Introduction

1. Injection forms, their characteristics

1.1 Benefits and Disadvantages of Injection Introduction

1.2 Injection Drug Requirements

1.3 Classification of Injection Solutions

2. Injection solutions in pharmacy

2.1 Preparation of injection solutions without stabilizers

2.2 Preparation of injection solutions with a stabilizer

2.3 Preparation of physiological solutions in pharmacy conditions

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In modern conditions, the production pharmacy is a rational and economically favorable link in organizing the medical process. The main task is the most complete, affordable and timely satisfaction of the needs of stationary patients in drugs, disinfection solutions, dressing materials, etc.

An integral element of the completeness and availability of drugs is the presence in pharmacies, in addition to ready-made drugs, exemploral dosage forms. These are mainly medicinal products that are not produced by farm rights.

The share of infusion solutions accounts for 65% of all exempturally prepared forms: solutions of glucose, sodium chloride, potassium chloride of different concentrations, aminocaproic acid, sodium hydrocarbonate, etc.

The proportion of injection solutions in an exempher recipe for commercial pharmacies is about 15%, and in pharmacies of medical and prophylactic institutions reaches 40-50%.

Injection solutions are medicines introduced into the body using a syringe with a disruption of the integrity of the skin and mucousproof coverings, are a relatively new dosage form.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe introduction of medicinal substances through the disturbed skin arose in 1785, when the Furkru doctor with the help of special blades (scarifiers) was made on the skin of the notch and in the resulting wounds rubbed medicinal substances.

For the first time, the subcutaneous injection of drugs was carried out in early 1851 by the Russian physician of the Vladikavkaz military hospital Lazarev. In 1852, a syringe was proposed by a syringe of a modern design. From this time, the injections became a generally accepted dosage form.

1. Injection forms, their characteristics

1.1 Benefits and Disadvantages of Injection Introduction

The following advantages of the estmitoral production of injection dosage forms should be noted compared to the use of ready-made dosage forms:

Ensuring a rapid therapeutic effect;

The possibility of making medicines for a particular patient, taking into account weight, age, growth, etc. according to individual registers;

The ability to accurately dose the medicinal substance;

The injected drugs enter the bloodstream, bypassing such protective barriers of the body, as a gastrointestinal tract and liver capable of changing, and sometimes and destroy medicinal substances;

The ability to introduce medicinal substances to the patient in an unconscious state;

Brevity between the preparation and use of the drug;

The possibility of creating large stocks of sterile solutions, which facilitates and speeds up their vacation from pharmacies;

Lack of the need to correct the taste, odor, color of the dosage form;

Lower cost compared to industrial production preparations.

But the injection injection of medicines, in addition to the advantages, has the negative sides:

With the introduction of liquids through damaged covering of the skin into the blood, pathogenic microorganisms can easily enter;

Together with a solution for injection into the body, air can be introduced, causing an embolism of blood vessels or a heartfelt disorder;

Even minor amounts of extraneous impurities can have a harmful effect on the patient's body;

Psycho-emotional aspect associated with the soreness of the injection path of the introduction;

Drug injections can be carried out only by qualified specialists.

1.2 Injection Drug Requirements

The following requirements are presented to drug forms for injection: sterility, lack of mechanical impurities, resistance, apogeneity, to separate injection solutions - isotonic, which is indicated in the relevant articles or recipes.

The parenteral use of drugs involves a disruption of skin cover, which is associated with possible infection with pathogenic microorganisms and the introduction of mechanical inclusions.

Sterility Injectable solutions prepared under pharmacy conditions are ensured as a result of strict compliance with aseptic rules, as well as sterilizing these solutions. Sterilization, or in accordance with the full destruction in one or another object of viable microflora.

The aseptic conditions for the production of drugs is a complex of technological and hygienic measures to protect the product from microorganisms from entering it at all stages of the technological process.

Aseptic conditions are necessary in the manufacture of thermolabile preparations, as well as low-resistant emulsions, suspension, colloidal solutions, that is, non-sterilization preparations.

