The results of agrochemical soil surveys are the basis for the development of a scientifically based fertilization system and measures to increase soil fertility and crop yields. They are used to determine the need and compile fertilizer application plans to develop recommendations for design and estimate documentation, cultivating crops on intensive technologies, growing programmed crops and for other targets for agrochemical service at all levels of agricultural production.

The main tasks of agrochemical soil surveys are:

1) obtaining reliable and objective information on the state of soil fertility;

2) system analysis and evaluation of the information obtained;

3) passportization and complex assessment of soil fertility of each land plot (fields);

4) certification of soils of land plots;

5) Development and annual representation by the government of the Russian Federation of the National Report on the State of Soil Fertility, agricultural use; Similar work is performed at the regional and local levels;

6) the development of targeted programs in the field of ensuring the fertile dius of soils of agricultural land at the federal, registration, district and economic levels;

7) Development of crop production projects (grains, potatoes, vegetables, fruit and berry products, grapes, feed, etc.).

Of particular importance in the increased efficiency of mineral and organic fertilizers is now becoming rational use. That is, the contribution depending on the fertility of soils on each specific field and the needs of the seeded culture.

Fertilizer is a strong means of increasing crop crops. They give at least half of the harvest increase.

According to the results of soil tests, agrochemical car-draws are compiled on scale (more often than 1: 10,000) and recommendations for applying fertilizers.

Conducting agrochemical soil surveys

Agrochemical soil survey includes several stages.

The first step is to prepare for agrochemical examination. At this stage, all available data for each particular land plot (soil cards, cadastral number, indicators of previous agrochemical surveys, etc.) are collected, analyzed are systematized and summarized. With the help of modern space shots and cards of the intra-economic device, the contour of land is allocated.

Another 10 years ago, the traditional examination was carried out manually, and most importantly, without precise binding to the area. And the dimensions and location of the elementary section were determined by "to the eye", approximately, that accordingly gave an approximate result. This especially affects the comparison of the analysis results for different years, since the next time the test is not taken at the same place as, for example, a year ago, but with a mistake in tens of meters or more.

On the other hand, there is almost everywhere there is a wide variation of agrochemical indicators on the arable squares of our country. Studies conducted on Agro polygon of the All-Russian Research Institute of Agrochemistry. D.N. Spicynikov, in particular, showed that on a plot of 4 hectares, separated by 400 isometric (10 x 10 m) of the plot, the content of humus on individual defensions ranged from 1.15 to 3.1%, that is, according to the adopted gradation, from very Low to high security.

The latest achievements of science and technology, especially in the field of information technologies, allow you to reach a qualitatively new level of soil surveys.

For agrochemical examination, the "accurate" method uses remote sensing data (spaces), GPS GLONASS receivers and automatic samplers. The use of modern technologies allows you to obtain more accurate maps of the spatial distribution of agrochemical parameters within each field.

Then, before selecting soil samples, it is necessary to determine the size of the elementary section from which one combined sample will be taken.

The maximum permissible dimensions of the elementary sections for the North-West of Russia are 5 hectares. With the annual application of phosphoric fertilizers, more than 90 kg D.V. / ha Sizes of elementary sections are reduced to 2 hectares, at 60-90 kg D.V. / ha - 4 hectares, on irrigated lands - 2 hectares. Also, when ordering an agrochemical examination at the request of the customer, elementary areas can be reduced (up to 1 hectare), for example, in small fields under vegetable cultures.

In the development of the map of elementary areas, the soil differences of the fields, the granulometric composition of the soil, relief, etc., so that the elementary area is as uniform as possible (for example, a sharp boundary of the transition of marshet and dend-podzolic soils, ferrous-carbonate and densit and weak-casual and T .d.).

Each elementary area is assigned a unique number. Preliminary route moves are applied.

The next stage of the agrochemical survey lands is sampling.

The geographically attached fields and route moves are enchanted on the elementary sections and route. Arriving on the field, the agrochemistry in real time clearly sees, on which elementary plot it is located, as well as the route step by which it should move.

Moving along the rating move, the agrochemistry manually selects point samples on the elementary plot. Also, our agrochemical service applies automatic samplers. The entire path has been recorded in the GPS GLONASS navigator, so that, even in a few years this field can be passed absolutely so the same route, as well as clarify the contour of the fields and their shape.

From the point samples of one elementary section (about 40 point samples) constitute a combined sample.

