Means of communication in proposals. Lexical and grammatical means of communication of sentences in the text. Syntactic means of connecting sentences in the text

Hello dear friends!

Today I want to return to the topic linking sentences into a single text.
We have already talked about what is TEXT and how it differs from a simple set of sentences (look at and ). So, in order for the text to acquire semantic completeness, it is necessary to correctly arrange the sentences in the text, linking them together.

But what makes it possible to distinguish between data WAYS TO LINK offers?

Answer: linguistic means by which sentences are connected. Therefore, today our article

about the MEANS of communication of sentences in the text

Exactly means of communication of sentences in the text distinguish between ways of connecting sentences. In other words, using certain means of the language, you will link sentences into a single text in a parallel or serial connection.

There are lexical, morphological and syntactic means of connecting sentences:

Lexical means of communication:

1. Words on the same topic in each sentence.
2. One-word words.
3. Repeating words and synonymous words, including contextual synonyms.
4. Antonyms.
5. Linking words, for example: therefore, in conclusion, that's why, etc.

Morphological means of communication:

1. Unions, allied words, particles at the beginning of sentences.
2. Personal, demonstrative and other pronouns.
3. Adverbs of time and place
4. Adverbs and adjectives in the comparative degree.
5. Verbs in the same tense form, as well as verbs of the same kind.

Syntactic means of communication:

1. syntactic parallelism.
2. Incomplete offers.
3. Introductory words and sentences, appeals, rhetorical questions.
4. Direct and reverse word order.

As mentioned above, means of communication sentences are delimited communication methods.

For serial (chain) communication sentences, where each subsequent sentence should "cling" to the words of the previous sentence, the means of communication are:
repeated words, cognates and synonyms, antonyms, pronouns, conjunctions and allied words, verbs-predicates in the same tense form. Direct or reverse word order.

For parallel communication sentences, where sentences are compared or opposed to each other, the main means of communication are:
words of the same semantic group, the use of verbs of the same type and the same in time, adverbs of place and time. syntactic parallelism. Introductory words and sentences, appeals, rhetorical questions.

Now let's deal with all this in more detail and show the use of various means of connecting sentences with examples.

Lexical means of communication

• repeated words:

Around the city on the low hills spread forests, mighty, untouched. In forests I came across large meadows and deaf lakes with huge old pines along the banks.

• one-word words:

Of course, such a master knew his own worth, felt the difference between himself and not so talented , but he knew perfectly well another difference - the difference between himself and a more gifted person. Respect for the more capable and experienced is the first sign talent .

• synonym words:

In the forest we saw moose. Elk walked along the edge and was not afraid of anyone

• contextual synonyms:

Creativity was of particular importance for the development of the Russian literary language. A. S. Pushkin. Great Russian poet managed to organically combine high Old Slavonicisms, foreign borrowings and elements of live colloquial speech in his works.

• antonyms:

Foe agrees. Friend argues.

For parallel communication, use

• words of one thematic group:

Winter in these parts it is harsh and long. frosts reach 60 degrees. Snow lies until June. And in April they happen blizzards .
(The words "winter", "frosts", "snow", "blizzards" are not synonymous, but they can be combined into one semantic group, thus the sentences are connected.)

Morphological means of communication

With chain, or serial, connections are used

• Unions:

I really wanted to sleep. But had to work.

• Pronouns:

Language is not transmitted to a person by inheritance. He develops only in the process of communication.

The call for the protection of forests should be addressed primarily to the youth. To her to live and manage on this earth, to her and decorate it.

• Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs:

The borscht was very delicious. Tastier only my mother could cook.

• The unity of tense forms of verbs-predicates:

The night came unexpectedly. It became dark. The stars lit up in the sky.

Parallel communication uses

• adverbs of time and place:

Left mountains were visible. The river gleamed in a narrow strip. Small groves were green. Everywhere it was quiet and peaceful here.

Syntactic means of communication

For a chain, or sequential, connection of sentences, use

• direct or reverse word order:

I will come in the evening. I will come to finally see you.

When linking sentences in parallel, use

• Syntactic parallelism - the same construction of several adjacent sentences:

Knowing how to speak is an art. Listening is culture. (D. Likhachev)

• introductory words (first, second, finally):

First, you need to decide what is most important right now. And secondly, you need to take action.

That's all for today. I wish you to create good, harmonious texts!

