, this is an increase in the level of competitiveness of a specialist in the labor market - 36.2%.

Secondly, it affects the success in the practice of a specialist, his confidence in the correctness of the decision, since specialization significantly expands the range of means of communication with the socio-pedagogical environment - 24.6%;

Thirdly, specialization expands the possibilities for ensuring a high status position in the micro-society, as it provides an increased opportunity for more stable, comfortable conditions for communicating with clients - 18.3% ...

Leisure is an activity in free time outside the sphere of social and domestic labor, thanks to which the individual restores his ability to work and develops in himself mainly those skills and abilities that cannot be improved in the field of labor activity. Since leisure is an activity, this means that it is not an empty pastime, not just idleness, and at the same time not according to the principle: “I do what I want”. This is an activity carried out in line with certain interests and goals that a person sets for himself. Assimilation of cultural values, knowledge of new things, amateur labor, creativity, physical education and sports, tourism, travel - this is what and many other things he can do in his free time. All these activities will indicate the achieved level of culture of youth leisure.

From the ability to direct one's activities during leisure hours to achieve generally significant goals, the implementation of one's life program, the development and improvement of one's essential forces, the social well-being of a young person, his satisfaction with his free time largely depends.

The specific features of youth include the predominance of exploratory, creative and experimental activity in it. Young people are more inclined to play activities that capture the psyche as a whole, giving a constant influx of emotions. New sensations, and with difficulty adapts to monotonous, specialized activities. Gaming activity is universal in nature, it attracts people of almost all ages and social status. Interest in gaming activities among young people is quite pronounced. The range of these interests is wide and varied: participation in television and newspaper quizzes, competitions; computer games; sports competitions. The phenomenon of the game gives rise to a huge, incredibly fast-growing world in which young people plunge recklessly. In today's challenging socio-economic environment, the world of play has a major impact on young people. This world provides young people with an interruption of everyday life. As they lose their focus on work and other values, young people go into the game, move into the space of virtual worlds. Numerous observations of the practice of preparing and holding youth cultural and leisure events indicate that their success largely depends on the inclusion of play blocks in their structures that stimulate young people's desire for competition, improvisation and ingenuity.

Other features of youth leisure include the originality of its environment. The parental environment, as a rule, is not a priority center for spending leisure time for young people. The vast majority of young people prefer to spend their free time outside the home, in the company of their peers. When it comes to solving serious life problems, young people willingly accept the advice and instructions of their parents, but in the field of specific leisure interests, that is, when choosing forms of behavior, friends, books, clothes, they behave independently. This feature of youth age was accurately noticed and described by I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada: “.. for young people to “sit in company” is a burning need, one of the faculties of a life school, one of the forms of self-assertion! leisure, despite the scale of the growth of the "free time industry" - tourism, sports, librarianship and club business - with all this, young people stubbornly "get lost" in the company of their peers. This means that communication in a youth company is a form of leisure that a young person needs organically” (2, p. 16). The craving for communication with peers is explained by the great need of young people for emotional contacts. It can be viewed as:

a necessary condition for the life of man and society;

source of creative transformation of an individual into a personality;

form of transfer of knowledge and social experience;

the starting point of self-consciousness of the individual;

regulator of people's behavior in society;

independent type of activity;

A notable feature of the leisure activities of young people has become a pronounced desire for psychological comfort in communication, the desire to acquire certain skills in communicating with people of various socio-psychological backgrounds. Communication of young people in the conditions of leisure activities satisfies, first of all, the following needs:

in emotional contact, empathy;

in information;

in joining forces for joint action.

The need for empathy is satisfied, as a rule, in small, primary groups (family, group of friends, youth informal association). The need for information forms the second type of youth communication. Communication in the information group is organized, as a rule, around "erudite", persons who have certain information that others do not have and which is of value to these others. Communication for the sake of joint coordinated actions of young people arises not only in the production and economic, but also in the leisure sphere of activity. The whole variety of forms of communication among young people in the context of leisure activities can be classified according to the following main features:

by time (short-term, periodic, systematic);

by nature (passive, active);

according to the direction of contacts (direct and indirect).

Starting a family of your own to a large extent stabilizes the temporary budget, reduces a young person's free time and makes his leisure time close in structure to that of an adult. Before having children, young couples still retain many of the habits of youth. With the birth of children, free time is sharply reduced, especially for women. There is a growing trend towards family leisure activities, in which the recreational function is enhanced.