Also, no less play is the observance of the aseptic rules in the preparation of drugs with standing thermal sterilization, since this sterilization method does not exempt the product from the dead microorganisms and their toxins, which can lead to a pyrogenic reaction when injected by such a drug.

No mechanical impurities. All injection solutions should not contain any mechanical impurities and must be completely transparent. Injectable solutions may contain particles of dust, fiber materials used to filter, any other solid particles that can enter the solution from the dishes in which it is prepared. The main danger of the presence in an injection solution of solid particles is the possibility of blood blocking, which can cause a fatal outcome in case the vessels that feed the heart or the oblong brain will be clogged.

Sources of mechanical pollution may be poor-quality filtration, technological equipment, especially its driving parts surrounding air, personnel, poorly prepared ampoules.

From these sources, microorganisms, metal particles, rust, glass, wood rubber, coal, ash, starch, talc, fibers, asbestos can enter the product.

Apirogenic. Aprogeneity is called the absence of microorganisms of the metabolism of microorganisms in injection solutions - so-called pyrogenic substances, or pyrogen. Its name of pyrogens (from lat. Ruig - heat, fire) was obtained for the ability to cause an increase in temperature when entering the body, sometimes drop in blood pressure, chills, vomiting, diarrhea.

In the production of injection drugs from pyrogens is released by various physicochemical methods by passing the solution through columns with activated carbon, cellulose, membrane ultrafilters.

In accordance with the requirements of the GFC, injection solutions should not contain pyrogenic substances. To ensure this requirement, injection solutions are prepared on apirogenic water for injections (or oils) using medicines and other pyrogen auxiliary substances.

1.3 Classification of Injection Solutions

Drugs for parenteral applications are classified as follows:

Injection drugs;

Intravenous infusion drugs;

Concentrates for injection or intravenous infusion drugs;

Powders for injecting or intravenous infusion drugs;

Implants.

Injection drugs are sterile solutions, emulsions or suspensions. Injection solutions should be transparent and practically free from particles. Emulsions for injection should not detect signs of bundle. Suspension for injection when scrapping should be sufficiently stable in order to ensure the necessary dose when administered.

Intravenous infusion drugs are sterile aqueous solutions or water emulsions as a dispersion environment; Must be free from pyrogens and usually isotonic blood. Designed for use in large doses, so do not contain any antimicrobial preservatives.

Concentrates for injecting or intravenous infusion drugs are sterile solutions intended for injection or infusion. Concentrates are divorced to the specified volume and after dilution, the resulting solution must comply with the requirements for injection drugs.

Powders for injection drugs are solid sterile substances placed in the container. When shaking with the specified volume of the corresponding sterile liquid, they quickly form or transparent particle-free solution, or a homogeneous suspension. After dissolution, they must comply with the requirements for injection medicines.

Implants are sterile solid drugs having suitable sizes and shapes for parenteral implantation, and revealing actors over a long period of time. They must be packed in individual sterile containers.

2. Technology IN.

For the manufacture of injection solutions, water purified increased purity obtained by distillation or inverse osmosis (water for injection) is used.

Water for injection (Aqua Pro injectionibus) must meet the requirements for water purified, but, in addition, it must be apirogenic and not contain antimicrobial substances and other additives. Pyrogenic substances are not distilled with water vapor, but they can get into condensate with water drops, if distillation devices are not equipped with devices for separating water droplets from steam.

The collection of water for injection, like the water purified, is carried out into sterilized (treated with ferry) industrial production collections or glass cylinders, which must have the appropriate labeling (tags indicating the date of water production). It is allowed to have a daily supply of water for injection under the condition of its sterilization immediately after receiving, storage in tightly closed vessels in aseptic conditions.

In order to avoid contamination with microorganisms, the resulting pyrogen water is used to manufacture injection dosage forms immediately after distillation or for 24 hours, while maintaining at a temperature of from 5 to 10 ° C or from 80 to 95 ° C in closed containers, excluding water pollution by foreign particles and microorganisms.

