State category (state name) Is an independent part of speech, which includes unchangeable words denoting the state of an object (living beings, nature, environment) and answers the question how?, What is it ?: You will be a little boring… There is also another name - predicatives.

This is a relatively new part of the speech. In some textbooks, words of the category of state are not recognized as an independent part of speech and are considered as a special group of adverbs - adverbs of state. Some scholars also refer to them as short adjectives ( glad, agree, should), and adverbial expressions ( to be on the alert, to be married).

The words of the category of state include only those words that are the main member of impersonal sentences (predicate) or are included in its composition:to me no time to argue with you; We must hurry; It's a sin to laugh I'm over people.

General grammatical meaning words of the category of state - state.

Morphemic traits(similar to adverbs) : there are no specific signs, but most words in the category of state have -O-: boring O, oars O.

Morphological sign - immutability (similar to adverbs).

Syntax function: predicate in a one-part impersonal sentence (in a sentence without a subject):Sad(predicate) .

    In a clause with state names
  • the addition (noun and pronoun) is often used in the dative case without a preposition: His sad ( cat.sost ... sad - predicate, His - addition, D.p. );
  • noun and pronoun in genitive and prepositional with prepositions: Easily in my heart from a cheerful song; Wonderful in the forest.
  • The words of the category of state can be adjoined by the infinitive, which is part of the predicate: Boring we stay at home . (boring to sit- predicate).
  • State category words are used with a bundle to be indicating the time: It was stuffy. Sometimes verbs act as a link become, become, seem: Stuffy became; Suddenly it got dark.
  1. Words in -o, correlated with adverbs and short forms of adjectives (up to 90% of all words in the category of state): fresh, pleasant, cool, stuffy, hot, fun, comfortable, pleasant, beautiful, dreary, etc.
    Words of the category of condition, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison(like adverbs and adjectives). The methods and means of forming the degrees of comparison of words of the category of state, adjectives and adverbs usually coincide.
    • Comparative degree (simple) is formed using suffixes her (her) and -e(sometimes with the addition of on-): By the evening quieter became; More fun and nicer was walking to the river.
    • Superlative (usually compound) is formed with the word of all added to the comparative degree: The most offensive became a mother; His the sickest of all captive.
  2. words derived from nouns: it's time, time, sin, shame, hunting and etc. For example,
    to me laziness to get up early. Sin laugh. Don't joke time. It's time home.
  3. Immutable words that do not match in other parts of speech: it is necessary, it is possible, it is impossible, no, it's a pity... For example, To you it is forbidden be late.
  1. Qualitative express:
    • state of nature: hot, sultry, cool, sunny, windy, gloomy, cold, dusty, etc. It was dry and dusty;
    • state of the environment: dirty, damp, dark, dewy, dry, light, etc .: Golaud and unfriendly in the forest;
    • physical condition of humans and animals: painful, ill, chilly, ticklish, nauseous, stuffy, hard, hot, cold, etc .: Warmly he became.
    • mental (emotional) state of a person: fun, sad, offensive, creepy, annoying, bitter, joyful, funny, pitiful, pleasant, ashamed, scared, sad, ashamed, easy, hard, boring: Again anxious,painfully my heart became.
      The words of the category of state, denoting the physical and mental state of a person, are necessarily associated with the dative case of the person. If the dative case is absent, then the state acquires a generalized meaning: Ivan became annoyingly. Annoying when you are not noticed.
    • the intellectual state of a person: interesting, clear, understandable, known, characteristic, etc .: It's clear it was that we were late for the train;
  2. Modal express:
    • assessment of any condition, position: easy, good, beautiful, true, correct, difficult, etc .: Good in the forest; It was nice look at their work.
    • temporary relationship: late, long, early: Not yet late, something needs to be done.
    • spatial relationships: far, close, high, low, narrow, etc.: I was far to home.
    • possibility (impossibility), obligation, necessity, assessment of various situations and conditions: it is possible, impossible, necessary, necessary, necessary, impossible, must, must, etc. It is forbidden read other people's letters.

List of used literature.

