Introduction ………………………………………………… 3

1.History of Russian names ……………………………… ..4

What are the names ……………………………… 4

Stages in the development of names ……………………………… 5

New Russian names ……………………………… 9

2. Surnames and their origin ……………………… .9

Conclusion …………………………………………… ..14

List of used literature ………………… 15

Introduction.

The science of proper names is called onomastics. This term is associated with the Greek word onoma - name. Branches of onomastics, devoted to the study of individual categories of names, also have their own special names. The names of people are under the jurisdiction of anthroponymy (from the Greek anthropos - man, compare anthropology - the science of man).

The names of people are part of the history of nations. They reflect the way of life, beliefs, aspirations, fantasy and artistic creativity of peoples, their historical contacts. Our country is multinational, and each of the peoples inhabiting it has its own wonderful personal names.

Science pays great attention to their study. A number of works are devoted to the history and current state of Russian names. However, popular books about Russian names are not enough. Meanwhile, interest in Russian names, the names used to name Russian people, is growing not only in our country, but also abroad.

All people at all times in all civilizations had personal names. For each nation, they are associated not only with its culture, way of life, but also with the development of productive forces. In order for a given people to have a name, certain cultural and historical conditions are necessary. Therefore, many names bear a vivid imprint of the corresponding era.

Any word with which a person was called, those around him began to be perceived as his personal name, and, therefore, any word could become a name.

Thus, a personal name (in the Old Russian language also - reclo, name, nickname, name, nickname, name) is a special word that serves to designate an individual and is given to him individually in order to be able to refer to him, and also talk about it with others. 1

1. History of Russian names.

1.1. What are the names.

The names of people in different countries, among different peoples are extremely diverse in their sound, origin and use. First of all, there are individual and group names. Examples of individual names for Russians can be the personal names of all the people around us: Ivan Terentyevich Kozlov, Anna Kovaleva. For Russians, group names do not have a pronounced form. These include, for example, surnames, when they are used in relation to the collective - to all family members or spouses: The Petrovskys came; The Ivanovs are fully assembled today. Among other peoples, including Russia, group naming conventions are much more developed. Each person knows not only his first name, patronymic and surname, but the name of the clan to which he and his family members belong.

The individual names of different peoples differ significantly from each other and from the Russians. In addition to the usual personal names for us, surnames and patronymics, they have additional nicknames and special naming conventions used to glorify especially respected people, desirable names, names - allegories, etc. in some peoples the name is openly announced, in others it is kept secret. For many peoples, including the Russians, the name given in childhood is retained by a person for life; for some peoples, when people reach a certain age, one name is “removed”, and the other is “appointed” by persons authorized to do so.

In accordance with the established naming system, all Russians are necessarily called by name and patronymic. The patronymic in the form and in the tradition of use that exists with us is an individual and unique feature of the Russian naming convention.

Currently, 95% of Russian people bear the old traditional Russian calendar names. Among these names there are widely known, and there are also rare, unfamiliar and therefore of cognitive interest for the modern reader. They are called calendar calendars because in the past they were included in the church calendars (saints, calendars, menaea) and civil calendars. The term "church names", sometimes used in everyday life, is incorrect, since these names have a long history associated with the history of peoples that existed long before the advent of Christianity. Personal names, placed in church calendars, were collected by the Christian church at the beginning of our era. They are nothing more than the names of people of various ancient peoples who died a martyr's death for the Christian religion and are numbered among the saints by the Christian church.

Along with calendar names, there were non-calendar forms of the same names. They are used in living folk practice, in everyday life, but for various reasons they did not fall into the calendars. 1

1.2. Stages in the development of names.

There are three stages in the history of Russian personal names - pre-Christian, when original names were used on the East Slavic soil by means of the Old Russian language; the period after the introduction of Christianity in Russia, when the church began to plant, along with Christian religious rites, foreign-language names borrowed by the Byzantine church from various peoples of antiquity; and a new stage, which began after the Great Patriotic Socialist Revolution and was marked by the penetration of a large number of borrowed names into the Russian name-book and active imitation.

Before the introduction of Christianity in Russia, personal names were very similar to nicknames given for one reason or another. In ancient times, people perceived names materially, as an integral part of a person. They hid their names from enemies, believing that knowing the name alone is enough to harm someone.

Old Russian names are of great interest. They reveal the richness of the Russian folk language, show the breadth of imagination, observation and sharpness of the Russian person, his kindness and sociability, sometimes rude simplicity and causticity when it comes to moral vices or physical disabilities.

Old Russian names were varied. For example, numeric names represent the entire numeric range from 1 to 10: First and First, Second, Vtorak, Tretiak, Quarter, Quarter, Fifth and Pyatak, Six and Shestak, Semoy and Semak, Axis and Osmak, Ninth and Nine, Tenth.

The names given by hair and skin color were also very popular: Chernysh, Cherniai, Cherniava, Chernavka, Bel, White, Belyak, Belukha and others. Names were also assigned according to other external signs - height, body characteristics: Dry, Thick, Long, Small, Kid, Hare, Lip(with cleft lip) , Head, Golovach, Loban etc.

In addition to the names that gave in appearance, there were those that were assigned depending on the nature and behavior of the child: Besson, Fun, Shout, Molchan, Neulyba, Smeyana, Smirnaya; in some names, the desirability or unwillingness of the appearance of a child in the family and other circumstances were noted: Bogdan and Bogdana, Bazhen(welcome, honey) , Goluba, Lyubim, Zhdan and Nezhdan, Chayan and Nechayan, Pospel, Hoten and others. Some names were given according to the time of birth of the child: Veshnyak(in spring) , Winter, Frost(in winter),

There were also names of a different order, dating back to ancient beliefs. These are “bad” names that were supposedly capable of warding off evil spirits, illness, death: Nemil, Nekras, Nelyuba Malice, Old.

Of great interest are the names associated with the animal and plant world: Wolf, Cat, Foal, Cow, Grass, Vetka, etc. Many names given in childhood remained with people throughout their lives. These intra-family names were often supplemented by other, nickname, given to them already in the public environment, after a person entered an independent life or when he changed his place of residence or work. They were given on various grounds: in appearance - Big, Bezos, the nature - Flea(small, restless, sometimes angry person); by social status - Prince, Baryshnik or origin - French, Tula.

