The structure of the dictionary entry in the explanatory dictionary. Examples of dictionary entries. Dictionary of linguistic terms
Class: 5
A new form of state (final) certification of graduates of the ninth grade of general educational institutions in the Russian language will allow assessing the level of mastering not only the communicative, but also the linguistic competence of students.
It is no secret that an essay on a linguistic topic, included in the GIA in the Russian language at 9, presents certain difficulties for children. You need to start working with this type of essay as early as possible.
This article will focus on such creative works, topics, the genre of which is prompted by the need to start preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination in the Russian language already starting from the 5th grade.
Compositions on a linguistic topic can be different in style and genre, they are appropriate in any class, when studying any section. But for now I would like to talk only about how the work on teaching writing an essay on a linguistic topic is being built in grades 5-6.
Given the characteristics of fifth graders, it is better to present creative tasks in a playful, entertaining way. I offer a lesson in the development of speech, in which children learned to write an essay on a linguistic topic: writing a dictionary entry.
1. We start with the problem statement:
- Imagine that we are entrusted with an interesting and responsible task - to compile an article for the explanatory dictionary about the word "birch."
– Where do we start?
- Find out the meaning of the word "explanatory" dictionary. ( Annex 1
. Slides 1,2)
- Which of the creators of explanatory dictionaries do you know? We are talking about V.V. Dal, we are considering the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. Students of the 9th grade at one time prepared the project “The man of the word was collecting”, I show part of the presentation of the project to the children.
Why do you need a dictionary entry?
- Let's see how the article about the word "autumn" is built in such a dictionary.
- Read the meaning of the word "autumn" in the dictionary. ( Annex 1
. slide 3)
2. Analysis of the structure of the article
- We conclude: the dictionary entry consists of at least four parts: ( Annex 1 . Slides 4-5)
1. Headword
2. Grammar markings (i.e. such signs of a word that are studied in a special section of the science of language, for nouns this is the ending of the genitive case form and gender)
3. Interpretation of the lexical meaning of the word
4. An example of the use of this word in speech.
3. Updating knowledge
We verbally pronounce the content of the future record, then write a letter from memory. (You can go back to slide 3)
Autumn - and, well. The season between summer and winter. Already the sky was breathing autumn, the sun was shining less often, the day was getting shorter, the mysterious shadow of the forests was exposed with a sad noise. (A.S. Pushkin).
- Underline known spellings. Draw up a proposal. (the lesson is conducted after studying the topic “Syntax and Punctuation”, therefore it is not difficult for children to draw up a sentence diagram)
Execution control. ( Annex 1 . slide 6)
4. Teamwork
Compilation of a dictionary entry about the word "spring". An example of the use of this word in speech is the first stanza of A. Pleshcheev's poem "The Swallow", which everyone knows by heart. You can invite the children to use their own example.
As a result of collective work, a record appears ( Annex 1
. slide 7)
Spring, s, w. The time of year is between winter and summer. The grass is turning green, the sun is shining, the swallow is flying in the canopy with spring. (A. Pleshcheev).
We write in a notebook.
Listening to the work of children who have used other examples.
The main part in the dictionary entry is the interpretation of the lexical meaning of the word. There are several ways to interpret the meaning of a word. Let us dwell on one of them - the main one: generic and specific features of an object. ( Annex 1
. Slide 8) We conclude that it is important when interpreting the lexical meaning of a word. ( Annex 1
. slide 9)
Tree slide: birch, maple, larch, pine and tables ( Annex 1
. slide 10)
We find generic and specific characteristics, find out the difference. ( Annex 1
. slide 12)
- We make a step-by-step interpretation of the lexical meaning of the word "birch". ( Annex 1
. slide 13)
- We write down the first three sentences, reflecting the sequence of mental operations:
1. Birch is a tree.
2. Birch is a deciduous tree.
3. Birch - a deciduous tree with a white trunk.
- We select an example of the use of the word "birch" in speech. We remember (or a pre-prepared student reads S. Yesenin's poem "Birch").