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Task 2 USE

(1) Folklore theater is the most accurate concept that defines folk theatrical and dramatic art, the origins of which go back to ancient times, to ancient Slavic holidays and rituals. (2) Folklore theater is a set of theatrical phenomena in folklore: playing folklore dramas by folk performers, puppet shows, singing, playing musical instruments, dancing, etc. (3)This theater never ceases to attract the attention of people interested in the folk culture of the past ,<…>

2. Select the subordinating conjunction on your own, which should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down this union.

Answer: ___________________________.

Solution algorithm

1) Reread the text and establish a semantic connection between the parts of the sentence with the missing word or between this sentence and the one preceding it.

2) In the wording of the task, mark the part of speech of the word to be selected (coordinating or subordinating conjunction, adverb, pronoun, derivative preposition, particle).

3) Choose the word of the indicated part of speech that corresponds to the semantic relations * in the text.

*semantic relationship...

... can be: causal, addition, clarification, generalization, temporal correlation, order of enumeration, etc.

Addition to what has been said: IN ADDITION

Summing up, conclusion: THUS, SO, THEREFORE

Explanation of what has been said: THAT IS, IN OTHER SPEAKING, IN OTHER / OTHER WORDS

Explanation of the example, illustrations: SO, FOR EXAMPLE

Contrasting: ON THE OPPOSE, ON THE OPPOSITE, opposing conjunctions

Order of thought: ON THE OTHER SIDE, FIRST

Indication of reason: BECAUSE, BECAUSE, AS, BECAUSE, BECAUSE

Indication of the consequence: THEREFORE, SO, FROM HERE

Solution

Select the subordinating conjunction on your own, which should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down this union.

(3) This theater never ceases to attract the attention of people interested in the folk culture of the past,<…>is a fascinating page of our national culture.

The second part of the sentence indicates the reason for what the first part says. So the subordinating causal conjunction is missing.

Answer: because<или>because the<или>because<или>because of<или>because of<или>due to the fact that<или>due to the fact that<или>for

APPS

Particles give the whole sentence or individual words different shades.

Particles (semantic)

Pronouns

Adverbs

(when a subordinate clause is attached to the main one, they act as allied words)

Demonstrative adverbs (adverb pronouns):

so, there, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then

Adverbs of reason(indicate the reason why the action is performed): therefore, therefore, why, therefore.

Adverbs of purpose(denoting the purpose for which the action is performed) : why, then

Introductory constructions

Introductory words indicating connection of thoughts, sequence statements: firstly, secondly, etc., on the one hand, on the other hand, finally, on the contrary, on the contrary, however, in general, in particular, by the way, by the way, so, therefore, means, in addition, for example , so, thus and etc.

Derived prepositions

Thanks to, according to, in spite of, contrary to, in contrast to, during, in continuation, throughout, in conclusion, in conclusion

Means of communication of sentences in the text

One of the main features of the text is connectedness. The sentences in the text are related in meaning and grammatically. Consider the main means of communication sentences in the text.

Lexical means of communication:

• lexical repetition- repetition of the same word It is amazing what a huge role in the life and poetry of Pushkin played friendship. Friendship was the inspirer of most of his poems, the highest experiences. Explore Role friendship in Pushkin's work and in his life (according to letters, for example) would be extremely important, since this was one of the differences between Pushkin's poetry and previous(D. Likhachev). Important: the means of linking the third sentence with the previous ones is word form (friendship - friendship);
• one-word words:After all the poet's poetry has its own memory. Later poems "remember" about early(D. Likhachev);
• synonyms(including contextual ones, that is, having the same or close meaning in this particular usage): between students and teachers a close relationship, friendship, a “common cause” was formed. Teachers it was not necessary to impose discipline with strict measures(D. Likhachev);
• antonyms:Honor true- always in accordance with conscience. Honor false- a mirage in the desert, in the moral desert of the human (or rather bureaucratic) soul(D. Likhachev) - in addition to antonyms, here syntactic parallelism acts as a means of communication (and a syntactic means of expressiveness).