The widespread prevalence of these particular names, which persisted until the 16th century, gave impetus to the creation of various additional forms to them - abbreviated, diminutive, which were affectionate within the family to use, rather than complete.

The second very long period in the history of Russian names came after the introduction of Christianity, along with which the so-called calendar names came into the practice of naming. They have become an integral part of the Russian language, a part of the history of the Russian people.

We call them calendar ones conditionally, since during the entire period of their existence they were given to Russian people according to church calendars, in which they were distributed over all days of the year. Nowadays, this distribution no longer plays a significant role, since we are not interested in the “memorials” (memorable dates) of saints, but in personal names as a linguistic category.

The history of Russian calendar names is no less interesting than the history of Old Russian ones. It reflects the interaction of the Russian folk language and Church Slavonic, the official language of the Russian Orthodox Church. This manifested itself in numerous spelling transformations of personal names, in the struggle of ancient Russian “pagan” names for their existence, in the adaptation of “Christian” names to the conditions of the Russian linguistic environment.

Of course, all the names - both pagan and Christian - were the work of ordinary people of different nationalities, who took names from their everyday language. Of course, the Christian religion, like Islam and Judaism, created certain directions for the creation of images and the perception of names, but their source was not religion, but the national language. For example, the name Eustolia translated from Greek means "well dressed" - in ancient times, good clothes were a symbol of nobility and power.

Christian names, according to church legends, were the names of ascetics and martyrs who died for the establishment of this religion. But these same names belonged in antiquity not only to those persons, real or mythical, who were revered by the church, but also to thousands of other people - representatives of those peoples from whose language these names were borrowed.

The same should be said about "pagan" names: Old Russian names Vyacheslav, Vsemil, Domaneg were called people who worshiped pagan gods. However, the names themselves had nothing to do with paganism.

The official adoption of Christianity in Russia took place in 988, when Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich baptized the inhabitants of Kiev. During his reign, Christianity became the state religion. The adoption of Christianity was dictated by the need to strengthen the princely power and the internal unity of the ancient Russian state.

The Christianization of the population of Rus and the obligatory rite of baptism was accompanied by the naming of people with new Christian personal names, the lists of which were the Byzantine Christian church with religious rites. They got into the Old Russian language not in translations, but in genuine foreign language sounds, absolutely incomprehensible and alien to the Russian people. Many names of the ancient Russians exactly correspond in translation to those names that came from Byzantium: Greek. Agathon(translated as "kind") corresponds to the Russian name Dobrynya.

1. History origin names and surnames

   Abstract >> History

   AREAS ABSTRACT ON STORIES RUSSIA ON THE TOPIC: " HISTORY ORIGIN NAMES AND SURNAME " STUDENTS 9 - IN THE CLASS ... origin and existence; how history origin names helps in learning stories our country, stories Russian language. As is known, names ...

2. History Ancient China (3)

   Book >> History

   Americans, Spanish, Dutch and Russian, were present during the whole battle ... The word "the ancients" here means names and surnames thirty-six historical characters. ... was telling this history that he clearly believed in origin this fossil. ...

3. History political and legal doctrines (11)

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   Legal Sciences has its history (history main schools and directions ... origin Russian the state. The groundlessness of this theory was shown by M.V. Lomonosov. But you need have... in a number of publications in recent years, this

The history of the appearance of Russian names

The history of the appearance of Russian names

The science of proper names is called onomastics. This term is associated with the Greek word onoma - name.

The names of people are part of the history of nations. They reflect the way of life, beliefs, fantasy and artistic creativity of peoples, their historical contacts. Any word with which a person was called, those around him began to be perceived as his personal name, and, therefore, any word could become a name. Thus, a personal name (in the Old Russian language - reclo, name, nickname, name, nickname, name) is a special word that serves to designate an individual and is given to him individually in order to be able to refer to him, as well as talk about him with others.

There are three stages in the history of Russian personal names.

1. Pre-Christian, in which the original names were confessed, created on the East Slavic soil by means of the Old Russian language.

2. The period after the baptism of Rus, where the church began to plant, together with Christian religious rites, foreign-language names borrowed by the Byzantine church from various peoples of antiquity.

3. A new stage that began after the Great October Socialist Revolution and was marked by the penetration of a large number of borrowed names into the Russian nomenclature and an active imyatvorchestvo.

Before the introduction of Christianity in Russia, personal names were nothing more than nicknames given for one reason or another. In ancient times, people perceived names materially, as an integral part of a person. They hid their names from enemies, believing that knowing the name alone is enough to harm someone.

Old Russian nicknames are of great interest. They reveal the richness of the Russian folk language. Old Russian nicknames were varied. For example: Pervak, First, Second, Vtorak, Tretyak (this name was one of the most common), Third, etc. We meet direct descendants of these names - surnames: Pervov, Tretyak or Tretyakov, etc. Or such names - Chernysh, Belyak, White, etc. - data on hair and skin color. Names were also assigned according to other external signs - height, physique, character, time of birth. Many nicknames were given on separate occasions and occasions. Among the ancient Russian names there were those that have survived to this day - Vadim, Vsevolod, Gorazd, Dobrynya, Zhdan, Lyubava.

After the introduction of Christianity in Russia, the so-called calendar names entered the practice of naming. They have become an integral part of the Russian language, a part of the history of the Russian people. We now call them calendar ones conditionally, since during the entire time of their existence they were given to people according to church calendars. The official planting of Christianity in Russia began in the 10th century. During the reign of Vladimir Svyatoslavich, Christianity became the state religion. Prince Vladimir of Kiev, looking for a strong ally, entered into an alliance with Byzantium. One of the conditions of this union was the adoption of the Christian religion by Russia. In 988, Vladimir was baptized himself and began to introduce a new religion in Russia. The Christianization of the population of Rus and the obligatory rite of baptism was accompanied by the naming of people with new Christian names. The adoption of new names by the Russian population was slow.

There was such a custom in the old days:
They carried the baby to church. There,
In the old calendar of saints, jabbing his finger,
Pop gave names every day.
If you were born on the day of Efim,
That is named by such a name.
But if on the day of Jerome,
That - like it, not like it - Jerome!
M.Vladimov

However, only pre-Christian names have survived in history, which still exist in our country, they got into the Russian language at the beginning of the 2nd millennium through the preachers of the Christian religion, most of whom were southern Slavs: they had Christianity much earlier than in Russia.

