Specificity of international trade in services. International trade in services: concept, specificity, characteristics, trends. Pricing in international trade

A good is an object, service, phenomenon, product of labor, in which a person feels the need, needs it.

In order for an item to become a boon, the following conditions must be met:
1) human need;

2) the properties of the object, making it fit to meet this need;

3) human cognition of the connection between the need and the properties of the object;

4) the ability to dispose of the given item (the item does not belong to the individual; it is beyond his reach; it is too expensive).

An object ceases to be a good if at least one of these conditions is not met. For example, a person feels the need for tasty food (first condition); there is salt that can help him satisfy this need (second condition); however, a person does not know about the relationship between his need and salt (third condition), or salt is located in a territory that is inaccessible to him (fourth condition).

Benefits, according to A. Marshall, can be divided into tangible and intangible (Figure 11). To material goods include useful material things and the right to own them. Intangible goods are divided into two groups: internal and external.

To internal intangible benefits refers to a person's own qualities and abilities (for example, business ability, professional skill, the ability to enjoy reading and music).

To external intangible benefits can include reputation, as well as business and social ties of people (for example, relationships with work colleagues, classmates, classmates, associates, friends, neighbors, relatives).

Reputation refers to external benefits, since it does not always depend on a person and depends on the opinions of others about him. So, not the most respectable citizen can have an excellent reputation, and vice versa.

Benefits can be transferable and non-transferable... Inexpressible benefits include personal qualities and a person's ability to act and enjoy, part of business relationships that depend on trust in the individual, as well as favorable climatic conditions, air, civil privileges and rights, the ability to use public property. All other benefits are transferable.

In addition, the benefits of the first, second, third, etc. orders are distinguished. First order goods a person uses directly for consumption, goods of higher orders(second, third, etc.) - for the production of goods of the first order.

One and the same good can be simultaneously good of the first and higher order (second, third, etc.).

Benefits are subject to the following laws:

1) a good of a higher order cannot be used to satisfy needs, if you do not have complementary (additional) goods of a lower order (for example, wheat, which is stored in a dark closet, cannot be used to make bread, if there are no tools to make flour from it) ;

2) the goods of the highest order are goods, because
they are used to produce first-order goods.

Goods can also be divided into economic (or economic) and non-economic.

Economic goods are, the need for which exceeds the amount available to the order, that is, they are less than the need for them. Respectively, non-economic benefits- these are goods, the need for which is less than the quantity available to the order. One and the same good in different conditions can be both economic and non-economic. For example, water under normal conditions is a non-economic good, but in an area lacking moisture, it becomes an economic good.

The main properties of the good are the following: value, value, utility, use value.

Use value blata is his ability to meet the needs of people. If the good has no use-value, it simply will not find a buyer, it will not be realized.

Utility also expresses the ability of the good to satisfy needs, but does so in a slightly different form than use value. We can give a quantitative assessment of utility, and if it is impossible to say for sure that a given good is so many times more valuable than another, then each individual is able to rank the goods depending on their utility. The category "use value" carries only a qualitative load, and it cannot be said that the use value of one commodity is greater than the use value of another.

The properties of the product “value” and “value” are also close in meaning, meaning a certain substance that allows you to compare different products and conclude that one product is more expensive than another. However, there are nuances that allow us to talk about their cardinal difference.

Category "value" reflects the individual's subjective assessment of the good, "price" it is also an objective characteristic. The value of the good for each person is different, the value depends on the amount of labor, capital, land, entrepreneurship, spent on its production.

In the Soviet Union, an attempt was made to put into practice the Marxist labor theory of value. "... The institutions of the new society were created under the tracing paper of those described in the works of K. Marx and F. Engels." Attempts to determine the prices of goods on the basis of labor costs for their production have led to overpricing of some goods and services and understatement of others. As a result, there is a shortage of some goods and a surplus of others; too high incomes of some categories of workers and extremely low wages, as a rule, among the proletarians of mental labor. The implementation of the principle of labor value in pricing ultimately led to the fact that "only those who come first will be able to buy, or only those who have a privileged position due to specific circumstances (for example, personal connections)."

