Oil is a useful fossil, which is an insoluble oily oil liquid, which can be both almost colorless and dark-drone. Properties and methods of oil refining depends on the percentage of predominantly hydrocarbons in its composition, which differs in different fields.

Thus, in the Sosninsky field (Siberia), the alkanes (paraffin group) occupy a share of 52 percent, cycloalkanes - about 36%, aromatic hydrocarbons - 12 percent. And, for example, in the Romaskinsky field (Tatarstan), the proportion of alkanes and aromatic carbons above - 55 and 18 percent, respectively, while cycloalkanes have a share of 25 percent. In addition to hydrocarbons, this raw material may include sulfur, nitrogen compounds, mineral impurities, etc.

For the first time, oil "revised" in 1745 in Russia

In the raw form, this natural fossil is not used. To obtain technically valuable products (solvents, engine fuel, components for chemical industries), oil refined through primary or secondary methods. Attempts to transform this raw material were taken in the middle of the eighteenth century, when, in addition to the candles and raucions used by the population, the "Garny Oil" was used in the lamps of a number of churches, which was a mixture of vegetable oil and purified oil.

Oil cleaning options

Cleaning is often not included directly in the methods of oil refining. It is rather a preliminary stage that may consist of:

Chemical purification when oleum and concentrated sulfuric acid affect oil. At the same time, aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbons are removed.

Adsorption cleaning. Here, resins, acids due to the treatment of hot air or oil passage through the adsorbent can be removed from petroleum products.

Catalytic purification - soft hydrogenation to remove nitrogen and sulfur compounds.

Physical and chemical cleaning. In this case, through solvents, unnecessary components are elected. For example, the polar solvent phenol is used to remove nitrogenous and sulfur compounds, and non-polar solvents - butane and propane - excrete tar, aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.

Without chemical changes ...

Oil refining through primary processes does not imply chemical transformations of the feedstock. Here, mineral is simply divided into components components. The first device for the distillation of oil was invented in 1823, in the Russian Empire. The Breets of the Dubinins guessed to put the boiler in the oven with heating, from where the pipe was going through a barrel with cold water into an empty container. In the furnace boiler, oil heated, passed through the "refrigerator" and deposited.

Modern methods for preparing raw materials

Today, oil refining technology begins with additional purification, during which the product is dehydrated on Eloe devices (electrical assembly installations), is released from mechanical impurities and light-type carbohydrates (C1 - C4). Then the raw material can come to atmospheric distillation or vacuum distillation. In the first case, the factory equipment on the principle of action is reminded by what was used in 1823.

Only differently the installation of oil refining looks like. The enterprise has furnaces, in size resembling houses without windows, from the best refractory brick. Inside, there are multi-kilometer pipes in which oil moves at high speed (2 meters per second) and is heated to 300-325 with a flame from a large nozzle (at higher hydrocarbon temperatures simply decompose). The pipe for condensation and the cooling of vapors today is replaced by distillation columns (can be up to 40 meters high), where the pairs are separated and condensed, and integer towns from different tanks are drawn up for receiving the products.

What is the material balance?

Oil refining in Russia gives different material balances at atmospheric distillation of raw materials from one or another deposit. This means that at the exit, different proportions may be obtained for different fractions - gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, concomitant gas.

For example, for West Siberian oil, the output of gas and losses are one percent, respectively, gasoline fractions (stand out at temperatures from about 62 to 180 s) occupy a share of about 19%, kerosene - about 9.5%, diesel fraction - 19% , fuel oil - almost 50 percent (stands out at temperatures from 240 to 350 degrees). The materials obtained are almost always subjected to additional processing, as they do not meet the operational requirements for the same machines of machines.

Production with a smaller number of waste

Vacuum oil processing is based on the principle of boiling substances at a lower temperature with a decrease in pressure. For example, some hydrocarbons in oil boil only at 450 s (atmospheric pressure), but they can be forced to boil and at 325 s, if the pressure is reduced. Vacuum processing of raw materials is carried out in rotary vacuum evaporators, which increase the speed of distillation and make it possible to obtain from fuel oil ceresina, paraffins, fuel, oil, and a heavy residue (tar) to apply further for the production of bitumen. Vacuum distillation, compared to atmospheric recycling, gives less waste.

Recycling allows you to get high-quality gasoline

The secondary processing process of oil refining was invented in order to obtain more motor fuel from the same initial raw material due to the impact on oil hydrocarbon molecules, which are more suitable for oxidation of the formula. Recycling includes different types of so-called "cracking", including hydrocracking, thermal and catalytic options. This process was also initially invented in Russia, in 1891, an engineer V. Shukhov. It is the splitting of hydrocarbons to forms with a smalight number of carbon atoms in one molecule.

Recycling oil and gas at 600 degrees Celsius

The principle of operation of cracking factories is approximately the same as the plants of atmospheric pressure of vacuum industries. But here, the processing of raw materials, which is most often represented by fuel oil, is produced at temperatures close to 600 C. Under such an effect, hydrocarbons constituting the fuel oil mass fall into smaller, of which the same kerosene or gasoline consists. The thermal cracking is based on the treatment of high temperatures and gives gasoline with a large number of impurities, catalytic - also on temperature treated, but with the addition of catalysts (for example, special clay dust), which allows you to get more good quality gasoline.