In the first years after the October Revolution, the bulk of those born were given old names. After the end of the civil war, changes took place - less often they began to arrange church weddings, carried out the required civil registration of newborns.

Era with a new vocabulary
Burst into the speech of workshops and villages,
Amphilochias went to the revolutionary committees,
Adelaide in the Komsomol.
They are their own in tune with the era
The Octobrists were named:
Dawn, Idea, Pioneer,
Revmir, Revput and Diamat!
M.Vladimov

Nowadays, abbreviated forms of names are very common. Abbreviated forms are used in a variety of situations, with the exception of official ones. Abbreviated names are so short that they often turn out to be consonant with several full names, and vice versa, several abbreviated names can correspond to one full name. For example:
Agrafena - Agasha - Gasha - Granya - Grunya - Pear - Fenya;
Alexander (a) - Ara - Arya - Alya - Alik - Ksana - Ksanya - Aleksanya.

What's in the eyes,
Slanting rains
Asya, Stasya, Nastenka,
Daughter Anastasia?
It's just that life is fantastic
Three matrehs contained:
Asya, Stasya, Nastenka,
All - Anastasia.
I. Snegova

Since there are numerous variants of the same names, it is necessary to distinguish between official and unofficial forms of naming people. In the Russian language, practically all forms of names varied, both church and secular, but secular - in a much wider range.

At baptism, the name of the child was recorded in the registration book (such books were kept in all churches), while usually following the spelling of that calendar or some other liturgical book that was available in the given church. When receiving a birth certificate or a birth certificate (and they were issued not by the church, but by special civil institutions - in the cities of the consistory, in the villages of the volost clerk), the name was rewritten not letter for letter, but most often as the parents asked or as the clerk thought necessary. No serious legal significance was attached to the discrepancy between the records of the name in the church book and in the metric; the main option was still the church one, and the spelling of the name could be additionally checked by the date of birth of the named angel and the corresponding day of the angel.

Since earlier in the documents (passport, birth certificate, certificate, record of baptism, etc.) there were different variants of names (both in church and in their secular form), all of them can be called passport, official, documentary, despite a number of spelling and pronunciation differences. In popular dialects, many names underwent significant alterations (Evdokia - Evdokia - Avdotya through the unstable version of Avdokya), but since these forms also fell into documentary records, they also have to be considered official.

In informal situations - at home, with friends - people are called informal abbreviated forms of names. They have developed in everyday life for everyday use, since full names are sometimes cumbersome and inconvenient when communicating in a family, and especially among children and adolescents. (Ekaterina - Katya, Maria - Masha, etc.).

It is not known for certain when exactly proper names were singled out into a separate group. But already in 280-205. BC. the Stoic philosopher Chrysippus referred to names as a separate group. Nowadays, there is a whole science called anthroponymics, which studies the names of people, their structure, their emergence, development and functioning in society. The names themselves are called the term anthroponyms.

People have always given each other names or nicknames that accompanied them all their lives. How it began, no one knows, but there are many legends and stories about this. According to one version, since the time when the Supreme Mind gave people the ability to speak, it was believed that each word gave power over the object or phenomenon that it means. All people wanted to have power. Then the priests came up with other names for everything in the world, and many languages ​​arose. The original language was hidden from ordinary people and consigned to oblivion. The names suffered the same fate. Many peoples of the world have such legends about the appearance of different languages.

Now people began to invent their own names. In some cultures, it was believed that knowing a person's true name could harm him. Therefore, people were often given two names. One was used in the family circle, and the other was given for general use. In ancient times, people believed that the name affects the fate of a person and it is not just a word. Different peoples have used this knowledge in different ways.

For example, in some tribes of India and Africa, it was customary to give repulsive and unfavorable names, since it was believed that an unsightly name would scare away evil spirits. It was believed that a person should not tell his true name to anyone other than his parents. And in India, a person learned his real name only on the day of his majority from communication with spirits or through meditation. Often these names could not even be pronounced, since they were not familiar to us, but consisted of a mixture of images and sounds.

In ancient Greece, it was customary to name children with the names of Gods and heroes. But to call a child by the name of God was rather dangerous, as it could hurt them, so many names appeared, derived from those epithets with which the Gods were praised. This is how the names Victor (winner) and Maxim (the greatest) appeared. Zeus was praised with these epithets in their prayers. The name Laurus (from the laurel wreath worn by Mars) and Stephen (crowned) also appeared.

It was very popular to give children the names of Gods who do not belong to the ruling elite of Olympus. Names such as Apollo, Maya, Musa and Aurora are still used today. In Christian countries, children were also named after saints.

The Russian name is a complex formula, in the history of which not everything is unambiguous. How were the names given in Russia, what is the phenomenon of "half-name", and what were the real names of the Russian tsars? How

Nicknames

The tradition of naming names in Russia dates back to pre-Christian times. Any word associated with custom, habits, appearance, environment, could "stick" to a person and become his name. There were several thousand such names-nicknames, but in widespread use there were no more than a hundred. Conventionally, they can be divided into ten groups.

Here is some of them. Numerical names: First, Vtorak, Tretyak. External features: Chernyava, Belyak, Malyuta. Character traits: Molchan, Smeyana, Istoma. With wildlife: Bull, Pike, Oak. Or with a craft: Spoon, Blacksmith, Fur coat. However, with age, such names could be replaced by others - more suitable for a person.

In a special category of nicknames, it is worth highlighting defensive names. In order to avoid the harmful influence of evil spirits or other people, a person was often given a second name that everyone knew - Nekras, Malice, Kriv. Such an unprepossessing name, according to legend, protected its bearer from the evil eye or damage.

After the appearance of Christian names in Russia, nicknames did not disappear, but became an addition to the main name. They were used both among the low class and among noble people. Examples include Alexander Nevsky, Simeon of Polotsk or Ivan Kalita.
Nicknames were in circulation in Russia until the 18th century, until they were completely banned by Peter I. However, from the 15th century, another process was actively gaining momentum, in which nicknames began to be transformed into surnames.

