Additional protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions contains part 3 of the section. I "Methods and means of warning war." However, the norms of this section (Art. Art. 35 - 47) require careful study and research, taking into account the development of modern weapons, on the one hand, and the level of development of international law science - on the other. In this chapter, undergoing means of means intended to defeat the living force, technology, structures and other enemy facilities, composite parts of these funds and components; Military equipment includes technical means intended for combat, technical and rear support for the activities of troops, as well as equipment and equipment for monitoring and testing these funds, composite parts of these funds and components.

Rapid progress in the field of armaments, improving military equipment (and its sale to third countries) is currently much ahead of the development of international law.

Is the new weapon allowed, the use of which in the case of armed conflict has not yet been regulated by international law? Do the military forces of the fighting state have the right to use all means, not specifically prohibited IHL? The search for answers to these questions is devoted to this chapter.

Prohibited means of conducting hostilities

In Article 36 of the Additional Protocol I, it contains a norm, which states that, when studying, developing, acquiring or adopting new types of weapons, funds or methods of warfire states is obliged to "determine whether their application falls, with some or under all circumstances, under Prohibition "norms of international law. The article is the most common character, and the decision of the issue is provided by the sovereign states. A supranational organization for monitoring in this area has not been created.

To avoid unnecessary suffering, no justified victims among the civilians associated with military actions, IHL establishes restrictions in the choice of warring funds and methods of warfare. This principle is expressed in the formula: "The warring does not enjoy unlimited law in the choice of harm to the enemy" (Art. 22 of the Convention on the Laws and the Customs of the Ground War of October 18, 1907). This provision found a confirmation in

Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions on the Protection of War Victims (1949): "The right of the parties in the conflict, choose methods or means of warning war is not unlimited" (Article 35).

War maintenance means - weapons and other means used by the armed forces of warring to harm and defeat the enemy. In the military doctrine of the Russian Federation of 2010 (paragraph 15, 16), it was noted that for hostilities, the increasing importance of high-precision, electromagnetic, laser, infrasound weapons, information and control systems, unmanned aerial and autonomous nautical apparatus, controlled robotic samples Arms and military equipment. Nuclear weapons will remain an important factor in the prevention of nuclear military conflicts and military conflicts using conventional means of defeat (large-scale war, regional war). In the event of a military conflict with the use of conventional means of defeat (large-scale war, regional war), which threatens the very existence of the state, the possession of nuclear weapons can lead to the processing of such a military conflict into a nuclear military conflict.

In a closed document "Basics of the Russian Country Detention Policy", signed by the President of the Russian Federation on February 5, 2010, together with military doctrine, determined the position of the Russian Federation regarding the essence of nuclear deterrence, its role and place in the overall system of ensuring the national security of the state, The provisions of the military doctrine in this area are developed. According to the document, the nature and scope of the use of nuclear weapons in response to aggression depend primarily on the effectiveness of the political, diplomatic, military and other measures of the preceding the use of nuclear weapons. The use of nuclear weapons is carried out exclusively by decision of the President of the Russian Federation. Given the extremely small time interval from the moment of detecting the start of foreign intercontinental ballistic missiles before their impact on targets in Russia (no more than 30 minutes), the response options from Russia in each particular case should be determined in advance and regulated in detail. The obvious transition of Russia to the use of nuclear weapons in response to aggression Even using conventional weapons is to strike on the most important political and administrative and economic centers of the country, on the objects of the missile defense system and the orbital grouping of military satellites, on the system of central command items of the General Staff RF and species of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the positional areas of the RVSN, the airfields of the basing of strategic aviation, strategic boat databases, as well as when attacking Russian submarines in the World Ocean during their patrol. Nuclear weapons can be applied by Russia and upon the invasion of ground-based enemy groups on its territory in the event that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation fails to stop the progress of the country's territory in conventional ways of warfare.

For prohibited means of conducting war, IHP refers those that cause unnecessary suffering with their affluent properties: a) bullets, easily unfolding or flattened in the human body; b) shells weighing less than 400 grams stuffed with explosives or combustible substances; c) poisons or poisoned weapons; d) shells that have the only purpose - to distribute poisoning substances; e) suffocating and other poisonous gases and bacteriological agents; e) bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons; g) means of impact on the natural environment that have extensive, long-term or serious consequences, as methods of destruction, damage or harm; h) Specific types of ordinary weapons of indiscriminate action and weapons, the use of which causes excessive damage or suffering. Consider them.

1. Bullets, easily unfolding or flattened in the human body. The Hague Declaration of 1899 specifically banned the use of such bullets. For more than 100 years, this declaration was mainly observed - in any case, in its literal sense: bullets, which are specifically stated in it, almost never applied in wars.

The ban on the use of weapons and ammunition with the ability to cause excessive damage and unnecessary suffering was confirmed by Art. 35 of the Additional Protocol I and is considered as the norm of ordinary international law. The Hague Declaration establishes a minimum standard level of what is meant by "excessive damage" and "excessive suffering". Other small-caliber shells, causing the same damage, should be considered as prohibited by the usual international law.

During the preparation of the UN Convention on the prohibition or restriction of the use of conventional weapons (1981), a question was raised about the inclusion of provisions for it prohibiting the use of high speed bullets, or "tumblebled" bullets, bullets with a displaced center of gravity. But the consent was not achieved, and the use of such bullets until now remains unresolved.

The meaning of the new proposals in the area of \u200b\u200bthe prohibition of the use of weapons and ammunition systems to them is to prohibit ammunition, which, with a shooting range of 25 or more of meters, release more than 20 joules of energy on each centimeter of the first 15 centimeters of the bullet path inside the human body. It is necessary to confirm or refute that the principles laid down in the Hague Convention on the Prohibition of the DUM-DUM Pullets (1899) are applicable in the context of modern armed conflicts.

When a projectile (bullet or bomb fragment) enters the human body and penetrates its fabric, its kinetic energy (motion energy) is partially or fully transmitted to these fabrics, breaking them with the speed of the explosion. The larger the energy is passed, the more tissue is destroyed. In elastic tissues, such as muscles, fast energy transfer leads to a sharp violent formation of the "time cavity". Before decaying the "temporal cavity" is expanding several times and compressed at a high speed around the "constant cavity", or the wound channel remaining behind the past projectile. According to the results obtained in the process of implementing the serious research program of the Princeton University in the field of wound ballistics during World War II, "the study and measurement of a large number of time cavities shows that the total capacity is proportional to the amount of energy transmitted by the bullet." As the study, stretching and moving tissues in the princeton, stretching and moving tissues in the formation and reduction of the "time cavity" can lead to serious damage to the large area around the channel formed by the projectile. Fabrics are torn and crushed, capillaries are broken, the nerves lose the ability to transmit pulses, the soft organs may be damaged, gas-filled intestines pockets are torn, and the bones that are not directly affected by the impact are broken.

Consequently, the greater the size of the "time cavity", the more extensive damage and the greater the likelihood of damage to the vital organ that is not directly on the way of penetration of the projectile.

It has long been recognized that energy transmission is the main factor in the starting charge.

For example, in 1969, when studying in the laboratory of the Ground Forces of the United States, the striking ability of the M16 rifle ammunition as the main thing this factor was taken into account. In the test report, it was noted that "previous researchers who studied the striking ability of fragments, ordinary and sweat pulleys, it was quite logical considered the assumption that the degree of loss of the combat capability of the soldier as a result of the bullets is proportional to the amount of energy released by the bullet in the target," did not expressed any -Lo disagreement with this statement.

The aerodynamically, the bullet is designed in such a way that the resistance of the air during its flight was minimal. The rotation attached to it in the weapon trunk provides its stability in order for it to move the head of the head. The human body is much denser than air, however, when it is properly chosen, a durable structure and a high speed of rotation of the bullet, it continues to move in it the head part, without losing a large amount of energy and without forming an extensive wound, except for the cases of shooting at close range, due to Nuting. But the bullet "Dum-Dum" when hitting the body takes a mushroom shape, the area of \u200b\u200bits contact with the body, on the tissue of which it has the strongest pressure, increases; The energy of the bullet is rapidly transmitted by the body, as a result of which an extensive wound is formed.

Thus, if the bullet is not deformed like a "DUM-DUM" bullet, nevertheless quickly transfers its energy to the body in any other way, it should also be considered as a prohibition of international law.

For many years, a standard caliber of small arms in the army of NATO countries and the Warsaw Treaty was 7.62 mm caliber. Since 1957, the US Army has been adopted by a rifle M14 caliber 7.62 mm. But the American company "Armalait" reduced the caliber of the rifle produced by it, adapting it to the firing modified hunting ammunition with a diameter of 5.56 mm (0.22 inches). The new rifle, called the AR15, from a military point of view had the following advantages: it was a quarter lighter M14 rifles, ammunition for her were also easier, which made the return during shooting weaker and gave the opportunity to have a soldier with him more cartridges. At the beginning of the 60s. The United States Military Office purchased and crossed several thousand AR15 rifles in Vietnam to test them in combat conditions. According to unofficial data, published in the American journal "Armor" in August 1963, the light bullet of the AR15 rifle, flying at a speed of 3300 feet per second (1000 m / s), when penetrating the human body begins to tumble, causing an extremely difficult injury, completely Not similar to a small bullet wound with a diameter of 0.22 inches. In the US Army, the A15 rifle was assigned to cipher M16, and in 1967 it was adopted as the main infantry weapon of the US Sun, which are not part of NATO. By 1978, these rifles were exported to 21 countries, they were manufactured in three countries under license.