Hydrocracking: Main types

The production and refining of oil today may include various types of hydrocracking, which is a combination of hydrotreating processes, splitting of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller and saturation of non-precious hydrocarbons with hydrogen. Hydrocracking is light (pressure 5 MPa, the temperature is about 400 ° C, one reactor is used, it is predominantly diesel fuel and a catalytic cracking material) and rigid (pressure 10 MPa, a temperature of about 400 s, a few reactors, diesel, gasoline and kerosene fractions). Catalytic hydrocracking allows you to manufacture a number of oils with high viscosity coefficients and a small content of hydrocarbons of aromatic and sulfur type.

Recycling oil processing, in addition, can use the following technological processes:

Wismbrene. In this case, at temperatures up to 500 s and pressures ranging from half to three MPa from raw materials due to the splitting of paraffins and naphthenis, secondary asphalt, hydrocarbon gases, gasoline are obtained.

Coking oil residues of heavy type is deep oil refining, when raw materials at temperatures close to 500 c under pressure of 0.65 MPa are treated to obtain gas oil components and oil coke. The process stage ends with the production of "coke cake", which is preceded by (in reverse order) Seal, polycondensation, flavoring, cyclization, dehydrogenation and cracking. In addition, the product is also dried and calcining.

Reforming. This method of treating petroleum products was invented in Russia in 1911, an engineer N. Zelinsky. Today, the reforming of the catalytic plan is used in order to obtain high-quality aromatic hydrocarbons and gasoline, as well as hydrocracks for subsequent processing from ligroin and gasoline fractions.

Isomerization. Recycling oil and gas in this case implies the production of isomer from the chemical compound due to changes in the carbon skeleton of the substance. So, from low-octane oil components, high-octane components are distinguished for getting commercial gasoline.

Alkylation. This process is built on the embedding of alkyl replacing in the organic plan molecule. Thus, components for high-octane gasolines are obtained from hydrocarbon gases of an unsaturated nature.

The desire for Eurostandarts

The technology of oil and gas processing on the refinery is constantly being improved. Thus, in domestic enterprises, an increase in the efficiency of raw materials processing was noted in parameters: the depth of processing, an increase in the selection of light oil products, a decrease in irrevocable losses, etc. In plans for the 10-20s, the twenty-first century includes a further increase in recycling depth (up to 88 percent) , improving the quality of manufactured products to Eurostandards, reducing man-made environmental impact.


Essence of refinery
The process of oil refining can be divided into 3 main stages:
1. Separation of petroleum raw materials on fractions differing from boiling temperature intervals (primary recycling);
2. Processing of the fractions obtained by chemical transformations of the hydrocarbons contained in them and the production of components of commodity petroleum products (recycling);
3. mixing components with involvement, if necessary, various additives, to obtain commodity petroleum products with specified quality indicators (commodity production).
The products of refinery are motor and boiler fuels, liquefied gases, various types of raw materials for petrochemical industries, as well as, depending on the technological scheme of the enterprise - lubricants, hydraulic and other oils, bitumens, oil cokes, paraffins. Based on the set of technological processes, on the refinery can be obtained from 5 to more than 40 positions of commodity petroleum products.
Oil refining is continuous production, the period of operation of production between capital repairs at modern factories is up to 3 years. Functional unit of refinery is technological installation - production facility with a set of equipment that allows you to carry out a full cycle of a technological process.
In this material, the main technological processes of fuel production are briefly described - the production of motor and boiler fuels, as well as coke.

Delivery and reception of oil
In Russia, the main volumes of crude oil supplied for processing are coming at refinery from mining associations on main pipelines. Small amounts of oil, as well as gas condensate, are supplied by rail. In the states-imported oils with access to the sea, the delivery to shipping refineries is carried out by water transport.
The raw material adopted at the factory enters the appropriate capacity commodity base (Fig. 1) connected by pipelines with all the technological installations of the refinery. The number of oil received is determined according to instruction accounting, or by measurements in raw materials containers.

Preparation of oil for processing (electrobeborement)
Crude oil contains salts that cause severe corrosion of technological equipment. To remove oil coming from raw materials, mixed with water, in which salts dissolve, and enters Eloou - electrical assembly installation (Fig.2). The desalting process is carried out in electrodesengidators - cylindrical apparatus with electrodes mounted inside. Under the influence of high voltage (25 kV and more), a mixture of water and oil (emulsion) is destroyed, water is assembled at the bottom of the unit and pumped out. For more efficient destruction of the emulsion, special substances are introduced into the raw materials - deemulsifators. Process temperature - 100-120 ° C.

Primary refining oil
The desalted oil with Eloou enters the installation of an atmospheric-vacuum distillation of oil, which on Russian refineries is indicated by the Abbreviation of the Avt - atmospheric vacuum tube. This name is due to the fact that heating of raw materials before splitting it on the fraction is carried out in coils tubular furnaces (Fig. 6) due to heat burning fuel and heat flue gases.
Auto divided into two blocks - atmospheric and vacuum distillation.