Direct name

In the XIV-XVI centuries in Russia, at birth, it was customary to give direct names in honor of the saint, whose memory was celebrated on that day. Unlike the public Christian name, the direct name was usually used in a narrow circle of close and dear people. So, Vasily III bore the direct name Gabriel, and his son Ivan the Terrible - Titus.

Sometimes a paradoxical situation arose when siblings could be full namesakes - to wear the same public and direct name. For example, the eldest and youngest sons of Ivan the Terrible were publicly called Dmitri, and in a close circle - Uarami.

The tradition of the direct name originates in the early Rurik family tree, when the Grand Dukes bore both a pagan and a Christian name: Yaroslav-George (the Wise) or Vladimir-Vasily (Monomakh).

Grand Ducal Scandinavian

In the Rurik dynasty there were two categories of names: Slavic two-base (Yaropolk, Svyatoslav, Ostromir) and Scandinavian (Olga, Gleb, Igor). The names were assigned a high status, and therefore they could belong exclusively to a grand ducal person. Only in the XIV century did such names come into general use.

It is interesting that the generic name could not remain free: if the grandfather died, the newborn grandson was named after him, but the appearance of simultaneously living brothers-namesakes in the pre-Mongol period was not allowed.
Later, after the canonization of the bearers of both Slavic and Scandinavian names by the Russian Orthodox Church, such names began to be considered Christian, for example, Vladimir or Gleb.

Christianization of the name

With the strengthening of Christianity in Russia, the Slavic names gradually receded into the past. There were even special lists of forbidden names, in which a special ban was imposed on those associated with a pagan religion, for example, Yarilo or Lada.

The Rurikovichs had to gradually abandon dynastic preferences in favor of Christian names. Already Vladimir Svyatoslavovich at baptism was given the name Vasily, and Princess Olga - Elena. It is interesting that the sons of Vladimir Boris and Gleb, whose names were subsequently canonized, were named Roman and David, respectively, in baptism.

With the spread of book printing in Russia, great importance was attached to the spelling of names. Distorted spelling of the name could lead to accusations of dishonor. However, the Tsar's decree of 1675 clarified that mistakes in spelling of names due to ignorance of "the nature of the peoples in which they were born" are not a crime, and therefore "do not give or seek courts in this matter."

Half names

The official use of semi-names in a derogatory tone was common in Russia from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Often this was the name of state criminals - Stenka Razin or Emelka Pugachev. It was also obligatory to use a half-name when contacting higher authorities. So, for example, Gregory had to call himself "Grishka, the tsar's slave." It is known that during the "political masquerade" - the abdication of Ivan the Terrible from the throne - the "former" tsar appeared as "Ivanets Vasiliev".

The legacy of the Romanovs

During the reign of the Romanov dynasty, there are quite large chronological discrepancies between birthday and namesake - up to two months. This is due to the careful selection of the name of the saint, which was dictated by genealogical and dynastic preferences.

At the very "naming" the Romanovs were primarily guided by the customs of their ancestors. Related to this, for example, is the ban on the names of Peter and Paul after the murder of Peter III and Paul I. It was quite natural to give names in honor of older relatives. Following this rule, Nicholas I gave his four sons the same names and in the same order as his father Paul I.
Renewal of the Romanov nomenclature takes place under Catherine II. She introduces new names into the dynastic succession, naming her grandchildren Nicholas (in honor of Nicholas the Wonderworker), Constantine (in honor of Constantine the Great) and Alexander (in honor of Alexander Nevsky). True, over time, with the growth of the Romanov tree, half-forgotten dynastic names appear - Nikita, Olga, and even those absent in the calendar - Rostislav.

"Ivan, not remembering kinship"

The name Ivan has practically become a household name for a Russian, and for good reason: until 1917, every fourth peasant in the Russian Empire bore this name. Moreover, passportless vagabonds who fell into the hands of the police often called themselves Ivans, which led to the emergence of the stable expression "Ivan, who does not remember kinship."

For a long time, the name Ivan, which has a Jewish origin, did not apply to the ruling dynasty, however, starting with Ivan I (Kalita), four sovereigns from the Rurik family are called by them. The Romanovs also use this name, but after the death of Ivan VI in 1764, it is banned.

middle name

The use of a patronymic in Russia as part of a generic name is a confirmation of a person's ties with his father. Noble and common people called themselves, for example, "Mikhail, Petrov's son." It was considered a special privilege to add the ending "-ich" to the patronymic, which was allowed for people of high descent. That is how the Rurikovichs were called, for example, Svyatopolk Izyaslavich.

In the "table of ranks" under Peter I, and then in the "official list" under Catherine II, various forms of endings of patronymics (for example, "-ovich" or "-ov") were strictly fixed, depending on the person's belonging to a certain class.

From the 19th century, the nascent intelligentsia began to use the patronymic, and after the abolition of serfdom, it was allowed to be worn by the peasantry as well. The life of a modern person is no longer conceivable without a patronymic, and this is not only the strength of traditions - an official respectful form of address, but also a practical necessity - to distinguish between people who have the same first and last name.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

basic general education school

with. Abdrashitovo MR Alsheevsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Scientific work

on the topic: "The origin of modern Russian names (creation of a dictionary)"

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… ... 1

§ 1. Origin and meaning of Russian names ……………………. ………… ... 5

§ 2. Description of the process of work on the creation of a dictionary of Russian names ……… 18

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… .24

References ………………………………………………………… .... 25

Application

Introduction

We call each person by name, but we don’t think that the name did not arise by chance. The names of people are part of the history of peoples, they reflect the way of life, beliefs, fantasies of people, the artistic creation of the people, their historical past. At all times, for every nation, the name played an important role in the communication of people. Ancient people came up with a way to distinguish an individual from the crowd, referring to him by name. A name is an integral part of a person, his “visiting card” in society, his face and a powerful carrier of information about him. Even official statistics have long determined that the bearers of the same name are similar in character, lifestyle, and sometimes in appearance. To give a name is to give a destiny that cannot be changed. The influence of the name on the character and fate of a person has been studied for a long time, but the mechanism of this influence is still not fully understood. The name of a person contains information accumulated by society in the process of its development and transmitted from generation to generation. Each name is a word in some language and has a specific meaning. In addition to its meaning, the name is "loaded" with information about the character and deeds of the great people who wore it.

The attitude of others to the bearer of the name is determined by this information and, in turn, determines the formation of the corresponding character traits in the process of human development.