The next stage of the agrochemical survey lands is the analysis of selected samples in the laboratory.

Selected and marked samples are transmitted to the laboratory for research. Samples are investigated on the main fertility indicators (pH, movable phosphorus and potassium, magnesium, calcium, hydrolytic acidity, organic substance, etc.). By request of the clients, the list of indicators under study can be expanded.

The last stage of the agrochemical examination of the land is the generalization of the data and the preparation of the issuance of the survey.

All collected data (research, navigator tracks, electronic cards) are processed using a special GIS program (geographic information system).

The customer is issued:

1. Cartograms by acidity, the content of moving molds of phosphorus and potassium, organic substance, granulometric composition on paper and electronic media.

2. Deliven note.

3. As the customer's desire can be calculated doses of fertilizers for specific cultures.

Electronic maps consequently can be easily used in programs for accurate farming or any other GIS systems.

To help the agronomas of the FSBI CAC "Velikolukska" also provides the program of electronic books, which allows you to store and systematize all the information on each field of farm.

A modern approach is one of the main elements of the "accurate farming", which today is rapidly developing throughout the world and is considered to be very promising in many ways.

Soil availability control with nutritional elements for plants is a task of agrochemical monitoring. The unified state agrochemical service was established in our country in 1964. It was included in the system of agronomic service of agricultural enterprises and had numerous functions. In a short time, 197 zonal agrochemical laboratories were created, which were scientific and production institutions equipped with the necessary equipment for field and laboratory research, cartographic works, setting field experiments with fertilizers, harvest quality control, etc. In their competence there was a regular agrochemical Land surveys collective farms and state farms, development of recommendations on the rational application of fertilizers, i.e., in fact, it was planned monitoring research.

Currently, this service is converted and on the basis of zonal agrochemical laboratories created state centers of the agrochemical service. These organizations conduct control of soil availability by moving forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, microelements, monitoring humus state.

For the purposes of agrochemical monitoring, the methods for determining the content of nutrition elements in the soil were developed, were developed and unified. Most of these methods are registered in the form of state standards (guests), which made it possible to obtain comparable results.

Methods for determining the indicators of individual properties are differentiated for soils of different types. For example, the content of movable phosphorus is determined by one of three methods: Kirsanova (for acidic soils, GOST 26207), Chirikova (for sodium-podzolic and gray forest soils, necarbonate chernozem, GOST 26204), Machina (for carbonate soils, GOST 26205). Since the assessment of the soil fertility is carried out on the basis of their comprehensive characteristics, the information on the content of moving compounds of nutrition elements is complemented by data on their total content in the soil. Based on the results obtained, the soil assessment is carried out in the content of the main elements of nutrition - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (Table 10.10-10.13). Taking into account the grouping on the content of mobile forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is composed of soil availability cartograms with nutrition elements that serve as the basis for rational adjustment of the level of efficient fertility by entering fertilizers.

An important step of agrochemical monitoring is to carry out balance sheet calculations, taking into account the deposancy of chemical elements with harvest. Based on this, the doses of mineral and organic fertilizers are calculated to replenish the removal of plant nutrition and support efficient soil fertility at the required level.


Recently, the development of multi-element diagnostics of plants mineral nutrition is being developed. This type of diagnosis involves to take into account not only the provision of plants N, P, K, but also the ratio between the main elements of nutrition and microelements, characterizing the balance of batteries in the soil environment. Agrochemical monitoring includes both the humus state of soil.

At the present stage, the tasks of state centers of the agrochemical service include both pollution of arable land with heavy metals, and therefore, in parallel with the agrochemical mapping, large-scale soil mapping is carried out in order to their environmental-toxicological assessment on the maintenance of heavy metals, arsenic and fluorine. The assessment is carried out in accordance with the PDC levels and the ADC of these elements for soil. Land surveys for the purpose of assessing pollution is carried out since 1991 in the units of the agrochim services.

The results showed that at present in the Russian Federation in a number of regions, soil pollution is observed in heavy metals. It has been established that in the arable soils of the Astrakhan, Bryansk, Volgograd, Voronezh, Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, Kostroma, Kurgan, Leningrad, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg, Samara, Sverdlovsk, Sakhalin, Ulyanovsk regions, the Republic of Buryatia, Mordovia, Krasnoyarsk and Primorsky Territory, there is an excess MPC for three and more elements. Soil contamination occurs predominantly copper (3.8% of the area have contamination above the MPC), cobalt (1.9%), lead (1.7%), cadmium and chrome (0.6%).