  • Pupil's Handbook, ed. V. Slavkina, "The Word", 1994
  • Babaytseva V.V. Russian language. Theoryu 5-9 grades, M.: Bustard, 2208, - 414 p.
  • Panova E.A., Pozdnyakova A.A. Reference materials on the Russian language for preparation for exams. - M .: - LLC "Astrel Publishing House", 2004.-462 p.
    • Baranov M.T., Kostyaeva A.A., Prudnikova A.V. Russian language. Reference materials, M.: Education, 2209, - 285 p.

Already from the first third of the XIX century. in Russian grammars, a number of words were sequentially distinguished, intermediate between names, verbs and expressing a state.

The term "category of state" was first introduced by LV Shcherba in 1928. In addition, he designated the category of the state as a special part of speech. He attributed the following words to her: you can, you can’t, it’s cold, sorry, it’s light, you have to. glad, capable, should, ready, according to the scientist, also belong to the category of condition. Vinogradov V.V. also believed that these, in their meaning, are close to the category of state.

Prof. Abakumov S.I. took into account the syntactic function of words in the category of state and called them impersonal-predicative words.

AA Shakhmatov used the term “predicative adverbs”.

There are two points of view on the category of condition as a part of speech.

I point of view:

The category of a state is a special part of speech with its own categorical meaning, morphological and syntactic features. (Shcherba L.V., Vinogradov V.V., Galkina-Fedoruk E.M., Gvozdev A.N., Shansky N.M., Tikhonov A.N.)

II point of view:

  • I can't have sweets.
  • I'm close to home.

3. Syntactically, it is very difficult to determine which sentence is in front of us, two-part or one-part.

  • Stay alone with Anna to him It was fearfully. (Two-part.)
  • Stay alone with Anna to him It was fearfully. (One-piece.)

Babaytseva V.V. and Maksimov L. Yu. Consider this construction as transitional between a two-part and one-part sentence.

Migirin V.N. and Bulanin L.L. call the words of the category of state subjectless adjectives.

"Grammar - 80" and "Brief Grammar" by N. Yu. Shvedova refer words of the category of state to different parts of speech:

  • 1.to adverbs (they are called predicative adverbs, or predicatives): sad, fun, ashamed, windy, stuffy;
  • 2. to: laziness, hunting, reluctance, shame, time, trouble, time.
  • Time for lunch. Time to sleep. Too lazy to go.

But Shvedova N. Yu. Emphasizes that the commonality of categorical meanings and syntactic functions gives grounds to combine all such words into a special grammatical class, which is sometimes called the category of state. Baranov M.T., Grigoryan L.T. and Ladyzhenskaya T.A. (in old school textbooks) the category of state is not considered as a special part of speech. In the textbooks of VV Babaytseva and LD Chesnokova, the concept of "state-words" is introduced.

Synopsis of the Russian language lesson in grade 7

Textbook: Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Trostentsova L.A., Aleksandrova O.M., Grigoryan L.T., Kulibaba I.I. "Russian language: a textbook for the 7th grade of educational institutions." - M .: Education, 2008.

Program: Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Shansky N.M. Programs of educational institutions. Russian language. 5 - 9 grades. M .: Education, 2006.

Goals:

    Learn to distinguish words of the category of state from short adjectives and adverbs.

    Develop an interest in the Russian language.

During the classes

    Teacher's word

In the science of the Russian language, the category of state as an independent part of speech began to be considered at the beginning of the 20th century, although Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov, a Russian philologist of the nineteenth century, pointed out its semantic (semantic) and functional-syntactic differences from adverbs and adjectives.

title

Predicative adverbs

V. V. Vinogradov, E. M. Galkina-Fedoruk, A. N. Gvozdev

supporters

D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, A. A. Shakhmatov

It is considered an independent part of speech, the semantic meaning is reflected in the name.

linguistic position

They are considered a special group of adverbs, the name reflects the syntactic role: predicative - used in the role of a predicate.

Depending on the lexical meaning, the words of the category of state can be divided into groups:

    Words denoting the state of nature (damp, windy).

    Words denoting a person's condition (painful, hot).

    Words denoting an assessment of a condition (bad, good).

    Words with the meaning of possibility, obligation, necessity (impossible, necessary).

Morphological signs of words in the category of state.