For injection dosage forms manufactured in aseptic conditions and non-subsequent sterilization, water for injection is pre-sterilized with a saturated ferry.

Production and storage of apirogenic water for injection dosage forms are under systematic control of sanitary and epidemiological and monitoring and analytical services.

For the manufacture of injection and aseptic dosage forms, it is allowed to use non-aqueous solvents (fatty oils) and mixed solvents (mixtures of vegetable oils with ethyl oleathsm, benzylbenzoatom, water-glycerin, ethanolo-water-glycerin). In the composition of complex solvents, propylene glycol, PEO-400, alcohol, benzyl, etc. are used.

Non-aqueous solvents have a different solvent, antihydrolysis, bactericidal properties, are able to extend and enhance the effect of medicinal substances. Mixed solvents, as a rule, have a greater dissolving ability than each solvent separately. Co-solvents were used in the manufacture of injection solutions of substances, difficult-soluble in individual solvents (hormones, vitamins, antibiotics, etc.).

For the manufacture of injection solutions, peach oils, apricot and almond oils are used - glycerol ethers and higher fatty acids (mainly oleinova). Having a low viscosity, they relatively easily pass through the narrow channel of the syringe needle.


Injection oils are obtained by cold pressing from well dehydrated seeds. They should not contain protein, soap (<0,001 %). Обычно масло жирное содержит липазу, которая в присутствии ничтожно малого количества воды вызывают гидролиз сложноэфирной связи триглицерида с образованием свободных жирных кислот. Кислые масла раздражают нервные окончания и вызывают болезненные ощущения, поэтому кислотное число жирных масел не должно быть более 2,5 (< 1,25 % жирных кислот, в пересчете на кислоту олеиновую).

The negative properties of oil solutions are high viscosity, injection soreness, difficult oil resorption, the possibility of oula formation. To reduce negative properties in some cases, co-solvents (ethyl oleate, benzyl alcohol, benzylbenzoate, etc.) are added to oil solutions. Oils are used for the manufacture of camphor solutions, acetate retinol, synestrol, deoxyactorosterone acetate and others, mainly for intramuscular injections and is quite rare - for subcutaneous.

Ethanol.(Spiritus Aethylicus) is used as a co-solvent in the manufacture of heart glycoside solutions and as an antiseptic, the application is used as part of anti-shock liquids.

Ethanol used in injection solutions should have a high degree of purity (without impurities of aldehydes and sigh oils). Apply it in concentration up to 30%.

Ethyl alcohol is sometimes used as an intermediate solvent substances that are not soluble in water or in oil. For this substance dissolve in a minimum volume of alcohol, mixed with olive oil, and then ethanol is distilled off under vacuum and a practically molecular solution of a substance in oil is obtained. Such technological reception is used in the manufacture of oil solutions of some antitumor substances.

Alcohol Bvnzilovy SPIRITUS BENZYLICUS) - colorless, lung, neutral liquid with an aromatic smell. It is soluble in water at a concentration of about 4%, in 50% ethanol - in the ratio of 1: 1. With organic solvents mixed in all ratios. Applied as a co-solvent in oil solutions at a concentration of from 1 to 10%. It has bacteriostatic and short-term anesthetic actions.

Glycerol (Glycerinum) in concentrations up to 30% are used in injection solutions. In large concentrations, it has an irritant action due to the violation of osmotic processes in cells. Glycerin improves the solubility in the water of cardiac glycosides and others. As a dehydrating agent (under brain edema, lungs), glycerin is administered intravenously in the form of 10 to 30% solutions in isotonic sodium chloride solution.

Ethilloate(Ethylii oleas). This is a saccine ester of unsaturated fatty acids with ethanol. It is a light yellow liquid that is not soluble in water. With ethanol and oily oils, the ethyloleate is mixed in all relations. In the ethyl olete, fat soluble vitamins, hormones dissolve well. Applied in the composition of oil solutions to increase solubility and decrease in viscosity of solutions.