It is also necessary to talk about the existence of the category "exchange value" - a form of manifestation of value in the process of exchange, which determines the quantitative proportions of goods in the process of exchange. Interestingly, the relationship between exchange and use value for each economic entity is constantly changing, and the reasons for such changes are as follows:

1.changes in the needs of the individual (for example, related to age);

2. changes in the properties of the goods;

3. change in the quantity of goods (an increase in the quantity of goods available for disposal reduces its use value and increases the exchange value); reducing the amount is counterproductive.

An economic good intended for exchange is called commodity... The good ceases to be a commodity when the economic entity that owns it abandons the intention to exchange it, or when it gets to an individual who does not intend to exchange it further and intends to engage in consumption.

The economic exchange of goods presupposes that the subject has at his disposal goods that are of lesser value to him than other goods that are at the disposal of another subject, while the latter has a different ratio in the assessment of goods; subjects have the ability to exchange goods. As a result, both counterparties, ideally, benefit from the deal.

All products are characterized by a special sales ability, or liquidity.

First, the ability of goods to sell (Scheme 12) is limited by

relation to persons to whom the goods can be sold. The owner of the goods cannot sell the goods to persons who:

· Do not have a need for these goods;

· For legal or physical reasons cannot purchase this product;

· Do not know about the opportunity to purchase a product;

· Appraise the goods for an amount less than the seller assumes.

Secondly, liquidity is limited by the area in which the goods can be sold, that is, in this area there should be a circle of people who have a need for this product. In addition, there should be no legal or physical obstacles to the delivery of the goods to the area, and the costs associated with transportation should also be covered.

Third, the liquidity of goods is limited in quantity. For example, a textbook on economic theory can be sold to a relatively small audience, while the novels of some D. Dontsova are sold in incomprehensible quantities.

Fourth, the ability of goods to sell is limited by the season during which the goods can be sold, for example, one product can be sold only in winter, another - exclusively in summer, the third is demi-season.

Since resources are scarce enough, the economy is unable to provide optimal output of the entire range of goods and services. Decisions must be made about the quantity of goods that can be produced and that must be discarded.

Relationship exchange first emerge in the form autistic exchange- exchange between man and nature. As noted by the French economist A. Turgot, the price of nature, which it requires from a person in this transaction, is the time and effort spent by a person. The predominant form of exchange today, autistic exchange appears only in the case of an individual's isolation. An example of autistic exchange can be considered an exchange between a creative individual and nature, as a result of which the former receives information in the form of revelation (inspiration).

The service sector has been one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy over the past three decades. The exchange of services occupies an important place in international trade. In 2010, the export of services was estimated at $ 3.7 trillion, while the global export of goods approached the $ 15 trillion mark. The term "services" covers several dozen types of activities, the products of which can be defined as "services." The services include all types of transport activities, information transfer service, tourism, construction, education, medicine, financial and banking activities, etc.

Table 10.4

International trade in finished goods in 2005-2010

Indicators	Billion dollars in 2010	Average annual change,%
Indicators	Billion dollars in 2010
Export (FOB)
Import (CIF)
Leading exporters:
European Union





Including re-export
Singapore
Including re-export
Leading importers:
European Union








Singapore
Including import minus re-export

Note: a significant part of Hong Kong's exports is re-exports, i.e. products manufactured outside the borders of the territory, mainly in mainland China, and distributed through Hong Kong.

A source: World Commodity Profiles 2010. WTO: International Trade Statistics. October 2011.

A distinctive feature of international trade in services from international trade in goods is the diversity, heterogeneity and diversity of various types of services, the complexity of a unified approach to the regulation of their import and export, the application of generally accepted norms of international trade to trade in services: in particular, the most favored nation and national treatment. The above was one of the main reasons that until the early 1990s. trade in services was not covered by a general multilateral interstate agreement like the GATT. At the same time, certain types of services were regulated by sectoral interstate multilateral agreements. And only by the mid-1990s. The Uruguay Round of Multilateral Negotiations led to the creation of a General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), containing general legal rules for all types of services. The international exchange of services is developing rapidly.