- Write in your notebook:
Birch, -s, w. Deciduous tree with a white trunk. The white birch under my window was covered with snow, like silver. (S. Yesenin).
Examination ( Annex 1 . slide 14)
5. Independent work
Make a dictionary entry (optional) about the words maple, larch, pine.
Execution check. Listening to answers, correcting mistakes. ( Annex 1
. slide 16)
6. The next stage of the lesson is reflection
- Tell me, did you like writing dictionary articles?
Children enjoy doing this kind of work.
- Answer the question "Why do we need a dictionary entry?".
The answer to the question concludes the lesson. Students talk about the importance of dictionaries, how important it is to write dictionary entries correctly.
7. Homework will duplicate the answer to the question “What is the dictionary entry for?”, only it needs to be written in several sentences.
1.3. Basic structural components of a dictionary
Each dictionary consists of a number of components that provide the reader with access to the information contained in it. The first essential component is dictionary dictionary. The dictionary includes all units that form the dictionary description area and are the inputs of dictionary entries. In fact, the dictionary defines the scope of the dictionary description. As such, the dictionary is usually not singled out separately in the dictionary. A dictionary can consist of morphemes (for morpheme dictionaries and grammar dictionaries), lexemes (for explanatory dictionaries, for example), word forms (for grammar dictionaries) and phrases (for phraseological dictionaries, idiom dictionaries, syntagma dictionaries, for example). The elementary unit of the dictionary is dictionary entry- each individual object of the dictionary description and the dictionary characteristics associated with it. A set of dictionary entries forms the main text of the dictionary. A separate structural component is formed pointers, or indices. In the usual explanatory dictionary, pointers are quite rare. The situation is completely different with phraseological dictionaries and dictionaries of idioms. Since the basic form of phraseological units is subject to strong variation - put your teeth on the shelf And put teeth on a shelf, warm / warm / warm hands (on smth.) And warm hands / warm / warm (on smth.)- any chosen way of ordering the dictionary does not provide an easy search. To facilitate the search for the desired idiom in phraseological dictionaries, indexes are created that allow you to find an idiom by any of its components. Often indexes are included in the structure of thesauri and bilingual dictionaries. Thesaurus indexes make it possible to determine which taxa a particular word belongs to, and indexes of bilingual dictionaries partly perform the functions of a reverse dictionary in relation to this one.
An important structural part of the linguistic dictionary is list of sources. For the European vocabulary tradition, it is absolutely necessary, since the use of any already published textual materials (including in examples) requires the appropriate permission from the copyright holder.
A special part of the dictionary can be considered introductory article, which explains the principles of using the dictionary and contains information about the structure of the dictionary entry. Sometimes the structure of a dictionary entry is placed in a special section of the dictionary. In addition, linguistic dictionaries, as a rule, include list of abbreviations and alphabet.
1.4. Main structural components (zones) of a dictionary entry
The basic unit of the dictionary - a dictionary entry - consists of several zones descriptions. Each zone contains a specific type of vocabulary information. First zone - lexical input dictionary entry, vocable or lemma. Often the vocabulary is stressed. The lexical entry is usually marked in bold. Therefore, in the jargon of lexicographers and editors, this zone is often called the “black word”. In the explanatory dictionary, after the lexical entry, the zone most often follows grammar information and zone stylistic marks. In explanatory dictionaries, as grammatical information about a word, the belonging to the part of speech, characteristic grammatical forms are indicated (for example, for nouns - the form of the genitive case and an indication of the gender). The complex of stylistic marks gives an idea of the restrictions on the use of the word: literary language vs. dialects, the term follows value zone, which is divided into separate subzones:
value number;
additional grammatical and stylistic marks;
zone of interpretation;
example/illustration zone;
zone of shades of value.
In explanatory dictionaries, a dictionary entry, as a rule, consists of zone of phraseological units. Since the zone of phraseological units is usually marked with a rhombus sign, in the jargon of lexicographers it is called the "zarhombo" zone.
In addition, for a more complete description of the word, in some cases, etymological or historical information is given - zone of etymology.
On fig. 1 shows a typical dictionary entry of the Small Academic Dictionary [Dictionary of the Russian Language 1985-1988].