Benzylbenzoate (Benzylii Benzoas) - benzic acid benzyl ester - colorless, oily liquid, mixed with ethanol and oily oils, increases solubility in oils of steroid hormones, prevents crystallization of substances from oils during storage.

CONTROL QUESTIONS

1. Give the definition of "Tara". What materials are used for the manufacture of containers?

2. What types of capping agents are used in pharmacy practice?

3. How is the treatment of pharmacy containers and capping means?

4. How do the cleanliness of the dishes in pharmacy practice?

5. What is the sterilization mode of pharmacy containers and capping media?

Page 16 of 19

  1. Read the conditions for the preparation of drugs for injections.
  2. Prepare dishes and auxiliary materials.
  3. Prepare a solution for injection with the concentration of the drug over 5%.
  4. Prepare a solution for injection from a salt of a weak base and a strong acid.
  5. Prepare a solution for injection from salts of weak acid and a strong base.
  6. Prepare a solution for injection from an easily oxidizing substance.
  7. Prepare glucose solution.
  8. Prepare a solution for injection from a thermolabile.
  9. Prepare saline.

10. Calculate isotonic concentrations.
The drugs for injections include aqueous and oil solutions, suspension, emulsions, as well as sterile powders and tablets, which are dissolved in sterile water for injection immediately before administration (see the article GFC "Dosage forms for injection", p. 309).
The following basic requirements are presented to injection solutions: 1) sterility; 2) pyrogenicity;

  1. transparency and lack of mechanical inclusions;
  2. stability; 5) For some solutions, isotonic, which is indicated in the respective articles of GFH or in recipes.

As solvents, water for injection (GFH, pp. 108), peach and almond oil are used. Water for injection must meet all the requirements for distilled water and, moreover, do not contain pyrogenic substances.
The test of water and solutions for injection in the absence of pyrogenic substances is carried out according to the method specified in the GFC article ("Definition of Pirogihood", p. 953).
Apirogenic water is obtained in aseptic conditions in distillation devices with special devices for the release of water vapor from water droplets (see "Temporary instruction for receiving in pharmacies of apirogenic distilled water for injection", Appendix No. 3 to the order for the Ministry of Health of the USSR No. 573 from 30 November 1962).

Conditions for the preparation of drugs for injection

Preparation of injection dosage forms should be made in conditions that limit the possibility of microorganisms in the drug (aseptic conditions).
Aseptic - a certain mode of operation, a set of measures that allow minimizing the possibility of microflora drug pollution.
The creation of aseptic conditions is achieved by the preparation of drugs for injections in a specially equipped room, from sterile materials, in sterile dishes (for a position on aseptic room box, see the directory of the main guidelines in the pharmacy case, 1964).
Read the device, equipment and organization of work at aseptic room.
Disassemble and draw in the diary diagrams of devices of devices to obtain apirogenic water, installation for vacuum filtering, autoclave and desktop boxing.
Examine instruction manual, safety and care techniques.
Conditions of preparation, quality control and storage for injection for injection, see the order under the Ministry of Health of the USSR No. 768 of October 29, 1968 (Appendix 11).

Preparation of dishes and auxiliary materials for the manufacture of injection drugs

The flask with the peeled glass cork is thoroughly washed with the heroic, mustard powder or synthetic nice powder, until the glass surface is well degreased. Water used to rinse the flask must drain from its walls with a smooth layer, leaving the drops.
Flasks together with traffic jams are placed in a special metal bix and sterilize in the autoclave or hot air, according to the instructions of the GFC (article "Sterilization", p. 991).
Sterile flasks retain in a closed bikca until the moment of use. We also sterilize the measuring dishes, chemical glasses, stands and funnels.
Folded filters, isolated from dense high-quality filtered paper with a spatula and, if possible, without touching the hands, are cleaned each separately into parchment capsules. Packed filters are sterilized in the autoclave simultaneously with a funnel and a cotton swab. The overtakes of sterile filters are opened immediately before their use.

