IEC-61850is the main data transfer protocol in power substation automation systems (relay protection devices, power quality analyzers and other devices). Ethernet networks are used as the interface.

The protocol contains the following subprotocols:

MMS- transmission of current values via the TCP / IP protocol.

GOOSE- Initiated transmission by the device of a broadcast message with messages.

File transfer- obtaining various files from the device (for example, oscillograms).

OPC server IEC61850 MasterOPC Server developed by InSAT is designed to work with any equipment that supports data exchange using the protocol described in the IEC-61850 standard. The server is implemented as a plugin for.

IEC61850 MasterOPC Server is licensed for the number of polled variables (I / O points) with the following gradations - 32, 500, 2500, unlimited. The 32-point version is distributed free of charge.

Benefits of the IEC61850 OPC Server

The main advantages of the OPC server are high performance, ease of installation and ease of use. It minimizes connection breaks and crashes. This ensures stable operation and uninterrupted collection of information. Most often, the program is purchased for the automation and dispatching of high-voltage substations.

Main characteristics of IEC61850 OPC server:

support for OPC DA, OPC HDA, OPC UA standards;
communication with devices via Ethernet;
monitoring the values of variables;
remote access to the server via DCOM;
simultaneous connection to several devices;
work simultaneously with several clients;
export and import of tags and devices;
archiving of tags with transfer of archives via OPC HDA.

Main functions of IEC61850 OPC server:

Polling of the current values in the "client-server" mode via the MMS protocol;

Receiving events from the device using the GOOSE protocol;

Support for embedded and dynamic datasets (REPORT) to speed up polling;

Formation of OPC quality attributes and labels based on the $ q and $ t attributes received from the device;

Reading files from the device, including reading waveforms. For processing oscillograms, MasterSCADA has developed a special free;

Support for redundancy of communication channels (up to 4 channels);

Built-in utility for importing tags from the device.

Supported operating systems:

Windows 7;
Windows Server 2008R2
Windows 8, Windows 8.1;
Windows Server 2012
Windows 10.

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

Work on international cooperation in the field of electrical engineering began in 1881, when the first International Congress on Electricity was convened. In 1904, at a meeting of government delegates to the International Electricity Congress in St. Louis (USA), it was decided that a special body should be created to deal with the standardization of terminology and parameters of electrical machines.

The formal creation of such a body - the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) - took place in 1906 in London at a conference of representatives of 13 countries.

The areas of activity of ISO and IEC are clearly demarcated - IEC is engaged in standardization in the field of electrical engineering, electronics, radio communications, instrumentation, ISO - in all other industries.

The official languages of the IEC are English, French and Russian.

The objectives of the IEC, according to its Charter, is to promote international cooperation in solving standardization issues and related problems in the field of electrical engineering and radio electronics.

The main task of the commission is to develop international standards in this area.

The highest governing body of the IEC is the Council, in which all national committees of the countries are represented (Fig. 4.2). The elected officials are the President (elected for a three-year term), Vice President, Treasurer, and Secretary General. The Council meets annually at its meetings in turn in different countries and considers all issues of IEC activities of a technical, both administrative and financial nature. The Council has a finance committee and a committee on consumer goods standardization.

Under the IEC Council, an Action Committee has been created, which, on behalf of the Council, considers all issues. The Action Committee is accountable for its work to the Council and submits its decisions to it for approval. Its functions include: control and coordination of the work of technical committees (TC), determination of new directions of work, solution of issues related to the application of IEC standards, development of methodological documents for technical work, cooperation with other organizations.

The IEC budget, like the ISO budget, is made up of contributions from countries and proceeds from the sale of International Standards.

The structure of IEC technical bodies is the same as ISO: technical committees (TC), subcommittees (PC) and working groups (WG). In general, more than 80 TCs have been created in the IEC, some of which develop international standards of a general technical and cross-sectoral nature (for example, committees on terminology, graphics, standard voltages and frequencies, climatic tests, etc.), and the other - standards for specific types of products (transformers , electronic products, household electronic equipment, etc.).

The procedure for developing IEC standards is governed by its Statutes, Rules of Procedure and General Directives for Technical Work.

Currently, more than two thousand international IEC standards have been developed. IEC standards are more complete than ISO standards in terms of the presence of technical requirements for products, methods of its testing. This is due to the fact that safety requirements are leading in the requirements for products falling within the scope of IEC activities, and experience gained over many decades allows to more fully solve standardization issues.

IEC International Standards are more acceptable for use in member countries without their revision.

IEC standards are developed in technical committees or subcommittees. The IEC Rules of Procedure establish a procedure for the development of IEC standards, which is identical to the procedure for the development of ISO standards.

IEC standards are advisory in nature, and countries have complete independence in matters of their application at the national level (except for countries that are members of the GATT), however, they become mandatory in the event of a product entering the world market.

The main objects of IEC standardization are materials used in electrical engineering (liquid, solid and gaseous dielectrics, magnetic materials, copper, aluminum and its alloys), electrical equipment for general industrial purposes (motors, welding machines, lighting equipment, relays, low-voltage devices, switchgears, drives, cable, etc.), electric power equipment (steam and hydraulic turbines, power lines, generators, transformers), electronic products (discrete semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, microprocessors, printed circuit boards and circuits), electronic equipment for household and industrial purposes , power tools, electrical and electronic equipment used in certain industries and in medicine.

One of the leading areas of IEC standardization is the development of terminological standards.

The International Electrotechnical Commission was created in 1906 at an international conference, which was attended by 13 countries most interested in such an organization. The date of the beginning of international cooperation in electrical engineering is considered to be 1881, when the first International Congress on Electricity was held. Later, in 1904, government delegates to Congress decided that a special organization was needed to standardize the parameters of electrical machines and terminology in this area.

After World War II, when ISO was created, IEC became an autonomous organization within it. But organizational, financial issues and objects of standardization were clearly separated. IEC is engaged in standardization in the field of electrical engineering, electronics, radio communications, instrumentation. These areas are outside the scope of ISO.

Most of the IEC member countries are represented in it by their national standards organizations (Russia is represented by the State Standard of the Russian Federation), in some countries special committees for participation in the IEC have been created, which are not part of the structure of national standards organizations (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, etc.). ).