The words of the category of state do not change, that is, they do not bend or conjugate. Most status category words have the -o suffix. Words of the category of state in -o, formed from qualitative adjectives, can form forms of degrees of comparison, for example: The soul became more melancholy, sadder (A. Kuprin). Some SCS have assessment forms: chilly, creepy, scary.

    What is the suffix with which these words of the category of state are formed? (These words are formed with the diminutive-affectionate suffixes -owat.)

The syntactic role of words in the category of state. The word of the category of state performs the syntactic function of the predicate in a one-part impersonal sentence, for example:

Boring, fearfully, freezes

All around,

(F. Sologub)

Vyasny streets so empty,

So dead.

(F. Sologub)

Words of the state category are combined with linking verbs (to be, to become, to become, to be done), and the link can have the form of all tenses (it was, will be, in the present tense - zero) of the indicative mood and the form of the conditional mood (it would be colder).

Slide 9. Words of the category of state must be distinguished from adverbs and short adjectives. The short form of the adjective is consistent in gender, number, case with the noun being defined and can be predicate in the sentence. The adverb determines the predicate verb, answers the questions: how, when, etc. and in the sentence is a circumstance. Words of the category of state are used in impersonal sentences and are predicate.

    Anchoring.

Task 1. In all examples, indicate belonging to the part of speech and the syntactic role of the word "hard":

    Although the burden is sometimes heavy in it, the cart is light on the move ... (A.S. Pushkin)

    And the Neva was breathing heavily, like a horse running from a battle. (A.S. Pushkin)

    "Hey! Come on, coachman! .. "-" No urine: horses, master, it's hard ... "(A.S. Pushkin)

Task 2. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which the highlighted words are words of the category of state, short adjectives, adverbs.

    His face was sad.

    He sad smiled.

    to me sad.

    On him funny watch.

    Such behavior funny.

    He funny looks like.

    Composition interesting written.

    With him interesting argue.

    Competition interesting the composition of the participants.

Let's check ourselves! Highlighted words - adverbs: 2, 6, 7. Words of the category of state: 3, 4, 8. Short adjectives: 1, 5, 9.

Task 3. Distribute the words of the category of state into groups: the state of a person, the state of the environment, assessment of the state.

Human condition

State of the environment

Condition assessment

Task 4. Form a comparative degree from the words of the category of state: quiet, beautiful, bad, dangerous.

    How to correctly put the stress in the comparative degree from the word "beautiful"?

    What is the peculiarity of education of a comparative degree from the word "bad"? (When the degree of comparison is formed, the basis is replaced, this is called the suppletivism of the foundations in linguistics)

    Summing up.

Let's summarize.

    What are the morphological signs of the category of the condition?

Bibliography

    Encyclopedia for children. T 10. Linguistics. Russian language. - M .: Avanta +, 2005.

    Kasatkin L.L., Krysin L.P., Lvov M.R., Terekhova T.G. Russian language. A textbook for students of pedagogical institutes in the specialty "Pedagogy and methods of primary education." In 2 parts. - M .: Education, 1989.

In this chapter:

The traditional school description of the Russian language did not single out the words of the category of state in a separate part of speech, although grammarians from the first third of the 19th century noticed the special features of this group of words. Currently, most authors adhere to the point of view that there is sufficient reason to consider the category of the state as a part of speech. Therefore, this interpretation can be found in a number of school textbooks. For the convenience of the children, the description of the words of the category of state as an independent part of speech is presented below.

§1. General characteristics of the category of condition

1. Grammatical meaning- the state of the environment or person, for example: Outside cold . to me cold .

2. Morphological features:

  • constant - immutability,
  • fickle - for words formed from quality adjectives, degrees of comparison are possible: comparative and excellent.
    It got warmer. In a small room with a stove got the warmest.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence: predicate in clauses without a subject. Often together with the words: it was, it will, it is, it will be, it happens, it happened.

§2. Homonymy. Distinguishing homonyms

Examples:

Her cold.

She answered cold.

Coldly- an adverb, a circumstance in a two-part sentence.

Her face it was cold, there was not even a shadow of a smile on it.