Preparation of solutions for injection
With concentration of drugs over 5%

Injection solutions should be prepared in the weight concentration. This requirement is becoming particularly important in the manufacture of solutions, the concentration of which is more than 5%, when there is a significant difference between the weighting and weight concentration.
Take: Sodium Salicilate Solution 20% -100.0 Give. Note. For injection.
The solution can be prepared as follows. 1. In a measuring dish, sodium salicylate (20 g) is placed in a sterile measuring flask, dissolved in part of water for injections, and then the solvent is up to 100 ml.

  1. In the absence of measuring dishes, the required amount of water is determined, taking into account the density of the solution.

The density of a 20% solution of sodium salicylate - 1.083.
100 ml of solution weigh: 100x1,083 \u003d 108.3 g.
Water for injections must be taken: 108.3-20.0 \u003d 88.3 ml. 20 g of sodium salicylate is placed in a sterile stand and dissolved in 88.3 ml of water for injection.

  1. To prepare the same solution, the amount of solvent can be calculated using the so-called substance increase ratio (see page 60).

The coefficient of increasing the volume of sodium salicylate is 0.59. Consequently, 20 g of sodium salicylate during dissolution in water increases the volume of the solution by 11.8 ml (20x0.59).
Water must be taken: 100-11.8 \u003d 88.2 ml.
The resulting sodium salicylate solution is filtered into a sterile flask through a sterile glass filter No. 3 or 4. Washing water in no case should enter the vacation flask. If necessary, filtering is repeated several times through the same filter until the solution is obtained free from any mechanical inclusions.
The flask is closed with a fitting plug, tied with moistened parchment and sterilize with a fluid ferry at 100 ° for 30 minutes.

Preparation of solutions for injection from salts of weak bases and strong acids

Solutions of alkaloid salts and synthetic nitrogen bases - morphine hydrochloride, strikhnin nitrate, novocaine, etc. - stabilize with adding 0.1 n. The solution of hydrochloric acid, which neutralizes the alcohol separated by glass, suppresses the hydrolysis reaction, oxidation of phenolic groups and the reaction of the washythiation of complex-essential bonds.
Take: Strichnina Nitrate solution 0.1% - 50.0 sterilization!
Give. Note. For injection
Check the correctness of the dosage of Strichnin nitrate (List a).
In the manufacture, it is necessary to take into account that according to the GFC (p. 653), the solution of strikhnin nitrate is stabilized with 0.1 solution of hydrochloric acid at the rate of 10 ml per 1 liter.

0.05 g of strikhnin nitrate is placed in the sterile measuring flask, dissolved in water for injections, add 0.5 ml of sterile 0.1 n. The hydrochloric acid solution (measured using a microbyretki or dosage drops) and tighten the solvent to 50 ml. The solution is filtered and sterilized at 100 ° for 30 minutes.
Solutions of salts of stronger or easily soluble bases - Codeine phosphate, Pakhicpine hydrojodide, Ephedrine hydrochloride, etc. - do not need acidification.

Preparation of solutions for injection from salts of strong bases and weak acids

The salts of strong bases and weak acids belongs to sodium nitrite, which in an acidic medium decomposes with the release of nitrogen oxides. To obtain stable solutions of sodium nitrite for injections, adding a solution of caustic soda.
In an alkaline medium, sodium thiosulfate solutions, sodium caffeine-benzoate, theophylline, was also more resistant.

Take: Sodium nitrite solution 1% -100.0 sterilization!
Give. Note. For injection
Sodium nitrite solution is prepared with the addition of 2 ml of 0.1 n. Cooking satellite solution on 1 liter of solution (GF1X, p. 473).
The sterile measuring flask is placed 1 g of sodium nitrite, dissolved in water for injections, add 0.2 ml of sterile 0.1 n. The solution of the caustic natra and fill the solvent to 100 ml. The solution is filtered and sterilized at 100 ° for 30 minutes.

