Compound predicate in German. Predicate. In German, any predicate necessarily includes a verb: cf. Sentence types in German

You can understand what a German subordinate clause is by looking at the following diagram with an example:

As you can see, the subordinate clause can come before or after the main clause.

In a subordinate clause the predicate is worth last. If the predicate is compound, then the conjugated part is in the very last place, and the unchangeable part is in front of it. The negation "nicht" is in front of the predicate. Detachable attachments are not detachable. The subject comes immediately after the conjunction.

You can see the word order in a German subordinate clause in this diagram:

Thus, it is very important to remember that the predicate is at the end of the prepositional sentence. The predicate is most often a verb. The invariable and conjugated parts appear when, for example, we have a modal verb. Ich kann kommen. kann is the conjugated part, kommen is the invariant part.

There are a few types of subordinate clauses. Below we provide a table of types of subordinate clauses, which includes introductory words (conjunctions, pronouns), followed by the above-described word order in the subordinate clause.

The main types of subordinate clauses:

1) Reasons:

Ich komme nothing, Weil ich krank bin. I won't come because I'm sick/sick.

Ich mache das Fenster auf, da es mir zu heiss ist. I'll open the window because it's too hot for me.

2) Goals:

Ich lerne Deutsch, damit ich eine gute Arbeit finden kann. I am learning German so that I can find a good job.

Ich arbeite viel, damit meine Kinder alles haben. I work hard so that my children have everything.

If the actors in the main and subordinate clauses are the same, then you can use turnover with um...zu:

damit ich Deutsch lerne. I came to Germany to learn German.

Ich bin nach Deutschland gekommen, um Deutsch zu lernen. I came to Germany to learn German.

3) Conditions:

Wenn es morgen nicht regnet, gehen wir in die Berge. If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we'll go to the mountains.

Falls Sie Kinder haben, bekommen Sie eine Ermäßigung. If you have children, you will receive a discount.

4) Time:

Wenn du nach Hause kommst, ruf mich bitte an. When you get home, please call me.

Wahrend ich arbeite, sind meine Kinder im Kindergarten. While I work, my children are in kindergarten.

Als ich acht war, habe ich das Schwimmen gelernt. When I was eight years old, I learned/learned how to swim.

Seitdem ich in Moskau wohne, habe ich immer einen guten Job. Since I live in Moscow, I always have a good job.

Wir haben noch eine Stunde Zeit, bis die Gaste kommen. We have another hour before the guests arrive.

Sobald du fertig bist, fangen wir an. As soon as you are ready, we will begin.

bevor ich einkaufen gehe, schreibe ich mir immer eine Einkaufsliste. Before I go shopping, I always write myself a shopping list.

Nachdem ich die Prüfung bestanden habe, kann ich mich erholen. After I passed the exam, I can rest.

5) Places and directions:

Ich mochte wissen, wo wir sind. I would like to know where we are.

Ich weiss nothing, wohin dieser Weg führt. I don't know where this road leads.

6) Concessions:

Obwohl es regnet, gehe ich spazieren. Even though it is raining, I will go for a walk.

7) Comparisons:

Je mehr Geld ich verdiene, desto mehr Steuern muss ich bezahlen. The more money I make, the more taxes I have to pay.

Sie sprechen besser Deutsch, als wir erwartet haben. You speak German better than we expected.

8) Additional subordinate clause:

man sagt, dass Benzin bald wieder teurer wird. They say the price of petrol will rise again soon.

Konnen Sie mir bitte sagen, wie dieses Gerät funktioniert? Can you tell me how this device works?

Ich weiss noch nothing, ob ich morgen ins Schwimmbad gehe. I don't know yet if I'll go to the pool tomorrow.

9) Definitive subordinate clause:

Ich möchte einen Mann heiraten, der mich immer verstehen wird. I want to marry a man who will always understand me.

Ich mochte eine Frau heiraten, die mich nie betrügen wird. I want to marry a woman who will never cheat on me.

Ich möchte ein Kind haben, das mich niemals enttäuschen wird. I want to have a child who will never disappoint me.

Ich möchte diesen Film sehen, von dem alle sprechen. I would like to see this movie that everyone is talking about.

And here are the unions that DO NOT AFFECT to the word order of the sentence they enter:und, aber, denn, oder, sondern

The word order after these unions is exactly the same as in the main sentence: the conjugated part of the predicate is in second place.