However, to establish a ban on the use of such bullets, it took the development of science on bullet injuries - wound ballistics. But it was these data that were classified. In order for the AR15 (M16) rifle bullet, the 5.56 mm caliber possessed the necessary range and had a fairly flat flight path, which ensures the necessary accuracy of its falling into the target, the designers increased its speed. The dulp speed (the initial speed at the exit of the trunk) of the M16 rifle is 980 m / s, while this speed at the rifle M14 - 870 m / s, and the Soviet carbine AK47 caliber is 7.62 mm - 720 m / s. At a distance of 100 m from the trunk, these velocities are respectively 830, 800 and 630 m / s. It was concluded that the severity of injuries is explained by the high speed of the bullet, which tends to tumble and deform when contacting a person with a human body or after penetrating it.

In 1976, at the conference of government experts on the use of specific types of conventional weapons in Lugano, the Experts of the Governments of Sweden and Switzerland presented blocks from the soap, which show the results of the pulleys. Blocks cast in the shape of human hip were shot through various bullets, and then dissected so that the cavities formed in them can be seen, which believed, correspond to constant and temporary cavities, generated in the human body as a result of similar shots, and, Consequently, the volume of lesion of tissues.

Tests have shown that while from some bullets remains narrow along the entire length of the channel, from others it is narrow at the entrance, and then the sharply expands in the place where the volume of the soap with a fist with a force is scattered to the side when the bullet passages. However, the reasons for this remained unexplained.

In 1994, the Swiss Scientist-Ballistics B.P. Canybel and German Professor of forensic medicine K.G. Sellleier published a textbook on ballistics of injuries, which describes the mechanism of bullet injury and the design parameters, on which its severity depends.

When moving inside a person, the bullet can tumble, as a result of which heavily wound is caused, because at the moments when it moves inside the body is not a head of the forward, but with a large angle of attack, the area for which the pressure is transmitted to the tissue, relatively large, and Therefore, tissues are transmitted a lot of energy.

According to the theory of seller and danybel, the bullet concluded in the solid metal shell (and there are almost all modern rifle ammunition), after penetrating the human body on any depth, it begins to rotate relative to the transverse axis. The speed of rotation is rapidly increasing, the angle of attack reaches 90 degrees., The bullet continues to rotate until it starts to advance almost the tail part (last position). Depending on the design of the bullet with a solid metal sheath, can be deformed and collapse under the influence of loads experienced by it during rotation; The deformation and destruction of such a bullet, being only a consequence of this rotation, and not an independent process, nevertheless increase its ability to apply injuries, since the area of \u200b\u200bthe bullet material, transmitting pressure on the tissue, increases as a result of deformation or destruction.

Thus, the rotation or bullet squirrel is a major factor causing a heavy wound, and the likelihood of the latter depends on how deep the bullet will penetrate into the body before it starts turning. The tendency to the tumblexia immediately when penetrating the human body depends on the angle of the meeting when the body is hit, the outlines of the head part of the bullet and its gyroscopic stability, which, in turn, is determined by such factors as the speed of rotation around the longitudinal axis, the moment of inertia and geometric parameters bullets. The higher the gyroscopic stability of the bullet (for example, due to the high speed of rotation), the further it penetrates into the body, without turning; The smaller the length of the bullet in relation to its diameter, the lower the likelihood that it will start tumbling.

In 1981, NATO declared the decision to adopt a new standard of rifle-weapon caliber. This new caliber - 5.56 mm - was the same as the M16 rifle. But Belgian SS109 ammunition was adopted as standard ammunition for NATO small arms. The high speed of the bullet is attached to it due to the reduced step cutting the barrel: one turn is 7 inches, whereas the M16 rifle has one turn - by 12 inches. It is necessary to indicate that the term "weapons of small-caliber weapons" should cover both ammunition and weapons from which shooting is conducted. The nature of injury may depend on such technical characteristics of weapons as the parameters of the cutting of the barrel.

According to the test results, the PC109 bullet begins to quickly give energy (with the intensity of 50 or more joule on a centimeter), only deepening by 14 or more centimeters; For 20 or more pathimeters, it gives only 600 joule energy to the tissues. At the same time, the bullet of the Russian automatic machine AK74 caliber 5.45 mm begins to quickly give energy, delving into the body only 9 cm, and 600 Joule energy it gives tissues on 14 centimeters of the journey. According to some data, the AK74 bullet makes a heavy wound closer to the body surface than the CC109 bullet.

Small caliber projectiles include a sweep bullet - a small pointed rod with several feathers-stabilizers in a stupid end. At the beginning of the 60s. The US Army began to implement a program for the development of small arms affecting the sweep bullets (the so-called individual weapons of special purpose). In 1966, Aai Corporation was developed by Concave-Compound Finned Projectile and the Multiple Hardness Pointed Finned Projectile (pointed Opero Density Projectile).

The purpose of these two inventions was that the head part is deformed when hitting, as a result of which the tumblers of the sweep bullets would occur.

In the US Army Balstics Research Laboratory, another design was tested for an amazing ability - a bimetallic swelling bullet. When hit, two metal should be separated from each other, significantly increasing the area of \u200b\u200bpressure transmission on the fabric.

The deformation of such bullets is very close to unfolding or flattening, according to the terminology of the Hague Declaration, the "DUM-DUM" bullets.

Thus, in the development and adoption of new samples of small arms, the following indicators should be taken into account: 1) the maximum caliber in which the weapon refers to small-caliber systems (12.7 mm); 2) the range of firing (more than 25 m); 3) the minimum length of the narrow channel (15 cm); 4) The maximum amount of energy released in a narrow channel (more than 20 joule energy on each centimeter of the first 15 cm of the bullet path inside the human body).

In the order of progressive development of the norms of international humanitarian law, it is necessary to establish a strict ban on the use of modern DUM-DUM bullets, providing protection against excessive suffering caused by particularly dangerous systems of small-caliber weapons.

The discusigation on the pages of the "independent military review" on the availability of 5,45mm machine guns and manual machine guns, which are in service with the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, for confrontation with troops equipped with army armored degree of protection. In the 60-70s. Almost all the leading states in military and economic state moved to low-empty cartridges. In the USSR in 1987, a Cartridge is 7H6 with a thermoproprotic core. In 1992, a 5.45-millimeter cartridge was developed and put into armared with a 7H10 enabling bullet, which uses a stamped pointed core; The mass of the bullet is 5% more. In 1994, a cartridge was developed and accepted for the production of a high-power upgraded bullet, the main difference of which lies in the fact that the cavity in the head part is filled with lead. In 1998, a 9.45 x 39 mm cartridge was developed and adopted with an armor-piercing bullet 7N22, in which a pointed core was applied, made of high-carbon armor-piercing steel U12A. The authors note that 5.45 mm caliber reserves in terms of improving the efficiency of defeat barriers are far from being exhausted.

Similarly, the development of 9 mm PM pistol is developed. In the early 90s. A new high pulse cartridge appeared for PMF-57N181SM pistol, which has a more powerful powder charge and provides a speed of about 45 m / s lightweight to 5.5 g of a conical pool.

True, while this cartridge cannot be used in regular PM pistols.

2. Shell shells weighing less than 400 g, stuffed with explosives or combustible substances.

2. Prohibition of use is not on the appointment of distinctive signs of medical services, civil defense, cultural property, installations and structures containing hazardous forces, the white flag of the parliamentar, as well as other generally accepted distinctive signs and signals (for example, for demilitarized zones, similar locality).

Analysis of the norms contained in Art. Art. 35, 53, 75, 85 of the Additional Protocol I, makes it possible to allocate the following groups of prohibited methods of conducting an armed struggle.

1. Directed against Combatants of the enemy: a) treacherous murder or wounds of persons belonging to the troops of the enemy; b) the murder of the parliamentary and the accompanying persons (trumpeter, hillist, drummer); c) the murder or injury of the enemy's persons who, having completed the weapon or without the opportunity to defend themselves, were polled; d) an attack on persons who have failed due to illness or injury, as well as persons who left the facing an aircraft (with the exception of persons belonging to airborne troops); e) coercion of persons nasty parties to participate in hostilities against their country; (e) Detaching the order not to leave anyone alive, threaten this or lead military actions on this basis; g) Taking hostages.

2. Directed against the civilian population: a) the implementation of the genocide, apartheid; b) terror in relation to the local population; c) the use of hunger among civilians.

Specific legal requirements that will ensure the achievement of the goal are specified in paragraph 2 and 3 of Art. 54 Additional Protocol I, as well as in Art. 55, providing for the obligation to protect the natural environment, in Art. Art. 68 - 71 - On the help of the civilian population and in the Geneva Protocol of 1925, prohibiting the use of bacteriological and chemical weapons.

3. Aims against objects: a) attack, bombing or destruction of sanitary institutions, hospital ships (sanitary transports), sanitary aircraft with appropriate distinctive signs; b) bombardment by military aircraft, marine ships of unprotected cities, ports, villages, dwellings, historical monuments, temples, hospitals, provided that they are not used for military purposes; c) the destruction of cultural property, historical monuments, places of departure of the cult and other, components of the cultural or spiritual heritage of the people, as well as their use to ensure success in hostilities.

4. directed against the property: a) extermination or seizure of enemy ownership, except when such actions are caused by military necessity; b) the capture of ships intended for coastal fisheries or local navigation needs; hospital courts, as well as ships performing scientific and religious functions; c) looting a city or terrain.

Very important is the problem of legal regulation of the methods of monitable hostilities, i.e. Compliance with the principle of distinction. Taking a ban fixed in paragraph 5 "A" Art. 51 additional protocol I was an important humanitarian achievement. The authors of the article believed that there was no need to refer to "massive" bombing, on the "bombing of zones" or "bombing carpets" from the moment this ban began to be fully applied to them, and the appeal to such expressions can be interpreted as limiting civilian protection from other types of bombing. It should be noted that the prohibition is limited to situations under which humanitarian requirements are primarily as applied to zones where civilians or objects are concentrated. Other zones are not covered by this ban. At what distance from each other must be military facilities?