It should be emphasized that the characteristics of youth leisure in terms of the culture of its organization and conduct cover many aspects of this phenomenon - both personal and social. The culture of leisure is, first of all, the internal culture of a person, which assumes that he has certain personal properties that allow him to spend his free time meaningfully and usefully. The mindset, character, organization, needs and interests, skills, tastes, life goals, desires - all this makes up the personal, individually-subjective aspect of the culture of youth leisure. There is a direct relationship between the spiritual wealth of a person and the content of his leisure. But the feedback is also true. Cultural can only be content-rich and, therefore, effective in its impact on the personality of leisure.

Leisure culture is also characterized by those activities that are preferred in free time. We are talking only about such types of leisure activities that contribute to the normal reproduction of the ability to work, the improvement and development of a young person. In many of them he must certainly participate himself.

Finally, the culture of the development and functioning of relevant institutions and enterprises: clubs, cultural palaces, cultural and leisure centers, folk art centers, cinemas, stadiums, libraries, etc. At the same time, the creative activity of employees of these institutions is of particular importance. Much depends on them, on their ability to offer interesting forms of recreation, entertainment, services and captivate people. At the same time, the culture of spending free time is the result of the efforts of the individual himself, his desire to turn leisure into a means of acquiring not only new experiences, but also knowledge, skills, and abilities.

An excellent quality of cultural youth leisure is emotional coloring, the ability to bring to every opportunity to do what you love, meet interesting people, visit places that are significant for him, and be a participant in important events.

The highest meaning of true leisure is to bring closer the precious beloved and to separate or abolish the empty, unnecessary. Here, leisure for a young person turns into a way of life, in filling free time with a variety of content-rich conclusions of activity. The main features of the cultural leisure of young people are a high level of cultural and technical equipment, the use of modern leisure technologies and forms, methods, an aesthetically rich space and a high artistic level of the leisure process.

Each person develops an individual style of leisure and recreation, attachment to certain activities, each has his own principle of organizing free time - creative or uncreative. Of course, everyone rests in their own way, based on their own capabilities and conditions. However, there are a number of general requirements that leisure must meet in order to be complete. These requirements stem from the social role that leisure is called upon to play.

In today's socio-cultural situation, youth leisure appears as a socially recognized need. Society is vitally interested in the effective use of people's free time - in general, social and environmental development and spiritual renewal of our entire life. Today, leisure is becoming an ever wider area of ​​cultural leisure, where the self-realization of the creative and spiritual potential of young people and society as a whole takes place.

Youth leisure implies a free choice of leisure activities by a person. It is a necessary and integral part of a person's lifestyle. Therefore, leisure is always considered as the realization of the interests of the individual associated with recreation, self-development, self-realization, communication, health improvement, etc. This is the social role of leisure.

The significance of these needs is extremely great, because the presence of only external, even if defining conditions, is not enough to achieve the goals of the comprehensive development of a person. It is necessary that the person himself wants this development, understands its necessity. Thus, active, meaningful leisure requires certain needs and abilities of people. Undoubtedly, leisure should be varied, interesting, entertaining and unobtrusive. Such leisure can be provided by providing an opportunity for everyone to actively show their initiative in various types of recreation and entertainment.

In modern cultural and leisure institutions, it is necessary to strive to overcome the consumer attitude to leisure, which is inherent in many people who believe that someone, but not themselves, should provide them with a meaningful free time. Consequently, the effectiveness of the use of youth leisure largely depends on the person himself, on his personal culture, interests, etc. A person's activity in his free time is determined by his objective conditions, the environment, the material security of the network of cultural and leisure institutions, etc.

The activities of a cultural and leisure institution and its improvement depend not only on the skillful organization of leisure, but also on the consideration of psychological and pedagogical factors. The activity of young people in the field of free time is based on voluntariness, on personal initiative, on an interest in communication and creativity. In this regard, there are questions of communication in teams, and the typology of leisure behavior. Therefore, one can speak about the content of events, about the forms and methods of work only when the psychology of the individual and the psychology of groups, the psychology of collectives and the masses are taken into account. Realizing the goal of developing creative abilities, taking into account personal initiative and voluntariness in leisure conditions, the type of activity of people, leisure organizers create such events that include programs for self-development and creativity. This is a fundamental difference between activities in the conditions of a cultural and leisure institution, from regulated conditions (educational process, labor activity), where the development and enrichment of the individual are of such a voluntary nature.