The representation of each country in the IEC is clothed in the form of a national committee. IEC members are more than 40 national committees representing 80% of the world's population, which consume more than 95% of the world's electricity. The official languages of the IEC are English, French and Russian.

The main purpose of the organization, which is determined by its Charter- promoting international cooperation in standardization and related problems in the field of electrical and radio engineering by developing international standards and other documents.

The National Committees of all countries form the Council - the highest governing body of the IEC. Annual meetings of the Council, which are held alternately in different member countries of the IEC, are devoted to solving the entire range of issues of the organization's activities. Decisions are made by a simple majority of votes, and the president has a casting vote, which he exercises in the event of an equal distribution of votes.

The main coordinating body of the IEC is the Action Committee. In addition to its main task - coordinating the work of technical committees - the Action Committee identifies the need for new directions of work, develops methodological documents that provide technical work, participates in solving issues of cooperation with other organizations, and performs all tasks of the Council.

Subordinate to the Action Committee, there are advisory groups that the Committee has the right to create if the need arises for coordination on specific problems of the TC activities. Thus, two advisory groups have shared the development of safety standards: the Advisory Committee on. electrical safety (AKOS) coordinates the actions of about 20 TC and PC on electrical appliances, electronic equipment, high-voltage equipment, etc., and the Advisory Committee on Electronics and Communications (ACET) deals with other objects of standardization. In addition, the Action Committee considered it appropriate to more effectively coordinate the work on the creation of international standards to organize the Coordination Group on Electromagnetic Compatibility (CGEMC), the Coordination Group on Information Technology (CGIT) and the Working Group on Coordination of Dimensions (Figure 11.2).

The structure of IEC technical bodies, directly developing international standards, is similar to ISO: these are technical committees (TC), subcommittees (PC) and working groups (WG). 15-25 countries participate in the work of each TC. The largest number of secretariats of TC and PC are France, USA, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands. Russia runs six secretariats.

International IEC standards can be divided into two types: general technical, which are of a cross-sectoral nature, and standards containing technical requirements for specific products. The first type includes regulatory documents on terminology, standard voltages and frequencies, various types of tests, etc. The second type of standards covers a huge range from household electrical appliances to communication satellites. More than 500 new topics on international standardization are included in the IEC program annually.

The main objects of IEC standardization:

Materials for the electrical industry (liquid, solid, gaseous dielectrics, copper, aluminum, their alloys, magnetic materials);

Electrical equipment for industrial purposes (welding machines, motors, lighting equipment, relays, low-voltage devices, cables, etc.);

Electric power equipment (steam and hydraulic turbines, power lines, generators, transformers);

Electronic products (integrated circuits, microprocessors, printed circuit boards, etc.);

Electronic equipment for household and industrial purposes;

Power tools;

Equipment for communication satellites;

Terminology.

IEC has adopted more than 2 thousand international standards. In terms of content, they differ from ISO standards in more specificity: they set out technical requirements for products and methods of their testing, as well as safety requirements, which is relevant not only for IEC standardization objects, but also for the most important aspect of conformity confirmation - certification for compliance with the requirements of standards for safety. To ensure this area of relevance in international trade, the IEC develops specific international standards for the safety of specific goods. In view of the above, as practice shows, IEC International Standards are more suitable for direct application in member countries than ISO standards.

Attaching great importance to the development of international security standards, ISO, together with IEC, adopted ISO / IEC Guide 51 "General requirements for the presentation of security issues in the preparation of standards". It notes that safety is an object of standardization that manifests itself in the development of standards in many different forms, at different levels, in all areas of technology and for the vast majority of products. The essence of the concept of "safety" is interpreted as ensuring a balance between the prevention of the danger of physical damage and other requirements that must be satisfied by the product. It should be borne in mind that there is practically no absolute safety, therefore, even being at the highest level of safety, products can only be relatively safe.

In the manufacture of products, safety decisions are usually based on risk calculations and safety assessments. Risk assessment (or establishing the likelihood of harm) is based on accumulated empirical data and scientific research. Assessment of the degree of safety is associated with a probable level of risk, and safety standards are almost always set at the state level (in the EU - through Directives and technical regulations; in the Russian Federation - so far by the mandatory requirements of state standards). Usually, the safety standards themselves are influenced by the level of socio-economic development and education of society. Risks depend on the quality of the project and the production process, as well as, to no less extent, on the conditions of use (consumption) of the product.

Based on this concept of security, ISO and IEC believe that security will be facilitated by the application of international standards that establish security requirements. It can be a standard related exclusively to the field of safety or containing safety requirements along with other technical requirements. When preparing safety standards, both the characteristics of the object of standardization, which can have a negative impact on humans, the environment, and methods of establishing safety for each characteristic of the product are identified. But the main goal of safety standardization is to find protection against various types of hazards. The scope of IEC activities includes: trauma, electric shock hazard, technical hazard, fire hazard, explosion hazard, chemical hazard, biological hazard, hazard of equipment radiation (sound, infrared, radio frequency, ultraviolet, ionizing, radiation, etc.).

The procedure for developing an IEC standard is similar to that used in ISO. On average, they work on a standard for 3-4 years, and often it lags behind the pace of product renewal and the appearance of new products on the market. In order to reduce the time frame, the IEC practices the publication of a Technical Guiding Document (TOD) adopted according to a short procedure, containing only an idea of the future standard. It is valid for no more than three years and after the publication of the standard created on its basis is canceled.

An accelerated development procedure is also applied, concerning, in particular, the reduction of the voting cycle, and, more efficiently, the expansion of the reformulation into IEC international standards of normative documents adopted by other international organizations, or national standards of member countries. Technical means also contribute to the acceleration of work on the creation of the standard: an automated system for monitoring the progress of work, the "Teletext" information system, organized on the basis of the Central Bureau. More than 10 national committees have become the users of this system.

Within the IEC, the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) has a somewhat special status, which is engaged in the standardization of methods for measuring radio interference emitted by electronic and electrical devices. The permissible levels of such interference are subject to direct technical legislation in almost all developed countries. Certification of such devices is carried out for compliance with CISPR standards.