The character of a person and his fate depend on how pleasant and melodic his name sounds to those around him: the more pleasant it sounds, the easier the character and the more favorable the fate.

The relevance of our work is due to the growing interest in modern society in the meaning of modern Russian names and how the name affects the fate of a person.

The problem in our work is that many people do not know the origin of their name and do not think about its meaning, while it affects the fate of a person, predetermining its psychological and physiological characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to study the meanings of proper names to determine their influence on our destiny.

Project theme:"The origin of modern Russian names (creation of a dictionary)."

Objective of the project: create a dictionary defining the origin and meaning of modern Russian names.

Project objectives:

1. To study and systematize the literature on the origin of modern Russian names.

2. Describe the meaning and history of the origin of Russian names.

3. Describe the process of working on the creation of a dictionary of Russian names.

§ 1. Characteristics of the meaning and origin of Russian names

There are many different names in the world, therefore there is a whole science of proper names - this is onomastics.

Onomastics (from the Greek “onomastika” - “the art of giving names”) is a branch of linguistics that studies proper names.

The problem of the origin of names was dealt with by such scientists as, etc.

The name is based on a certain image, a certain way of nomination, which is individual for each nation. In lively colloquial speech, names are closely related to realities, culture, traditions, religion, everyday life, worldview, which are inherent in a particular people, nation.

The names of people are part of the history of nations. They reflect the way of life, beliefs, aspirations, fantasy and artistic creativity of peoples. People had personal names at all times and in all civilizations. A personal name is a special word that serves to designate an individual, and is given to him individually in order to be able to refer to him, as well as talk about him with others. The role of a personal name in a person's life is very great. Each person can be called only by name, therefore all his good or bad deeds are made public, thanks to the name. Personal names are used not only in everyday life, in private conversations, but also in documents, in various official situations, in legal practice.

In the Russian tradition, people from birth are given, in addition to names, also a surname and patronymic.

Surname - inherited from generation to generation through the male line (or female). Usually, the original Russian surname ends in –ov / –ev / –ёv (from the stems of the second declension: Petrov, Konev) or –in / -yn (from the stems of the first declension: Fomin, Sinitsyn); –Skiy / –tskiy (Rozhdestvensky, Vysotsky); –Oi (Tolstoy); less often - their / --s (Russians, Petrovs); less typical for Russians (unlike other Eastern Slavs) surnames with a zero ending (Bober, Sparrow).

A nickname is an individual name that is not given at birth and is associated with certain characteristic features or events. For ancient times, a very stable and almost official use of many nicknames is characteristic (for example, Ivan Kalita, Vasily Esifovich Nos - Novgorod mayor), but even now nicknames are informally widely used, especially in youth social groups, where they can act as, in fact, the main means of nominating a person.

Several stages can be distinguished in the history of the emergence of Russian personal names. The first stage is pre-Christian (until the 20th century). Before the adoption of Christianity, Russians had names that named a person according to some essential characteristic, external or internal, and came from the names of animals and plants. For example: Oblique, Pockmarked, Bel, Mal, Buyan, Molchan, Zhdan, Wolf, Hare, Pervusha, Tretyak. Among the ancient Russian names there were those that have survived to this day: Vadim, Vsevolod.

The second stage is Christian (988-1917). With the spread of Christianity, calendar names came into practice. Old Christian names that came to Russia with the adoption of Christianity were different in origin: Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Arabic. They formed the basis of Russian names. The question of the name of the child was solved simply. The registration of newborn children was carried out only by the church where the sacrament of baptism was carried out. In the Russian Orthodox Church there were special books - mesyaslovy. In them, for each day of each month, are written the names of the saints who are honored by the church on that day. In Russia, before the sacrament of baptism, the priest offered several names to choose from, which were listed in the calendar for the child's birthday, and the parents chose a name for the child. For example, in the calendar, the name Ivan (John) occurs 170 times, which is why there were so many Ivanov in Russia. At the request of the parents, the priest could give the child a different name, but they could only choose from the list that was in the calendar: Anthony (Anton) - from the Greek. “Price-giver”, Roman generic name; Victor - from lat. "winner"; Pavel - from lat. "Small, small"; John (Ivan) - from Heb. "The grace of God, God had mercy"; Carp - from (Greek) "fruit"; Macarius (Makar) - from the Greek. "Blissful, happy"; Peter - from the Greek. "stone".

The third stage is a new period (from 1917 to the present day). The decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of January 23, 1918 on the separation of church from state and school allowed parents to freely choose personal names for their children. The registration of newborns began to be carried out by the departments of registration of acts of civil status (ZAGS). Now parents could choose both the old church name and a foreign one, or come up with a new one. Since 1917, such names began to appear: Lilac, Radium, Wolfram, Altai, Himalayas, Volga, Traktor, Turbina, Drezina, Diesel, Roblen (“born to be a Leninist”), Revdit (“revolutionary child”), Loricerik (“Lenin, October Revolution, industrialization, collectivization, electrification, radioification and communism "), Dazdraperma (" Long live the First of May! ") And many others. Over time, revolutionary fanaticism began to fade away, and parents most often gave their children old Russian or church names: Alexander, Alexey, Dmitry, Sergey, Anna, Ekaterina, Maria, Natalya, Olga, Tatiana.

So every person is endowed with a name from birth. With its help, we turn to each other. And after a person leaves life, the name continues to exist in the documents that are collected in archives and book depositories (contractual, grant, traveling, right, court and exchange letters, as well as world, purchase, compensation, mortgages, quitrent and other records of Ancient Russia).

Old Russian names conceal the peculiarities of the character of people, their physical strengths and weaknesses, information about behavior and speech. For example, numeric names. They reflect almost the entire number range from one to ten: Pervak, Pervusha, Second, Tretyak. Babies were named according to hair and skin color: Belukha, Belyak, Gray, Chernysh, Cherneyka, Hairy. Sometimes height, gait, physique features were of decisive importance in choosing a name-nickname, and then the baby was given a name for life: Dolgiy, Lefty, Menshik, Tolstoy, Khodyachko, Blind.