But under these conditions, it is impossible not to take into account the general psychological characteristics of a person, which are manifested in cognitive and creative activity. Therefore, it is impossible to abandon the general methods of pedagogical influence on the individual. The object of these influences in a cultural institution is each individual and a group of people, a team, an unstable audience and various social communities visiting a cultural and leisure institution. No wonder they say that cultural and leisure institutions are an intermediary between the individual and society.

All these conditions must be taken into account in the organization of youth leisure and in its improvement.

The leisure organization system is determined by the interests and needs of young people in their free time. Needs in the field of leisure have a certain sequence of manifestation. The satisfaction of one need usually gives rise to a new one. This allows you to change the type of activity and enrich leisure. In the sphere of leisure, there should be a transition from simple forms of activity, but more and more complex, from passive rest to active rest, from satisfying deeper social and cultural aspirations, from physical forms of recreation to spiritual pleasures, from passive assimilation of cultural values ​​to creativity, etc. .P.

When the social position of a person changes, the level of his culture, then changes immediately occur in the structure of leisure. Leisure is enriched as free time increases and cultural level grows. If a young person does not set himself the task of self-improvement, if his free time is not filled with anything, then there is a degradation of leisure, an impoverishment of its structure.

The structure of leisure consists of several levels, which are distinguished from each other by their psychological and cultural significance, emotional weight, and degree of spiritual activity.

The simplest kind of leisure is rest. It is designed to restore the forces expended during work and is divided into active and passive. Passive rest is characterized by a state of rest, which relieves fatigue and restores strength. What you are doing - it does not matter, as long as you can be distracted, freed from tension, get emotional release. Habitual simple activities at home induce a mood of peace. It can be a simple connection or flying, reading newspapers, a board game, casual conversation, an exchange of opinions, a walk. Recreation of this kind does not set far-reaching goals; it is passive, individual. contains only the beginnings of positive leisure.

And, nevertheless, such rest is an integral element of human life. It serves as a preparatory degree for more complex and creative activities.

Active recreation, on the contrary, reproduces the strength of a person in excess of the initial level. It gives work to the muscles and mental functions that have not been used in labor. A person enjoys movement, a quick change of emotional influences, communication with friends. Active rest, unlike passive, requires a certain minimum of fresh strength, strong-willed efforts and preparation. It includes physical education, sports, physical and mental exercises, tourism, games, watching movies, visiting exhibitions, theaters, museums, listening to music, reading, friendly communication.

Researchers identify three main functions of outdoor activities: restorative, development and harmonization. The first provides a person with a physiological norm of health and high performance, the second - the development of his spiritual and physical strength, the third - the harmony of soul and body. In general, many aspects of the personality can be developed and improved by active recreation, if the disabled person has a well-developed ability to relax. It is a kind of art, which consists in the ability to know the capabilities of one's body and make a choice of the most suitable activities at a given time.

Sociologists, psychologists, and economists have established a direct relationship between work and leisure. In cultural and leisure activities, a number of studies have also been carried out in this area. The most accurate and fruitful are the studies of Yu.A. Streltsov, who believes “that any type of free activity carries both the function of recuperation and the function of developing knowledge and abilities of a person. However, one of these functions is predominant, dominant: as a type of activity, it tends to develop a person or mainly restore his strength ”(24, p. 39) of course, recreation and entertainment are closely intertwined with each other, but there are also differences.

Traditionally, “entertainment” refers to such types of activities in free time that provide an opportunity to have fun, distract from worries, give pleasure, i.e. entertainment always requires activity, unlike recreation, as discussed above, which can be passive or semi-passive. We will also clarify that in the process of rest, a person restores his physiological state, and entertainment is necessary to relieve psychological stress, overload, and overwork. Therefore, entertainment requires a special emotional load.

Active recreation is associated with the activation of spiritual interests that encourage a young person to actively search in the field of culture. These searches stimulate the cognitive activity of the individual, consisting in the systematic reading of serious literature, visiting museums, exhibitions. If entertainment serves mainly as an emotional release, then knowledge contributes to the expansion of cultural horizons, the education of feelings, and the manifestation of intellectual activity. This type of leisure is purposeful, systematic, it is the mastery of the world of cultural values, which pushes the boundaries of the spiritual world of a young person.

Cognitive activity brings direct satisfaction and has an independent value for a person. Here, the most serious way of spending free time is gaining momentum, designed directly not for consumption, but for the creation of cultural values ​​- creativity. The need for creativity is deeply characteristic of every person, and especially the young. Creativity brings the highest satisfaction and at the same time is a means of spiritual perfection. The element of creativity is contained in many forms of leisure, and the opportunity to create is open to everyone without exception.