In the arable soils of Vladimir, Tverskaya, Yaroslavl, Kirovskaya, Tambov, Rostov, Penza, Saratovskaya, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Chita, the Amur regions of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tuva, Kabardino-Balkarikaria, Tatarstan, Kalmykia, the Krasnodar Territory. Excess Metal PDC is not found.

Types of universal soil environmental monitoring

Agrochemical surveys of arable land

Obtaining high yields in conditions of deficiency in fertilizer, pesticides and fuel Lubricants in most agricultural producers require accurate determination of plant needs in elements of mineral nutrition, competent calculation of doses, deadlines and methods of their introduction. Successfully implement these requirements is possible only on the basis of comprehensive field surveys.

In the farms in which fertilizer costs make a significant article of the cost of hectares, it is not worth saving on agrochemical examination. For the effective use of funds spent on fertilizers, it is advisable to use not only data of agrochemical examination of fields, and the results of a comprehensive soil survey with the preparation of agro-ecological maps and agrochemical field passports. The fact is that the level of mineral nutrition is far from the only natural factor capable of limiting the crop crop. According to the agrochemical examination, only the rate of fertilizer is determined in order for the level of mineral nutrition to comply with the level of the planned crop. However, other factors (for example, moisture supply, soil density, etc.) may not allow to obtain a planned harvest. Therefore, it is advisable to increase the norms of fertilizer's fertilizers on homogeneous fields with the best lands (expecting a greater harvest) and minimize the costs of the worst fields (where other natural factors prevent high harvest). In the first case, land users receive a decrease in production costs due to increased yield and product quality, and in the second lower cost, minimizing the investments on the hectare of Pashnya.

In addition, all agricultural producers need to remember that in accordance with the methodological instructions for comprehensive monitoring of soil fertility of agricultural land, approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation on September 24, 2003 and the Federal Law of July 16, 1998 No. 101-FZ "On State Regulation ensuring fertility of agricultural land "In order to control the fertility of soils of land plots of agricultural purposes, agrochemical surveys should be carried out once every 5 years. Soils are subject to soils of all agricultural land associations of peasant farms, agricultural cooperatives, joint-stock companies, etc., which are engaged in agricultural production. However, during the events of state land surveillance in 2012-2014, it turned out that agrochemical surveys of the Volgograd region are not carried out in many farms of the Volgograd region, applications are not submitted and there are no contracts for conducting surveys, that is, the owners do not have information about the agrochemical indicators used Land plots. Consequently, land users do not control the ecological and toxicological and sanitary and hygienic state of land plots and do not control the state of soil fertility. As a result, state inspections of land supervision have to apply administrative measures to them.

In the territory of the Volgograd region, land users services for a comprehensive agrochemical survey are provided by the Volgograd branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rostov Reference Center Rosselkhoznadzor". The testing laboratory of the institution is equipped with the most modern analytical equipment, and the staff of highly qualified specialists provides accurate results and their analysis. Sampling is used using GLONASS / GPS technologies and high-resolution space. According to the results of land users' surveys are provided with agrochemical cartograms of agricultural land, passports of fields, recommendations for applying fertilizers for each specific field, allowing them to ensure high harvest when optimizing fertilizer's costs.

The institution actively works both with large agricultural producers of the region and with small farms and peasant farms. At the end of 2014, experts from the department of soil and agrochemical studies of the institution conducted surveys on a total area of \u200b\u200bmore than 90 thousand hectares. At the requests of land users, in parallel with the agrochemical survey, systematic quarantine phytosanitary surveys of land can be carried out with the provision of a full package of documents in accordance with the requirements of the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia No. 160.

Plan lesson:

1. The subject, methods and objectives of the agrochemical survey. The value of agrochemical soil surveys.

1. The subject, methods and objectives of the agrochemical survey. The value of agrochemical soil surveys. In recent decades, the anthropogenic impact on natural objects has significantly increased, including the soil cover of GholandShafts. Land degradation in certain regions reached a critical level when the restoration of the properties of soils and primarily their fertility has practically impossible without purposeful environmental activities.