Some people were given names associated with the animal and plant world. In the most ancient letters, clerks and scribes often referred to the testimony of local residents who called themselves: Wolf, Cow, Kozel, Chizh, Shchuka, Wheat. At the same time, they did not disdain the "bad" names: Nemil, Pomyka, Nelyuba, Prokuda, Negodyayko. It was believed that not very seductive names could scare away "evil spirits" and "evil spirits."

By the name of the person, you can find out what the people were doing: Kiryushka Gorshechnikov, Mikitka Krovopusk, Savka Cherepennik, Yeska Myasnik, Petrushka Vinnikov, Naumka Gunpowder, Vaska Rogozhnik.

In ancient written sources there are names and nicknames of people whose origin is not motivated: Dey, Duvan, Ileyka, Oltukhan, Ozimar or Persha, Satysh, Shishel. After examining additional information, it can be assumed that Dey is divine (Greek), Duvan is Duvan's husband (Persian - court, Turkic - meeting, council; and for the Cossacks - war booty), Ileyka - the power of God, Persha (eng. - pole, pole; Ukrainian - sport (persh), Satysh (tat - torzhok) Now these names make a strange impression, but Ivan the Terrible's contemporaries knew better how to name their children, what nicknames to give them.

These names have long been forgotten. But, looking at the ancient writings, pondering the meanings of words, the meaning of which has been lost for us, you better understand the present day, more fully you feel the connection with your ancestors, you learn new, unknown pages of history.

On the basis of documents, one can find out the most common names in the 15th - 17th centuries. For example, in the "Podatnaya posadskie people a letter is a list of taxing people indicating who is pulling from what the worldly salary" dated June 20, 1625 and in the "Scribe book" of the same year the names Ivan, Grisha, Peter, Mikitka, Stepan, Yakov are mentioned , Fedor, Vasily, Boris, Mikhailo. Popular female names of the 15th - 16th centuries were the following: Tatyana, Katerina, Natalya, Ulina, Paraskovia, Varvaria, Mavria, Feodosya, Orina, Matryona, Opraheya, although female names are very rare in documents.

In some archival materials of that time, some names are indicated with patronymics: Ivan Borisovich Cherkassky (boyar, prince), Miron Ivanovich Pisarev (clerk) and others. The whole history of names is social: if a name, widespread in the privileged circles of society, became the property of the "lower classes", then they disdainfully turned away from it.

Of course, the names of people carry a significant part of the culture and traditions of the entire nation. In Russia, with the advent of Christianity, Slavic names almost completely fell into oblivion. There were lists of Slavic names prohibited by the church. One part of the names (Lada, Yarilo) were the names of the Slavic gods, the owners of the second part were people who, even after the Christianization of Russia, tried to restore the cult and traditions (magi, heroes). Today in Russia only 5% of children call Slavic names, which undoubtedly impoverishes the already meager Slavic culture.

In the XX century, the most common are the following male names: Alexander, Anatoly, Borislav, Bronislav, Victor, Vladimir, Oleg, Yaroslav.

Alexander - from the Greek. "defender". Alexander is an artistic nature, often he seems to be playing some role, and he is waiting for when he can become himself. But such a moment may not come, because Alexander's life, as a rule, is full of turbulent events.

Anatoly - from the Greek. "Sunrise" or "dawn". Anatoly strives for communication, is very sensitive to other people's opinions. Anatoly is a strong and reliable man who will certainly stand out in any society.

Borislav - from glory. "Fighting for glory." Winter Borislav by its nature can be too stubborn and selfish. He always gets what he wants. In raising this child, he should develop responsiveness and a sense of compassion for other people. By nature, Boris strives for justice and the protection of the people around him.

Bronislav - from fame. "Glorious defender". Cunning and stubbornness have been shown in Bronislaw since childhood. In character and appearance, the boy is very similar to his mother. The owner of this name is independent, active and self-confident. He knows how to achieve his goals. If someone tries to hurt his honor, Bronislav can be aggressive. Bronislav will try to assert himself at the expense of his own independence.

Victor - from lat. "winner". Victor is unforgiving and very upset if he finds out about the deception. For a long time he will appeal to the conscience and prudence of the offender. For family and friends, he will stand up as a mountain, neglecting personal interests.

Vladimir - from glory. "Noble ruler". Vladimir appreciates intelligence, loyalty and devotion in people. The opinion of others and his own reputation are very important for him.

Oleg - from scandals. "Saint". Oleg is easily exposed to someone else's influence, but once having chosen an "influencer", he will remain his most devoted friend, and it will be very difficult to convince him otherwise. Oleg always has his own point of view, it is quite difficult to find a common language with him.

Yaroslav - from glory. "Bright", "strong". Yaroslav never puts himself on the same level with everyone. He is selfish and confident that he is better than others. In any situation, he is able to get out of the water. In this, an important role is played by such features of his essence as the ability to react quickly and, if necessary, act toughly. Such qualities will become simply irreplaceable if the owner of the name decides to connect his life with entrepreneurial activity. Yaroslav (Yarik) will make every effort to achieve his goals. He is always ready for new achievements and victories.

Among the female yen in the 20th century, the following were common: Antonina, Augustina, Valentina, Vera, Varvara, Galina, Diana, Marina, Olga, Svetlana, Tatiana.

Augustine - from lat. "Summer". August's girl is quite contradictory, her mood is changeable. Active, very independent, definitely courageous, can show domineering in an attempt to hide and protect her high sensitivity and vulnerability. Possessing high fragility, she can withdraw into herself when life becomes too difficult or painful for her, it is difficult to call her patient. Augusta can be shy, narcissistic and even a little selfish, but she is always accompanied by pride and arrogance.

Antonina - from the Greek. "Entering the battle", "competing in strength", "opposing", "adversary". Antonina can be a teacher, doctor, dressmaker, or educator. She has good organizational skills, but if she takes the position of leader, she may have a strong desire to command and rule. Antonina perfectly combines love for neighbors with love for herself. This allows her to be a wonderful housewife and a loving, caring mother and wife. She directs all her strength to ensure that the family is happy and prosperous. Antonina (Tonya) will always prepare a delicious dinner, carefully clean the apartment, create comfort, buy only the best products for her family. Such a quality as good nature helps her to create a wonderful atmosphere of well-being and fun in the family. The most important thing is that the excessive pragmatism inherent in Antonina could not destroy everything that she does for the family.