CISPR involves not only national committees, but also international organizations: European Broadcasting Union, International Radio and Television Organization, International Union of Electrical Power Producers and Distributors, International Conference on Large Electrical Systems, International Union of Railways, International Union of Public Transport, International Union on electrothermia. The International Radiocommunication Committee and the International Civil Aviation Organization participate as observers in the work of the committee. CISPR develops both regulatory and informational international documents:

international standards of technical requirements, which regulate the methods for measuring radio interference and contain recommendations for the use of measuring equipment;

reports, in which the results of scientific research on CISPR problems are presented.

International standards have the greatest practical application, which establish technical requirements and limit levels of radio interference for various sources: vehicles, pleasure boats, internal combustion engines, fluorescent lamps, televisions, etc.

The main set of chapters of the first edition of IEC 61850 was published in 2002-2003. Later in 2003 - 2005 the rest of the chapters of the first edition were published. In total, the first edition consisted of 14 documents. Later, some of the chapters were revised and supplemented, and some documents were added to the standard. The current edition of the standard already consists of 19 documents, a list of which is given below.

IEC / TR 61850-1 ed1.0
IEC / TS 61850-2 ed1.0
IEC 61850-3 ed1.0
IEC 61850-4 ed2.0
IEC 61850-5 ed1.0
IEC 61850-6 ed2.0
IEC 61850-7-1 ed2.0
IEC 61850-7-2 ed2.0
IEC 61850-7-3 ed2.0
IEC 61850-7-4 ed2.0
IEC 61850-7-410 ed1.0
IEC 61850-7-420 ed1.0
IEC / TR 61850-7-510 ed1.0
IEC 61850-8-1 ed2.0
IEC 61850-9-2 ed2.0
IEC 61850-10 ed1.0
IEC / TS 61850-80-1 ed1.0
IEC / TR 61850-90-1 ed1.0
IEC / TR 61850-90-5 ed1.0

Let's take a closer look at the structure of the standard and its constituent documents. But first of all, let us define the terminology in accordance with which the documents are designated.

Types of IEC documents

The International Electrotechnical Commission distinguishes the following types of documents:

International Standard (IS) - International standard
Technical Specification (TS) - Technical requirements
Technical Report (TR) - Technical report

International Standard (IS)

An International Standard is a standard formally adopted by the International Organization for Standardization and officially published. The definition given in all IEC documents reads “A normative document developed in accordance with harmonization procedures, which was adopted by the members of the IEC National Committees of the responsible technical committee in accordance with Chapter 1 of the ISO / IEC Directives.

There are two conditions for the adoption of an international standard:

Two thirds of the current members of a technical committee or subcommittee vote in favor of the standard
No more than one quarter of the total number of votes was cast against the adoption of the standard.

Technical Requirements (TS)

Specifications are often published when a standard is under development or when the necessary agreement has not been reached for formal adoption of an International Standard.

The specifications are approaching the International Standard in terms of detail and completeness, but have not yet gone through all stages of approval due to lack of agreement or because standardization is considered premature.

The technical requirements are similar to the International Standard and are a normative document developed in accordance with the approval procedures. The technical requirements are approved by a two-thirds majority of the current members of the IEC Technical Committee or Subcommittee.

Technical Report (TR)

The technical report contains information that differs from what is usually published in international standards, for example, data obtained from studies carried out among national committees, the results of the work of other international organizations, or data on advanced technologies obtained from national committees and relevant to the subject of the standard.

Technical reports are for informational purposes only and do not act as normative documents.

The approval of the technical report is made by a simple majority vote of the current member of the technical committee or IEC subcommittee.

Published chapters of IEC 61850

Let's consider the content of the chapters of the standard in order, as well as the documents being developed.

IEC / TR 61850-1 ed. 1.0 Introduction and general provisions

The first chapter of the standard is issued in the form of a technical report and serves as an introduction to the IEC 61850 series of standards. The chapter describes the basic principles underlying an automation system operating in accordance with IEC 61850. The first chapter of the standard defines a three-level architecture of an automation system, including a process level, a level connection and station level. Initially, the standard defined only an automation system within one object and links between several substations were not included in the model. Later, the model was extended to Fig. 1 shows the architecture of the communication system described in the second edition of the standard, where communication between substations is also provided (see Fig. 1). Within each of the levels, as well as between the levels, the structure of information exchange is described.

Rice. 1. The architecture of the communication system.

The list of interfaces and their purpose are also given in the first chapter of the standard and are described in Table 1.

Table 1 - Interface definitions

№	Interface
1	Signal exchange of protection functions between bay and station levels
2	Signal exchange of protection functions between the bay level of one object and the bay level of an adjacent object
3	Data exchange within the interconnection level
4	Transmission of instantaneous current and voltage values from measuring transducers (process level) to bay level devices
5	Signal exchange of control functions for equipment of the process level and bay level
6	Exchange of control function signals between bay level and station level
7	Data exchange between station level and remote engineer workplace
8	Direct data exchange between bays, in particular for the implementation of high-speed functions such as online interlocking
9	Data exchange within the station level
10	Signal exchange of control functions between station level and remote dispatch center
11	Exchange of control function signals between the connection levels of two different objects, for example, discrete signals for the implementation of operational blocking or other automation

In addition, the first chapter of IEC 61850 describes for the first time:

data modeling concept;
the concept of naming data with the presentation of logical nodes, objects and data attributes;
a set of abstract communication services;
System Configuration description Language.

The description of the above is presented in a rather condensed form and in the first chapter is intended for informational purposes only.

IEC / TS 61850-2 ed. 1.0 Terms and definitions

The second chapter of the standard contains a glossary of terms, acronyms and acronyms used in the context of substation automation in the IEC 61850 series of standards. The chapter is approved in the format of Technical Requirements.

IEC 61850-3 ed. 1.0 General requirements

The third chapter of the standard is the only chapter in the series that defines the requirements for physical equipment. Among these requirements, first of all, the requirements for the electromagnetic compatibility of devices, permissible operating conditions, reliability, etc. are described.

Most of the requirements are given in the form of references to IEC 60870-2, -4 and IEC 61000-4.

It should be noted that one of the requirements of the standard, for example, is the manufacturer's declaration of the mean time to failure (MTTF), as well as a description of the methodology in accordance with which it is calculated. Knowing this important parameter will allow calculating the MTBF of the system as a whole.