The criteria "obviously accomplished" and "distinguishable" cause a number of issues in determining the need for separate attacks. The current standards do not answer these questions. Of course, the problem is related to high-precision weapons, and the difficulties of interpretation cannot serve as an excuse for barbaric methods. What are the sizes of the military advantage achieved as a result of the attack? What measure should the loss of civilians live? Only courts in their decisions, world practice and global public opinion can answer these questions.

Provisions of Art. 57 of the additional protocol I are aimed at eliminating two more cases of violation of the principle of distinction: a) the incorrect identification of military facilities before attacking them; b) attacks that may accidentally apply extremely great damage to civilians and damage to civilian objects. These provisions are addressed primarily to those who prepare or decide on the attack. Those who practically attack are often not capable of using modern means and methods for conducting hostilities in a timely manner to recognize the objects to be attacked. If "becomes obvious that the object is not a military", "the attack is canceled or suspended." But even if the object is recognized as a military, an attack may be prohibited, for example, in view of the fact that this object hides dangerous forces or it is necessary for the survival of civilians, and in cases where the attack would cause excessive losses among civilians.

It should be noted that the parties are prescribed to make a "timely warning" on attacks that are dangerous for the civilian population, if circumstances allow it to do so.

Instructions on the methods of combat operations are usually contained in administrative documents (orders) of military administration authorities, therefore, it is precisely in them that all precautions should be envisaged during the operation. At the same time, knowledge that legal advisers possess (assistants of commanders on legal work) should be used. At the same time, a number of violations can be prevented only if there is a sufficient level of organization and discipline of subordinates.

The rules for conducting the battle (the rules of the attack) are the rules for the use of force to achieve the goal (fulfillment of the combat mission) and must comply with IHL standards. They must meet the following requirements: 1) be accessible, i.e. communicate with a concise and understandable language; 2) be reasonable, i.e. take into account all situations that may arise when performing the task; 3) be realistic, i.e. Do not subjected to the personnel of unjustified risk when they are fulfilled. Each military personnel must know the norms of IHL at a sufficient level corresponding to its military rank and a job position.

Elementary rules are based on the principles of humanity and are as follows:

  1. you can only fight with those who have a weapon in hands;
  2. only military facilities are allowed to attack (for example, military bases, warehouses, fuel, ports, take-offs, cars, ships, aircraft, weapons, equipment, buildings and objects that are used for military purposes);
  3. the attack should not be directed to individuals and objects that have protective status, civilians and civilian objects should be spared;
  4. it is impossible to cause greater damage than is required to perform a combat mission, indiscriminate attacks are prohibited;
  5. started terrain and neutral zones should not be attacked;
  6. objects containing hazardous forces (nuclear power plants, dams, dams) should not be attacked;
  7. taking hostages is prohibited;
  8. it should be treated with respect to persons and objects marked by protective signs and emblems;
  9. medical personnel and clergy, wounded and sick feashes of the enemy, civilian population, personal composition of civil defense formations (firefighters, sappers, search and rescue detachments), Parliamentaries with a white flag should not be an object of attack;
  10. surrounded by the enemy, it is necessary to give the opportunity to surrender, the order does not take prisoners is a serious war crime;
  11. with prisoners of war, humane should be treated, they are obliged to report data only on their identity;
  12. it should be refrained from any acts of retaliation, respect the rights of the civilian population;
  13. it is necessary to comply with the indicated rules themselves and require it from colleagues, since their violation entails

Military Thought number 12/2003, p. 45-54

ColonelL.I. CaliraTOV ,

candidate of Military Sciences

Calistratov Alexander Ivanovich was born in 1946 in Ukraine. In the Armed Forces from 1964 to 1996. He graduated from Kiev Woku, MV Military Academy Frunze and adjuncture with it. Passed: command posts - from the platoon commander to the deputy commander of the battalion; Staff - from the officer of the operational department to the senior officer of the Operational Department of the Military District headquarters; Teachers - from the teacher to Professor of the Department. Since 1996 - employee of the Russian Army, Professor of the Department of Operational Art of the Commissal Academy of Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

First of all, it is necessary to clarify the key term of this article - "Armed struggle." This concept is often interpreted in different ways. In the 50s of the last century, the armed struggle was identified with the war: "War is a public armed struggle" or "War is an armed struggle in a class society." In the late 1960s, in our military science no longer existed for a single point of view about this term. A number of major military specialists continued to consider it by synonymous with the concept of "war". In published in 1968, edited by Marshala V.D. Sokolovsky labor "Military Strategy" was proclaimed that "the war is an armed violence organized by the armed struggle ... in the name of achieving certain political goals." With this, many military scientists did not agree, especially philosophers who argued that "the armed struggle is a fundamental attribute of the war, its decisive specific process, a way to achieve political goals." Thus, in the Soviet military encyclopedia (1976), the concept of "armed struggle" is interpreted as "the specific content of the war, which consists in the organized application of the armed forces to achieve political and military purposes." From the definition it follows that the armed struggle is the category of strategy.

Ten years later, in the military encyclopedic dictionary, the armed struggle is already interpreted as "the main form of combating war, its specific content is to organized the use of the armed forces to achieve certain political and military purposes. It represents a totality of hostilities of various scale. "

A very significant change, especially since in the same dictionary, the very concept of "military actions" has a significantly wider sense than in the military encyclopedia of 1976. It is "organized by the use of forces and means for performing the combat missions of parts, compounds, associations of all types of armed forces", and not just the actions of the troops on a strategic scale. Thus, the concept of "armed struggle" has already spread to all three components of martial arts: a strategy, operational art and a significant part of tactics.

The modern nationwide interpretation of this concept is: "The armed struggle is the main type of confrontation in wars, conflicts of military, armed uprisings, rebellions, courses, etc. With the use of forces and means of conducting hostilities on various scales. "

This definition is perhaps the closest of all reflects the essence of the phenomenon, but it contains significant inaccuracy: both war, and armed conflicts (which, by the way, are not mentioned in it), as well as rebellion, rebellion and cougis (which is actually the same thing) are composite Part of such a generalizing concept as a military conflict.

In addition, based on the current understanding of the term "military actions" as "confrontation of the parties in the war; Organized use of forces and means of the type of armed forces, strategic and operational strategic groups on TVD, "it can be concluded that the armed struggle is an exceptionally operational-strategic concept and in the tactical level it is not conducted.

In a number of other modern sources, a certain return to the views of the 70s of the 20th century and the armed struggle is defined as a totality of hostilities of various scale carried out in all physical environments (on Earth, in the air, water under water and in space). At the same time, it is emphasized that it, together with the political, economic, ideological struggle and information confrontation, is the basis of the content of the war, which is even more closely connecting this concept with the strategy.

In this regard, the question arises about the attitude towards the term "combat actions", interpreted now as "armed clashes of the opposing parties." The statement that this term has nothing to do with the armed struggle causes an explicit protest of logic.

So what is an armed struggle? Is it a specific content or form of combating war? Is this a totality of hostilities of various scale or the main type of confrontation in military conflicts? Or maybe it is just a synonym for the concept of "fighting"? Or maybe it's all combined?

Let's try to figure out. Any term must carry as semanticso I. philosophicalload, clearly expressing the essence and structure of the phenomenon. Let's start with semantics. The key word for the concept is the word "struggle." The most accurate definition, in our opinion, is given in the explanatory dictionary V. Dal: "Fight - the effort to overcome the enemy; Competition of the two forces; Martial art without weapons ... " Adjective armedit applies primarily to a subject equipped with imaginary, or specially created means of struggle, as well as in the SI dictionary. Ozhegova, in general, to combat weapons in his hands.

In other words, from the point of view of semantics, an armed struggle is an effort to defeat the enemy, the contest of the two forces, martial arts with the use of weapons. From the philosophical point of view, the struggle is the interaction of two mutually exclusive opposites. In armed struggle, this interaction acts as defensive offensive actions of armed actors, and the struggle itself is a special form of movement of spiritual matter, characterized by the desire of the opposing parties to submissive the enemy by their will of the force of weapons, to the winning time, strength and space.

It is essential that the goal of the struggle is achieved by coercive the enemy to surrender by means of its exhaustion or by applying unacceptable physical damage, up to destruction. At the same time, both two armed individuals and several huge organized social groups of people who are important and practical activities (that is also subjects) in armed struggle as subjects. As a result, the struggle itself can be both simple and expanded confrontation. It's not by chance that K. Clausevitz determined the war as "Extended Martial Arts".

Naturally, the confrontation under consideration can occur in all physical environments available for human activities and will inevitably be accompanied by other forms of struggle designed to ensure favorable conditions for the starting and completion of the actual armed struggle as a decisive way to achieve their goals, complicate the conditions for its adversary, and Also apply direct moral and physical damage to him.

Thus, it can be concluded that the armed struggle is essentially a simple or expanded confrontation of armed actors that implement opposite goals with the use of weapons in all individuals affordable to human media.

The content of the armed struggle, obviously, is the mutual defeat of the opposing parties, up to their complete destruction (ie, liquidation as a subject) by applying direct physical and moral damage to the enemy by applying weapons; Violations of its ability to adequately perceive the surrounding environment and deprivation of sources of replenishment of moral and physical forces. Naturally, the striking action of the weapon will be accompanied by a constant movement of opponents in space in order to occupy a more profitable situation in relation to the enemy of the situation and the seizure (deduction) of the vital sections.

It should be especially emphasized that the most powerful factor determining the content of the armed struggle and the trend of its change is the quantitative and qualitative state of the applied weapons and military equipment. It is the dynamics of the development of the means of armed struggle that determines the permanent expansion of the scale, an increase in the intensity, complexity, the fierce and the destructiveness of its maintenance.

The initial spatial scope of the armed struggle was determined by several dozens (a little later - hundreds) square meters of the place of contractions of individual tribes. Subsequently, it began to be measured by kilometers, constantly expanding as the number of participants, the range of means of defeat and the use of various physical environments increase.