Valentine - from lat. "Strong", "healthy". This name is derived from the male name Valentine. The name Alevtin also came from the name of Valentin. Distributed among Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians. Diminutive Tina is also a name in its own right. Since childhood, in Valentine, kindness and indifference to someone else's misfortune is noticeable. She does not expect gratitude, she likes to help people.

Faith - from the Greek. "Faith", "service to God." She is not an addicted person. Faith can be characterized as an intelligent, truthful and supportive person. She is reasonable, unperturbed, appreciates practicality, always strives to realize her plans.

Barbara - from lat. "Rough, cruel." Varvara is sociable, loves to talk and weaves intrigues with pleasure. At the same time, she is secretive and will not pour out her soul to every friend. Communication is more successful with men, while friendship with women is problematic. Barbara is inclined to use others, especially men, to achieve her own goals. She will never forget about the hurt, but she will skillfully hide her feelings through restraint. Varvara does not take part in the lives of others, but tries to involve others in her life. Barbara is outwardly sociable and friendly, but under this mask there is constant internal tension. Often, improper upbringing can make Varvara selfish, then a cold, calculating mind will hide behind her restraint. If Varvara learns to open up and overcome her shyness, then she will become a sincere and sympathetic woman.

Galina - from ancient Greek. "Calm", "quiet". The owners of this name are very sociable, but they consider people most often out of their own interest, how much this or that person will be useful for her. She is friendly, polite, correct with everyone, it is quite difficult to quarrel with Galina - she will always find the very middle.

Diana - from lat. "Divine". For Diana, nothing is impossible, she always copes with everything, as she has endless energy, logic and an analytical mindset. But she often scatters her energy on constantly emerging new ideas. She is a very emotional and sensitive nature, her feelings are always deep. She needs to try to be easier in communication, as she is bad at hiding her strong emotions. When Diana tries to hide her feelings, they can become even stronger, which will be painful for her. She should show her restraint only at work, then she will succeed, and in family life she will become a caring mother and affectionate wife.

Marina - from lat. "Sea". Marina is generously endowed with imagination, sometimes gives the impression of an eternal child in need of care. Faced with life's difficulties, Marina withdraws into herself. She may not keep her promises or give up in front of danger, but at decisive moments the girl still subordinates her emotions to reason and begins to act deliberately and prudently. Marina does not see her life without heartfelt feelings and suffering. She tries to hide her dignity from prying eyes, remains friendly, but far from the interlocutor. Marina is easily upset, she readily succumbs to melancholy.

Love is from glory. "love". The main features of the owner of the name Love are compliance and complaisance. She is strong-willed, friendly, men always like her, attracting them with her kindness and beauty. She rarely conflicts with anyone. The owner of this name has many friends, although she is rarely completely frank with anyone. Even in relationships with close people, some detachment is often felt. Love always puts its own interests ahead of others. Mental passions are usually hidden behind external equanimity and calmness.

Olga – from dr.-rus. "Wise". The main character traits of a girl named Olga are strong will, intelligence and great efficiency. She stubbornly goes to the intended goal, not noticing the problems arising around her. It is dangerous for Olga not to let her talents show. Olga strives to be independent in everything. She is like a wrestler with a difficult but strong character. What turned out to be in Olga's hands, she will not let go so easily. For her "prey" the girl fights to the last.

Svetlana - from glory. "Earth". Happiness does not always accompany Svetlana. Her academic success is very average. Responsibility for the fate of Sveta has to be taken on by her parents, since in her youth she can with the same probability lean to the side of good and to the side of evil. Svetlana's character is shaped by what surrounds her: parents, friends, environment.

Tatyana - from ancient Greek. "Organizer". Tanya is very hard on someone's superiority, especially when it comes to a woman. Even close friends become enemies as soon as she feels competition from them. Tanya is ready for anything to be the best in the eyes of others. Striving for this, the girl does stupid things, but does not regret it. For rivals, Tatyana is an envious and insidious enemy, capable of any dastardly deeds. Tatiana is domineering and knows how to stand up for herself. She is a person of mood, but, as a rule, having achieved leadership positions, she does not change her sense of duty. Tatiana strives to think soberly in any situation, not succumbing to outside opinions. He rarely resorts to pressure, only when absolutely necessary.

At the beginning of the 21st century, old Russian names began to revive in Russia. The babies were called Evdokim, Yegor, Ilya, Cyril, Konstantin, Matvey, Miron, Miroslav, Mikhail.

Evdokim - from the Greek. Well glorified. Evdokim has a stubborn character. The owner of this name does not know how to admit his mistakes. It is not in his rules to be the first to go to reconciliation. He is accurate and expects the same from others. Evdokim is an independent person. He rarely turns to someone for help. He manifests himself as a calculating and reasonable person, strict with others.

Egor - from Russian. "Farmer". From childhood, you can see a practical and businesslike person in Yegor. Deep emotional states prevail in his soul. Hard work and diligence can be distinguished in the character of the boy. He always tries to be frank with the people around him. Order prevails in the affairs of such a person. Yegor always has a chance to succeed in life. Its main task will be to be able to preserve and increase its results. Ivan - ancient Judas. "Have mercy on God." Ivan is an active and strong-willed person, distinguished by an enviable speed of reaction. By his temperament, Vanya is a choleric, striking those around him with his explosive character. Ivan goes to the desired goal calmly and persistently, without deviating from the straight path. Sometimes at moments when all that remains is to reach out to what you want, Ivan suddenly refuses.

Ilya - from russ. "My God is Lord." Ilya is quick-tempered, but quick-witted. After quarrels, he repents for a long time for his intemperance. Ilya's impulsive actions often lead to setbacks and disappointments. To overcome them, a man helps his appeasement. Ilya has a well-developed intuition. He is able to assess the situation and make the right decision. All sorts of little things hinder him in achieving his goal.

Cyril - from the Greek. "Lord", "lord". He is curious and ambitious, self-confident and proud. He knows how to show others that all his affairs are going well, and he has no problems. Kirill is flattered by the praise of those around him.

Constantine - from lat. "persistent". The most striking qualities that nature has awarded him are perseverance, patience, poise and the ability to act decisively. He lacks a little ambition and firmness, without which it will be difficult for him to achieve great success. Konstantin is a conscientious and decent worker. In dealing with subordinates, he is not inclined to command, he perceives colleagues more as friends than as employees subject to him.