IEC 61850-4 ed. 2.0 Systems Engineering and Project Management

This chapter of the standard describes all actors involved in the implementation of a substation automation system and the distribution of responsibilities between them. So, the document describes the following participants: a customer in the form of an electric power company, a project organization or designer, an installation and commissioning organization and a manufacturer of equipment and software tools.

The document also describes the basic principles of project execution, commissioning and testing. In addition, the concept of distribution of various functions between software and hardware tools is given. More detailed information on this part is given in the sixth chapter.

IEC 61850-5 ed. 1.0 Requirements for functions and devices in terms of data transfer X

The fifth chapter of the standard details the conceptual principles of dividing the automation system into levels described in the first chapter, and also describes the concept of using logical nodes, suggests their classification in accordance with their functional purpose.In addition, the chapter provides examples of schemes for the interaction of various logical nodes when implementing a number of functions. Relay protection.

The terms "interoperability" and "interchangeability" are also mentioned here. At the same time, the emphasis is placed on the fact that the standard does not imply ensuring the interchangeability of devices, its purpose is to ensure the interoperability of devices. These two concepts are often confused when discussing the IEC 61850 standard.

An important part of this chapter is also describing the system performance requirements in terms of acceptable latency.

The standard normalizes the total signal transmission time, which is made up of three components:

time of encoding the signal received from the internal function by the communication interface,
time of signal transmission over the communication network,
the time of decoding the data received from the communication network and their transfer to the function of another device.

The total transmission time of the signal will be related to the total transmission time of similar signals using analog interfaces (for example, digital I / O relays or analog inputs of current and voltage circuits). The fifth chapter of the standard normalizes the permissible time delays for various types of signals, including discrete signals, digitized instantaneous values of currents and voltages, time synchronization signals, etc.

It should also be noted that the second edition of Chapter 5, which is slated for official publication in Fall 2012, introduces a new performance class system. However, in fact, the requirements for permissible delays in the transmission of certain types of signals have not changed.

IEC 61850-6 ed. 2.0 Configuration description language for communication

The sixth chapter of the standard describes the file format for describing the device configurations involved in the exchange of data according to IEC 61850. The main task of the common format is to provide the ability to configure the device with external software.

This descriptor file format is known as the Substation Configuration Language (SCL) and is based on the XML markup language generally accepted in the IT environment.

In order to define clear rules for the formation of SCL files, as well as ease of checking the correctness of their compilation, an XSD schema was developed, which is also described in Chapter 6 and is an integral part of the IEC 61850 standard.

The original version of the diagram was published along with the first revision of Chapter 6 in 2007. Later, the scheme underwent a number of changes, related, in particular, to bug fixes and a number of additions in SCL files, and in 2009 its new version was published.

Thus, there are now two editions of the scheme: 2007 and 2009, commonly referred to as the "first" and "second" editions. Despite the differences between them, it is assumed that devices that are compatible with "second edition" should be backward compatible with devices "first edition". In practice, unfortunately, this does not always happen. Nevertheless, this does not prevent the implementation of communication between devices, setting each configuration using the manufacturer's software.

IEC 61850-7 Basic communication structure

The IEC 61850 standard defines not only the data transfer protocols, but also the semantics by which these data are described. The seventh section of the standard describes approaches to modeling systems and data in the form of classes. All parts included in the seventh section are interconnected with each other, as well as with chapters 5, 6, 8 and 9.

IEC 61850-7-1 ed. 2.0 Basic Communication Framework - Principles and Models

Section 7-1 of the standard introduces the basic methods for modeling systems and data, presents the principles of organizing data transmission and information models used in other parts of IEC 61850-7.

This chapter describes the principle of representing a physical device with all the functions available in it as a set of logical devices, which, in turn, consists of a set of logical nodes. The technology of grouping data into data sets with the subsequent assignment of these data to communication services is also described.

This chapter also describes the principles of data transfer, carried out using the technology "client-server" or "publisher-subscriber". However, it should be noted that this chapter, as well as the entire section 7, describes only the principles and does not describe the assignment of signals to specific communication protocols.

IEC 61850-7-2 ed. 2.0 Basic Communication Framework - Abstract Communication Interface (ACSI)

Chapter 7-2 describes the so-called “abstract communication interface” for power plant automation systems.

The chapter provides a description of the class diagram and data transfer services. The conceptual diagram of class relationships is shown in Fig. 2. A more detailed description of this scheme will be given in one of the future publications within the rubric.

Rice. 2. Scheme of class connections.

The chapter provides a detailed description of the properties of each of the classes, and the section on data transfer services shows the relationship of these classes with possible services such as reports, event logs, reading / writing data or files, multicasting and instantaneous value transmission.

Thus, the chapter in an abstract form describes in detail the entire structure of communications, from the description of the data itself, as a class, and ending with the services for their transfer. However, as mentioned above, this entire description is given only in abstract form.

IEC 61850-7-3 ed. 2.0 Basic Communication Framework - Generic Data Classes

As seen from Fig. 2, each data class (DATA) includes one or more data attributes (DataAttribute). Each data attribute, in turn, is described by a specific data attribute class. Chapter 7-3 describes all the possible data classes and data attribute classes.

Data classes include several groups:

Classes for describing state information
Classes for describing measured values
Classes for control signals
Classes for discrete parameters
Classes for continuous parameters
Classes for descriptive data

The described classes make it possible to simulate all kinds of data within the SS automation system for the purpose of further exchange of this data between devices and systems.

Compared to the first chapter, the second took into account the adjustments in accordance with Tissues, in addition, new data and attribute classes were added, which were required in new information models built in accordance with the requirements of the standard and used outside of substation automation systems.

IEC 61850-7-4 ed. 2.0 Basic Communication Framework - Logical Node and Data Object Classes

This chapter of the standard describes an information model for devices and functions related to substations. In particular, it defines the names of logical nodes and data for transferring data between devices, and also defines the relationship of logical nodes and data.

The logical node and data names defined in Chapter 7-4 are part of the class model proposed in Chapter 7-1 and defined in Chapter 7-2. The names defined in this document are used to build hierarchical references to objects for the purpose of further data access during communications. This chapter also applies the naming conventions defined in Chapter 7-2.