Especially indicative in this respect of the XX century. At its beginning, armed confrontation was carried out within the limits of border areas and the waters of the warring countries, gradually moving to the vital centers of the wrestling of states, deploying, as a rule, on land and at sea. Subsequently, it began to cover a significant part of the territory of the continents and the huge ocean areas, resolutely moving into an air and underwater space.

From the second half of the century, after the creation of effective strategic means of lesion, the armed struggle accepted the global nature, since the rocket troops, distant aviation and naval forces were able to independently or jointly solve strategic tasks at almost any point of the globe. In the last decade there was a gradual shift of the center of gravity in aerospaceand information areathe dependence of its stroke and the outcome of the confrontation from actions in these areas increased dramatically. In the foreseeable future, the armed struggle will inevitably be released in the near, and then to far space, can cover geophysical, environmental, ethnic, psycho-emotional and other spheres.

Due to the fact that any struggle is the process of resolving the dialectical contradiction, it makes sense to find out what they are the mutually exclusive opposites, the interaction between which also generates the process of armed struggle. These opposites, in our opinion, are types of armed struggle- offensive and defense (if the essence of these phenomena to perceive philosophically). In other words, under the offensive should be understood initiative form of combat potential one of the opposing parties, under defense - reactive(i.e. reaction to the initiative of the enemy). The essence of this reaction does not matter: and the application of deep fire strikes, and the retention of "death" occupied by the frontier, and the retreat, and even the offensive with a decisive transfer of effort into the territory of the enemy to receive the first data on its aggressive actions - all this will be defense. It is not by chance that Clausevitz argued that the main sign of defense is the wait (defensive battle is attacked), the battle - the appearance of the enemy in the field of reaching their means of defeat, the campaign is the invasion of it on TVD, and that in the defensive campaign you can fight offensively.

Neither the other type of armed struggle may not exist independently, but only in dialectical interaction with each other. That is why the armed struggle is present only where one of the parties comes, and the other is defended, i.e. One side manifests the initiative, and the other reacts accordingly to it. Otherwise, it will be just promoting a solemn march or "tea drinking in the trenches." The offensive and defense are two components of a single process called "armed struggle",the interaction between which also generates the energy of the latter.

A question may arise: what if the opposing parties will simultaneously go to the offensive? Then one of the parties will be forced to respond to a few minutes or hours of an opponent in implementing the initiative, adjusting its plans, since the synchronous actions of opposing groups of troops of any scale are practically impossible. At the same time, the level of intensity of the armed struggle will be directly dependent on the degree of protection of a more active part of the defensive reaction of the opponent's defense.

At the same time, combat experience shows that in any case the collision of two initiatives forms a certain period of relative equilibrium. During this period, the armed struggle process is fed by the inevitable defensive offensive actionsparts of forces and means of both sides. We are talking about the troops that ensure the maneuvering of the main forces in the interests of the classes of the situation more favorable towards the enemy. The equilibrium period will continue until one of the parties deliberately or forced to give the initiative or both will refuse it, and then the armed struggle will temporarily stop. However, this is a special case. That is why such a kind of armed struggle is of a very specific name - "Counter battle (battle)."

All of the above allows us to conclude that the armed struggle is indeed the main type of confrontation in military conflicts and their specific content.

Recommending what the essence of the term "armed struggle" and what is his place in the general system of concepts of military art, we can talk about forms and methods of conducting an armed struggle.

Under the form it is customary to understand the method of organizing and existence of processes, objects, phenomena, as well as a totality of the traits expressing the external manifestation of their essence. Since the very concept of "armed struggle" is very extensive and covers all components of military art, the form of its maintenance should manifest itself in tactical, operational and strategic actions of military formations.

On the tactical level armed struggle can perform in shape: fighting - armed confrontation of two individuals, including those who are inaircraft, underwater, spacecraft, etc.; battle - organized armed collision of compounds, parts, units, ships, individual crews and military settlements of weapons and military equipment of various types of airless units; hit - short and powerful impact on the enemy in the local area of \u200b\u200bweapons and troops carried out both within the battle and out of them; Martial steps - as a series of consistently conducted by tactical formations and non-associated uniform and plan of battles. The last form of the struggle is characteristic of the period of preparation of operations or time intervals between consistently carried out by the operations of the associations of Sun species in the interests of improving the operational position of troops and creating favorable conditions for their preparation.

In special conditions, for example, during the anti-Partisan (partisan) struggle, tactical formations can conduct an armed struggle and in the specific form of special actions, i.e. Action with the use of weapons that are not subject to signs of offensive or defensive (ambushes, sabotage, terrorist acts, sinking of the terrain, sniper and antisnya actions, insulating-restrictive, security, etc.).

On the operational and operational tactical levels the main form of the armed struggle is the operation of unification of the type of aircraft as a set of agreed on the tasks, the place and time held according to a single plan and plan of battles, battles, blows and maneuver part of the association and operational subordinate tactical compounds and parts of various types of troops and types of Sun in order to Achievement of a single operational goal.

A very important form of armed struggle at the operational level is the battle. It may be part of the operation andperform in the form of a separate battle of the operational (operational-tactical) unification of the type of aircraft. In essence, it is a set of fighting, strikes and maneuver conducted by several compounds and union parts (sometimes association as a whole) in order to solve one or two operational tasks. The battle has rigid temporary (1-3 days) and spatial (as a rule, part of the strip of action of the combination) frame. The battle as part of the operation covers the period of maintaining the most active and decisive combat operations of the association in order to fulfill the most important, determining the outcome of operational tasks.

A separate battle is a form of an armed struggle, which is superior to a tactical level, but "does not reach" to the level of operation. One of the most characteristic examples is the Bain-Tsagansk defensive battle of the 57th individual corps on the Khalkhin-goal River on July 3-5, 1939, during which two operational tasks were successfully solved: holdingwest Bank of the river and a springboard on its eastern shore and liquidation(Conductor) captured by the main impact grouping of the opponent of a springboard on our shore in the area of \u200b\u200bMount Bain-Tsagan.

Complete special forms - fire electronand anti-airdraftbattles. In general, they have that they can be carried out on the scale of the entire association, in the interests of solving one, but very important operational task - the conquest of fire superiority and superiority on the air (the first two types of battles), as well as in order to reduce this superiority and superiority in the air At the enemy (all three types). They may be a number of massive firing, radio-electronic blows, air and controversial battles, with the participation of all relevant forces and means of association, as well as their systematic combat operations between the blows.

In addition, at the level under consideration, the armed struggle can be carried out in the form of blows with weapons and troops (of course, on an operational scale), as well as in the form of combat operations of associations. The latter will be combination of fightsconducted outside the framework of the operation or in the interval between consistently carried out operations, as well as connection actionsand partsgenerations of the association troops throughout the operation.

If it is involved in the permission of an internal armed conflict, the union of land forces can conduct an armed struggle in a special form - a joint special operation. Why joint?Because the combat composition of the association inevitably includes the formation of other powerful departments, in particular the Ministry of Internal Affairs, PV and MOE. Why special?Because the lion's share of the operation is not traditional battles and battles, but special actions of the anti-Paintisan struggle, insulating restrictive and security actions.

At the same time, combat experience suggests that in operations of this kind of association, fierce general-military battles for the defeat of large, compactly existing groups of illegal armed groups are often forced.

Operations can be carried out by operational and strategic associations of the Sun. In this case, in addition to the listed elements, it is necessary to include operations conducted by the low-level associations. Thus, the front-line surgery is a combination of the army and hulls carried out on the front of the armies and buildings, and the battles, battles and maneuver of subordinate tactical compounds and parts of various types of troops and species of aircraft.

Recently, there has been a reason for talking about the emergence of a new, special forms of armed struggle - shock-fire operation of the operational and operational and strategic association. It can be carried out in order to remotely defeat the troops of the enemy's troops, conquering domination in the air and fire superiority, to reduce the firepower of the enemy formations, coercion to refuse offensive actions, as well as creating favorable conditions for the transition to the offensive of land groups of their troops. The operation may include a number fire battlesand massive fire blows,powerful radioelectronicand divergent effectaccording to the troops and the most important objects of the opponent infrastructure. The very emergence of such operations was possible as a result of the mass equipment of troops with high-precision weapons, the massive application of which is comparable in efficiency with nuclear weapons, which allows the "remote" defeat of the troops of the enemy and the destruction of its most important objects of operational and strategic importance.

In addition, in recent decades, the role of special actions carried out by special purpose has sharply increased in armed struggle. High vulnerability and potential danger of many Sun objects, state and economic infrastructure facilities, the application of the latest means of sabotage struggle, management and navigation facilities can lead to the fact that their destruction or destruction will inevitably give the operational, and even the strategic effect.

All this, as well as the need for "backlight" for the WTO of numerous important goals in the deep rear of the enemy, led to a significant increase in the number of special forces in the army of many countries of the world, and their massive use in the interests of achieving a single and very important goal is quite possible in the form of a special operation of an operational-strategic scale.

This operation may be a set of special actions, interconnected by tasks, sites and time spent on a single plan and plan for the forces of special purpose in the rear of the enemy. Their goal will be a disruption of the organized work of the rear, blocking communications, the difficulty of the functioning of the control systems of the troops, the basing of aviation of the opposing association of the enemy, etc.

On the strategic level the main form of armed struggle is obviously a strategic operation of the Sun group, deployed on the continental or ocean TVD (strategic direction). To other forms include a joint strategic operation of the associations of several types and genera of the arms of the Armed Forces (nuclear, WTO, on new physical principles, etc.) of the most important objects of the aircraft, the economic and state infrastructure of the enemy to disrupt its operation carried out with these same goals, as well as a massive strategic shock weapon. In addition, such a form of struggle, as a campaign, which is a combination of interrelated strategic operations, strikes and maneuver acting on the theater of war (TVD) of the Armed Forces operating at the same time and consistently in a single plan and plan to period of time.