1. Atmospheric distillation
Atmospheric distillation (Fig. 3.4) is intended for selection light oil fractions - gasoline, kerosene and diesel, pumping up to 360 ° C, the potential yield of which is 45-60% for oil. The rest of atmospheric distillation - fuel oil.
The process consists in separation of oil heated in the furnace to separate fractions in distillation column - cylindrical vertical apparatus, inside which are located contact devices (plates)Through which the pairs move upwards and the liquid is down. The distillation columns of various sizes and configurations are applied almost on all installations of oil refining production, the number of plates in them range from 20 to 60. It is planned to supply heat into the lower part of the column and heat from the top of the column, due to the temperature in the apparatus gradually decreases from Niza To the top. As a result, a gasoline fraction in the form of vapors is given on top of the column, and the pairs of kerosene and diesel fractions are condensed in the appropriate parts of the column and are output, the fuel oil remains liquid and pumped off the bottom of the column.

2. Vacuum distillation
Vacuum distillation (fig.3,5,6) is intended for selection from fuel oil oil distillates On the Fuel and Oil Fuel Profile, or the Wide Oil Fractions (Vacuum Gasoyl) At the Fuel Profile refinery. The residue of vacuum distillation is a guestron.
The need to select oil fractions under vacuum is due to the fact that at temperatures above 380 ° C begins the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons (cracking), and the end of the boiling of vacuum gas oil - 520 ° C and more. Therefore, distillation leads at a residual pressure of 40-60 mm Hg. Art., While reduces the maximum temperature in the device up to 360-380 ° C.
The discharge in the column is created using the appropriate equipment, the key vehicles are steam or liquid ejectors (Fig. 7).

3. Stabilization and secondary distillation of gasoline
The gasoline fraction obtained on the atmospheric unit contains gases (mainly propane and butane) in an amount exceeding quality requirements, and can not be used as a component of autobanzin or as commodity straight gasoline. In addition, oil refining processes aimed at improving the octane number of gasoline and the production of aromatic hydrocarbons as raw materials use narrow gasoline fractions. This causes the inclusion in the technological scheme of oil refining of this process (Fig. 4), at which liquefied gases are distilled off from the gasoline fraction, and it is accelerated by 2-5 narrow fractions on the corresponding number of columns.

Primary oil refining products are cooled in heat exchangerswhich give heat entering cold raw materials from processing, due to which the economy of technological fuel is carried out, in water and air refrigerators And derived from production. A similar heat exchange circuit is used on other facilities of the refinery.

Modern primary processing plants are often combined and may include the above processes in various configurations. The capacity of such installations ranges from 3 to 6 million tons of crude oil per year.
At the factories, several primary processing plants are being built in order to avoid the full stop of the plant while outputing one of the installation facilities.

Primary oil refining products

Name

Kipping intervals
(structure)

Where is selected

Where used
(in order of priority)

Reflux stabilization

Propane, butane, isobutane

Block stabilization

Gas phrastruction, commercial products, technological fuel

Stable straightforward gasoline (nafta)

Secondary distillation of gasoline

Mixing gasoline, commercial products

Stable light gasoline

Block stabilization

Isomerization, Mixing Gasoline, Commodity Products

Benzene

Secondary distillation of gasoline

Production of appropriate aromatic hydrocarbons

Tololoic

Secondary distillation of gasoline

Xylol

Secondary distillation of gasoline

Catalytic reforming raw materials

Secondary distillation of gasoline

Catalytic Reforming.

Heavy gasoline

Secondary distillation of gasoline

Mixing kerosene, winter diesel fuel, catalytic reforming

Component kerosene

Atmospheric distillation

Mixing kerosene, diesel fuels

Diesel

Atmospheric distillation

Hydrotreating, mixing diesel fuel, fuel oil

Atmospheric distillation (residue)

Vacuum distillation, hydrocracking, mixing fuel oil

Vacuum Gasoyl

Vacuum distillation

Catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, commercial products, mixing fuel oil.

Vacuum distillation (residue)

Coking, hydrocracking, mixing fuel oil.
*) - N.K. - Beginning of boiling
**) - kk. - End of boiling

Photos of primary processing of various configurations

Fig.5. Installation of vacuum distillation with a capacity of 1.5 million tons per year at the Turkmenbashinsky refinery on the project of the company UHDE. Fig. 6. Installation of vacuum distillation with a capacity of 1.6 million tons per year at the LUKOIL-POMP with refinery. In the foreground - tubular furnace (yellow color). Fig.7. Graham vacuum complaints. 3 ejector visible, in which a couple from the top of the column are coming.

Sergey Pronne


The quality of oil produced is the main factor affecting the oil refining market.

Experts note that in recent years, the vector of crude oil production is shifted in favor of extracting high viscosity (severe oil). This movement is reflected in processing raw materials, changes in production structures and technological equipment.

History of oil refining

The formation of black gold is a process that occupies in nature up to 330-360 million years, it is possible to find crude oil at a depth of tens of meters or at kilometer depths. The history of prey on the territory of the USSR begins with 1847, when the first well was made in Baku, which later made this region a pioneer in the extraction of crude oil. Development of oil production and processing on historical dates:

Polish Chemist Lukasevich, who was engaged in pharmaceutical, proposed in 1853 to use kerosene as a source of light in the process of its burning. He also opened the process of extracting kerosene from oil and made the first kerosene lamp. Lukasevich built in Austria the first plant distillation of petroleum products.