Matvey - from Hebrew. "Bestowed by God." He can be courageous and assertive, have a brilliant success, but his strengths can become weaknesses in the blink of an eye. Then the owner of this name becomes authoritarian, vain, impatient, impulsive and reckless. Matvey is able, forgetting about the main thing, to deal with the secondary.

Miron - from the Greek. "kind". The upbringing they received and the influence of his parents play an important role in Miron's life. Just like in childhood, Miron listens carefully to the opinion of his parents and people who have authority for him. Relatives can both develop a sense of humor in Miron, and, on the contrary, give rise to sadness and melancholy. Myron is very attached to his mother.

Miroslav - from glory. "winner". Miroslav is very balanced, calm and not irritable. As a child, he grows up as a smiling, benevolent boy and gives his parents little trouble.

Michael - from ancient Jude. "Equal to God." He is especially sensitive to aesthetics, beauty, and art. Sometimes he can be narcissistic, striving for perfection. Michaels are extroverted, outgoing, but often influenced, especially by their loved ones and their families. However, they are active and work, even if the pace of work is uneven, and tend to be firm in achieving the set goal.

Thus, from the above, we can conclude that the name really affects the life, fate of a person, and the choice of a name for a child is just as important a step as the birth of a person.

§ 2. Description of the process of work on the creation of a dictionary of Russian names

Studying the history of modern Russian names inspired us to create a dictionary that could contain the most common Russian male and female names with interpretations.

A dictionary is a book in which information is organized by breaking down into small articles, sorted by title or subject.

The first printed dictionary appeared in 1596 as an appendix to the grammar of the famous philologist of that time, priest Laurence Zizania. It contains 1061 words arranged alphabetically. The interpretation of Old Slavicisms and borrowings from Western European languages ​​is given in it through the words of the living Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian languages ​​of that time (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Spread of the first printed dictionary of Lavrenty Zizania

The next printed dictionary was compiled in 1627 by the Ukrainian philologist Pamva Berynda. As the title of the book ("Lexicon of Slavonic") shows, the author set himself the goal of explaining Old Slavonic bookish words. Both in the number of words (6982), and in the accuracy of their explanations on the material of living colloquial vocabulary, and in terms of a critical attitude to sources, this dictionary stood out for its high philological level. Berynda devoted thirty years to compiling the dictionary, using all the literature available to him (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. Spread of P. Berynda's printed dictionary "Lexicon of Slavonic"

In 704, the "Trilingual Lexicon ..." appeared - Orlova - the first trilingual translation dictionary printed in Cyrillic in Russia. Russian words are interpreted in it in Latin and Greek, the alphabetical arrangement of words is applied (according to the first three letters). The dictionary reflects the linguistic state of the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries and is focused mainly on the book and Church Slavonic vocabulary, contains 17328 words. In the same Peter's era, the first dictionary of foreign terms "Lexicon to new vocabulary in alphabetical order" was compiled, containing 503 words.

In modern lexicography, it is customary to divide dictionaries into two main types: encyclopedic and linguistic.

The object of describing linguistic (linguistic) dictionaries is linguistic units (words, word forms, morphemes). In such a dictionary, a word (word form, morpheme) can be characterized from different sides, depending on the goals, volume and tasks of the dictionary: from the side of semantic content, word formation, spelling, spelling, correctness of use.

Encyclopedic (ancient Greek. Ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία - "full circle learning") dictionaries contain extra-linguistic information about the described linguistic units; these dictionaries contain information about scientific concepts, terms, historical events, personalities, geography, etc. The encyclopedic dictionary does not contain grammatical information about the word, but provides information about the subject denoted by the word.

In addition, there are terminological dictionaries that provide an interpretation of terms in different fields of science (for example, a medical dictionary, a clerk's dictionary, etc.).

Depending on how many features of the word are described in the dictionary, one can distinguish between single-aspect and multi-aspect dictionaries. Synchronous linguistic dictionaries reflect a slice of the language of a certain time (for example, the language of the 18th century, the modern language). Diachronic (for example, etymological) - reflect the development of a language over time.

Among the linguistic ones, the onomastic dictionaries stand out (from onyma - "name") - a lexicographic publication that includes proper names. They are designed to study proper names, the history of their origin and transformation.

Dictionaries are usually formatted in the generally accepted Arial or Times New Roman style from 8 to 14 point size with an interval of 1. The dictionary entry, depending on the direction of the dictionary, contains the spelling of the word, the correct version of stress in it, its interpretation, grammatical features of the word, its origin, use. (Fig. 3).

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9. Features of functioning of proper names / BestReferat. ru / 2005-2016; - http: // www. bestreferat. ru / referat-218595.html

10. Russian name / wikipedia. org / 2016; - https: // ru. wikipedia. org / wiki

Glossary

Old Russian names - (names - composites) are well known to us from the annals - not least because they were originally the names of the Old Russian elite. Apparently, they were the basis of many old Russian single-component names known to us: Vadim - Vadimir, Lyubim - Lyubimir, Ratsha - Ratislav (Ratislav), Svyatosha - Svyatoslav.

A name is a personal name given at birth, usually one, but in ancient times several names could be given.

Onomastics is a science that studies proper names, the history of their origin and transformation.

Patronymic - patronymic, an indication of the name of the father. Has an ending - (in) ich, (in) on; in antiquity also -ov, -in analogous to modern surnames. Roman - Romanovich, Nikolai - Nikolaevich, Pavel - Pavlovna, Ivan - Ivanovna. Informally, but respectfully (especially for the elders), while the patronymic is pronounced in a deliberately simplified vernacular form, if it is possible to form such (Mikhalych, Sanych, Palych).

A nickname is an individual name that is not given at birth and is associated with certain characteristic features or events. For ancient times, a very stable and almost official use of many is characteristic, but even now nicknames are informally widely used, especially in youth social groups.

Surname - inherited from generation to generation through the male line (or female). Usually, the original Russian surname ends in –ov / –ev / –ёv (from the stems of the second declension: Petrov, Konev) or –in / -yn (from the stems of the first declension: Fomin, Sinitsyn); –Sky / –tsky, surnames with a zero ending (Bober, Sparrow) are less typical for Russians (unlike other Eastern Slavs).