Of all the forms of armed struggle, the greatest variety is the operation. INthere are no need to combine all the types of operations in some system, guided by certain criteria.

If you analyze the many existing definitions of the concept of "system", it can be concluded that the system is integrated in space and time a set of interacting, hierarchically structured elements, or connected by functional relations (static system) or functioning in a single ideology (dynamic system).

Thus, in order to form the system, elements are needed, as well as hierarchical structuring of these elements in accordance with the functional relations uniting them. In our opinion, elements of the operation system may be types, subtypes, discharges, typesand subspeciesoperations. These elements can be structured by the time of their conduct, on the spatial scale of the armed struggle, the composition of its participants, as well as the species and subspecies of its maintenance (Fig.).

Now O. ways of conducting an armed struggle.INa broad sense is understood as actions or actions of actions used to make a decision of any task. In the military field, under the way of conducting an armed struggle, an elected struggle orderand receiversapplications of the available forces and means in the interests of solving standing tasks. At the same time, the basis of the content of the method, obviously, will be: determining the place and order of concentration of effort; establishment of a sequence of actions and character of maneuver by forces and means; Determination of the order and techniques of the defeat of the enemy weapon, the use of the results of the defeat, as well as measures to deceive the enemy and protect against its means of defeat.

The methods used directly depend on its goal, the content of the tasks available at the disposal of forces and funds.

As already mentioned, the purpose of the armed struggle is to subordinate the enemy by their will by applying armed violence. To achieve this goal, it will inevitably have to solve the problem of force coercion of the enemy to refuse its intentions or to surrender. How can this task can be solved?

The history of military art knows two basic ways: exhaustion - the power suppression of the enemy's ability to resist (mainly) its physical integrity and crushing - physical defeat, eliminating it as an organized functioning system.

Exemption can be achieved by the use of the following techniques: the temporary output of the enemy is due to the application of a number of strong blows on vital centers as a demonstration of overwhelming superiority (Yugoslavia, 1999); the moral and psychological and physical ismoting of the enemy by means of a long, permanent application of a small force on numerous objects with the simultaneous elimination of the enemy's capabilities to replenish the forces (classical active siege); the destruction of sources and blocking ways to fill the opponent of physical and moral forces - environment or blockade (including information) followed by the waiting.

The crushing can be achieved by simultaneous defeat of the enemy to the entire depth of its construction of weapons (nuclear, WTO, etc.) with the immediate use of the results of the defeat by mobile elements of their forces, as well as the consistent defeat of the enemy in parts as it approaches or promoting our troops in its depth. .

Methods of armed struggle can be used both individually and in combination at various stages of fighting.

In conclusion, it is necessary to emphasize that the thoughts presented in the article do not in any way claim to truth in the last instance. According to the author, they can only be considered as a database for discussion, which must be deployed in the interest of clarifying the essence and content of the most important terms of martial arts.

Razin B.A. History of military art. M.: Milivdat, 1956. P. 8.

Ibid. P. 30.

Military strategy. M.: Milivdat, 1968. P. 209.

Methodological problems of military theory and practice. M.: Milivdat, 1969. P. 78.

VES. M.: Milivdat, 1986. P. 145.

VE. T. 2. M.: Milivdat, 1994. P. 268.

VES. M.: Milivdat, 1986. P. 193.

Ibid. T. 1.S. 524.

Dal V. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. T. 1. M.: State. Publishing house in foreign. and nat. Words, 1955. S. 117.

Ohzhegov si. Dictionary of the Russian language. M: Russian, 1985. P. 83.

Clausesvitz K. About the war. T. 1. M.: Milivdat, 1941. P. 25.

Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. P. 658.

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The weapon appeared in the history of mankind in primitive society. Prehistoric soldiers were armed with doubles, wooden spears with bone or stone tips, bows, stone axes. Then there were bronze and iron swords, spears with metal tips. With the opening of the powder, firearms were invented. One of the first samples of such weapons is considered a modified (metal tube) attached to the anti-tree. It shot round metal cores and was used by Arabs in the XII-XIII centuries. In the XIV century Firearms appeared in Western Europe and in Russia. From the moment of its appearance, improving firearms as the most effective means of defeating the enemy was constantly. In the XVI century The first samples of the rifle weapons (food, fitting) were created. In the second half of the XIX century. There appeared rapid, and then automatic weapons and mortars. During the First World War, aviation and deep bombs began to apply. During World War II, for the first time, reactive installations were used, managed serviceing aircraft (FAU-1) and ballistic missiles (Fow-2).

The era of great discoveries in nuclear physics (the end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century) caused the emergence of a new weapon of a huge devastating force based on the use of internalorette energy, isolated during chain reactions of dividing heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium. The first test of the new weapon was made by the United States of America on July 16, 1945 in New Mexico on a special landfill. This weapon was applied by the United States at the end of World War II against Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Hiroshima was subjected to atomic bombardment on August 6, 1945, and Nagasaki - August 9, 1945. As a result of these bombing, a significant part of Hiroshima was destroyed, over 140 thousand people were injured, and almost a third of buildings and structures were killed in Nagasaki. And about 75 thousand inhabitants were injured.

Currently, of all existing means of defeat in the degree of their impact on the enemy, its equipment and weapons are distinguished by weapons of mass lesion (nuclear, chemical and bacteriological) and ordinary weapons.

Nuclear weapon

The nuclear is called a weapon that affects the action of which is based on the use of intracender energy, which is distinguished by the chain reaction of the separation of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or with thermonuclear fusion reactions of the synthesis of low hydrogen isotopes.



It includes various nuclear ammunition, their means of delivering to the target (carriers) and controls. The nuclear ammunition includes combat parts of rockets and torpedoes, bombs, artillery shells, depth bombs, mines (Fugasi). Carriers of nuclear weapons are aircraft, surface ships and submarines equipped with nuclear weapons and delivering it to the place of start-up (firing). Also the carriers of nuclear charges (rockets, torpedoes, shells, aviation and deep bombs), delivering them directly to goals. The power of the nuclear ammunition is characterized by trotil equivalent,which is equal to the mass of TNT, the energy of the explosion of which is equal to the energy of the explosion of this nuclear ammunition. The magnitude of the TroTilo equivalent nuclear ammunition is divided into 5 groups: ultra-low (up to 1 CT), small (1-10 CT), medium (10-100 CT), large (100 CT - 1 MT), super-broom (over 1 mt).

Agrowing nuclear factorsexplosionthey are a shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive infection and an electromagnetic impulse.

Shock wave - The main striking factor of the nuclear explosion, since most of the destruction and damage to structures and buildings, as well as the defeat of people are due, as a rule, its impact. It is an area of \u200b\u200bsharp compression of the medium propagating in all directions from the explosion site with supersonic speed. The front border of the compressed air layer is called frontshock wave. The striking effect of the shock wave is characterized by the amount of overpressure - the difference between the maximum pressure at the front of the shock wave and normal atmospheric pressure in front of it. With an overpressure of 20-40 kPa, unprotected people can get light lesions (bruises and contusion). The effects of the shock wave with overpressure of 40-60 kPa leads to the lesions of the average severity (loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, strong dislocation of the limbs, bleeding from the nose and ears). Heavy injuries occur during overpressure over 60 kPa. Extremely severe lesions are observed at overpressure over 100 kPa.



Light radiation - The flow of radiant energy, including ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is the luminous area formed by hot explosion and air products. This radiation applies almost instantly and lasts depending on the power of the nuclear explosion to 20 s. Its strength is such that it is capable of causeing fuses of skin and defeat (permanent or temporary) organs of vision of people, as well as the fire of combustible materials and objects. The light radiation does not penetrate through opaque materials, so any obstacle capable of creating a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and eliminates the defeat. Significantly weaken the light radiation dusty (smoke) air, fog, rain, snowfall.

Penetrating radiationit is a flow of gamma rays and neutrons. It lasts 10-15 s. Passing through a lively tissue, this radiation ionizes molecules included in the cells. Under the influence of ionization in the body, biological processes arise, leading to a violation of the vital functions of individual organs and the development of radiation disease. As a result of the passage of ionizing radiation through environmental materials, their intensity decreases. The weakening effect of the materials is made to characterize a layer of half attenuation, that is, such a thickness, passing through which the radiation intensity decreases by 2 times. For example, 2 times weakened the intensity of the gamma ray layer of steel 2,8 cm thick, concrete - 10 cm, soil - 14 cm, wood - 30 cm. Open and especially overlapping slots significantly reduce the effect of penetrating radiation, and asylum and anti-cancerous shelter practically Completely protect from it.

Radioactive infectionthe terrain, the surface layer of the atmosphere, airspace, water and other objects occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud of the nuclear explosion. At the same time, a high level of radiation can be observed not only in the area adjacent to the explosion site, but also at a distance of dozens and even hundreds of kilometers from it. Radioactive area infection can be dangerous for several weeks after the explosion.

Electromagnetic impulse - This is a short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear ammunition as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted with the ambient atoms. The consequence of its impact may be burning and samples of individual elements of radio-electronic and electrical equipment.

The most reliable means of protection against all afflicting factors of the nuclear explosion are protective facilities.In the open area and in the field it is possible to use durable local items, reverse rises of heights and markets.

Under the actions in the zones of infection to protect the respiratory organs, eyes and open areas of the body from radioactive substances, special protective agents should be used.

Chemical weapon

The effect of this weapon is based on the toxic properties of some chemicals. The main components of this weapon are combat poisoning substances and their means of their use, including carriers used to deliver chemical ammunition to goals.

According to the action on the body, combat toxic chemicals (BTHV) are divided into neuro-paralytic, skin-blast, suffocating, shaking, annoying and psychochemical.

BTHV Nervical Paralytic Action(Vi-X, Zaror) affect the nervous system, acting on the body through the respiratory organs, penetrating in a vapor and drip-liquid state through the skin, as well as getting into the gastrointestinal tract together with food and water. Their durability in the summer more than a day, and in the winter a few weeks and even months.