1859 was marked by the first wells in the USA, in the state of Pennsylvania, when they were drilled to produce water, and came to oil-bearing layers. The value of this product has already been known, was important to the process of easy production of this raw material.

Caucasus of 1866 (fishing Kokkin), oil production, organization of the first drill.

According to statistics, at the end of the twentieth century, the stocks of the entire oil amounted to a little more than a trillion barrels. Barrel is a unit of oil, which is equal to 159 liters. As a standard of quality, the Brent oil is accepted. The more differences from the reference barrel, the cheaper oil.

Modern market and prospects for oil refining

Natural fossils are always valuable for the state, but oil is the main indicator of the country's wealth, the state economy is built around it. Russia is an advanced country for the extraction of crude oil, which is included in the top three leaders in oil production. In addition to the Russian Federation, the leaders are Saudi Arabia and the United States. In the first triple there is a constant struggle for leadership by oil production rating.

Active hydrocarbon production is conducted in countries such as:

  • China;
  • Iraq;
  • Iran;
  • Canada;
  • Kuwait;
  • Venezuela.

The oil production rating does not depend on the volume of existing oil in the country. Recently, to maintain the value of this product, OPEC countries together with Russia suspend the amount of extracted raw materials.

Oil production, oil refining and petrochemical enterprise

Vygon Consulting, conducting consulting research in Russia, conducted an event on the study and analysis of the state of the oil industry for 2016 and the promising development of it until 2018.

The results of this study are as follows:

The decrease in the volume of crude oil processing in 2016 the volume of disadvantaged products amounted to 3.5 million tons.

With the restoration of the cost of Barrel Oil 2017, it will be marked with an increase in processing volumes by 2 million tons and by the end of 2018 by 8 million tons of products, which will return the original for 2014 by 289 million tons of petroleum products. An increase in the following actions is achieved: modernization of production processes, optimization of the structure of the enterprise refinery, an increase in margin.

The increase in the volume of processing of raw materials is growing due to the right actions with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, in relation to the refinery, which made it possible to maintain the financial positions of Russian oil companies in the market.

Experts note that modern exports of oil refining products has a vector direction, it is the Middle East (Iran), Africa.

Oil refining and petrochemical products

Russia is one of the world leaders in the production of petroleum products and crude oil processing. On the territory of the Russian Federation there are more than 50 enterprises in the direction of petrochemicals and processing of the feedstock, this is: RNA, Omsk refinery, LUKOIL-NORSI, other enterprises. All of them have close contact with mining companies: Rosneft, Gazprom, LUKOIL, Surgutneftegaz.

Specialists emphasize that the fuel industry is not one enterprise, but a combination of several industries are mutually connected. The refinery is a complex that, with the help of technological lines, workshops and aggregates, in the presence of subsidiary services, issues the necessary amount of petroleum products, and also manufactures raw materials for petrochemistry.

Recycling enterprises Specialists are divided into groups:

  • fuel direction of the refinery;

  • petrochemical and fuel profile of the refinery;

  • fuel-oil referral refinery;

  • enterprises of fuel-petrochemical and oil direction.

Three main segments of oil refining in the Russian Federation:

  • nPZ enterprises are large, these are 27 objects, the total recycled 262 million tons of raw materials per year;

  • enterprises, processing oil and gas, Gazprom sectors, total 8.4 million tons per year;

  • small refinery enterprises, more than 50 facilities that have a total processing of about five million tons per year.

The result of the work of the refinery in Russia is to obtain petroleum products: engine oil, gasoline of different brands, aviation fuel, kerosene, rocket fuel, fuel oil and other heavy fractions.

The strategy for the development of the industry, it is a reliable provision of processing products of public and private structures in the Russian Federation.

Oil refining of Kazakhstan

In the territory of Kazakhstan in 2017, more than 28 million tons of oil was already produced, this is two times higher than last year's indicators for the same time period. An increase in production is characterized by the ability to process raw materials. Rope Bozumbyev, Minister of Energy of the Republic, noted that the increase in production has become possible due to launch of a new field, Kashagan.

The growth factor was influenced in a timely modernized refinery: Atyrau processing enterprise, Shymkent and Pavlodar enterprises. During the modernization of production, new equipment was established, setting up new technological processes. These refinery make it possible to completely close the needs of Kazakhstan in petroleum products. Although the results of 2016 showed the dependence of Kazakhstan in the supply of gasoline by 40% of the needs, mainly these are high-octane brands.

Oil refining in the USA

For specialists and experts, oil reserves in the United States are an indicator of the quotation of this product between its demand in the market and existing proposals. Information on the number of oil in the United States publishes API (American Petroleum Institute), Institute of Petroleum America.

The weekly report includes:

  • quantitative supply of gasoline;
  • how much oil in stock;
  • the presence of kerosene;
  • the amount of fuel fuel;
  • how many distillates.

Listed products in American oil processing occupy 85%. There is another report that represents an independent structure is an EIA Energy Agency.