Coldly- a short adjective, part of a predicate in a two-part sentence.

The words: you can, you can't, it's a shame, it's time, it's a pity they have no homonyms among other parts of speech. They are used only as part of the predicate impersonal sentence.

§3. Alternative point of view

An alternative point of view defines these words as a special subgroup of adverbs. In this case, in order to maintain consistency, it is necessary to understand that adverbs in a sentence can be a circumstance, some adverbs - a circumstance and a predicate in an impersonal sentence, and some - only a predicate in an impersonal sentence.

Examples:

On right there was a forest.

On right

She answered cold.

Coldly- an adverb as a circumstance.

Her It became cold.

Coldly

to me was ashamed.

Ashamed- an adverb in the composition of the predicate.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of the content of this chapter.

Final test

  1. What part of speech expresses the grammatical meaning of the state?

    • Verb
    • Adverb
    • Status category

  2. Is it correct to classify words of the category of state as immutable parts of speech?

  3. What sentences use the words of the category of state?

    • In two-part
    • In one-piece indefinite personal
    • In one-piece impersonal

  4. In what role are words of the category of state in sentences?

    • At any
    • As a predicate

  5. Is there an example of status category words in a sentence: It was still cold outside at night.?

  6. Is it true to believe that the words of the category of state answer the questions: as? what is it?

  7. Can the words of the category of state be a definition?

  8. Can the words of the category of state be a circumstance?

  9. Do words of the category of state have homonyms among other parts of speech?

  10. What helps to distinguish between the words of the category of state and their homonyms?

    • Grammatical meaning and syntactic role in a sentence
    • Special forms

In the school course of the Russian language, words denoting a state are studied. Students often confuse them with adverbs and adjectives, although they differ.

The category of state is words, morphological features of which make it possible to classify them as adverbs, because they answer the questions "what is it?" And How?" and are intended to describe the emotions or mood of animate objects or physical processes associated with inanimate objects and their environment or location. For example: The house had restlessly.

But not so long ago, impersonal predicates, or predicates - another name that the words of the category of state bear - some linguists began to consider.But at the same time, among scientists there is no unity on the issue of criteria for belonging to it. The words that make it up are grammatically heterogeneous. Sometimes it includes short forms of adjectives that are not used in full. For example: I am obliged, I must, I am glad, etc.

The category of state is expressed by words that are most often the main members in impersonal sentences and occupy an independent position. They denote a static situation and have homonyms, so it is difficult to distinguish them from adverbs and short forms of adjectives. For example:

2. Calmly and the river flows smoothly (adverb);

3. Animal calmly(short

The category of state has the following distinctive features: first, it names the mood or emotions of a living being, and also describes the environment. Secondly, it is often part of a nominal compound predicate in an impersonal sentence where there is no subject. For example:

1. In the shade chilly and damp.

(habitat condition: cool, damp, light, warm, etc.)

2. Him painfully

(physiological sensations of living beings: it is audible, not visible, painful, cramped and stuffy, etc.)

3. Ah! How joyfully!

Person: offensive, joyful, scared, annoyed and sorry, etc.)

4. Sin don't see it!

5. Get up early.

(spatial as well as temporal characteristics: late, early, far, close, high).

If the category of state (examples are given below) describes animate objects, then their names are expressed in the dative case. If - the natural environment, then its name is often presented in the form of a prepositional case. For example:

1. One bad (one - D.p., name of the person).

2. In the summer in the park shady and cool (in the park - P. p., the name of the object of the natural environment).

Predicates have constant and non-constant morphological features. A constant category is their immutability. And fickle is in those words that were formed from For example:

On the south side warmer.

The syntactic role of words in the category of state is limited to the predicate in one-part impersonal sentences.

1. Although hard, but we must go forward!

2. How quiet around!

Often predicates are used together with the words "will" and "happened", "became" and "was", "will" and "happens", etc. For example:

1. But It was quiet.

2. Used to and noisy.

In order to correctly determine the belonging of a lexical unit to the category of state, the student needs to know the rules well and practice by performing the exercises. At the same time, in order not to confuse it with an adverb and a short adjective, you need to parse the word according to the scheme indicating the syntactic role in the sentence.