International transport and international private (tourism) and business (business) travel account for 47% of the value of exports of services. About 75% of the value of services is exported by developed countries. According to the WTO, in 2010, the United States accounted for 14% of world exports of services, Germany - 6.3%, the UK - 6.1%, China - 4.6%, France - 3.9%, Japan - 3.8 %. These countries, with comparable shares, occupy a leading position in the import of services (Table 10.5). The role of Russia in international trade in services is small (in world exports of services - 1.2%, in world imports - 2%).

Table 10.5

International trade in services in 1970–2010, USD billion

A source : WTO International Trade Statistics 1970–2011.

The outstripping growth rates of international trade in services and the expansion of their positions in the economies of all countries are a characteristic feature of the development of the modern world economy.

Scientific and technological progress is one of the main factors that change not only the place of services in the economy, but also the traditional understanding of this area of the economy. Services today are knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy that use the latest information technologies. The very concept of "service" is defined today by a group of such knowledge-intensive industries as transport, global telecommunication systems; financial, credit and banking services, rich in electronics; computer and information services; modern healthcare; education. In the mid-1990s. 80% of information technology was directed to the service sector of the USA, about 75% of Great Britain and Japan.

The development of the structure of the service sector takes place in several directions. First of all, this is the emergence of completely new types of services, such as computer services, information networks, e-commerce, logistics (or management of commodity flows), global transport systems using many types of transport, united in continuous transport chains, etc. Further, there is an active separation and the separation into independent industries of a number of types of services that were previously of an intra-company auxiliary character. This applies to marketing services, advertising, auditing, accounting and legal services and many other types of services as independent areas of business. Finally, a notable development has been the formation of large, integrated companies that provide the consumer with a “package” of services that allows them to use a single provider without burdening themselves with dealing with other specific ancillary service providers.

... Features of international trade in services. Organization of international trade in services

141 The essence and features of international trade in services

One of the characteristic features of international economic relations of the post-industrial era is the outstripping development of trade in services compared to trade in goods. Therefore, along with the international markets for goods, capital, labor, an international service market has been formed, which covers the system of relations for the provision of services from the territory of one country to the territory of another.

... International trade in services - the system of international commodity-money relations between subjects of different countries regarding the purchase and sale of services

International trade in goods and services, intellectual property is regulated. World Trade Organization (WTO). The main international document that is applied in this case is. The general agreement on organizing services has the status of an annex to the agreement on. SOT.

With creation. The WTO has formed a qualitatively new system of legal regulation of international trade, aimed at developing a dynamic economic environment, an open and predictable system of international trade relations, creating new opportunities to improve the economic situation in many countries of the world. Agreements. The WTO is the economic and legal basis for international trade operations. According to them, trade should be free from any discrimination, predictable, open to fair competition, favorable for underdeveloped regions.

Special appendices to this agreement to exemptions from obligations under the most favored nation regime, movement of individuals, services of aviation, sea transport, financial services, telecom uniqueness.

The General Agreement on Trade in Services provides for the following methods of supplying services to the international market:

1. Cross-border supply(delivery of services from one country to another). This category includes the supply of services to individuals and legal entities from one country to another. For this purpose, international transport, telecommu- nications, mail can be used. Often, certain services can be contained in exported products (computer diskettes, disks, engineering drawings, etc.).

2. Consumption abroad(delivery of a service in the territory of one country to a consumer from another country). We are talking, for example, about services for the repair of ships of one country on the territory of another or the provision of medical assistance to a citizen from. The country is dawning in a different hospital.

3 commercial presence(delivery of services from one country due to a commercial presence in the territory of any other country). With this method of delivery, the service is provided on the territory of the country through a representative office or a branch of a foreign supplier. For example, a banking service can be provided through a branch or branch of a foreign bank.

4. Presence of individuals(delivery of the service through the presence of individuals of the supplying country on the territory of any other country). This method provides for the actual movement of persons across the state border, for example, a foreign consultant may come to the country to provide consulting services, or some employees of the company may be sent to another country to provide a service that falls within its scope , technical inspection, repair of equipment purchased at the company).