The only difference in the figures is that: the Agency EIA indicates the data from the US Department of Energy, the API agency is forecasts for the near future.

Reporting figures affect all oil sales policies. This is due to the fact that the more the factual stocks of strategic natural fossils in the United States, the lower the oil prices in the world market.

Major US oil centers

America in oil production is always in the first triple, the permanent margin fluctuates in the range of 20.8 billion barrels, which is 1.4% of the global production of "black gold".

Oil refining centers in the United States are located along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean:

  • port objects for processing import oil, northeast US;
  • recycling centers along the main oil supply transport channels.

In the US economy, the profit received from the sale of oil refining products occupies an essential position, it is almost 7% of all GDP, 36.7% of oil in America is spent on energy needs.

Mining shale oil for America A need to reduce dependence on raw materials Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, Canada, Venezuela, other countries.

WBH Energy is the leader in oil production, and the most mastered areas are considered: Alaska, shelf mining in the Gulf of Mexico, California, Texas. Until 2015, in the United States there was a ban on exporting its own oil, now it was removed, to attract the European market for the realization of his own raw materials.

Companies and plants of oil refining in Russia

Consider the top 5 large and advanced facilities of the refinery in Russia, which total already recycled about 90 million tons of crude oil.

  • Refinery of the city of Omsk, Gazprom Oil Oil, the structure of Gazprom Russia, the owner of Gazprom Neft, the year of construction 1949, a year of commissioning of 1955. The power capacity of 20.88 million tons. Recycling ratio to products (recycling depth), reaches 91%. Products of the plant: fuel of different brands, acids, bitumen, other products. The company monitors the environmental purity, emissions into the atmosphere decreased compared to 2000 five times.

  • Kirishsky refinery, "Kirishinefteorgsintez", this is a Surgutneftegaz plant, which has a capacity of 20.14 million tons, is located in the Leningrad region of the city of Kirishi, commissioning in 1966. The depth of the processed raw materials is 54%. A distinctive feature of production, this is not only a fuel and lubricant, but also: ammonia, xylene, bitumen, solvents, gas. No fixations of harmful emissions into the atmosphere.

  • Ryazan refinery, "Ryazan oil refinery, the structure of Rosneft. It has a power of 18.81 million tons. Plant Products: Automotive gasoline of different brands, diesel fuel, boiler fuel, aviation kerosene, bitumens for the construction industry and road works. The processing depth reaches 68%. The plant has a center for ecology research in the region, laboratory studies and measurements of malicious emissions are produced annually.

  • Enterprise LUKOIL LUKOIL-Nizhegorodnefteorgsintez, Kstovo city, Nizhny Novgorod region. The power of the enterprise is 17.1 million tons, starting the plant in 1958. Recycling depth up to 75%. The enterprise of the city of Kstovo produces about 70 types of products, including fuel and fuel and fuel, except for this there is own specificity, this is the release of edible paraffin.

  • LUKOIL-VOLGOGRADNEFTEPECTERABERS, STRUCK OF ORGANIZATION IN 1957, since 1991 is the structure of LUKOIL. Processing raw materials with a depth of 93%. The power of the enterprise is 15.71 million tons, produces products: liquefied gas, gasoline, diesel fuel, up to 70 types of product names.

Specialists noted an increase in the depth of crude oil processing in the Russian Federation, an increase in primary processing of raw materials, increasing the capacity by enterprises, this improves the quality of products. At the same time, the active position of the refinery is noticed in the fight against reducing harmful emissions and air pollution.

Centers, Complexes and Objects Officers

Oil does not apply in raw form, it needs primary and recycling than centers and complexes around the world are engaged.

Russia is considered to be the leader of production, but is not a leader of the processing of "black gold", world centers are located on the rating:

  • United States of America;
  • Japan;
  • Germany;
  • France;
  • China;
  • England;
  • Brazil;
  • other states.

The volume of Russian products processing on the market are represented by the following companies: LUKOIL, Salavatnefteorgsintez, Ufaorgsintez, Bashkiria Chemistry and other companies.

In the Moscow region and in the industrial zone of the capital are the following advanced enterprises of petrochemistry: "Polymeria", "Akvakhim", "Rospostivka", "Chemicalspress", and other enterprises.

Operation of oil refining facilities

Objects of oil refining, these are complex systems that solve the problem of processing hydrocarbon raw materials into the products of the commodity type or in semi-finished products for petrochemistry.

The main elements included in the operation of NPP objects:

  • reactors and technological pipelines;

  • column devices;

  • reservoirs and compressor equipment with pumps.

In addition to the main equipment and installations in the operation of NPP facilities, equipment ensuring the technological process is involved:

  • electrical cabinets and other electrical equipment;

  • control measuring equipment systems;

  • engineering systems of water supply.

The number of elements involved in the operation of the NPP object, due to which an emergency may occur due to their output (breakage), reaches different values \u200b\u200bfrom hundreds to thousands. For this reason, it is important to analyve the risks of the technological system in a timely manner. There are special techniques for conducting such calculations.

Oil refining technologies

Oil refining at the enterprises of the refinery is the passage of the raw materials of several stages:

  1. The division of the initial raw materials according to the fractions, the parameter responsible for this, the boiling point.