Preparation of solutions for injection of easily oxidizing substances

To stabilize easily oxidizing substances (ascorbic acid, aminazine, diprage, ergotyl, Novocainamide, Vikasol, etc.), antioxidants are added to their solutions, which are strong reducing agents.
Take the acid solution ascorbinova -100.0 steriline
Give. Note for injections
But the GFH (p. 44) a solution of ascorbic acid is prepared in ascorbic acid (50 g per J L) and sodium bicarbonate (23.85 g). The need to add sodium bicarbonate to a solution of ascorbic acid is explained by the fact that it has a sharply acidic reaction of the medium. To stabilize the resulting sodium ascorbate, anhydrous sodium sulfite is added in the amount of 2 g or sodium metabisulfite in an amount of 1 g per 1 liter of solution.
5 g of ascorbic acid, 2.3 g of sodium bicarbonate and 0.2 g of anhydrous sodium sulfite (or 0.1 g of sodium metabisulfite) are placed in the sodium hydrocarbonate and 0.2 g of sodium metabisulfite) dissolved in water for injection and the volume of up to 100 ml is adjusted. The solution is poured into a sterile stand, saturated with carbon dioxide (at least 5 minutes) and filtered into the vacation flask. Sterilize the solution at 100 ° for 15 minutes.

Preparation of glucose solutions

When sterilization (especially in alkaline glass) glucose is easily subjected to oxidation and polymerization.
Take: glucose solution 40% -100.0 sterilization!
Give. Note. 20 ml for intravenous administration
Glucose solutions for GFH (p. 335) are stabilized by adding 0.26 g sodium chloride by 1 liter of solution and 0.1 n. A solution of hydrochloric acid to pH 3.0- 4.0. The specified pH value of the solution (3.0-4.0) corresponds to the addition of 5 ml of 0.1 n. hydrochloric acid solution per 1 liter of glucose solution (see GF1x, p. 462).
For the convenience of work, a sterile solution of stabilizer in propisi is prepared in advance:
Sodium chloride 5.2 g
Collected hydrochloric acid 4.4 ml of water for injection up to 1 l
The specified stabilizer is added in an amount of 5% to the glucose solution, regardless of its concentration.
In the manufacture of glucose solution, it is necessary to consider that its concentration is expressed in the weighting percentage of anhydrous glucose. The standard glucose preparation contains one molecule of crystallization water, therefore, in the manufacture of a glucose solution, the drug is taken in more than indicated in the recipe, taking into account the percentage of water.
The solution is filtered and sterilized at 100 ° for 60 minutes. Glucose solutions are tested for pyrogery.

Preparation of solutions for injection with thermolabile substances

The solutions of thermolabile substances are prepared without heat sterilization. This group includes solutions of acrycine, barbamil, barbital sodium, a hexamethylenetetramine lactate lactate, Salicylate Fisostigmia, apomorphine hydrochloride.
Take: Bbital-sodium solution 5% -50.0 sterilization!
Give. Note. For injection
Aseptic conditions are tested 2.5 g of barbittal-sodium, placed in a sterile measuring flask, dissolved in sterile chilled water for injections, the volume is adjusted to 50 ml. The solution is filtered into the vacation flask under the glass cap. We release a solution with a label: "prepared aseptically".
Solutions for injection from thermolabile can be prepared according to the instructions of the GFC (p. 992). 0.5% phenol or 0.3% tricksol are added to the solutions, after which the flask is immersed in water, heated to 80 ° and kept at least 30 minutes at this temperature.