L
Lexical entry
1
Grammar Information
Interpretation
.
(nesov. Deprive). Leave without someone, smth., take away smth. Someone has Take away freedom. [Franz.:]Now my father threatened to kick me out and disinherit me. Pushkin, Scenes from chivalrous times [ Boris]I would rather deprive myself of many pleasures than allow myself to appear in an old uniform on the streets of Petersburg. L. Tolstoy, War and Peace. He was deprived of walks and was not even allowed to go to the hospital yard. Golubeva, Boy from Urzhum.2
Example Source
♦
Phraseology
Rice. 1 Dictionary entry of the verb deprive
Each type of linguistic dictionary is characterized by its own structure of a dictionary entry. Thus, normative and descriptive dictionaries differ not only in the choice of material, but also in its organization in the dictionary.
Normative dictionary
Lexical input (vocabulary).
Stylistic note.
Grammar information.
Interpretation.
Usage examples.
Descriptive Dictionary
Lexical input (vocabulary).
Options.
Litter of the sphere of use.
Grammar information.
Interpretation.
Usage examples.
Examples of non-standard usages.
Zone of idioms (stable combinations, phraseological units).
Thus, a descriptive type dictionary represents, if possible, all the features of the use of a word, while a normative one draws attention to the literary standard, dividing the vocabulary into stylistic areas and forming the standard of the literary language.
Frequency dictionaries, dictionaries of metaphors and epithets have a completely different structure of a dictionary entry. For example, there is practically no zone of interpretation in them.
The concept of a dictionary entry is somewhat blurred for thesauri, since they reflect the hierarchy of semantic relations within the vocabulary. If the thesaurus is a tree of genus-species relations in its pure form, then the entire text can be considered a single dictionary entry. For this reason, as noted above, in relation to the structure of the thesaurus, the concept is more often used taxon, which is understood as any set of words, phrases (and even morphemes), which is associated with a single semantic description in terms of thesaurus descriptors. In other words, a taxon is a set of units of description united into a group according to common semantic grounds of any level of abstraction.
For taxa of a high level of abstraction, it is better to talk about the hierarchical structure of the dictionary entry. The latter appears in the thesaurus as a set of hierarchically ordered terminal taxa that form taxa of higher levels.
Wed below is the set of terminal taxa that form the taxon TIME from the Thesaurus of Russian Idiomatics [Baranov, Dobrovolsky 2000]
TIME
Explanatory Translation Dictionary
Dictionary entry
an entry explaining a headword in a dictionary.
Dictionary entry
An article explaining a headword in a dictionary, dictionary nest. A group of words with the same root, presented as one dictionary entry.
Dictionary of linguistic terms
Dictionary entry
An entry in a dictionary that characterizes a particular word and includes various zones.
1. First comes the headword, designed in such a way that we can get information about its spelling, pronunciation, stress. The zone structure of a dictionary entry varies depending on the type of dictionary. It is most fully represented in explanatory dictionaries.
2. One of the main zones here is the zone of meaning: the interpretation of the lexical meaning involves establishing the number of meanings of the word and determining each meaning separately. In the explanatory dictionary, several types of word meanings are distinguished: figurative, terminological (special), phraseological.
Modern dictionaries use different ways of interpreting the meaning of words:
a) semantic (descriptive) definition (definition);
b) synonymous definition;
c) derivational definition;
d) reference definition.
3. One of the obligatory components of a dictionary entry is the zone of forms: an indication of grammatical categories (part of speech, gender, aspect, etc.), basic word forms; possible options.
4. A special component of a dictionary entry is stylistic marks that indicate varieties of book and colloquial vocabulary.
5. The next component of a dictionary entry is phraseological phrases, stable combinations of words, isolated forms that are separated by a paragraph, a rhombus, or in some other way.
6. An obligatory component of a dictionary entry is illustrations (illustrative material): phrases, quotations from works that give an additional description of the semantic and grammatical features of words, reveal the scope of their use, emphasizing their normativity, serve as a guide for modern word usage.
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