  2. The use of chemically compounds in the processing of related associations, receiving a commodity product.

  3. The process of mixing components with the addition of special mixtures.

Petrochemistry is a scientific department, which is engaged in thorough processing of raw materials. The task of this direction is to obtain a final product from oil, as well as semi-finished products for the chemical industry.

The main products are ammonia, ketone, acid, alcohol, aldehydes and other connections. To obtain petrochemical products, only 10% of oil produced and processing it is now used.

Basic technological processes and methods of oil refining

The main processes of oil refining, these are primary, which do not make chemical impact on the feedstock, there is a division of oil produced on fractions, as well as secondary, when the problem of obtaining large amounts of fuel by exposure to the chemical structure of oil and obtaining simpler compounds is set.

The primary process consists of three stages:

  • the preparatory stage of oil produced, cleaning and removal of gases with water is performed, electrical equipment is used;

  • atmospheric distillation of purified raw materials, where the distillation column is used, and fractions are obtained: kerosene, gasoline, diesel fuel;

  • further distillation - to obtain fuel oil.

Catalytic processes in oil refining

The catalytic process is used to increase the quality product at the output. Modern catalytic processes include: sulfur, cracking, hydrocracking, reforming, isomerization.

One of the widely used catalytic processes is catalytic cracking, at the expense of which the possibility of obtaining large volumes in the processing of raw materials of fractions with a low boiling threshold has appeared.

Due to the use of modern catalysts with synthetic zeolites, elements of oxides of rare earth metals, the volume of products obtained increased to 40%.

Catalysts in oil refining

In catalytic processes used catalysts. For example, hydrocracking consists in splitting the structure of hydrocarbon under pressure in a hydrogen medium.

The reforming process involves the use of a catalyst for fine platinum, which is applied to oxide-aluminum media. Thus, an aromatic product is obtained from paraffins for high-octane gasoline and aromatic semi-finished products for the chemical industry.

The use of rhenium as additives to catalysts made it possible to intensify the processing process. Platinum and palladium catalysts are necessary to obtain a better quality of gasoline.

Rectification in oil refining

The oil refining process, which occurs during the separation of mixtures due to the movement of the oncoming masses and the used thermal exchange between the liquid and steam, is called distillation. This process is the primary processing of the feedstock, when the following products are obtained when dividing on the fraction: diesel fuel, gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil.

In the rectification, light fractions (gasoline and kerosene, diesel fuel) are obtained at AT (atmospheric tubular). Heating occurs in a tubular furnace. The residue of this drill fuel oil is processed in a vacuum installation to produce motor and lubricating oils.

Secondary processes of oil refining

In the oil refining, secondary processes bring the obtained primary processing products to the commodity mind.

Types of secondary processes:

  • an increase in volume (recession of processing) applying thermal and catalytic cracking, hydrocrack;

  • quality improvement by applying reforming, hydrotreating, isomerization;

  • obtaining aromatic hydrocarbons, oil production.

The reforming is used mainly for gasoline. When reformeding, aromatic mixtures are saturated for obtaining high-quality gasoline.

Hydrocracking is necessary to obtain high-quality diesel fuel. The process uses a method of molecular gas splitting in excess hydrogen.

Modern processing equipment is combined installations where primary and secondary processes are combined.

Depth of oil refining

The depth of oil refining is called the parameter (GPN), which shows the relationship between the amount of raw materials produced and the obtained commodity product or semi-finished products for chemistry. Based on the GPN, the efficiency of the refinery is determined.

The value of the GPN, as well as the sphere of application of products depends on the quality of the initial raw material. Western countries consider GPN only in the fuel direction, and take into account only the products of the bright fraction.

Experts now subdivide the refinery for the type of processing on: in-depth and shallow. The GPN indicator indicates the saturation of the production and installations of the processing of raw materials.

Automation of oil refining processes

Petroleum processing is a complex of interrelated processes (physical and chemical), which should improve the quality of the product at the output.

Automation of the refinery increases the efficiency of production processes. In modern conditions, the requirements for the obtained high-quality product can be implemented by entering automatic control to obtain a product product.

To enhance the level of automation of the refinery:

  • technological ideas are being introduced using digital equipment;

  • adjusting automatic devices are used.

Automation of the enterprise reduces the consumables of the refinery, allows computer tracking processes.

Installations, Apparatuses, Oil Refining Equipment

Oil processing enterprises are mainly used by the following equipment and installations: reservoirs and generators, filter, gas and liquid heaters, torch systems, steam turbines and heat exchangers, compressor installations, pipelines and other equipment.

Refinery from refinery apply ovens for thermal distillation of oil and dividing it on the fraction. For burning residues from the production process, tubular furnaces are used. The basis of processing is the division of raw materials on the fraction.

Then, taking into account the focus of the refinery and the type of equipment, further processing of primary products occurs, and the subsequent division is carried out to obtain a product type of product.

Furnaces and heat exchangers in oil refining

The furnaces used in the oil refining are the units necessary:

  • for heating oil, emulsion, gas condensate and gas;

  • to ensure the recovery process;

  • for pyrolysis of oil.