All logical node classes have names consisting of four letters, and the first letter in the name of the logical node class indicates the group to which it belongs (see Table 3).

Table 3 - List of logical node groups

Group index	Group name
A	Automatic control
B	Reserved
C	Dispatch control
D	Distributed energy sources
E	Reserved
F	Functional blocks
G	Common functions
H	Hydropower
I	Interfaces and archiving
J	Reserved
K	Mechanical and non-electrical equipment
L	System logical nodes
M	Accounting and measurements
N	Reserved
O	Reserved
P	Protection functions
Q	Electricity quality control
R	Protection functions
S *	Supervisory control and monitoring
T *	Instrument transformers and sensors
U	Reserved
V	Reserved
W	Wind power
X *	Switching devices
Y *	Power transformers and related functions
Z *	Other electrical equipment
* The logical nodes of these groups exist in the dedicated IEDs, provided that the process bus is used. If the process bus is not used, then these logical nodes correspond to the I / O modules and are located in the IED, connected by copper links to the equipment and located at a higher level (for example, at the bay level) and represent the external device by its inputs and outputs (process projection).

IEC 61850-7-410, -420 and -510

The IEC 61850-7-410 and -420 standards are extensions of Chapter 7-2 and contain descriptions of logical node classes and data for hydroelectric power plants and small generation.

Technical report IEC / TR 61850-7-510 explains the use of the logical nodes defined in chapter 7-410 as well as other documents in the IEC 61850 series to simulate complex control functions in power plants, including variable speed pumped storage plants.

IEC 61850-8-1 ed. 2.0 Assignment to a specific communication service - Assignment to MMS and IEC 8802-3

As noted above, clause 7 of the standard only describes the basic mechanisms for data transfer. Chapter 8-1, in turn, describes methods for exchanging information over local area networks by assigning abstract communication services (ACSI) to MMS and ISO / IEC 8802-3 frames.

Chapter 8-1 describes protocols for both data exchange, for which time delay is critical, and data, where latency is not critical.

Services and the MMS protocol run on the full OSI model on top of the TCP stack, due to which data transmission via this protocol is carried out with relatively long time delays, therefore the use of the MMS protocol allows solving data transmission problems for which latency is not critical. For example, this protocol can be used for transmitting telecontrol commands, collecting telemetry and tele-signaling data, as well as for sending reports and logs from remote devices.

In addition to the MMS protocol, Chapter 8-1 describes the purpose of data requiring fast data transfer. The semantics of this protocol are defined in IEC 61850-7-2. Chapter 8-1 describes the syntax of the protocol, defines the data assignment of ISO / IEC 8802-3 frames, and defines procedures related to the use of ISO / IEC 8802-3. The specified protocol is known to specialists as the GOOSE protocol. Due to the fact that data in this protocol is assigned directly to the Ethernet frame, bypassing the OSI model and bypassing the TCP stack, data transmission in it is carried out with noticeably lower delays compared to MMS. As a result, GOOSE can be used to transmit breaker trip commands against protection and similar fast signals.

IEC 61850-9-1 ed. 1.0 Assignment to a specific communication service - Transmission of instantaneous values via serial interface

This chapter has described methods for transferring instantaneous values by assigning data to a serial interface in accordance with IEC 60044-8. However, in 2012 this chapter was removed from the IEC 61850 series of standards and is no longer supported.

IEC 61850-9-2 ed. 2.0 Assignment to a specific communication service - Transmission of instantaneous values via IEC 8802-3 interface

Chapter 9-2 of the IEC 61850 standard describes the methods of transferring instantaneous values from CTs and VTs via the IEC 8802-3 interface, that is, they define the assignment of the class of service for the transfer of instantaneous values from measuring CTs and VTs IEC 61850-7-2 to the ISO / IEC 8802 protocol. 3.

This chapter of the standard applies to measuring current and voltage transformers with a digital interface, process bus couplers and IEDs with the ability to receive data from CTs and VTs in digital form.

In fact, this chapter describes the Ethernet frame format depending on what data is assigned to it, that is, it defines its relationship with the data class according to IEC 61850-7-2 and the description according to IEC 61850-6.

The first edition of Chapter 9-2 did not include such important points as ensuring redundancy. In the second edition, these shortcomings were taken into account, and therefore the 9-2 frame format was supplemented with fields for the PRP or HSR redundancy protocol labels.

IEC 61850-9-2LE specification

The first edition of the IEC 61850-9-2 standard was published in 2004, however, the lack of clearly defined requirements for the sampling rates of instantaneous values and the composition of the transmitted packet could lead to potential incompatibility of solutions from different manufacturers. In order to facilitate the development of compatible solutions based on the IEC 61850-9-2 protocol, the UCA user group, in addition to the standard, also developed a specification (called "9-2LE"), which specified the composition of the transmitted data packet, defined two standard frequencies: 80 and 256 samples for the power frequency period, that is, it actually established the standard requirements for the IEC 61850-9-2 interface for all devices.

The appearance of this specification, together with the document, has greatly influenced the intensity of the protocol penetration into the equipment. However, it should be understood that this document itself is not a standard, but only specifies the requirements of the standard, that is, it is a specification of the standard.

IEC 61850-10 ed. 1.0 Compliance check

The tenth chapter of the standard defines the procedures for testing compliance of devices and software with the requirements of the standard and specifications.

In particular, the chapter defines a methodology for checking the compliance of actual delays in the formation and processing of message packets with the declared parameters and requirements of the standard.

IEC / TS 61850-80-1 ed. 1.0 Guidance on transferring information from a generic data class model using IEC 60870-5-101 or IEC 60870-5-104

The document describes the assignment of the general IEC 61850 data classes to the IEC 60870-5-101 and -104 protocols.

IEC / TR 61850-90-1 ed. 1.0 Using IEC 61850 for communication between substations

Initially, the IEC 61850 standard was designed to ensure the transfer of data between devices only within the substation. Subsequently, the proposed concept has found application in other systems in the power industry. Thus, the IEC 61850 standard can become the basis for the global standardization of data transmission networks.

The existing and developed functions of protection and automation require the ability to transfer data not only within the framework, but also between substations, in this regard, an extension of the scope of the standard for the exchange of data between substations is required.