Signs of the defeat by these substances are salivament, the narrowing of pupils, the difficulty of breathing, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, paralysis.

As a means of personal protection are used maskand protective clothing.To provide an affected first aid, a gas mask is put on it and an antidote is introduced. When substances from the substances on the skin or clothing, the affected places are treated with a liquid from an individual anti-chemical package (IPP).

BTHV skin-disruptive action(Hyprint) possess a multilateral affixing effect. In a drip and vapor state, they affect skin and eyes, while inhalation of vapors - respiratory tracts and light, when entering the body with food and water, the digestive organs. The characteristic feature of the Iprit is the presence of a period of hidden action (the defeat is not detected immediately, but after some time - 2 hours or more). Signs of the defeat are to redness of the skin, the formation of small bubbles, which are then merged into large and two-thro three days burst, turning into difficult to heal ulcers. For any local defeat, these substances cause the general poisoning of the body, which manifests itself in increasing the temperature, ailments. To protect against BTHV skin-disruptive action, it is necessary to use gas masks and protective clothing. If you get a drop of toxic substance on the skin or clothing, the affected places are immediately processed by a liquid from the IPP.

BTHV choking action(phosgene) affect the body through respiratory organs. Signs of lesions are a sweet, unpleasant taste in the mouth, cough, dizziness, general weakness. After leaving the focus of infection, these phenomena pass, and the victim feels normally for 4-6 hours, without suspecting the defeat. During this period of hidden action, swelling of the lungs develops, which leads to a sharp deterioration in respiration, the appearance of cough with abundant moocroty, headache, temperature increase, shortness, heartbeat. Helping assistance, a gas mask is put on the victim, bring it out of an infected area, heat heat and provide peace. In no case can not be affected by artificial respiration!

BTHV oversight action(Sinyl Acid and Chlorocian) are amazed only when inhaled air infected with them (they do not act through the skin). Signs of lesions are a metal taste in the mouth, the annoyance of the throat, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, sharp cramps, paralysis. To protect against these substances, it is enough to use a gas mask. To assist the victim, we need to crush the ampoule with the antidote, to introduce it under the helmet of his gas mask. In severe cases, an artificial respiration is made, warming it and send it to the medical point.

BTHV irritant(SI-ES, SI-AR, Adamsit) cause acute burning sensation and pain in the mouth, throat and in the eyes, severe tear, cough, breathing difficulty.

BTHV psychochimical action(Bi-Zet) have a specific impact on the central nervous system and cause mental (hallucinations, fear, depression) or physical (blindness, deafness) of disorder. With the damage to the toxic substances of an annoying and psychochimic effect, infected parts of the body are necessary to treat soap water, eyes and a nasopharynge to rinse thoroughly with clean water, and clothe or clean the clothes.

Bacteriological weapons

Biological weapons are intended for mass lesion of the living force, farm animals and crops of crops. The striking effect of this weapon is based on the use of the pathogens of microorganisms - causative agents of diseases of people, animal and agricultural plants. As bacterial agents, pathogens of various infectious diseases can be used: plague, Siberian ulcers, brucellosis, spa, tularemia, cholera, yellow and other types of fever, spring-summer encephalitis, raw and abdominal typhoid, influenza, malaria, dysentery, natural sieves and Dr. In addition, botulinic toxin can be used, causing severe poisoning of the human body. For the defeat of animals, along with the pathogens of the Siberian ulcers and the Sapa, Viruses of Faming, the plague of horned cattle and birds can be used, and for the damage to agricultural plants - the pathogens of the rust of bread cereals, phytoofluorosis of potatoes and some other viruses. The disease of people and animals occurs as a result of inhalation of infected air, contacting microbes or toxins on the mucous membrane and damaged skin, in writing infected food and water, bitees of infected insects and ticks, contact with infected objects, injured by fragments of ammunition, equipped with bacterial agents, as well as as a result of direct communication with patients with people or animals. A number of diseases are rapidly transmitted from sick people to healthy and causes epidemics (plague, cholera, flu, etc.).

Most characteristic features of bacteriological (biological) weaponsare:

The ability to cause mass infectious diseases of people and animals when entering the body in insignificantly small quantities;

The ability of many infectious diseases is rapidly transmitted from the patient to healthy;

A large duration of action (for example, the dispute forms of microbes of the Siberian ulcers retain the striking properties of several years);

The presence of a hidden (incubation) period of the disease;

The ability of infected air to penetrate various non-sealed rooms and affect people and animals in them.

As a result of the use of biological weapons and distribution on the area of \u200b\u200bpathogenic bacteria, zones of biological infection and foci of biological lesion can be formed. If at least one of the signs of the use of biological weapons, it is necessary to immediately wear a gas mask (respirator, antique tissue mask) and skin protection products. After that, it should be hiding in a protective construction. To ensure the protection against biological weapons, the advanced conduct of anti-epidemic and sanitary activities is of great importance, as well as strict observance of personal hygiene rules.

Ordinary means of lesion

Conventional weapons are based on the use of explosives and incendiary mixtures. It includes artillery, rocket and aviation ammunition, rifle weapons, fugas, mines and other means. The most common ammunition, which can be used for bombing of cities and settlements, are fragmentation, fugasic and balls of air bombs, ammunition of bulk explosion, incendiary mixtures and compositions.

Shard air bombsapply for the defeat of people and animals. With a break of such a bomb, a large number of fragments are formed, which are split into different directions to a distance of up to 300 m from the explosion site. Brick and wooden walls fragments do not break through.

Fugasal air bombsdesigned to destroy all sorts of facilities. In comparison with nuclear ammunition, their destructive power is small. Large danger represent unreserved air bombs. Most often they have slow motion fuses, which work automatically after a while after dropping the bomb.

Ball airbagswe are equipped with a huge amount (from a few hundred to several thousand) slaughter elements (balls, needles, arrows, etc.) weighing up to several grams. Ball bombs with a tennis size to a soccer ball may contain up to 300 metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5-6 mm. The radius of the striking effect of such a bomb is up to 15 m.

Small explosion ammunitionreset off the plane in the form of cassettes. In the cassette there are three ammunition containing about 35 kg of ethylene liquid oxide. In the air there is a division of ammunition. When they hit the ground, an explosion is triggered, which ensures the spread of fluid and the formation of a gas cloud with a diameter of about 15 m and a height of about 2.5 m. This cloud is undermined by a special delayed action device. The main afflicting factor of such an ammunition is a shock wave propagating with supersonic speed, the power of which is 4-6 times higher than the energy of the explosion of a conventional explosive.

Incendiary weaponsit is divided into incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (napalms), metallized incendiary mixtures, thermal compositions, white porcelain. The use of incendiary weapons can be aviation bombs, cassettes, artillery incendiary ammunition, flamethroughs. These mixes and compositions, falling on the open areas of the skin, clothing, cause very heavy burns and governors. In the process of combustion of these funds, the air is rapidly heated, which leads to the burns of the respiratory tract. In addition, the use of incendiary means causes mass fires.

High-precision weaponthe most modern appearance of ordinary weapons. It includes fire and shock tools using managed and self-driven ammunition and rockets that can affect targets from the first shot or start. High accuracy of the lesion is achieved by building ammunition and rockets on a visually observed goal, self-recovery to reflect the reflection from the radar surface of the target and combined guidance.

Finishing the consideration of the issue of modern means of defeat, it should be noted that, despite the positive changes in the world to reduce the likelihood of a large-scale war against Russia, the threat of national security of the country in the military sphere remains. The most real threats are the foci of local wars and armed conflicts near the state borders of the Russian Federation.

A serious threat is to spread the dissemination of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass lesion, technologies of their production and means of delivery to the country adjacent to Russia or the regions close to it.

At the same time, the spectrum of threats associated with international terrorism is expanding, including with the possible use of the terrorists of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass lesion. Therefore, the task of ensuring the security of the rear of the country and the population from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or due to these actions remains relevant.

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GBOU VPO Orgma

Department of Medicine Catastrophe

Head of the Department Candidate of Medical Sciences Boev Mikhail Viktorovich

Topic: Modern means of armed struggle

Valtsak Ya.E.

Orenburg 2014 year.

Introduction

The weapon appeared in the history of mankind in primitive society. Prehistoric soldiers were armed with doubles, wooden spears with bone or stone tips, bows, stone axes. Then there were bronze and iron swords, spears with metal tips. With the opening of the powder, firearms were invented. One of the first samples of such weapons is considered a modified (metal tube) attached to the anti-tree. It shot round metal cores and was used by Arabs in the XII-XIII centuries. In the XIV century Firearms appeared in Western Europe and in Russia. From the moment of its appearance, improving firearms as the most effective means of defeating the enemy was constantly. In the XVI century The first samples of the rifle weapons (food, fitting) were created. In the second half of the XIX century. There appeared rapid, and then automatic weapons and mortars. During the First World War, aviation and deep bombs began to apply. During World War II, for the first time, reactive installations were used, managed serviceing aircraft (FAU-1) and ballistic missiles (Fow-2).

Even the final departure of the recurrence of the "Cold War" does not mean that the military-political confrontation will be excluded from international practice. The refusal to the ideological confrontation will not cancel geopolitical interests, as well as national priorities in the foreign policy of any state.

Global military danger to Russia comes and will come from countries with strategic nuclear weapons (USA, China, France, United Kingdom, Pakistan). In turn, Russia, which possesses the same weapon, is a source of global military hazard towards other countries of the world. At the same time, the military-strategic situation in the world shows that the potential military hazard on a global scale decreases and has all positive trends to further decrease. weapon war ammunition radiation

The sources of the potential regional danger of Russia and other neighboring countries are states bordering the territory of the former USSR in the south who are capable of creating enough powerful troops against the northern neighbors. In addition, the source of regional military hazards serve enhancing territorial and confessional contradictions in the North-West and East of Russia. At the same time, regional military hazards of various nature are smoothed to a certain extent bilateral agreements and practically did not exceed the military threat to Russia, although they have great explosive potential.