Grammar means of communication:

• personal pronouns:We need to walk a little along with Pushkin along the paths he left for us in his poetry. He serves us in love, and in sorrow, and in friendship, and in thoughts of death, and in memories (D. Likhachev) ;
• demonstrative pronouns:A relatively young carpenter told us: "When you work, you have to think." I This remembered (D. Likhachev);
• pronominal adverbs(there, so, then, etc.): Every autumn we rented an apartment somewhere near the Mariinsky Theatre. There parents always had two ballet subscriptions (D. Likhachev);
• unions:When they built a brick factory chimney in the old days, they looked, most importantly, to ensure that it was correctly, that is, placed absolutely vertically. AND one of the signs was the following: the pipe should have swayed a little in the wind (D. Likhachev);
• particles:The greatest value of a people is its language, the language in which it writes, speaks, and thinks. Thinks! This must be understood thoroughly, in all the ambiguity and significance of this fact. After all this means that the whole conscious life of a person passes through his native language.
• introductory words and constructions(in a word, therefore, firstly, etc.): The moral authority of a nation, a country is also determined by many other features of their existence. Say, attitude to the sciences, especially to the fundamental sciences (D. Likhachev);

• unity of aspect-temporal forms of verbs- the use of the same forms of grammatical tense, which indicate the simultaneity or sequence of situations: (1) And here is the scene that I myself observed. (2)Was it is in the spirit of Ostrovsky. (3) village to us on the ship a rich merchant, who never tired of showing off his wealth. (4) Meeting rafts welcomed, putting his palms to his mouth with a mouthpiece: "Whose rafts are those?" (5) From the rafts he will certainly answered:"Panfilov". (6) Then the merchant proudly turned around to the audience standing on deck and with dignity said: "Those are our rafts!" (D. Likhachev) - all verbs used in the past tense form of the imperfective form (except for the verb sat down; the perfect aspect indicates a one-time action, in contrast to other actions that were repeated); in addition, sentences 2, 4, 5 are connected with the previous ones with the help of personal pronouns, and sentence 6 - with the help of a pronominal adverb;
• incomplete sentences and ellipsis, referring to the preceding elements of the text: Would he have had the courage and nobility to refuse salvation in favor of the weakest? Hardly. After all, the big always grows out of the small.
• syntactic parallelism- the same construction of several adjacent sentences: We are spiritual when we talk about something precious with a friend, trusting his mind and heart. We are spiritual when we smile at a person, feeling that he is alone, and when we enjoy the silence of the evening fields. We are highly spiritual when we feel the pricelessness of life and want to leave a modest imprint of our own personality in the world ... And we are spiritual when, rereading our favorite volume, we understand it in a new way.

Means of communication in the text

The means of communication of sentences in the text are considered at several levels: lexical, morphological, syntactic. In this chapter, only those that are most often found in the USE tasks will be considered:

Lexical means:

Morphological means:

Parsing the task.

Among sentences 25-34, find one that connects with the previous ones with the help of an adversative conjunction and a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

(25) I don’t know how much time has passed, but suddenly the night was lit up with bright headlights, and a long shadow of some giant fell on my face. (26) I closed my eyes and through my eyelashes I saw my father. (27) He took me in his arms and pressed me to him. (28) In a whisper, he told his mother that he had reached the regional center, raised everyone to their feet and returned with an all-terrain vehicle.

(29) I dozed in his arms and through my sleep I heard him coughing. (30) Then no one attached any importance to this. (31) And for a long time later he was ill with bilateral pneumonia.

(32) ... My children are perplexed why, when decorating a Christmas tree, I always cry. (ZZ) From the darkness of the past, a father comes to me, he sits under the tree and puts his head on the button accordion, as if stealthily wants to see his daughter among the dressed up crowd of children and smile at her cheerfully. (34) I look at his face shining with happiness and also want to smile at him, but instead I start to cry.

The task includes two conditions: firstly, the sentence must begin with an adversative conjunction, and secondly, it must contain a personal pronoun. Let's start with the first condition. From the list of proposals, only one begins with a union - proposal No. 31. It also has a personal pronoun. He.

Thus, the correct answer is sentence number 31.

Practice.

1. Among sentences 1 - 8, find one that connects with the previous one using lexical repetition and a personal pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

(1) Then the question arises: why is a person so deaf to the inner call of self-preservation? (2) Why does he break down doors that have a No Trespassing sign on them? (3) What is it? (4) Stupidity as an innate human quality? (5) Purposeless protest against all laws and regulations, which feeds on the dark energy of animal instincts? (6) Or maybe an ineradicable need for knowledge? (7) The need, which is as natural as the need to drink, eat, sleep ... (8) Look at the history of mankind: it is all in this uncompromising and steady movement beyond the line of what is permitted.