After all, everyone is capable of creativity. Any activity can be creative if it captivates, absorbs the best mental strength and abilities of a person. Creativity includes arts and crafts, artistic and technical types of leisure creativity. The first includes needlework, sawing, burning, chasing, breeding home flowers, and culinary creativity. The artistic form of creativity includes literary activities, folklore, painting, composing music, songs, participation in amateur performances (stage creativity). Technical creativity involves invention, design, innovation.

Of course, leisure creativity, which is predominantly amateur, does not always reach the highest, professional level, nevertheless, acting as a reliable means of revealing the talent of each person, it has a great social effect.

It should be said that not only creative and cognitive activity can act as a pedagogical process. As well as organizing recreation. After all, organizing a collective holiday means including each person in a common activity, combining his personal interests with the interests of other people. And the effectiveness of this process will largely depend on the participation of young people themselves in it, their ability to relax.

Since rest allows you to determine the place and role of an individual in the social system (social group, team, society as a whole) in accordance with his individual qualities and characteristics. All this makes recreation a socio-pedagogical activity. It is important that each person does what he loves and performs those social functions that best suit his interests and capabilities. Also, in addition to the need for vigorous activity, a person has a need for a living contemplation of the world and his inner life, for poetic and philosophical reflection.

This level of leisure is called contemplative. It corresponds to communication between like-minded people.

In our time, the needs and interests of young people are constantly changing and growing, and the structure of leisure is also becoming more complex. Leisure time is unevenly distributed among different groups of the population. Therefore, it is necessary to develop differentiated forms of organizing leisure activities for various groups of the population. This organization should include various activities. In age, professional, social status, people are heterogeneous. Different categories of people differ from each other in needs, level of cultural and professional readiness, budgets for free time and attitude towards it. Just this should be taken into account in the work of modern cultural and leisure institutions, they should offer people the most effective leisure activities in each specific case, freedom of choice and the opportunity to change different types of activities.

Let us briefly characterize these communities from the point of view of social psychology. To do this, let's start with the characteristics of the personality itself.

To improve leisure activities, it is of great importance to understand the processes, connections and relationships that take place in the so-called small groups. They are the central link in the "individual-society" chain, because the degree of harmony in the combination of public interests with personal interests and the interests of the microenvironment surrounding a person depends to the greatest extent on their mediation.

In the whole cycle of social sciences, a group is understood as a real-life formation in which people are gathered together, united by some common feature, a kind of joint activity. And for the socio-psychological approach, the character has a slightly different angle of view. Performing various social functions, a person is a member of numerous social groups, he is formed, as it were, at the intersection of these groups, is the point at which various group influences intersect. This has two important consequences for the individual: on the one hand, it determines the objective place of the individual in the system of social activity, and on the other, it affects the formation of the individual's consciousness. The personality is included in the system of views, ideas, norms, values ​​of numerous groups. So, a group can be defined as "a community of interacting people in the name of a conscious goal, a community that objectively acts as a subject of action"

Entering such various social communities in small groups in cultural and leisure institutions, their members not only receive information, but also learn the appropriate attitudes and ways of responding to social situations, get to know other people. Modern cultural and leisure centers provide ample opportunities for regulating people's communication at leisure, the possibility of continuously raising the level and improving interpersonal contacts, and work on the rational use of free time by people.

The needs that lead to participation in mass events and especially the expanding opportunities and ways to satisfy them give rise to other needs - communication in a narrow circle, especially people close to each other. Hence the growing trend towards the development of chamber genres of amateur performances.

An even more characteristic community for a cultural and leisure institution is the collective. The nature of relations in the team has a special property: the recognition of the most important role of joint activity as a factor forming the team and the subsequent entire system of relations between its members. The most important feature of the team, according to Makarenko, is “not any joint activity, but socially positive activity that meets the needs of society. The collective is not a closed system, it is included in the entire system of social relations, and therefore the success of its actions can be realized only if there are no disagreements between the goals of the collective and society. (1, p.240)

In defining the main features of the collective, most researchers agree. It is possible to single out those characteristics that are called by various authors as obligatory features of the collective. First of all, this is an association of people blaming the achievement of a certain, socially approved goal (in this sense, a collective cannot be called a cohesive, but an antisocial group, for example, a group of offenders). Secondly, this is the presence of a voluntary nature of the association, the reasons for voluntariness here are understood not as the spontaneity of the formation of a team, but such a characteristic of the group when it is not just set by external circumstances, but has become for the individuals included in it a system of relations actively built by them on the basis of common activity. . The main sign of the team is also its integrity, which is expressed in the fact that the team always acts as a certain system of activity, with the distribution of functions inherent in it organizations, a certain structure of leadership and management. Finally, the team is a special form of relationships between its members, which provides - the principle of personal development not in spite of, but along with the development of the team.