Preparation of physiological (plasma-substituting and anti-shock) solutions

Physiological is called solutions capable of maintaining the livelihood of organism cells without causing serious shifts of physiological equilibrium. Examples of physiological solutions can serve as solutions of Ringer, Ringer-Locke, salt infusion of various composition, Petrova liquid, etc.
Take: Ringer's solution - Locke 1000.0 sterilization!
Give. Note. For intravenous administration
Ringer-Locke solution is prepared according to the following register:
Sodium chloride 8.0 sodium hydrocarbonate 0.2 potassium chloride chloride 0.2 calcium chloride 0.2 glucose 1.0
Water for injection up to 1000.0
A feature in the manufacture of the Ringer-Locke solution is that a sterile sterile solution of sodium bicarbonate and a sterile solution of the remaining ingredients are prepared separately. Solutions are poured before administration of the patient. A separate manufacture of solutions eliminates the possibility of calcium carbonate precipitate.
In terms of water for injections, sodium chlorides, potassium, calcium and glucose are dissolved, the solution is filtered and sterilized at 100 ° for 30 minutes. In another part of the water, sodium bicarbonate is dissolved, the solution is filtered, if possible, is saturated with carbon dioxide, tightly collapsed and sterilized at 100 ° for 30 minutes. Sodium bicarbonate solution is opened after complete cooling.
In the manufacture of a small volume of the ringer-locker solution (100 ml), sterile concentrated salts solutions can be used, dosing them with drops: sodium hydrocarbonate solution 5%, potassium chloride solution 10%. Calcium chloride solution is 10%.

Calculations of isotonic concentrations

For the determination of isotonic concentrations, three basic methods of calculation are used: 1) the calculation based on the law of Vant-Gooff; 2) the calculation based on the law of Raul; 3) Calculation using isotonic equivalents by sodium chloride.

Ship power plant generates electricity to the necessary parameters and distributes it between ship consumers in accordance with the vessel's work modes. It should ensure the uninterrupted supply of high-quality electricity of all responsible consumers in all modes of the vessel and meet the requirements of simplicity, convenience of service, high reliability with minimally possible initial cost, mass, dimensions and operating costs.

By appointment, ship power plants are divided into main, general public and emergency. The main power plants provide power supply to the electricity of rowing electric motors of diesel-electric power plants and are part of the rowing electric power plants. On some vessels with DUP, partial or complete power selection may be provided from the main power plant to other ship consumers.

Ship power plant (general public appointment) produces electricity to power all ship consumers at all major vessel operation modes.

Emergency power plant feeds electricity limited number of vital consumers in case of failure of the ship power plant.

By the nature of the current, ship power plants are divided into variable and direct current power plants.

Almost all the auxiliary mechanisms of marine courts are electric drive. As a rule, the pumps, fans, compressors, etc. are actuated from electric motors, both serving power installation and ship systems and other needs. Widely applied on maritime ships Electrified shipping mechanisms: cargo winches and cranes, bragile, mooring spiers, boat winches, etc. Electrohydraulic, as a rule, are motor steering engines. In recent years, hydraulic winches, cranes, stuck, etc. have become increasingly wide. Hydraulic devices of these mechanisms, as well as mechanized closures of trucks are served by electric oil pumps.

Thus, both on the heights and on ships with other types of installations, almost all the auxiliary mechanisms are electricity consumers. Only turbine pumps on ships with steam turbine plants are driven by steam turbine. Other steam mechanisms used on the ships of the sea fleet, as a rule, are either backup, or work relatively briefly. So on tankers often use turbitated cargo pumps and piston steam enrollment pumps operating only during the unloading period, as well as some other briefly working steam mechanisms, for example, wrapped and hose winches.

To ensure the work of all auxiliary electrical devices and systems necessary to maintain the operational state of the vessel and the normal conditions of inhabitability on it, auxiliary engines are envisaged on the ship's energy installation. They are powered by electric current generators providing the load of the ship power station located in the engine room itself. In addition to these purposes, electricity is necessary to ensure the safety of the vessel and people in various emergency situations.