The IEC 61850 standard provides basic tools, but a number of changes are required to standardize the communication protocols between objects. Technical Report 90-1 provides an overview of the various aspects that must be taken into account when using IEC 61850 for communication between substations. Areas in which an extension of the existing documents of the standard is required will later be included in the current versions of the chapters of the standard.

One example of a required extension is the transmission of GOOSE messages between objects. Today, GOOSE messages can only be broadcast in broadcast mode to all devices connected to the local network, but they cannot pass through the network gateways. Chapter 90-1 describes the principles of organizing tunnels for the transmission of GOOSE messages between different local area networks of objects.

IEC / TR 61850-90-5 ed. 1.0 Using IEC 61850 to transfer data from synchronized vector measurement devices in accordance with IEEE C37.118

The main objective of Technical Report 90-5 was to propose a method for transferring synchronized vector measurements between the PMU and the PMPR system. The data described in the IEEE C37.118-2005 standard is transmitted in accordance with the technologies provided by IEC 61850.

However, in addition to the initially set tasks, this report also presents profiles for routing GOOSE (IEC 61850-8-1) and SV (IEC 61850-9-2) packets.

Developed documents IEC 61850

In addition to the documents considered, currently working group 10, as well as related working groups, are developing another 21 documents that will be part of the IEC 61850 series of standards.

Most of these documents will be published in the form of technical reports:

IEC / TR 61850-7-5. Using information models of substation automation systems.
IEC / TR 61850-7-500. Using logical nodes to simulate the functions of substation automation systems.
IEC / TR 61850-7-520. Use of logical nodes of objects of low generation.
IEC / TR 61850-8-2. Assignment to web services.
IEC / TR 61850-10-2. Interoperability testing of equipment for hydroelectric power plants.
IEC / TR 61850-90-2. Using the IEC 61850 standard for communication between substations and control centers.
IEC / TR 61850-90-3. Use of IEC 61850 in equipment condition monitoring systems.
IEC / TR 61850-90-4. Substation Communications Engineering Guidelines.
IEC / TR 61850-90-6. Use of IEC 61850 for distribution automation.
IEC / TR 61850-90-7. Object models for power plants based on photovoltaic cells, batteries and other objects using inverters.
IEC / TR 61850-90-8. Object models for electric vehicles.
IEC / TR 61850-90-9. Object models for batteries.
IEC / TR 61850-90-10. Object models for systems of planning the operating modes of low-generation facilities.
IEC / TR 61850-90-11 Simulation of freely programmable logic.
IEC / TR 61850-90-12. Distributed Communications Network Engineering Guidelines.
IEC / TR 61850-90-13. Expansion of the composition of logical nodes and data objects for modeling equipment of gas turbine and steam turbine plants.
IEC / TR 61850-90-14. Using the IEC 61850 standard to simulate FACTS equipment.
IEC / TR 61850-90-15. Hierarchical model of objects of small generation.
IEC / TR 61850-100-1. Functional testing of systems operating according to the IEC 61850 standard.

Conclusion

The IEC 61850 standard, originally developed for use in substation automation systems, is gradually expanding to automation systems for other objects in the power system, as evidenced by a number of recently published and an even larger number of documents up to publication. New equipment and new technologies developing “under the flag” of the intellectualization of the power system are accompanied by their description in the context of the IEC 61850 standard, while the development / modernization of other standards similar in purpose is not carried out. This allows us to make a bold assumption that every year the standard will have greater practical distribution.

Bibliography

http://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/governing.htm
http://tissue.iec61850.com
Implementation Guidline for Digital Interface to Instrument Transformers Using IEC 61850-9-2. UCA Internation Users Group. Modification Index R2-1. http://iec61850.ucaiug.org/implementation%20guidelines/digif_spec_9-2le_r2-1_040707-cb.pdf

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The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) was founded in 1906 as a result of the decision of the International Electrotechnical Congress in St. Louis (USA, 1904), i.e. long before the formation of ISO, and is one of the oldest and most reputable non-governmental scientific and technical organizations. The founder and first president of IEC was the famous English physicist Lord Kelvin (William Thomson). IEC unites more than 60 economically developed and developing countries.

The main purpose of the IEC, as defined by its Statutes, is to promote international cooperation on standardization in the field of electrical engineering, including electronics, magnetism and electromagnetism, electroacoustics, multi-media, remote communications, energy production and distribution, as well as related general disciplines such as terminology and symbols, electromagnetic compatibility, measurement, safety and environmental protection.

The main tasks of the IEC are:

effectively meet the requirements of the global market;
ensure the primacy and maximum use of their standards and compliance schemes around the world;
evaluate and improve the quality of products and services through the development of new standards;
create conditions for the interaction of complex systems;
contribute to the growth of the efficiency of industrial processes;
contribute to activities to improve human health and safety;
contribute to environmental protection activities.

To implement the main tasks, the IEC publishes international standards - publications. National and regional organizations are encouraged to use publications in their standardization work, which greatly improves the efficiency and development of world trade. IEC is one of the bodies recognized by the World Trade Organization (WTO - World Trade Organization), whose regulations are used as the basis for national and regional standards in order to overcome technical barriers to trade. IEC standards form the core of the World Trade Organization Agreement on Technical Barriers.

The IEC implements two forms of active participation in international standardization work. These are the active members - national committees with full voting rights and - partners - national committees of countries with limited resources with limited voting rights. Associate members have observer status and can participate in all IEC meetings. They don't have the right to vote. As of July 1, 2001, the full members of the IEC were national committees of 51 countries, partners - national committees of 4 countries, 9 countries had the status of associated members. The USSR took part in the work of the IEC since 1921, the Russian Federation, which is represented by the State Standard of Russia, became its legal successor. From 1974 to 1976, the representative of the USSR, Professor V.I. Popkov. The Lord Kelvin Prize, awarded for an outstanding contribution to the development of standardization in the field of electrical engineering, was awarded in 1997 to VN Otrokhov, a representative of the State Standard of Russia.

The highest governing body of the IEC is the Council, which is the General Assembly of the national committees of the participating countries. The IEC is governed by executive and advisory bodies, as well as senior executives - the President, Assistant to the President, Vice Presidents, Treasurer and General Secretary.