2. Among sentences 1 - 6, find one that connects with the previous ones with the help of a union and a possessive pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

(1) Sympathy is a great human ability and need, a good and a duty. (2) People who are endowed with this ability or who anxiously feel a lack of it in themselves, people who have cultivated a talent for kindness in themselves, those who know how to turn sympathy into assistance, live more difficult than insensitive. (3) And more restless. (4) But their conscience is clear. (5) They tend to raise good children. (6) They are generally respected by those around them.

3. Among sentences 1 - 5, find one that is related to the previous one using a contextual synonym. Write the number of this offer.

A text is a sequence of sentences that are linked by a common theme and a common thought. At the same time, in each of them the author's thought is completed only partially. It requires further development, for which the remaining proposals serve.

Each new sentence in the text is created on the basis of the previous ones. In order for the theme to develop continuously, they must be connected to each other with the help of a semantic or grammatical connection.

In contact with

It is thanks to this connection that different semantic relationships between sentences can arise in the text. For example, one sentence can be opposed to another, explain its meaning, or clarify some details. This helps the author to better reveal his thought, more accurately convey emotions or show the reader different shades of meaning.

Consider the main ways and means of communication between sentences in the text.

To combine sentences into a clear and logical text, the authors use two methods of communication: chain and parallel. In the first case, all new sentences are connected with the previous ones, like links in one chain (hence the name). In the second case, the proposals with each other, at first glance, are not connected in any way, but are built around one common thesis. Let's examine both of these methods in more detail.

chain link

This is the most common type of sentence connection in a text. It occurs where the author expresses his thoughts in order, and each new sentence seems to continue or develop the previous one. In another way, this type of connection is called sequential or linear.

Such a connection works very simply: some information is taken from one sentence and developed in the next sentence. For example:

The bright summer sun peeked out from behind the clouds. It illuminated the wet streets and houses with its rays.

Here the word "sun" is used in the first sentence, but the story continues in the second. Thanks to this repetition, both statements look connected and consistently develop the same theme.

Chain link is used very widely. It can be found in all literary styles: artistic, business, journalistic, and especially scientific, where the author is required to present the material as convincingly and logically as possible. It is equally well suited for description, and for narration, and for reasoning. Such popularity is due to the fact that the chain connection to some extent copies human thinking.

It is easy to see that the meaning of the chain connection is repetition. In order for two statements to connect with each other, they must repeat some words or they must talk about the same object. Here are the most common chain link options:

Parallel communication

When using a parallel connection, sentences do not directly depend on each other, but are usually built around some central thesis. Each of them looks independent in content, but at the same time is part of some general list, comparison or opposition. For example:

Evening came. The city imperceptibly emptied. The voices of people and the signals of cars were silent. Street lights and shop windows lit up.

Here the phrase “Evening has come” acts as a semantic center around which all other statements are built. By the way, in a different way, the parallel connection of sentences in the text is called centralized.

As a rule, the order of parallel clauses does not matter. They can be interchanged as you like and the meaning of the paragraph will not change from this.

Typically, the structure of a text with parallel links looks like this:

1. The beginning, that is, the central thesis around which the rest of the text is built.
2. A series of statements that expand or prove a thesis.
3. Optional part: change of plan. This is the very last sentence, which can be a conclusion from all that has been said or serve as a "bridge" to the next text.

Here is an example of a paragraph built according to this scheme:

Our cat Vasily is a harmful animal. At night, he runs around the rooms and wakes everyone up with his stomp. In the morning he asks for food and meows for the whole house. Not a week goes by without him breaking a cup or plate in the kitchen. However, we still love him very much.

Offers with centralized links have two characteristic features:

1. Structure parallelism. This means that sentences generally retain their word order and form. And sometimes for greater expressiveness they repeat the first word.
2. The unity of predicate forms. Most often these are verbs in one form (as in the example above: runs, wakes up, asks, meows).

Texts with a centralized link help the author to talk about several phenomena, objects or events at once. This technique is often found in the description and narration.

Combination of different ways of communication

Chain and parallel communication rarely occurs alone. If the text is relatively large, then it will certainly contain both. Usually the author chooses the appropriate way to connect sentences in the text based on their specific goals and objectives. For example, to describe the main character's room, the writer can use text with a centralized link, and to talk about how his day went - with a chain link.

But it also happens that both methods can be applied even in one paragraph. For example:

There was no bus, and people at the bus stop began to worry. The man in the rumpled hat every minute took out his watch from his pocket and examined its dial. The elderly woman grimaced and looked hopefully at the evening highway. But the highway was still empty and deserted.