And in leisure, the collective also acts as the main link between the individual and society, and the main form of all cultural and leisure activities. Classes in the club team are carried out at a higher level of activity, not limited only to cognitive activity, as is the case in production and educational teams.

In stable teams, as well as in traditional events, interest develops, the activity of participants rises, and attention becomes more stable. It is important that team members constantly share their successes with others, constantly interact. Practice has proven that cultural and leisure institutions by their nature have the ability to develop stable common interests among people and rely on them. Just amateurism based on passion causes a person to have increased, sustained attention, which is a condition for creativity. We must strive to ensure that mass events also cause greater activity of participants. Accordingly, such activity causes attention and maintains it at a high level.

The nominal group - randomly meeting people is an unstable audience, characterized by unstable ties between themselves, different goals. This limits the development of dynamic processes in the group, the possibility of self-affirmation of its members. But this does not mean at all that in unstable audiences there is no spread and consolidation of socio-psychological changes in the minds of individuals and subgroups. Of course, this happens more massively, it goes more through the satisfaction of needs than through the development of their abilities (which is typical for stable teams).

This can also include a mass audience, which differs in many respects from a circle (group) audience, consisting of visitors constantly interacting. Its members are not organizationally formalized, there may not be any permanent contacts between them, they do not even know each other, but during the event they are united by a common goal and a common occupation. And this is important, since in a cultural and leisure institution, on the one hand, a heterogeneous audience is created (according to personal, group, collective characteristics), and on the other hand, it is unified, uniting everyone on the basis of common interests, the same motives for visiting.

The nature and level of relationships that develop in the leisure team drives or hinders the development of “leisure” interests, influencing the attitude towards recreation. Therefore, it is very important in a cultural and leisure institution to take into account the various correlations of personal and group moments with various social processes.

This allows to find as many options as possible for the social balancing of the young person with the environment of leisure activities, and it will also increase the mobility of both individuals and entire groups of visitors to the institution.

The selection of material for any event is complex and controversial. After all, in the mass audience there can be people with different education, age. Social position, cultural level. Some require a high quality event, others do not think about it, so you need to satisfy the tastes of representatives of both low and high levels of training, you need to provide material that performs simple and more complex pedagogical functions.

Thus, in an unstable audience, the leisure organizer deals with many needs (both in relaxation, and in communication, and in knowledge, and enjoyment) and with many different interests. Therefore, he must have pedagogical efficiency in identifying and using these moments. It is necessary to take into account the features of advertising the event, consider the motives for visiting a cultural and leisure institution.

To understand these motives, it helps to study the visitors of the cultural institution or the participants of the event. On the basis of this, we will obtain data on the general orientation of people in the field of leisure and recreation, present the dynamics of random and regular in their behavior, and on this basis build a perspective of the transition of visitors from passive perception of material - to more active - in the form of an exchange on an issue of interest. Then give the opportunity to acquire the appropriate practical skills related to the development of abilities, the need to deepen interests, changing to a certain extent even the general orientation of the individual.

Youth leisure, as if taking over the baton of teenage leisure, consolidates, and in many respects lays in a young person such habits and skills, which then will completely determine his attitude to free time. It is at this stage of a person's life that an individual style of leisure and recreation is developed, the first experience of organizing free time is accumulated, attachment to certain activities arises. In young years, the very principle of organizing and spending free time is determined - creative or non-creative. One will be lured by wanderings, the other by fishing, the third by invention, the fourth by light entertainment ...

Of course, everyone rests in their own way, based on their own capabilities and conditions. However, there are a number of general requirements that leisure must meet in order to be complete. These requirements stem from the social role that leisure is called upon to play.

Based on this, we will formulate the requirements for organizing and spending leisure time for young people. First of all, it is necessary to approach it as a means of education and self-education of a person, the formation of a comprehensively, harmoniously developed personality. When choosing and organizing certain activities, forms of leisure activities, it is necessary to take into account their educational value, to clearly understand what personality traits they will help to form or consolidate in a person.