Sometimes several delivery methods can be used to provide a service. For example, a consulting service can be provided by telecommunications and directly attended by individuals. If the country only allows cross-border supply, there are restrictions on the presence of individuals, the only way to provide the service is cross-border supply, for example, by telecommunications, until a consultant or employees of a consulting firm will not be able to come to the country to provide it.

... Features of international trade in services:

Services, unlike goods, are produced and consumed primarily at the same time. Therefore, most of their types are based on direct contacts between producers and consumers, which distinguishes international trade in services from international trade in goods, in which most transactions are based on trade intermediation and the ability to store goods. International trade in services requires more the presence of service providers abroad or the presence of foreign consumers in the country of service. However, the spread of information technology makes it possible to buy and sell services at a distance;

International trade in services is interconnected with trade in goods and significantly affects it. For the supply of goods abroad, more and more services are used (market analysis, transportation of goods, etc.). Trade in high-tech goods, which requires significant volumes of technical, informational and consulting services, is especially dependent on services. The success of a product in the foreign market largely depends on the quality and quantity of services in its production, sale and sale, as well as on warranty or service maintenance;

International trade in services interacts with the international movement of capital, movement of labor, it is impossible without banking, information, transport and other services; while the development of world markets for goods, capital, labor stimulates the expansion of the international market for services, intensification (strengthening) of processes on it;

The service sector is more protected by the state from foreign competition than the sphere of material production, and transport, communications, financial and insurance services, science, education, and healthcare in many countries are fully or partially owned by the state or are strictly controlled by it. After all, there is an opinion that the import of services on a significant scale may pose a threat to the welfare, sovereignty and security of the state. Therefore, international trade in services has to overcome more barriers than trade in goods;

Not all types of services, unlike goods, are suitable for widespread involvement in international economic circulation. First of all, we are talking about utilities, household services for the population. However, the successes of individual countries. Ain in the field of health care, education attracts foreigners (treatment, training), in the field of culture and art - they increase its income from touring artists and rental of films abroad in tourism - attracts retail trade, public catering, museums and other cultural institutions to serve foreigners;

International trade in services is dominated and dominated by services related to the maintenance of labor activities

Considering the possibility of use in international trade, services are divided into the following categories:

a) if possible, participation in international exchange: services that can be an object of foreign trade (communications, international loans, transportation of passengers and goods), and services that cannot be an object of export (all types of individual, social, state, infrastructure services )

b) depending on the means of delivery of services to the consumer: services related to investments (banking, hotel and professional services), services related to trade (transport, insurance), services related to both investment and trade (communications, construction, computer , information, personal, recreational services, etc.).

In the official classification of goods in international trade, services are divided into the following groups:

Utilities and Construction;

Wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotels, tourist centers and campings;

Transportation, storage and communication, financial intermediation;

Defense and compulsory social services;

Education, health care and public works;

Other communal, social and personal services

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Trade mediation in the service sector

In foreign economic relations, a significant place is occupied by relations between producers of exported goods and services with trading and intermediary firms. These relations are mediated by special types of contracts - contracts of commission and commission.

The subject of a commission agreement in the field of foreign economic activity is most often market research, price calculations, identifying interested customers, establishing contacts with them, conducting advertising campaigns, negotiating with the conclusion of contracts, etc. Such contracts for services are of a reimbursable nature.

In accordance with the commission agreement, one party (commission agent), on behalf of the other party (principal), undertakes, for a fee, to make one or several transactions for the principal in its own name (for a product or service).

Among the services provided by intermediaries, one can note the purchase and sale of goods on their own behalf, but at someone else's expense (commission trade), loans to buyers, leasing (leasing), the conclusion of contracts with transport and insurance companies, control of goods, mediation in payment transactions , organization of appropriate document flow, settlement of misunderstandings with customs, representation in arbitration courts, warehousing and loading, advertising and other activities to promote goods to foreign markets, etc.

Intermediaries can be specialized and versatile. The idea of universalization was most fully developed within the framework of trading houses, whose activities may include the provision of a wide range of services in the country and abroad. This form is especially common in Japan. There, in the mid-80s of the twentieth century, 9 trading houses controlled about 40% of export and 50% of import transactions.

141 The essence and features of international trade in services

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Trade mediation in the service sector