The Council determines IEC policy and long-term strategic and financial objectives. The Council is a legislative body that meets once a year. The executive body governing all the work of the IEC is the Board of the Council. It prepares documents for meetings of the Council; considers proposals of the Action Committee and the Board of the conformity assessment body; establishes advisory bodies as necessary and appoints their chairpersons and members. The Board of the Council meets at least three times a year.

The Board of the Council has four Management Advisory Committees at its disposal:

The Presidential Advisory Committee on Future Technologies, its task is to inform the President of the IEC about new technologies that require preliminary or immediate standardization work;
Marketing Committee;
Commercial Policy Committee;
Finance Committee.

The functions of managing the development of standards, including the creation and dissolution of technical committees, relations with other international organizations are entrusted to the Action Committee.

The Action Committee coordinates the work of:

Board of directors of three sectors: equipment of high voltage substations, industrial automation systems and infrastructures of remote communication systems;
200 technical committees and subcommittees, 700 working groups;
four technical advisory committees: on electronics and remote communications (ACET - Advisory Committee on Electronics and Telecommunications), safety (ACOS - Advisory Committee on Safety), electromagnetic compatibility (ACEC - Advisory Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility), on environmental aspects (ACEA - Advisory Committee on Environmental Aspects), whose task is to coordinate the work on the inclusion of the necessary requirements in IEC standards.

The IEC budget, like the ISO budget, is made up of contributions from member countries and proceeds from the sale of published documents.

The main activity of the IEC is the development and publication of international standards and technical reports. International standards in the field of electrical engineering serve as the basis for national standardization and as guidelines for the preparation of international proposals and contracts. IEC publications are bilingual (in English and French). The National Committee of the Russian Federation prepares Russian-language publications. The official languages of the IEC are English, French and Russian.

IEC recognizes the need to develop international standards based on market demand in light of rapidly changing technologies and shrinking product lifecycles. IEC shortens the development time of standards while maintaining their quality.

Technical committees (TC) are responsible for the development of standards in various areas of IEC activity, in which national committees interested in the work of a particular TC take part. If the technical committee finds that the scope of its work is too wide, subcommittees (SCs) are organized with a narrower scope of action. For example, TK 36 "Izolyators", PK 36V "Insulators for the overhead network", PK 36S "Insulators for substations".

The IEC is a key organization in the preparation of international information technology standards. In this area, there is a joint technical committee on information technology - JTC 1 (JTC 1), formed in 1987 in accordance with an agreement between IEC and ISO. STK1 has 17 subcommittees whose work covers all developments from software to languages

programming, computer graphics and image processing, equipment interconnection and safety techniques.

The preparation of new IEC standards is based on several stages.

At the preliminary stage (IEC - PAS - publicly available specification) the need to develop a new standard is determined, its duration is no more than two months.

Proposal stage. New development proposals are made by industry representatives through national committees. A maximum of three months is allotted for the study of proposals in technical committees. If the result is positive and at least 25 percent of the committee members commit to actively participate in the work, this proposal will be included in the work program of the technical committee.

The preparatory stage consists in the development of a working draft of the standard (WD - working draft) within the working group.

At the technical committee stage, the document is submitted to the national committees for comment as a CD - committee draft.

Request stage. Before being taken to the approval stage, the bilingual committee draft for vote (CDV) is submitted to all National Committees for approval. The duration of this stage is no more than five months. This is the last stage where technical comments can be taken into account. A CDV is approved if more than two thirds of the members of the technical committee vote for it and the number of negative votes does not exceed 25 percent. If the document is intended to become a technical specification rather than an international standard, a revised version is sent to headquarters for publication. It takes four months to develop the final draft international standard (FDIS - final draft international standard). If the CDV is approved by all members of the technical committee, it is sent to the central office for publication without the FDIS stage.

Approval stage. The final draft of the International Standard is sent for a two-month period to the National Committees for approval. FDIS is approved if more than two thirds of the national committees vote for it and the number of negative votes does not exceed 25 percent. If the document is not approved, it is sent for revision to the technical committees and subcommittees.

Multilateral conformity assessment schemes are based on IEC international standards, which reduce trade barriers caused by different criteria for certification of products in different countries; reduce the cost of testing equipment at the national level while maintaining an appropriate level of safety; reduce the time to market products. IEC conformity assessment and product certification schemes are designed to confirm that a product meets the criteria of international standards, including the ISO 9000 series standards. The IEC Conformity Assessment Board coordinates the work of:

Systems for assessing the quality of electronic components (IECQ - IEC Quality assessment system for electronic components);
Systems for conformity testing and certification of electrical equipment (IECEE - IEC System for conformity testing and sertification of electrical equipment);
Certification schemes for electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres (IECEx - IEC Scheme for Certification to Standards for safety of electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres).

IEC cooperates with many international organizations. Most important is the IEC's collaboration with ISO.

Taking into account the commonality of the tasks of ISO and IEC, as well as the possibility of duplication of the activities of individual technical bodies between these organizations, an agreement was concluded in 1976 aimed both at delimiting the scope of activities and at coordinating these activities. Many documents are jointly adopted by ISO and IEC, including ISO / IEC Guide 51, General requirements for the presentation of security issues in the preparation of standards. This guide deals with issues related to the consideration of safety requirements in the emerging international standards.

The created ISO / IEC Joint Technical Advisory Committee submits proposals to the ISO Technical Steering Bureau and the IEC Action Committee to eliminate duplication in the activities of both organizations and resolve disputes.

In the future, the activities of IEC and ISO will gradually converge. At the first stage, it is the development of uniform rules for the preparation of MCs, the creation of joint TCs.

At the second stage - a possible merger, since most of the countries are represented in ISO and IEC by the same bodies - national standards organizations.

ISO, IEC and ITU, whose fields of activity in the field of standardization complement each other, form an integral system of voluntary international technical agreements. These agreements, published as ISs or Recommendations, are intended to help ensure interoperability of technologies around the world. Their introduction can give additional weight to both large and small businesses in all sectors of economic activity, in particular, in the field of trade development. International agreements developed by ISO, IEC and ITU facilitate trade without borders.