Er antwortete sicher, denn er hatte sich auf die Prufung gut vorbereitet.
He answered confidently, as he prepared well for the exam.

Ich habe keine Zeit, und ich gehe nicht zum Fußball.
I don't have time and I won't go to football.

Exercise: Insert suitable conjunctions

1) ...du willst, begleite ich dich nach Hause.

2) Ich muss viel arbeiten,... ich genug Geld habe.

3) ... ich krank bin, muss ich meine Arbeit erledigen.

4) Ich weiß nicht,... wir machen sollen.

5) ... du das nicht machst, rede ich nicht mehr mit dir.

6) Ich gehe nach Hause,... ich müde bin.

In order to clearly and concisely express your thoughts orally or in writing, it is not enough to master such grammatical norms as verb conjugation, declension in cases of nouns and adjectives, etc. The German sentence has a well-organized structure, which at the initial stage of study may be incomprehensible to people who do not speak German.

Before proceeding with the grammatically correct construction of any sentence, it is necessary to determine what the speaker wants to say, that is what sentence will be for the purpose of the statement:

narrative- gives the interlocutor the available information;

interrogative- the proposal asks a question in order to obtain any information;

Incentive- contains a call to the interlocutor to perform an action.

In order to visually understand the structure of the German sentence, the inhabitants of Germany themselves compare it with an orchestra in which conductor is verb-predicate. He "sets the tone" for each instrument in the orchestra - a member of the proposal.

In a declarative simple sentence verb-predicate always worth it in 2nd position. But what is before him, it does not matter at all. This does not have to be subject, expressed by a noun or pronoun. 1st place can be placed and secondary members.

For example:

If the proposal uses compound predicate, then in 2nd place necessarily put its mutable part, and its unchanging part heading off In the end.

There are such variants of the compound predicate:

1. So to speak modal predicate (it means >> modal verb + semantic).

Eg,

• Wir konnen heute arbeiten. We can work today.

! konnen, can- modal verb/ arbeiten, to work is a semantic verb. !

2. Temporary form(auxiliary verb + semantic).

Eg,

• Ich habe zwei Jahre Deutsch gelernt. — I studied German for 2 years.

! haben- auxiliary verb / lernen- semantic verb. !

3. Infinitive construction (verb + verb/infinitive with particle zu or otherwise compound infinitive).

Eg,

• Frau Horst beginnt zu sprechen. Mrs. Horst begins to speak.

! beginnen- verb / zu sprechen- infinitive with a particle zu!

• Ich verspreche zu kommen. I promise to come.

! verspreche- verb / zu kommen- infinitive with a particle zu!

4. Verb phrases(established linkages of words, where there is a verb and a part related to it).

Eg,

Ich Weiss Bescheid. — I am in the know/informed.

! Bescheid Wissen- verb phrase!

Frauen legend mehr Wert auf Vertrauen und Loyalität als Männer. “Women value trust and loyalty more than men. / Women value trust and loyalty more than men.

! Wert legend- verb phrase!

5. A verb with a separable prefix.

Eg,

Dominic macht die Augen zu. Dominic closes his eyes.

! zu machen - to close- vb. with a detachable prefix!

Separately, it is worth mentioning those parts of speech that are located between the components of a complex predicate.

This part of the sentence in German sounds like Mittelfeld. The words in this segment cannot be arranged arbitrarily, they also obey certain rules:

Pronouns are always placed before nouns, no matter what case they are in.

For example:

• Linda hat ihm mein Auto geliehen! Linda lent him my car!
• Helga hat mir diese Uhr geschenkt. Helga gave me this watch.

Several nouns following one after another are arranged according to cases - Nominativ, Dativ, Akkusativ, Genetiv.

For example:

• Heute hat meine Mutter (Nom.) mir (Dat.) etwas besonderes (A) gekauft. My mom bought me something special today.

Several pronouns in a row are also arranged according to cases: Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ.

For example:

• Heute hat sie(N) es(A) mir (D) gekauft. She bought this for me today.

Such a part of the sentence, as a circumstance, in the German text is located according to the rule TEKAMOLO. What does it mean? TE (or temporal) means time, KA (or kausal) is cause, MO (or modal) means course of action, LO (or lokal) means place. In other words, first the circumstances will be named that answer the questions “how long / when / how often?”, then - for what reason? / why, the next place - how? / in what way?, and the final position - where? / where? /from where?.