A brief analysis of the trends of the development of military-political relations between states and sources of military hazard shows that with unfavorable development, a sharp aggravation of the existing contradictions between Russia and the states of the near and far abroad is possible. This may lead to armed conflicts (wars), various purposes and scales.

Nuclear weapon

The nuclear is called a weapon that affects the action of which is based on the use of intracender energy, which is distinguished by the chain reaction of the separation of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or with thermonuclear fusion reactions of the synthesis of low hydrogen isotopes.

It includes various nuclear ammunition, their means of delivering to the target (carriers) and controls. The nuclear ammunition includes combat parts of rockets and torpedoes, bombs, artillery shells, depth bombs, mines (Fugasi). Carriers of nuclear weapons are aircraft, surface ships and submarines equipped with nuclear weapons and delivering it to the place of start-up (firing). Also the carriers of nuclear charges (rockets, torpedoes, shells, aviation and deep bombs), delivering them directly to goals. The power of the nuclear ammunition is characterized by a TROTIL equivalent, which is equal to the mass of trotyl, the energy of the explosion of which is equal to the energy of the explosion of this nuclear ammunition. The magnitude of the TroTilo equivalent nuclear ammunition is divided into 5 groups: ultra-low (up to 1 CT), small (1-10 CT), medium (10-100 CT), large (100 CT - 1 MT), super-broom (over 1 mt).

The striking factors of the nuclear explosion are shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive infection and electromagnetic pulse.

The shock wave is the main striking factor in the nuclear explosion, since most of the destruction and damage to structures and buildings, as well as the defeat of people are due, as a rule, its impact. It is an area of \u200b\u200bsharp compression of the medium propagating in all directions from the explosion site with supersonic speed. The front limit of the compressed air layer is called the front of the shock wave. The striking effect of the shock wave is characterized by the amount of overpressure - the difference between the maximum pressure at the front of the shock wave and normal atmospheric pressure in front of it. With an overpressure of 20-40 kPa, unprotected people can get light lesions (bruises and contusion). The effects of the shock wave with overpressure of 40-60 kPa leads to the lesions of the average severity (loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, strong dislocation of the limbs, bleeding from the nose and ears). Heavy injuries occur during overpressure over 60 kPa. Extremely severe lesions are observed at overpressure over 100 kPa.

Light radiation is a flow of radiant energy, including ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is the luminous area formed by hot explosion and air products. This radiation applies almost instantly and lasts depending on the power of the nuclear explosion to 20 s. Its strength is such that it is capable of causeing fuses of skin and defeat (permanent or temporary) organs of vision of people, as well as the fire of combustible materials and objects. The light radiation does not penetrate through opaque materials, so any obstacle capable of creating a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and eliminates the defeat. Significantly weaken the light radiation dusty (smoke) air, fog, rain, snowfall.

Penetrating radiation is a flow of gamma rays and neutrons. It lasts 10-15 s. Passing through a lively tissue, this radiation ionizes molecules included in the cells. Under the influence of ionization in the body, biological processes arise, leading to a violation of the vital functions of individual organs and the development of radiation disease. As a result of the passage of ionizing radiation through environmental materials, their intensity decreases. The weakening effect of the materials is made to characterize a layer of half attenuation, that is, such a thickness, passing through which the radiation intensity decreases by 2 times. For example, 2 times weakened the intensity of the gamma ray layer of steel 2,8 cm thick, concrete - 10 cm, soil - 14 cm, wood - 30 cm. Open and especially overlapping slots significantly reduce the effect of penetrating radiation, and asylum and anti-cancerous shelter practically Completely protect from it.

Radioactive contamination of the terrain, the surface layer of the atmosphere, airspace, water and other objects arises as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud of the nuclear explosion. At the same time, a high level of radiation can be observed not only in the area adjacent to the explosion site, but also at a distance of dozens and even hundreds of kilometers from it. Radioactive area infection can be dangerous for several weeks after the explosion.

The electromagnetic impulse is a short-term electromagnetic field that occurs when the nuclear ammunition explodes as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted with the atoms of the environment. The consequence of its impact may be burning and samples of individual elements of radio-electronic and electrical equipment.

Protective facilities are the most reliable means of protection against all affecting factors. In the open area and in the field it is possible to use durable local items, reverse rises of heights and markets.

Under the actions in the zones of infection to protect the respiratory organs, eyes and open areas of the body from radioactive substances, special protective agents should be used.

Chemical weapon

The effect of this weapon is based on the toxic properties of some chemicals. The main components of this weapon are combat poisoning substances and their means of their use, including carriers used to deliver chemical ammunition to goals.

According to the action on the body, combat toxic chemicals (BTHV) are divided into neuro-paralytic, skin-blast, suffocating, shaking, annoying and psychochemical.

BTHV neuro-paralytic action (Vi-X, Zaror) is affixed by the nervous system, acting on the body through the respiratory organs, penetrating in a vapor and drip-liquid state through the skin, as well as falling into the gastrointestinal tract with food and water. Their durability in the summer more than a day, and in the winter a few weeks and even months.

Signs of the defeat by these substances are salivament, the narrowing of pupils, the difficulty of breathing, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, paralysis.

As a means of individual protection, gas masks and protective clothing are used. To provide an affected first aid, a gas mask is put on it and an antidote is introduced. When substances from the substances on the skin or clothing, the affected places are treated with a liquid from an individual anti-chemical package (IPP).

BTHV Skin-disruptive action (IPRIT) have a multilateral affixing effect. In a drip and vapor state, they affect skin and eyes, while inhalation of vapors - respiratory tracts and light, when entering the body with food and water, the digestive organs. The characteristic feature of the Iprit is the presence of a period of hidden action (the defeat is not detected immediately, but after some time - 2 hours or more). Signs of the defeat are to redness of the skin, the formation of small bubbles, which are then merged into large and two-thro three days burst, turning into difficult to heal ulcers. For any local defeat, these substances cause the general poisoning of the body, which manifests itself in increasing the temperature, ailments. To protect against BTHV skin-disruptive action, it is necessary to use gas masks and protective clothing. If you get a drop of toxic substance on the skin or clothing, the affected places are immediately processed with a liquid from the IPP.

BTHV stroke action (phosgene) affect the body through respiratory organs. Signs of lesions are a sweet, unpleasant taste in the mouth, cough, dizziness, general weakness. After leaving the focus of infection, these phenomena pass, and the victim feels normally for 4-6 hours, without suspecting the defeat. During this period of hidden action, swelling of the lungs develops, which leads to a sharp deterioration in respiration, the appearance of cough with abundant moocroty, headache, temperature increase, shortness, heartbeat. Helping assistance, a gas mask is put on the victim, bring it out of an infected area, heat heat and provide peace. In no case can not be affected by artificial respiration!

BTHV oversight action (blue acid and chlorocian) are amazed only if the air infected with them is infected with them (they do not act through the skin). Signs of lesions are a metal taste in the mouth, the annoyance of the throat, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, sharp cramps, paralysis. To protect against these substances, it is enough to use a gas mask. To assist the victim, we need to crush the ampoule with the antidote, to introduce it under the helmet of his gas mask. In severe cases, an artificial respiration is made, warming it and send it to the medical point.

BTHV irritant (SI-ES, SI-AR, Adamsit) cause acute burning sensation and mouth pain, throat and in eyes, strong tearing, cough, difficulty breathing.

BTHV psychochimical action (BI-ZET) have a specific impact on the central nervous system and cause mental (hallucinations, fear, depression) or physical (blindness, deafness) of disorder. With the damage to the toxic substances of an annoying and psychochimic effect, infected parts of the body are necessary to treat soap water, eyes and a nasopharynge to rinse thoroughly with clean water, and clothe or clean the clothes.

Bacteriological weapons

Biological weapons are intended for mass lesion of the living force, farm animals and crops of crops. The striking effect of this weapon is based on the use of the pathogens of microorganisms - causative agents of diseases of people, animal and agricultural plants. As bacterial agents, pathogens of various infectious diseases can be used: plague, Siberian ulcers, brucellosis, spa, tularemia, cholera, yellow and other types of fever, spring-summer encephalitis, raw and abdominal typhoid, influenza, malaria, dysentery, natural sieves and Dr. In addition, botulinic toxin can be used, causing severe poisoning of the human body. For the defeat of animals, along with the pathogens of the Siberian ulcers and the Sapa, Viruses of Faming, the plague of horned cattle and birds can be used, and for the damage to agricultural plants - the pathogens of the rust of bread cereals, phytoofluorosis of potatoes and some other viruses. The disease of people and animals occurs as a result of inhalation of infected air, contacting microbes or toxins on the mucous membrane and damaged skin, in writing infected food and water, bitees of infected insects and ticks, contact with infected objects, injured by fragments of ammunition, equipped with bacterial agents, as well as as a result of direct communication with patients with people or animals. A number of diseases are rapidly transmitted from sick people to healthy and causes epidemics (plague, cholera, flu, etc.).

The most characteristic features of bacteriological (biological) weapons are:

* the ability to cause mass infectious diseases of people and animals when entering the body in negligible amounts;

* The ability of many infectious diseases is rapidly transferred from the patient to healthy;

* A large duration of action (for example, the dispute forms of microbes of the Siberian ulcers retain the striking properties for several years);

* The presence of a hidden (incubation) period of the disease;

* The ability of infected air to penetrate into various non-sealed rooms and affect people and animals in them.