The main source of electricity should consist of at least two generators. The generator power should be such that when stopping one of them, it was enough to power the devices and systems that ensure normal operational conditions of movement and safety of the vessel, as well as maintaining a minimum of crew and passengers comfort. The operation of devices and cooking systems, heating, household refrigerators and artificial ventilation, fresh water and water supply for sanitary needs. At the failure of one of the generators or the primary source of energy, the remaining should ensure the operation of electrical devices and systems needed to start the main mechanisms in the non-working state of the vessel.

On steam-turbine courts, ship power plant generators are powered by auxiliary steam turbines. As a rule, auxiliary turbogenerators use couples of the same parameters as the main turbo-block unit. Steam turbine provides the generator drive through a single-stage gearbox and has an independent condenser. As an example, the parameters of a domestic turbogenerator with a capacity of 600 kW can be given. The frequency of rotation of the turbine is 8.5 thousand rpm, and the generator makes 1 thousand rpm. The turbine has seven active pressure steps.

Couples from auxiliary boilers can be used for turbogenerators, the steam consumption is 7-9 kg / kW * h. On ships with gas turbine installations, the power plant load can be provided by gas turbine generators.

On the heaters as engines to drive generators, they serve mainly medium-turn and high-speed diesel engines with direct transmission of power to the generator with an aggregate power up to 1000 kW and more.

To obtain electricity, power is often used from a passable installation on a volatornel. If there is a wallet generator, the auxiliary diesel generators in the running mode do not work. This increases the resource of diesel generators and saves fuel in operation. Wine generators are advisable to apply in cases where the main engine operates for a long time with a constant, close to the nominal, little changing mode (with a high percentage of time in operation). When installing a holotherapor, it is necessary that with a decrease in the rotation frequency of the grinding below 80% of the nominal it automatically disconnected from the distribution shield, and the backup diesel generator turned into operation to ensure the electricity of consumers in the running mode. On the shutdown of volators and the inclusion of a backup diesel generator is spent 10-15 s, therefore, for uninterrupted power supply to consumers that do not allow its break (steering, alarm, automation, etc.), the buffer battery is automatically included in Power supply.

The load of the power plant in the running mode can be provided with electricity and from the utilization turbine generator on diesel ships with the main engine capacity above 10 thousand kW. However, it is possible to fully meet the needs of the vessel in a pair and electricity at the expense of utilization systems, with the power of the main engine more than 15 thousand kW (for the mode of at least 90% of the nominal). For typical shipping turbogenerators, the following initial parameters are taken: steam pressure in 0.6 MPa separator, pressure of superheated steam 0.5 MPa, and its temperature 255-285 ° C, pressure in the condenser 0.005-0.006 MPa. Based on the experience of the operation of recycling turbogenerators on ships, the following conclusions can be drawn:

  • - parallel operation of the turbogenerator and diesel generator is much more economical and more reliable than the operation of the turbogenerator from the recycling and auxiliary boilers;
  • - more efficient parallel operation of the turbogenerator and void, because The latter can provide any, the smallest missing power;
  • - The parallel operation of the turbogenerator from the utilization and auxiliary boilers is convenient only during the washing of tanks, when burning fuel wastes and the production of inert gases on the go.

For most transport vessels, the use of recycling turbogenerators to ensure the load of the ship power plant is possible from the capacity of about 7 thousand kW for medium-round diesel engines, about 10 thousand kW for low-speed diesel engines with a straight-sensitive-valve blowing (Burmeister and Vine) and 15 thousand kW for low-speed diesel engines with contour (looping) purge (MAN and Zulzer).

As a rule, 3-4 diesel generators are installed on the new cargo transport diesel vessels with a screw step screw, and if power allows, then 2 is 3 diesel generator and utilization turbogenerator. In the presence of the adjustable steps screws, 2 (less often 3) diesel generator and voids are installed.

On ships with parroid turbine plants, the power plant often includes two turbogenerator, of which one is a backup, and a diesel generator, working during the vessel parking, when shipping freight mechanisms do not work, and boilers are inactive.