For example:

• Wir fahren morgen ( temporal) mit dem Zug ( modal) nach Frankreich ( local). Tomorrow we will go by train to France.
• Sven wurde gestern ( TE) wegen einer Infection ( KA) schnell ( MO) ins Krankenhaus ( LO) gebracht. Sven was rushed to the hospital yesterday due to an infection.

Nouns used with definite articles are placed in front of nouns with articles in a declarative simple sentence. eine, eine.

For example:

• Ich habe dem Sohn meiner Tante ein Hemdgekauft. — I bought a shirt for my aunt's son.
• kimmi hat den Eltern ein Neues Café empfohlen. Kimmy recommended a new cafe to her parents.

An indirect object, consisting of an object and a preposition, is placed before a direct object that requires Dativ and Akkusativ.

For example:

• Die Mutter hat ihrer Tochter (D) ein neues Kleid (A) aus Baumwolle (Präposition/preposition + D) genaht. The mother sewed a cotton dress for her daughter.

Circumstances, if any, are usually placed between the additions.

For example:

Du must dir unbeddingt diese Serie anschauen! You should definitely watch this series!

Ich danke Ihnen herzlich fur Ihre Gluckwünsche, juhuuu! “I thank you from the bottom of my heart for your congratulations, yuhoo!”

When studying the question of the structure of a German sentence, it is impossible not to touch on the construction of a complex sentence.

Complex sentence and its structure

A sentence consisting of two or more stems (subject + predicate) is called difficult. In German, as in Russian, such sentences are divided into two types:

Compound, in which simple sentences are connected by unions aber and und. The arrangement of words in them is traditional;

For example:

Ich fliege nach Spanien und meine Kinder bleiben zu Hause (natürlich mit Oma haha). - I'm flying to Spain, and my children stay at home (with their grandmother, of course, haha).

Ich habe Magdalena eingeladen, aber sie ist nicht gekommen. - I invited Magdalena, but she did not come.

Complicated - consisting of 2 parts: the main - Hauptsatz, and the subordinate Nebensatz. In the main part, the arrangement of words should be straight. As for the subordinate part, it has the reverse word order - the verb is carried to the end.

For example:

Markuss ist nicht zu meiner Geburtstagsparty gekommen, obwohl ich ihn eingeladen habe (verb at the end).“Marcuss didn’t come to my birthday even though I invited him.

2. Interrogative sentence

Sentences-questions in German speech are divided into two categories:

Are common- imply a specific answer "yes / no";

Special , in the structure of which the word-question must be present.

In a general question in the 1st position should be the inflected part of the verb-predicate, in the 2nd place - the subject, then the remaining members of the sentence. If the predicate is complex, its invariable part is put at the end of the question.

For example:

Kommt Helena Morgen? Will Helena come tomorrow?

Magst du Heine nothing? - You don't like Heine?

Hat Erik dir mein Buch gegeben? Did Eric give you my book?

Special interrogative sentences start with question words. The second position in the structure is occupied by the predicate, denoted by the verb, then the subject (noun or pronoun) and all the remaining secondary members.

For example:

Wann hat Erik dir mein Buch gegeben? — When Eric gave you my book?

Wem gehort diese Kaffeetasse? — Whose/to whom does it belong this coffee cup?

Warum kommst du so fruh? — Why are you coming so early?

3. Incentive offer

The purpose of the utterance of an incentive sentence is a call to perform some action. As a rule, in German imperative sentences are formulated in the Imperative mood. A feature of the structure is the fact that a predicate-verb is placed in position 1, and at the end an exclamation mark is placed instead of a dot. When pronounced, the exclamation is emphasized by the voice. The subject in this type of sentence may be absent. If it is, then it is placed after the predicate.

For example:

Komm! — Come!

Schließ Bitte die Tur! - Close the door, please!

Zeig mir bitte das Foto! Show me the photo, please!