As a result of the use of biological weapons and distribution on the area of \u200b\u200bpathogenic bacteria, zones of biological infection and foci of biological lesion can be formed. If at least one of the signs of the use of biological weapons, it is necessary to immediately wear a gas mask (respirator, antique tissue mask) and skin protection products. After that, it should be hiding in a protective construction. To ensure the protection against biological weapons, the advanced conduct of anti-epidemic and sanitary activities is of great importance, as well as strict observance of personal hygiene rules.

Unattage weapon

Military specialists note that in the last decade, in the development of the concept of modern wars, in the countries of the NATO block, there are increasing importance to create fundamentally new types of weapons. His distinguishing feature is an amazing effect on people, not leading, as a rule, to fatal outcomes of affected.

This type includes weapons that can neutralize or deprive the enemy the ability to conduct active fighting without significant irrevocable losses of the living force and the destruction of material values.

For possible weapons on new physical principles, first of all, non-otic exposure can be attributed:

laser weapon;

electromagnetic impulse weapons;

sources of non-coherent light;

radio electronic struggle;

Blackhead;

Meteorological, geophysical weapons;

infrasound weapon;

biotechnology;

chemical weapons of a new generation;

means of information struggle;

psychotropic weapons;

parapsychological methods;

High-precision weapons of a new generation (intellectual ammunition);

New generation biological weapons (including psychotropic means).

New means of armed struggle, in the opinion of military specialists, will be used not so much for hostilities, as in order to deprive the enemy the possibility of active resistance due to the defeat of its most important objects of the economy and infrastructure, the destruction of the information and energy space, violation of the mental state of the population . As shown by the experience of the war, unleashed by the countries of the NATO Block against Yugoslavia in 1999, this result can be achieved by the wide use of special operations, the blows of the winged air and sea basing missiles, as well as the massive use of radio-electronic struggle.

Raewit weapons

The radial weapon is a set of devices (generators), the affecting effect of which is based on the use of stroked rays of electromagnetic energy or a concentrated beam of elementary particles, overclocked to high speeds. One of the types of radiation weapons is based on the use of lasers, its other kind is the beam (accelerator) weapon. Lasers are the powerful emitters of the electromagnetic energy of the optical range - "quantum optical generators".

The striking effect of the laser beam is achieved as a result of heating to high temperatures of the object of the object, leading to their melting and even evaporation, damage to the ultra-sensitive elements, the affix of the organs of the vision and the person of thermal burns of the skin. The action of the laser beam is distinguished by a secrecy (lack of external signs in the form of fire, smoke, sound), high accuracy, straightness of propagation, almost instantaneous effect.

The use of lasers with greatest efficiency can be achieved in outer space to destroy intercontinental ballistic missiles and artificial satellites of Earth, as provided for in American plans of "Star Wars". Laser weapons, according to specialists, can be applied to defeat the organs of vision in the tactical zone of combat operations.

A variety of radiation weapons is accelerating weapons. The striking factor of accelerator weapons is a high-precision oscillating beam of a saturated energy of charged or neutral particles (electrons, protons, neutral hydrogen atoms), overclocked to high speeds. Acceleration weapons are also called a beam weapon.

First of all, artificial earth satellites, intercontinental, ballistic and winged rockets of various types, as well as various types of ground weapons and military equipment, can be objects. A very vulnerable element of listed objects is electronic equipment. The possibility of intensive irradiation of the accelerator weapon of the alive force of the enemy is not excluded. According to American sources, there is the possibility of intensive irradiation with accelerator weapons from the space of large areas of the earth's surface (hundreds of square kilometers), which will lead to a massive damage to people and other biological objects located on them.

Meteorological (climatic) weapon

Meteorological weapons were used during the War in Vietnam in the form of sowing of supercooled clouds of iodide silver microcrystals. The appointment of this type of weapon is a targeted impact on the weather in order to reduce the enemy's capabilities to ensure its food needs and other types of agricultural products.

Climate weapons are funds for military purposes for the local or global climate of the planet and is intended for many years of changing the characteristic weather regimes in certain territories. Even small climate change can seriously affect the economy and the living conditions of entire regions - a decrease in the yield of essential crops, a sharp increase in the incidence of the population.

Currently, methods are theoretically substantiated (by conducting underground explosions) of artificial initiation of eruptions of volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunami waves, snowstorms, lavin, and landslides, other natural disasters, capable of mass losses among the population. Effective, from a military point of view, is ozone weapons. Its use leads to the depletion of the ozone layer and increases the intensity of ultraviolet irradiation of the earth's surface. This causes an increase in the incidence of skin cancer, snowy blindness, reduces the yield of crops.

List of used literature

1. Civil defense: ed. N.P.Olovyanishnikova - M.: Higher. Skol, 1979.

2. Cammeromer Yu.Yu. Prost constructions of civil defense - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1985

3. 3) "The Effects of Nuclear Weapon" (The Effects of Nuclear Weapon), Samuel Glasston, Philipp Dolan, 1977

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    Nuclear, chemical and bacteriological weapons: general characteristics, development history, testing, destruction, nature of action on the human body, protection means. Agrowing factors of a nuclear explosion. New types of weapons of mass lesion.

The armed forces have nuclear and ordinary weapons on equipment.

Nuclear weapons are the most powerful means of defeating the enemy. It includes all types of nuclear ammunition with their means of delivery, allows for a short time with high efficiency and reliability to destroy administrative and political centers, military and industrial objects of the enemy, destroy the groupings of its armed forces, create areas of mass destruction and radioactive contamination zones, and provide The personnel of the Armed Forces and the population of the enemy is a strong moral and psychological impact.

Regular weapons are all fire and drums: artillery, aviation, rifle ammunition, rockets, rocket-torpedoes, torpedoes and deep bombs, as well as engineering ammunition and sea mines in conventional equipment, ammunition of bulk explosion, incendiary ammunition and mixtures. Conventional weapons can be applied independently and in combination with nuclear products for the defeat of the live strength and equipment of the enemy, as well as to destroy and destroy various objects.

The greatest efficiency is the high-precision system of ordinary weapons, providing in an automated mode, the distribution and guidance of fire and drums, as well as the reliable destruction of the objectives and objects of the enemy in the shortest possible time.

The nuclear is called a weapon that affects the action of which is based on the use of intracender energy, which is distinguished by the chain reaction of the separation of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or with thermonuclear fusion reactions of the synthesis of low hydrogen isotopes.

The striking factors of the nuclear explosion are shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive infection and electromagnetic pulse.

The shock wave is expressed by the area of \u200b\u200ba sharp compression of the medium propagating in all directions from the explosion site with supersonic speeds. The front limit of the compressed air layer is called the front of the shock wave.

Light radiation is a flow of radiant energy, including ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is the luminous area formed by hot explosion and air products. Penetrating radiation is a flow of gamma rays and neutrons. It lasts 10-15 s. Passing through a lively tissue, this radiation ionizes molecules included in the cells.

Radioactive contamination of the terrain, the surface layer of the atmosphere, airspace, water and other objects arises as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud of the nuclear explosion.

Chemical weapon

The effect of this weapon is based on the toxic properties of some chemicals. The main components of this weapon are combat poisoning substances and their means of their use, including carriers used to deliver chemical ammunition to goals.



According to the action on the body, combat toxic chemicals (BTHV) are divided into neuro-paralytic, skin-blast, suffocating, shaking, annoying and psychochemical.

BTHV neuro-paralytic action (Vi-X, Zaror) affect the nervous system, acting on the body through the respiratory organs, penetrating in a vapor and drip-liquid state through the skin

BTHV Skin-disruptive action (IPRIT) have a multilateral affixing effect. In a drip and vapor state, they affect skin and eyes, while inhalation of vapors - respiratory tracts and light, when entering the body with food and water, the digestive organs.

BTHV stroke action (phosgene) affect the body through respiratory organs. Signs of lesions are a sweet, unpleasant taste in the mouth, cough, dizziness, general weakness.

BTHV oversight action (blue acid and chlorocian) are amazed only if the air infected with them is infected with them (they do not act through the skin). Signs of lesions are a metal taste in the mouth, the annoyance of the throat, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, sharp cramps, paralysis.

BTHV irritant (SI-ES, SI-AR, Adamsit) cause acute burning sensation and mouth pain, throat and in eyes, strong tearing, cough, difficulty breathing.

BTHV psychochimical action (BI-ZET) have a specific impact on the central nervous system and cause mental (hallucinations, fear, depression) or physical (blindness, deafness) of disorder.



Bacteriological weapons

Biological weapons are intended for mass lesion of the living force, farm animals and crops of crops. The striking effect of this weapon is based on the use of the pathogens of microorganisms - causative agents of diseases of people, animals and agricultural

The most characteristic features of bacteriological (biological) weapons are:

The ability to cause mass infectious diseases of people and animals when entering the body in insignificantly small quantities;

The ability of many infectious diseases is rapidly transmitted from the patient to healthy;

A large duration of action (for example, the dispute forms of microbes of the Siberian ulcers retain the striking properties of several years);

The presence of a hidden (incubation) period of the disease;

The ability of infected air to penetrate various non-sealed rooms and affect people and animals in them.

Ordinary means of lesion

Conventional weapons are based on the use of explosives and incendiary mixtures. It includes artillery, rocket and aviation ammunition, rifle weapons, fugas, mines and other means.

Shard air bombs are used to defeat people and animals. With a break of such a bomb, a large number of fragments are formed, which are split into different directions to a distance of up to 300 m from the explosion site. Brick and wooden walls fragments do not break through.

Fugasal airbones are designed to destroy all sorts of structures. In comparison with nuclear ammunition, their destructive power is small.

The balls of air bombs are equipped with a huge amount (from several hundred and several thousand) slaughter elements (balls, needles, arrows, etc.) weighing up to several grams.

The ammunition of the bulk explosion is discharged from the aircraft as a cassette. In the cassette there are three ammunition containing about 35 kg of ethylene liquid oxide.

The incendiary weapons are divided into incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (napalms), metallized incendiary mixtures, thermal compositions, white porcelain.