7.4. Secretariat activities for internationalstandardization of the Gosstandart of Russia,www. gost. ru

According to the Rules for standardization "Organization and performance of work on international standardization in the Russian Federation" (PR 50.1.008-95) Gosstandart of Russia is a national body for standardization and represents the Russian Federation in international, regional organizations carrying out standardization activities, including :

International Organization for Standardization (ISO);
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC);
The Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) (in the UNECE Working Party on Standardization Policies);
SEN and CENELEC in accordance with the ISO Agreement with SEN and IEC with CENELEC.

Gosstandart of Russia organizes work on international standardization in the Russian Federation in accordance with the Charter and the Rules of Procedure of the above organizations, as well as taking into account the fundamental state standards of the State Standardization System of the Russian Federation.

The main tasks of international and regional scientific and technical cooperation in the field of standardization are:

harmonization of the state system of standardization of the Russian Federation with international and regional systems of standardization;
improvement of the stock of domestic normative documentation on standardization based on the application of international and regional standards and other international documents on standardization;
assistance in improving the quality of domestic products, their competitiveness in the world market and the elimination of technical barriers to trade;
protection of Russia's economic interests in the development of international and regional standards;
promoting mutual recognition of the results of certification of products and services at the international and regional levels.

Gosstandart of Russia carries out activities on international and regional standardization (hereinafter - international standardization) in close cooperation with other federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, Russian TC for standardization, business entities, scientific, scientific and technical and other public associations ...

Organizational and technical work on international standardization in the Russian Federation is carried out by the National Secretariat for International Standardization of the Gosstandart of Russia (hereinafter - the National Secretariat).

The National Secretariat is managed by a subdivision of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Standardization (VNIISstandard) of the State Standard of Russia for International Cooperation in the Field of Standardization.

The main tasks of the National Secretariat are:

organizational and methodological support and coordination of international standardization activities in the Russian Federation;
accounting and control over the timely and high-quality fulfillment of the obligations of the Russian Federation in the technical bodies of international organizations carrying out standardization activities;
providing representatives of the Russian Federation in international organizations with information on the results of the activities of governing and technical bodies, international organizations and on the activities carried out by the Russian Federation through international standardization organizations;
implementation of measures to improve the forms and methods of activity of representatives of the Russian Federation in the technical departments of international organizations;
participation in the preparation and conduct of meetings, seminars and meetings of representatives of the Russian Federation in the technical bodies of international organizations;
propaganda of ideas and achievements of international standardization in the Russian Federation.

The direct work on the preparation of documents on international standardization in the Russian Federation is carried out by the Russian TC on standardization, business entities, scientific, scientific and technical and other public associations.

Organizations that are executors of international standardization work in the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the executing organizations) participate in the development of draft international standards, the formation and presentation of the position of the Russian Federation in the technical bodies of international organizations in accordance with the Directives on the technical work of ISO / IEC, as well as RF Standardization Rules.

Implementing organizations in the technical bodies of international organizations carry out the following work:

prepare and through the Gosstandart of Russia (National Secretariat) send to the technical bodies of international organizations proposals for the development of new standards, revision and amendments to existing international standards;
take part in the preparation of draft international standards;
conduct on behalf of the Gosstandart of Russia the secretariats of the technical bodies ISO and IEC, assigned to the Russian Federation;
form and prepare technical specifications and other documents for the delegations of the Russian Federation to the meetings of the technical bodies of ISO and IEC and coordinate them with the State Standard of Russia (Ministry of Construction of Russia);
organize meetings of ISO, IEC and UNECE technical bodies in the Russian Federation;
prepare proposals for the application of international standards in the Russian Federation, including those containing references to other international standards.

Implementing organizations carry out work at the preliminary stages of the development of international standards (stages 1, 2, 3 of the "Directives for the technical work of ISO / IEC") directly in the Russian TC on standardization, which can, with the permission of the Gosstandart of Russia, carry out correspondence on these issues on their own.

If Gosstandart of Russia is the leading developer of the draft of an international standard, the Russian TC for standardization appoints a project development manager and informs Gosstandart of Russia about it. The project development manager organizes and is responsible for the preparation, approval and timely submission of the draft international standard to the technical bodies of international organizations.

Implementing organizations responsible for preparing an opinion on the draft International Standard, upon receipt (in English and / or French), must:

organize the translation of the draft international standard into Russian and send it for conclusion to interested organizations;
ensure safe storage of a control copy of the translation of the draft international standard for the purpose of its use at the last stages of work;
organize the consideration of the draft international standard in the manner prescribed for the draft state standards of the Russian Federation in accordance with GOST R 1.2;
prepare a draft conclusion of the Gosstandart of Russia on the draft international standard.

The executing organizations form the final position of the Gosstandart of Russia on the technical content of the draft international standard at stage 3 "draft committee" of the "Directives for the technical work of ISO / IEC".

To vote on the draft international standard received from the central body of the international organization after its consideration in the manner established for the consideration of the final version of the draft GOST R, the executing organization shall send the following documents to the Gosstandart of Russia:

translation of the draft international standard into Russian;
draft conclusion of the Gosstandart of Russia on the draft international standard.

The accompanying letter must indicate the results of the consideration of the draft international standard at a meeting of the TC or technical meetings of the enterprise (organization), proposals for the application of the international standard in the Russian Federation, information on the presence or absence of a similar Russian standard or other regulatory document.

Gosstandart of Russia examines the documents and makes the final decision on voting on the draft international standard. The voting ballot on the draft international standard, drawn up in accordance with the "Directives for the technical work of ISO / IEC", is sent to the central body of the relevant international organization.

Gosstandart of Russia, after receiving an officially published international standard from the central body of an international organization, carries out:

publication of information on officially published international standards in the monthly information index "State Standards" (IUS);
clarification of the translation of the international standard into Russian;
publication of information about completed translations;
transfer of the original of the received international standard to the Federal Fund of Standards of the Gosstandart of Russia;
ensuring the publication of translations of the international standard officially published by an international organization in Russian and sending it to the central body of international organizations.

The dissemination of the international standard officially published by an international organization in the Russian Federation is carried out by the State Standard of Russia.

The application of the international standard in the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with the requirements established by GOST R 1.0 and GOST R 1.5.