The most prominent social value of youth leisure is revealed from the point of view of the problem of the destiny of a person, the meaning of his being.

These words, which formulate the life task of everyone, especially a young person, express the ideal of our society - a comprehensively, harmoniously developed personality.

The task of a person to comprehensively develop his abilities has a special character. The fact is that the formation and development of abilities can be realized on the basis of meeting needs.

The latter, in this relationship, are the driving force behind abilities. In this regard, this task involves the comprehensive development of human abilities and the equally comprehensive satisfaction of his needs. It is clear that the solution of this problem is impossible without the sphere of leisure, where a whole range of needs is satisfied, including the need of the individual for development and self-improvement. It manifests itself as her conscious desire to specifically influence herself with certain activities, exercises for the purpose of self-improvement, development.

The significance of this need is extremely great, because the presence of only external, albeit defining conditions, is not enough to achieve the goals of the comprehensive development of a person. It is necessary that the person himself wants this development, understands its necessity. And if he is Oblomov by nature and attitude, if he is not accustomed to set himself a task, to be active, to improve himself, then no matter how much the system is built for him, for example, stadiums, sports grounds, he will not go in for physical education and sports.

Thus, active, meaningful leisure requires certain needs and abilities of people. Emphasis on creative types of leisure activities, on ensuring the direct participation of every young person in them - this is the way for the formation of personal qualities in boys and girls that contribute to meaningful and active leisure time.

The second requirement for the organization of youth leisure is that it must undoubtedly be varied, interesting, entertaining and unobtrusive. By what means are these qualities of leisure achieved? Of course, both the content and the form of the proposed activities and entertainment are important here, which should meet the needs and interests of young people and be organically perceived by boys and girls. The only way to provide just such leisure is to provide everyone with the opportunity to actively express themselves, their initiative in various types of recreation and entertainment.

The most convenient forms for this have already been worked out by life - amateur associations and interest clubs. Why are these clubs attractive? First of all, they are multidisciplinary: political, sports, tourism, health, nature lovers, scientific and technical creativity, readers, amateur song, collectors, book lovers, weekends, young families, etc.

Club - a relatively small association of people covered by a common interest, occupation. It is a school of education, education and communication. People come to the club who want to master a certain occupation, a leisure "qualification" to perfection. Some clubs and amateur associations even organize appropriate forms of classes.

But the hobby club is also a skillful educator. Perhaps this is the main criterion of its activity. The fact is that each of the members of this association seeks to bring their knowledge and skills to people. Communication in a circle of like-minded people contributes to enrichment, mutual education. Interest in the occupation turns into an interest in people. A person came to the club to learn something, and having learned, he does not want to leave, because he really became friends with people. He is bound by a special atmosphere of equality, goodwill and initiative.

Observations of the work of club associations convince us that in order for leisure to become really attractive for young people, it is necessary to build the work of the institutions and organizations that provide it for the interests of every young person. It is necessary not only to be well aware of today's cultural demands of the young, to anticipate their change, but also to be able to quickly respond to them by regulating the appropriate forms and types of leisure activities.

Now the work of many institutions of culture and sports increasingly includes sociological research, with the help of which they try to study the leisure needs of young people.

The magazine "Sotsis" conducted research on the preferences of urban youth (on the example of Zelenograd

Table No. 1

Leisure preferences of young people

Leisure activities

interviewed

Reading books, magazines

Watching TV shows, videos;

listening to radio broadcasts, audio cassettes

Folk crafts (knitting, sewing, weaving, embroidery)

Artistic crafts (drawing, modeling, phytodesign, painting on various materials, etc.)

Composition (poetry, prose)

Computer (games)

Computer (programming, debugging)

Sports, healthy lifestyle

pet care

Socializing with friends

Difficult to answer

Interest clubs (cynologists, lovers of bard songs, environmentalists, fans of running, football)

Sport sections

Visiting the ice rink, swimming pool, sports grounds on your own

Foreign language courses

Sections and circles of technical creativity

Sections and circles of folk crafts

Teaching music, dancing, drawing, etc.

Electives at educational institutions

Visiting the library, reading rooms

Cinema visits

Theater visits

Discos

Visiting cafe bars

Dacha, household plot

Mass holidays, festivities

professional association

Political associations

Communication with peers in free clubs

Difficult to answer

The survey data shows that the bulk of today's youth prefer passive entertainment more often than active. Only a small part of the respondents devotes their free time to education, knowledge and self-development.