That's all for now 😉

After studying the material in this lesson, you will be able to:

• ask the interlocutor about his profession
• talk about your profession
• find out about the marital status of the interlocutor
• ask where the interlocutor works

Learn words and expressions for dialogue

Pay attention to the form and use of words

If the question word wer used when asking about the name (surname) of a stranger (see lesson 2, lesson 1), then the word was is used when they want to ask about a person's profession:

Wer ist das? Who This? - Das ist Frau Müller.
was ist sie? Who she (by profession)? - Sie ist Sekretärin.

Was sind Sie von Beruf? is a stable phrase, and von Beruf both in the question and in the answer is always in last place. You can also use the short form (see point 1); in this case von Beruf omitted:

Was sind Sie von Beruf? - Ich bin Ingenieur von Beruf.
Was sind Sie? - Ich bin Ingenieur.

adjectives ledig And Verheiratet are used in German regardless of the gender of the noun, i.e. whether they refer to a man or a woman, and are translated into Russian as follows:

ledig single, unmarried
Verheiratet married, married.

Remember the following way of word formation (2)

der Arbeiter + in = die Arbeiter in
der Chemiker + in = die Chemiker in
der Dolmetscher + in = die Dolmetscher in

Practice reading single words

Was sind Sie von Beruf?

Grammar explanations

In German, as in Russian, the predicate can be expressed not only by the verb, for example: Ich wohne in Berlin. Er kommt aus Leipzig, etc., but also as a linking verb bin, ist, sind+ an adjective or noun at the end of a sentence:

Herr Meier ist Ingenieur. Ich bin verheiratet.

At the same time, nouns denoting professions are used, as a rule, without an article. In some cases, the linking verb may not be repeated, for example,

Ich bin 20 Jahre alt und noch ledig.

Are you already familiar with verb endings in 1 -th and 3rd person singular and plural (cf. lesson 1, lesson 3). If the stem of the verb ends in -t, -d, -n, then in the 3rd person singular between the stem of the verb and the ending is inserted -e:

er wohnt, er kommt, But: er arbeit e t

Union und"and", "a" can connect both homogeneous members of a sentence, and whole sentences:

Ich wohne und arbeite in Berlin.
Ich bin Ingenieur und(ich)arbeite in Wolgograd.

From nouns denoting masculine professions, they can be formed by adding the suffix -in, and sometimes the umlaut (rewording) of the name of the corresponding professions of the feminine gender. In this case, the stress in the word does not change:

der Journalist
der Lehrer
der Arzt
der Bauer

- die journalist in
- die Lehrer in
- die Ä rzt in
- die B ä uer in

Types of predicate

Simple verb predicate: one verb

max arbeitet in Dresden

Max works in Dresden.

Compound verb predicate: two verbs

Darf ich vorstellen?

Allow me to introduce?

nominal predicate: linking verb + noun or adjective

Er ist Ingenieur. Er ist ledig.

He engineer. He idle.

Predicate expressed by a phrase: linking verb + other part of speech

Thomas ist Arzt von Beruf.

Thomas by profession doctor.

1. You are interested in the profession of your interlocutor. Ask an appropriate question. Answer if you are asked about the same.

2. You are asked about your marital status (profession). Answer the question. Ask the interlocutor about the same.

3. Your friend and his wife have the same profession. Tell me about it.

4. You didn't hear what you were told. Ask again.

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All German grammar in human language!

The most important topics of German grammar (topics are best studied in the order in which they are published):

1. Building a sentence:

In German, there are 3 schemes for constructing simple sentences. One way or another, any sentence of the German language fits into one of these schemes. First, let's remember a couple of terms: Subject - a noun in the nominative case (answering the question who? what?). The predicate is a verb. Circumstance - answers the question how, where, when, why, .... In other words, the circumstance refines the sentence. Examples of circumstances: today, after work, in Berlin, ...

And here are the proposals themselves:

1. Subject -> predicate -> circumstances and everything else -> second verb, if present in the sentence.
2. Adverb -> predicate -> subject -> everything else -> second verb, if any
3. (Interrogative word) -> predicate -> subject -> everything else -> second verb, if any

2. Times:

There are 6 tenses in German (1 present, 3 past and 2 future):

Present tense (Präsens):

This is the simplest tense in German. To build the present tense, you just need to put the verb in the correct conjugation:

Example: machen - to do

Examples:
Hans geht zur Arbeit. - Hans goes to work.
Der Computer arbeitet nicht. - Computer does not work.