The main problem in the use of furnaces in the oil refining, this is a coke formation when cracking processes occur, which leads to inefficient use of pipelines, heat exchangers.

The heat exchanger is a device without which the refinery cannot work. The number of heat exchangers in the enterprise depends on the volume of finite goods and technological equipment.

The modern oil refining company has about 400 thermal exchange devices, the environment that goes into them: diesel fuel, kerosene, gasoline, fuel oil.

The pressure applied to the heat exchangers reaches 40 atmospheres when the medium heats up to 400 degrees Celsius. Frequently used devices designed for pressure 25 atmospheres, it depends on the profile technology of the refinery.

Reactors oil refining

Refinery from the refinery to improve the GPN (cleaning depth) parameter use reactor equipment for such processes as: hydrotreating, reforming, hydrocracking, hydroconversion. This is an equipment for deep recycling raw materials, producing gasoline of European brands.

Equipment is manufactured under licenses of such world companies: ExxonMobil, Chevron Lummus Global.

Petrolement products and waste

When the extracted oil goes on processing, in addition to commercial products, oil refining was always present.

The main products of oil refining are the products of the refinery obtained by applying the processes of primary and secondary processing, these include: high-quality gasoline, diesel fuel, aircraft kerosene, rocket fuel, engine oils, fuel oil, produced petrochemistry.

Oil references include adsorbents. These are chemicals that cannot be subjected to further regeneration. The main method of waste disposal is incineration. But burning can cause significant harm to the environment.

There are options for using ash and slag, oil waste, as fillers for construction products are rarely used for fertilizers or to obtain chemical elements. When it is impossible to recycling, they are sent to storage in special dumps.

Ecology and environmental protection with oil refining

NPZ enterprises affect the ecology of the whole region. The entire processing process is accompanied by the presence of harmful substances in the region's ecology.

At large factories, the refinery has its own laboratories for constant control of harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Based on the direction of the processing enterprises, we can talk about the dangers that ecology can be applied.

For example, when processing sulfur oil pollution, the atmosphere is distributed over long distances. Therefore, at each enterprise, planned work to reduce the pollution of the Environment Environment.

Products, installations, equipment, technologies, processes, centers, oil refining enterprises at the exhibition "Neftegaz" in the Fair Expocentre.

Read the other our articles:

Introduction

I. Primary oil refining

1. Secondary distillation of gasoline and diesel fraction

1.1 Secondary distillation of the gasoline fraction

1.2 Secondary distillation of the diesel fraction

II. Thermal processes of oil refining technology

2. Theoretical basis for managing slow coke and coking processes in the coolant layer

2.1 Slow coking processes

2.2 Coking in the layer of coolant

III. Thermocatalytic and thermohydrocatalytic technology processes

oil refining

3. Hydroatics of kerosene fractions

IV. Gas processing technologies

4. Recycling of refined oil gases - absorption-gas industrial installations (AGFU) and gas phrase (HFCs) installation

4.1 Gasophricultural installations (HFCs)

4.2 Absorption Gasophriculture Installations (AGFU)

Conclusion

Bibliography


Introduction

The oil industry today is a large natural complex that lives and develops in its laws. What does oil mean today for the national economy of the country? This is: raw materials for petrochemistry in the production of synthetic rubber, alcohols, polyethylene, polypropylene, wide range of various plastics and finished products of them, artificial fabrics; Source for generating motor fuels (gasoline, kerosene, diesel and jet fuels), oils and lubricants, as well as boiler-furnace fuels (fuel), building materials (bitumens, tar, asphalt); Raw materials for obtaining a series of protein preparations used as the supplements in the feed of a cattle to stimulate its growth.

Currently, the oil industry of the Russian Federation ranks 3rd in the world. The Russian oil complex includes 148 thousand oil wells, 48.3 thousand km of main oil pipelines, 28 oil refineries with a total capacity of more than 300 million tons of oil, as well as a large number of other production facilities.

About 900 thousand workers, including in the sphere of science and scientific service, are employed at the oil industry and serving its industries.

Industrial organic chemistry has passed a long and difficult path of development, during which its raw material base has changed radically. Starting with the processing of vegetable and animal raw materials, it was then transformed into coal or coke (utilizing coal coal waste) so that ultimately turn into modern petrochemistry, which is not only content with oil refining waste. For the successful and independent functioning of its main industry - heavy, that is, a large-scale, organic synthesis was developed for the process of pyrolysis, around which modern olefinic petrochemical complexes are based. They are mainly obtained, and then recycled lower olefins and diolefins. The raw materials base of pyrolysis can vary from passing gases to naphtha, gas oil and even crude oil. It was intended first only for the production of ethylene, this process is now also a large-tonnant supplier of propylene, butadiene, benzene and other products.

Oil is our national wealth, the source of the country's power, the foundation of its economy.

technology Processing Oil Gas


I. . Primary refining oil

1. Secondary distillation of gasoline and diesel fraction

Secondary distillation - The separation of fractions obtained during primary distillation, for narrower epaulets, each of which is then used in its own intended purpose.

A wide gasoline fraction is subjected to secondary distillation, a diesel fraction (upon receipt of raw materials of the adsorption extraction of paraffins), oil fractions, etc. The process is carried out on separate installations or blocks that make up the installations of AT and Avt.