Life suggests that the leisure of young people has always been interesting and attractive, depending on how it met the tasks of comprehensive education, how much the organization of free time for boys and girls combined the most popular forms of activities: sports, technical and artistic creativity, reading and cinema, entertainment and game. Where they do this, they first of all seek to overcome the consumer attitude to leisure inherent in the part of young people who believe that someone from the outside, but not themselves, should provide them with a meaningful free time.

The next requirement for the organization and conduct of youth leisure is its complete dealcoholization. No leisure activity should include activities or recreation that directly or indirectly promote the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

The differentiation of leisure according to interests should be supplemented by the division of its conduct, taking into account different groups of young people. In age, professional, territorial terms, young people, as a special social group, are heterogeneous: rural, urban, students, employed in various areas of the national economy, family and non-family, etc. Naturally, all these subgroups of young people differ from each other in needs, level of cultural and professional readiness, budgets for free time and attitude towards it. This is exactly what leisure organizers should take into account when offering the most effective activities, entertainment, and games in each case.

As you know, among the most popular types of leisure among young people, physical education and sports dominate, providing not only health, normal physical development, but also the ability to control oneself, one's body. By the way, the attitude of an individual to his physical constitution is an indicator of his true culture, attitude to the rest of the world. Convenient forms of familiarization with physical culture and sports are sports clubs, sections, health groups. As evidenced by the experience of Severodonetsk, where jogging clubs, a teenage wrestling club, a weightlifting club, a tennis school, a cafe - club "Chess", tourist associations, sports and technical sections, the friendship of the population with sports and physical education is not only capable of to improve his health, but also to create a special living environment, a special mood. People not only work better, relax, but also understand each other. Possession of special mental exercises creates the foundations of mental self-regulation, reduces the time for the restoration of nervous forces.

Games occupy an “important” place in the life of young people, but not all boys and girls have a high gaming culture. Some of them are not at all familiar with modern mass games, they do not realize their value for themselves, while others treat the games mainly contemplatively (sitting at the TV screen, on the stadium podium). The game, as a form of leisure, is a serious matter. We must not forget the way to the gaming halls, game libraries. True, there are not so many of the latter yet, but their wide network is needed, and game libraries and clubs would be useful. In such institutions (paid and free) the game should reign: serious and funny, with partners and without them, theatrical and simple. Here, in addition, you can solve funny problems, unravel complex detective stories, participate in erudite competitions, dance, have a cup of coffee or tea. You can come here on your own or with your family and children.

Young people are attracted by leisure games associated with the use of slot machines and computers.

It is possible to single out the most attractive forms of entertainment for young people: spectacles, light music, dances, games, TV programs such as games - spectacles, KVN. Today, in view of the rise of the spiritual needs of young people, the growth of their level of education, culture, the most characteristic feature of youth leisure is the increase in the share of spiritual forms and ways of spending free time in it, combining entertainment, saturation with information, the possibility of creativity and learning new things. Interest clubs, amateur associations, family clubs, circles of artistic and technical creativity, discos, youth cafe-clubs have become such "synthetic" forms of leisure organization.

The most serious way of spending free time, designed directly not for consumption, but for the creation of cultural values, is gaining momentum - creativity. The element of creativity is contained in many forms of youth leisure, and opportunities to create are open to everyone without exception. But if we mean the actual creative forms of leisure, then their essence lies in the fact that a person devotes his free time to creating something new.

So, leisure makes it possible for a modern young person to develop many aspects of his personality, even his own talent. For this, it is necessary that he approach leisure from the standpoint of his life task, his vocation - to develop his own abilities comprehensively, to consciously shape himself. What are the most common trends and problems of modern youth leisure?

Consider the leisure of young people as a special social group as a whole. You can "sit in company", which is a burning need, a form of self-affirmation for a young person. Research by scientists, and even simple everyday observations, show that for all the importance and strength of the socialization of a young person in an educational and production team, for all the need for meaningful leisure activities, for all the scale of the growth of the free time industry - tourism, sports, librarianship and club business etc. - with all this, young people stubbornly "get lost" in the company of their peers. This means that communication in a youth company is a form of leisure that a young person needs organically. It is clear that, in view of all this, home leisure, like a magnet, attracts young men and women to itself. His noble, developing influence on the personality of a young man cannot be denied. And yet this type of leisure is not without its drawbacks: the isolation of a person in a “box” of four stacks, communication with spiritual values ​​only “at the reception”, separation from physical culture and sports forms of leisure, and this cannot but increase the passivity, inertia of a young person.