Past tenses:

There are 3 past tenses in German. However, in fact, 2 times will be enough for you. The first is called "Präteritum" and the second "Perfekt". In most cases, both times are translated in the same way into Russian. In official correspondence and books, "Präteritum" is used. In oral speech, "Perfekt" is usually used, although "Präteritum" sometimes slips.

Prateritum:

Here we first encounter the concept of regular (strong) and irregular (weak) verbs. The forms of regular verbs change in a clear pattern. Forms of irregular verbs need to be memorized. You will find them in.

Correct verb: machen (Infinitiv) -> machte (Präteritum)
Conjugations of the verb machen in Präteritum:

Examples:
"Du machtest die Hausaufgabe!" - "You did your homework!"
"Du spieltest Fussball" - "You played football"

Irregular verb gehen (Infinitiv) -> ging (Präteritum)

Example:
"Du gingst nach Hause!" - "You were going home!"

Future tenses:

In German, the future tense is "Futur l" and "Futur ll". The Germans do not use "Futur ll" at all, and "Futur l" they usually replace with the present tense (Präsens) with the future as a clarification.

Example: "Morgen gehen wir ins Kino." - "Tomorrow we're going to the cinema."

If you indicate the circumstance of the future tense (tomorrow, soon, next week, etc.), then you can safely use the present tense to express plans for the future.

If, nevertheless, we consider the time "Futur l", then it is built as follows:

Subject -> auxiliary verb "werden" -> everything else -> semantic verb in the form "Infinitiv".

Example: "Wir werden ins Kino gehen." - "We'll go to the cinema."(verbatim: "We'll go to the cinema.")

Conjugations of the verb "werden"

3. Cases:

Cases]

4. Complex and compound sentences:

Introduction to the construction of sentences (prepositions) in German naturally begins with a simple sentence.

Predicate

Second place in a simple narrative German sentence. always occupies the conjugated part of the predicate, which takes personal forms. The conjugated part of a German predicate is understood as either the personal form of the main semantic verb (if we are talking about Präsens or Präteritum), or the personal form of any service verb that is an integral part of the complex tense forms of the German verb and compound predicates (Plusquamperfekt, Perfekt, Futurum, Passiv etc.). For example:

• Deine Katze stiehlt Fleisch vom Tisch. – Your cat is stealing meat from the table (a simple conjugated predicate Präsens).
• Deine Katze hat Fleisch vom Tisch gestohlen . - Your cat stole meat from the table (a simple predicate in a complex tense form Perfekt).
• Fleisch wurde von deiner Katze vom Tisch gestohlen. - The meat was stolen from the table by your cat (passive construction - Passiv).
• Deine Katze kann Fleisch vom Tisch stehlen . – Your cat can steal meat from the table (compound verb predicate with a modal verb).

Subject

The place of the subject in a simple declarative sentence. not strictly fixed - it can be the first, second, third, etc. The place of the subject (subject) determines the general order (por.) of the words of a particular sentence. Since. words is called direct in cases where the subject is in the preposition. at the first place. In cases where the subject follows in the preposition. behind the predicate (or its variable part), then. words is the opposite. At the same time, the secondary members of the preposition. distributed depending on the main meaning conveyed by a particular statement. For example:

• Deine Katze (1) stahl (2) Fleisch aus dem Topf. - Your cat stole meat from the pan (direct por.: (1) subject (2) simple predicate).
• Fleisch aus dem Topf stahl (2) deine Katze (3). - Your cat stole the meat from the pan (reverse: (2) simple predicate (3) subject).
• Deine Katze (1) hatte (2) Fleisch aus dem Topf gestohlen ... - Your cat stole the meat from the pan (direct: (1) subject (2) personal form of the service verb) ...
• Fleisch hat (2) deine Katze (3) aus dem Topf gestohlen . = Fleisch hat (2) aus dem Topf deine Katze (4) gestohlen. - Your cat stole the meat from the pan (reverse: (2) conjugated form of the service verb; (3)-(4) subject).