Distillation of oil is the process of separation of it on the faction on boiling temperatures (hence the term "fractionation") is the basis of oil refining and the production of motor fuel, lubricants and various other valuable chemical products. Primary distillation of oil is the first stage of studying its chemical composition.

The main fractions allocated during the primary distillation of oil:

1. Gasoline faction - oil pursuit with boiling point from N.K. (start of boiling, individual for each oil) to 150-205 0 C (depending on the technological purpose of obtaining auto, air, or other special gasoline).

This fraction is a mixture of alkanes, naphthenes and aromatic hydrocarbons. In all of these hydrocarbons, it is contained from 5 to 10 atoms C.

2. Kerosene fraction - oil pursuit with boiling point from 150-180 0 c to 270-280 0 C. In this fraction, the C10-C15 hydrocarbons are contained.

Used as a motor fuel (tractor kerosene, component of diesel fuel), for household needs (lighting kerosene), etc.

3. Gas oil faction - Boiling point from 270-280 ° C to 320-350 0 C. In this fraction, hydrocarbons C14-C20 are contained. Used as diesel fuel.

4. Mazut. - The residue after the chip above the listed fractions with the boiling point above 320-350 0 C.

The fuel oil can be used as boiler fuel, or subjected to further processing - either distillation under reduced pressure (in vacuum) with the selection of oil fractions or a wide fraction of vacuum gas oil (in turn, which serves as raw materials for catalytic cracking a squeezing of the high-octane component of gasoline) or cracking.

5. Tar - Almost solid residue after chip from fuel oil fractions. From it, the so-called residual oils and bitumen are obtained, from which the asphalt is obtained by oxidation used in the construction of roads, etc. From Hudron and other residues of secondary origin can be obtained by coking coke used in the metallurgical industry.

1 .1 secondary distillation of the gasoline fraction

The secondary distillation of the gasoline distillate represents either an independent process, or is part of the combined installation of the supplied oil refinery. At modern plants, the installation of secondary distillation of the gasoline distillate is designed to obtain narrow fractions from it. These fractions are used in the future as the raw material of the catalytic reforming - a process, as a result of which individual aromatic hydrocarbons are obtained - benzene, toluene, xylenes, or gasoline with a higher octane number. In the production of aromatic hydrocarbons, the initial gasoline distillate is separated by fractions with a swift temperature: 62-85 ° C (benzene), 85-115 (120) ° C (toluene) and 115 (120) -140 ° C (xylol).

The gasoline fraction is used to obtain different types of motor fuel. It is a mixture of various hydrocarbons, including unbranched and branched alkanans. Features of the burning of unbranched alkanes do not perfectly correspond to internal combustion engines. Therefore, the gasoline fraction is often subjected to thermal reforming in order to turn unbranched molecules into branched. Before use, this fraction is usually mixed with branched alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic compounds obtained from other fractions by catalytic cracking or reforming.

The quality of gasoline as a motor fuel is determined by its octane number. It indicates the percentage volumetric content of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isochastane) in a mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and heptane (Alcan with a unbranched chain), which has the same detonation characteristics of combustion, as well as the gasoline test.

Bad engine fuel has a zero octane number, and good fuel-octane number 100. The octane number of the gasoline fraction obtained from crude oil usually does not exceed 60. The characteristics of the combustion of gasoline are improved when an anti-knock additive is added to it, which uses Tetraethylswin (IV) , PB (C 2 H 5) 4. The tetraethylswinets is a colorless liquid, which is obtained when heating chloroethane with a alloy of sodium and lead:

When burning gasoline containing this additive, particles of lead and lead oxide (II) are formed. They slow down certain stages of gasoline fuel combustion and thereby prevent his detonation. Together with Tetraethylswin, 1,2-dibromoethane add to gasoline. He reacts with lead and lead (II), forming lead bromide (II). Since lead bromide (II) is a volatile connection, it is removed from the automotive engine with exhaust gases. The gasoline distillate is a wide fractional composition, for example, from the temperature of the boiling and up to 180 ° C, pumps the pump through the heat exchangers and is fed to the first coil of the furnace, and then into the distillation column. The head product of this column is a fraction n. To. - 85 ° С, passing the air cooling device and the refrigerator enters the receiver. Part of the condensate pump is supplied as irrigation to the top of the column, and the rest is in another column. The heat supply of the bottom of the column is carried out by circulating phlegm (fraction 85-180 ° C), pumped through the pump through the second coil of the furnace and is fed to the bottom of the column, the residue with the bottom of the column is sent to the pump to another column.

Leaving the top of the columns, pairs of the head fraction (n. - 62 ° С) are condensed in the air cooling apparatus; Condensate cooled in a water refrigerator is collected in the receiver. Hence the condensate pump is sent to the tank, and part of the fraction serves as irrigation for the column. The residual product is a fraction 62-85 ° C - on the outlet of the column, the pump is sent to the pump through the heat exchanger and refrigerators to the tank. As the top product, the column is obtained by a fraction of 85-120 ° C, which, passing the devices, enters the receiver. Part of the condensate is returned to the column as irrigation, and its balance sheet is assigned to the pump to the tank.