Undoubtedly, the home leisure of young men and women requires the correct participation of elders, especially parents, their help and control. A convenient form in this regard is family vacation trips and leisure activities in family clubs (cooperatives). Holidays with the whole family unite and enrich children and parents. But, unfortunately, it is not always possible.

What should a young person take into account when choosing these or other forms of leisure? First of all, his attitude towards them should not be one-sided. It is necessary to learn to see in each type of leisure all its content (educational, aesthetic, educational, entertaining elements). This will help you properly manage your own development.

To help a person get rid of the monotony of everyday life, boring, useless, if they are wasted, evenings, to find rational ways and forms of spending leisure time - all this is an urgent and far from simple task, the solution of which, of course, will allow many to give free time a higher meaning , to cleanse it of the influences of anti-culture, to expand the scope of one's "lofty activity", to know the joy of creativity.

Relevant for our society is the problem of improving the mechanism for managing free time, leisure activities, stimulating the latter, shaping the individual's conscious need for creativity, educational, cultural and social - leisure activities.

It would seem that now the possibilities of filling free time are inexhaustible. Everything is available to a modern young person: self-education, going to the cinema and theater, going in for sports, meaningful communication with friends, nature, etc. But this is in theory, but in practice it is not so simple. Because of this, the problem of improving youth leisure comes to the fore.

The sphere of youth leisure has its own characteristics. The leisure of young people is significantly different from the leisure of other age groups due to its specific spiritual and physical needs and its inherent social and psychological characteristics. These features include increased emotional, physical mobility, dynamic mood swings, visual and intellectual susceptibility. Young people are attracted to everything new, unknown. The specific features of youth include the predominance of search activity in it. It is possible to single out the most attractive forms of entertainment for young people: spectacles, light music, dances, games, TV programs such as games and spectacles, KVN. Today, in view of the rise of the spiritual needs of young people, the growth of their level of education, culture, the most characteristic feature of youth leisure is the increase in the share of spiritual forms and ways of spending free time in it, combining entertainment, saturation with information, the possibility of creativity and learning new things. Interest clubs, amateur associations, family clubs, circles of artistic and technical creativity, discos, youth cafe-clubs have become such "synthetic" forms of leisure organization.

Thus, the task of cultural and leisure centers is the maximum implementation of developing leisure programs for young people, which are based on the principle of simple organization, mass character, inclusion of unused youth groups. Improving the organization of cultural forms of youth leisure will provide it with the opportunity for informal communication, creative self-realization, spiritual development, and will contribute to the educational impact on large groups of young people.

The study of value orientations, life priorities of modern youth is very important, since it makes it possible to find out the degree of its adaptation to new social conditions and innovative potential. The processes that capture the value consciousness of young people are of particular importance, because they represent the near future of these societies.


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The nature of the criminological situation is largely predetermined by the level of juvenile delinquency against the background of the general socio-economic situation in the country, within which law enforcement agencies face immediate tasks to counteract their illegal behavior.
3721. Mechanisms for solving social problems of youth 55.86KB
At the same time, the solution of youth problems as a priority direction for the functioning of Russian society is in the process of formation. Along with this, in public life and state policy, there is an erroneous hope that everything will work itself out in connection with the development of macroeconomic processes.
18886. Political orientations of student youth of Ulan-Ude 52.87KB
Political orientations of youth as an object of scientific research. Students as a special social group of society. Young people, as the most dynamic part of the population, act as a kind of social barometer and often reflect the degree of conflict in society. The political orientations of the Russian youth, as well as the entire society, have long developed in conditions of a certain stability of society and the state.
10087. Methodology of a comprehensive examination of the physical condition of young people 24.4KB
Physical fitness - characterizes the capabilities of the functional systems of the athlete's body, it can be conditionally divided into: general - involves the versatile development of physical qualities, focuses on 1-2 courses, control at the university is carried out according to mandatory tests; auxiliary - serves as a functional basis for successful work on the development of special physical qualities
12500. Identification of factors influencing the opinion of young people about work 33.92KB
Public Relations in the Sphere of Labor and Employment of Youth in the Russian Federation. Employment and employment of youth in the Russian Federation. Employment and employment of youth d. The main industries that are more attractive to young people: management, finance, trade.