Here the second and third sentences are connected using a parallel connection, and the fourth one is connected using a chain connection.

To create a chain and parallel connection, various linguistic means, both semantic and grammatical, are used. Today, philologists divide them into three groups:

• lexical,
• Morphological,
• Syntax.

Let's look at each of these groups in more detail..

Lexical means

These means of communication can be roughly divided into six categories:

1. Lexical repetitions, that is, the repetition of words or phrases. For example:

The man held a huge bouquet of flowers in his hands. The flowers were expensive, but already withered.

2. Root words:

We hoped that in the fall we would have a good harvest. And our hope was not in vain.

3. Synonyms. This group also includes various synonymic replacements: contextual synonyms, descriptive phrases, generic words, and so on.

book published four months later. However novel caused a flurry of indignation among both critics and readers.

Pushkin wrote the tragedy "Boris Godunov" in 1825. The great poet was able to very accurately convey the atmosphere of that era and the characters of the characters.

4. Antonyms, including contextual ones. For example:

And then it turned out that Vasily Petrovich had few friends. Enemies turned out to be much more.

5. Linking words showing the logic of presentation: therefore, in conclusion, for this reason etc. Example:

Vegetables and fruits contain many vitamins. That is why it is desirable to eat them every day.

6. Words on the same topic:

Has come winter. A week later l snow and the strong ones began frosts.

Morphological means

To create a morphological connection, various parts of speech are used:

1. Unions, allied words and particles at the beginning of a sentence. For example:

While fishing, we drowned the boat and lost our fishing rods. But we caught two crucians and one gudgeon.

2. Pronouns. This group includes personal and demonstrative pronouns, as well as pronominal adverbs. For example:

Tourists made a halt on the bank of a small river. They d They had no idea what awaited them here.

3. Adverbs of time and place. Often these are adverbs applicable to several sentences at once with a parallel connection:

The furniture was covered with a thick layer of dust. Huge gray cobwebs hung in the corners. The windows, apparently, have not been washed for five years. Here everywhere chaos and desolation reigned.

4. Verbs-predicates in one tense form:

Has come late fall. From the trees in the park crumbled leaves. Over the roofs drummed long and dull rains.

5. Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs:

The parking space was great. Better and it was impossible to imagine.

Syntactic means

They can also be divided into five categories:

1. Syntactic parallelism, that is, the use of the same word order. Moreover, the words themselves are usually in the same morphological form:

The man was sitting in an armchair by the fireplace. The dog lay on the floor near his feet.

2. Parceling - the design of parts of a complete statement in the form of separate sentences.

The kittens have already matured and crawl out of the box. They run around the room. They meow.

3. Incomplete sentences:

Do you know where chinchillas live? In the mountains of Peru!

4. Introductory words and sentences, appeals and rhetorical questions. Here are some examples:

First, he is the best doctor in town. And secondly, he plays the piano superbly.

Want to try something different this summer? Make Spanish Cold Tomato Soup!

5. Use of direct and reverse word order:

This is a day he will never forget. Never forget how his whole life flew downhill in an instant.

To learn how to correctly recognize and use various means of communication, you need to remember the following:

This article is devoted to such a concept as means of communication of sentences. Related sentences form a text. Therefore, in order to better understand this topic, first of all, it is necessary to define the very concept of "text". Let's start with this.

What is text?

The text is a work of speech, which consists of a series of sentences united by a common structure and meaning and located in one sequence or another. It may have a title conveying the main idea and topic of the statement. The leading topic in a large text is divided into several micro-topics, which usually correspond to a paragraph. Connectivity is an important feature of a text. The next sentence is always built on the basis of the previous one.

Text features

The following features of the text can be distinguished:

• the presence of the main idea and theme;
• the possibility or presence of a title;
• obligatory semantic connection between his sentences;
• the presence of their sequence;
• application of various links between individual sentences.

All these signs must be present in order to be able to say that we have a text in front of us.

Different means of communication in the text

Different means of communication of sentences serve to ensure that the text achieves grammatical and semantic coherence. They are divided into syntactic, morphological and lexical. Let's take a closer look at each of them.