Reverse pore. of words is otherwise called inverse (inversion). In the case of inversion (as can be seen from the examples given), the first place before the predicate (or its conjugated part) is occupied by some minor member of the sentence. In this case, the subject moves from the first place to any position after the predicate. Reverse pore. words appear in speech usually in such cases when it becomes necessary to emphasize the semantic connection of a given sentence. with the previous statement. It is precisely such a connecting link between the previous and current statements that the secondary member of the sentence, which, during inversion, comes to the first place, acts. There is always a very definite emphasis on it. Compare:

• Seine Nichte fliegt nach Australien. Dort möchte sie unabhängig von ihrer Familie werden. His niece is flying to Australia. There (precisely) she wants to become independent from her family. (In the second sentence, inversion with the transition of the adverb dort to the first place emphasizes the relationship between the two sentences).
• Seine Nichte fliegt nach Australien. Sie möchte in Australien von ihrer Familie unabhängig werden. His niece is flying to Australia. She wants to become independent from her family in Australia. (In this case, with a direct order of words, the connection between these two sentences is much less pronounced than in the first case).

Supplement (additional)

The order of placement of additional items in the construction of a German sentence. obeys rather strict rules, especially if there are several of them in a sentence. When in preposition there are two objects (additions), one of which is in Dativ, and the other in Akkusativ, most often the addition is put in Dativ first. In all cases when one of the additional items is expressed by a pronoun, this pronoun follows directly after the conjugated verb. If two pronouns are used as additional pronouns in a sentence, then the pronoun in Akkusativ precedes the pronoun in Dativ. For example:

• Otto hat seiner Mutter (1) ein fabelhaft schönes Kastchen(2) geschenkt. Otto gave his mother a fabulously beautiful box. (Here, the addition in Dativ naturally precedes the addition in Akkusativ, since there is no extraordinary need to emphasize anything else).
• Otto hat es (1) seiner Mutter (2) geschenkt. Otto gave it (the box) to his mother. (Here, the place of the complement expressed by the pronoun is rigidly fixed after the verb).
• Otto hat es (1) ihr (2) geschenkt. Otto gave it (the box) to her (his mother). (Here both complements are pronouns, so the Akkusativ pronoun comes first, and then the Dativ pronoun).

If we are dealing with a sentence in which the reverse time is used. words, then two additional pronouns (if any) follow immediately after the conjugated verb in the same order as described above. The subject-noun in this case takes place immediately after them. For example:

• Üblicherweise erklärt (2) ihm (3) das (4) seine Mutter (5). “Usually his mother explains it to him. (Here the second place (2) is occupied by the conjugated verb, (3) and (4) are pronouns, and (5) the subject).

When in a similar sentence the subject is also expressed by a pronoun, then it will follow directly after the modified part of the predicate, for example:

• Üblicherweise erklärt (2) sie (3) ihm (4) das (5). She usually explains it to him.

Circumstance

The order of circumstances in the German sentence. not regulated by particularly strict rules. But some nuances should still be kept in mind. When in preposition there are several circumstances, a certain subordination must be observed, namely: (1) circumstances of time - (2) circumstances of cause, effect - (3) circumstances of manner of action - (4) circumstances of place. If there are fewer circumstances in the German proposal, it is necessary to follow the same scheme (order), discarding the missing elements. For example:

• Bettina flog heute wegen der Nachricht über die Heirat ihrer Freunde ganz glücklich aus dem Haus. - Bettina flew out of the house today absolutely happy because of the news of the wedding of her friends.
• Bettina flog wegen der Nachricht über die Heirat ihrer Freunde ganz glücklich aus dem Haus. - Bettina flew out of the house absolutely happy because of the news of the wedding of her friends.
• Baettina flog ganz glucklich aus dem Haus. – Bettina flew out of the house completely happy.

When in classical German sentence there are both circumstances and additions (especially prepositional ones), then the conjugated verb is usually followed by the circumstances of time and additions in Dativ (however, this time may well be changed), in the middle of the sentence. the circumstances of the cause and mode of action are placed, then - additions in Akkusativ, and already in the very last place (among the secondary members) - prepositional additions (additions with prepositions). For example:

• Sein Rechtsanwalt verschickt heute seinen Kollegen wegen des entstandenen Missverständnisses vorsichtshalber einen ausführlichen Brief nachOslo. “His lawyer will send a detailed letter to his colleagues in Oslo today, just in case, because of the misunderstandings that have arisen.
• Sein Rechtsanwalt verschickt heute vorsichtshalber einen ausführlichen Brief nachOslo. “His lawyer will send a detailed letter to Oslo today just in case.