Lexical means of connecting sentences

1. Words belonging to the same thematic group. For example: "Winter is long and harsh in these parts. Frosts sometimes reach 50 degrees. Snow lies until June. Snowstorms occur even in April."
2. (that is, repetitions of phrases and words), including the use of cognates. It is the repetition of an expression or word. In speech, this technique is used as a bright and popular means of expressiveness. It serves to achieve the coherence and accuracy of the text, allows you to maintain the unity of the theme throughout its entire length. In different genres and styles, lexical repetitions are used in different ways. So, for official business and scientific texts, this is to create coherence. The description also uses repetition quite often. An example can be given as follows: "They read the book they discussed for a long time. In that book was what they were waiting for. Their expectations were not in vain."
3. Synonymous substitutions and synonyms (including contextual, descriptive and synonymous phrases, as well as generic designations). Typically, these means of connecting sentences are used when figurativeness, colorfulness of speech is needed: in the style of fiction or journalistic literature. Example: "Pushkin's work was of particular importance for the further development of the literary Russian language. The great poet managed to combine foreign borrowings, high Old Slavonicisms, as well as elements of colloquial live speech in his works." They can link not only individual sentences, but also act as a means of communication in a complex sentence to avoid repetition.
4. Antonyms (including contextual ones). Example: "A friend argues. The enemy agrees."
5. Phrases and words with the meaning of certain logical connections, as well as summarizing, such as: therefore, that's why, in conclusion, to summarize, it follows from this and others. Example: "There is a lot of salt in sea water. That is why it cannot be used for cooking various dishes."

Morphological means of communication

1. Particles and conjunctions at the beginning of sentences. An example where this means of communication between sentences is used is: "It's raining outside the windows. But it's cozy and warm in our house."
2. The use of demonstrative, personal (in the third person) and other pronouns as a replacement for the words of the previous sentence: "Language is not inherited by a person. It appears only in the process of interpersonal communication."
3. The use of adverbs of place and time, which can refer in meaning to several sentences at once. They act as independents. An example where similar means of connecting words in a sentence is used: "A lake was visible to the right. Its waters shone. Small groves turned green. Everywhere here calmness and silence awaited you."
4. The unity of various tense forms of verbs-predicates used in the text. An example where this means of communication between sentences is used: "Suddenly night fell. It became very dark. The stars in the sky lit up."
5. Use of adverbs and different degrees of comparison of adjectives. Example: "The place was wonderful. It couldn't have been better" or "We climbed the mountain. There was nothing higher in the area."

Syntactic means of communication

The means of communication of proposals indicated are not strictly binding. Their use depends on the form of narration, the features of the author's style, the content of the topic. The union can be not only contact, but also distant (sentences remote from each other can also be connected). It is necessary to distinguish the means from those indicated and the means of connection of the parts of a complex sentence. They may differ, but may also coincide with those used in simple ones. In particular, complex sentences of means of communication often use such as conjunctions and allied words. They are also used to combine simple sentences, although less often.

Ways of linking sentences in the text

We continue to reveal the topic of interest to us. Note that the ways and means of connecting sentences are different concepts. We have looked at various means. Now let's move on to methods (otherwise they are called types). There are two of them: parallel and chain connection. Let's consider in more detail each of the methods.

chain link

Chain (that is, sequential) reflects the development of an event, action, thought sequentially. In texts with this connection, the sentence correlates with the phrases and words of the previous one: they seem to interlock with each other. In each previous "new" becomes "given" for the sentence that follows it.

Example: "Finally we got to the sea. It was very calm and huge. However, this calmness was deceptive."

Parallel communication

Parallel connection is present when sentences are opposed or compared with each other, and not connected. It is based on similar or identical in structure, that is, parallel constructions, in which verbs-predicates, which are usually identical in form and tense, are used.

The first sentence in many texts where there is a parallel connection becomes "given" for all subsequent ones. They develop and concretize the thought that is expressed in it (the “given” in this case turns out to be the same in all sentences, of course, except for the first one).

The main means used in parallel communication: introductory words (finally, firstly, etc.), syntactic parallelism, adverbs of time and place (first, there, left, right, etc.). It is used most often in narration and description.

Example: "Forests serve to heal our planet. They are not only giant laboratories that produce oxygen. They also absorb poisonous gases and dust. Therefore, they are rightly considered "the lungs of our earth."

Conclusion

Thus, in our article, we examined the various ways and means of connecting sentences that are used in the text in order to form some unity. Of course, the phenomena we have listed do not cover the whole variety. In addition, it often happens that in texts, means belonging to different levels are used simultaneously.