Plans of environmental measures and their implementation can be implemented only on the basis of full information on the state of environmental environment, including soil cover. An important role in this is intended to play systematic control over the state of soils of agricultural land. The optimal form of organization and implementation of such control is the complex agrochemical monitoring, which unites various areas of work on the soil surveys of agricultural land: agrochemical, toxicological, radiological, coat. Taking into account the experience of these works by the agrochemical service of Russia, this monitoring can be implemented as a comprehensive large-scale survey of soils of agricultural land with design and survey centers (stations) of the chemical system of the agrochemical service. The relevance of such an approach is due to the introduction of various forms of management in agricultural production, which leads to the complication of the interaction of land user with the environment.


In these directions, a methodology for conducting a comprehensive agrochemical survey of soils of agricultural land, the results of which can be used to maintain and increase their fertility, reducing and preventing negative anthropogenic effects on the soil, improving the quality of the crop.

The application of these indications does not cancel the conduct of systematic special agrochemical, toxicological, radiological and hebological surveys.

A comprehensive agrochemical survey of agricultural soils is carried out in order to control and evaluate the change in soil fertility, the nature and level of pollution under the influence of anthropogenic factors for creating data banks (working sites, conducting continuous certification of land (workers), soil sections.

The main tasks of agrochemical monitoring of the state of land are:

timely detection of changes in the state of fertility of agricultural land;

their assessment, forecast for the future and the adoption of the necessary measures to preserve and improve soil fertility;

information support of land cadastre and state control of soil fertility and land protection.

The results of agrochemical surveys are used in the development of technologies, recommendations and design and estimate documentation for the use of chemicalization tools, as well as a scientifically substantiated definition of the need and distribution of mineral fertilizers at all levels of agricultural production, in the certification of soils of land plots and soils, under the cadastral assessment of land.

Agrochemical survey of soil is carried out by experts on the certification of land plots, specialists of the departments of soil and agrochemical surveys of state, republican, regional, regional centers (stations) of the agrochim services. In the production necessity, specialists of other departments of the centers (stations) of the chemical system of agrochim services, district (inter-district), economic (intercourse) agrochemical laboratories may be involved, which have passed the relevant training courses.

The soil of collective farms of state farms, peasant (farmer) farms and other land users is subject to agrochemical survey.

The soil of all types of agricultural land is subject to agrochemical survey - Pashnya, Senokosov,. Pasture and numerous plantings.

In order to preserve the continuity of information in an agrochemical examination, the grid of elementary sections of the previous survey is used.

A comprehensive agrochemical examination is carried out on the basis of the simultaneous selection of soil samples with the purpose of landscape-agrochemical, ecological and toxicological, hebological and radiological assessment and controlling changes; Environmental condition and fertility of agricultural soils:

Landscape-agrochemical assessment is carried out on each workstation based on the analysis of the agrochemical properties of the soils defined in the combined samples selected from the elementary sections that constitute a single array of the working area;

Ecological and toxicological assessment is carried out according to the results of analyzes of soil samples on the content of residual amounts of stable (promising) pesticides and heavy metals and on the basis of visual control of herbicidal phytotoxicity during the agrochemical examination;


The hebological assessment is carried out by determining the degree of cloghood during the selection of soil samples; The composition and the number of seeds of weed plants is determined by performing special analysis;

Radiological assessment is made by measuring the gamma background on each elementary area at 8 points during the selection of soil samples (in case of exceeding the allowable levels, a more detailed examination is carried out).

According to the results of a comprehensive survey, information is issued for each working plot and on all land use.

The results of a comprehensive agrochemical soil survey are used for:

drawing up quality certificates for working sections;

Developing technology for the production of environmentally friendly crop production and efficient use of agricultural land;

compiling "environmental passports in the land of all types of agricultural land use;

Current and long-term planning for the use of land fund and agricultural production specialization;

allocations of micro recruitment, reserves and territories of biological farming;

identifying potential and real sources of soil contamination with agrochemical toxicants. and technogenic pollutants in order to reduce and prevent their negative impact on the state of agrocenosis and the quality of agricultural products.

Scientific and methodological guidance on work on a comprehensive agrochemical survey is carried out by the Central Research Institute of Agricultural Services of Agriculture (Qinao) of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia.

The frequency of agrochemical surveys of soil is determined for various natural and economic regions and zones of the Russian Federation.

Dates of repeated surveys:

For farms that apply more than 60 kg / ha d. For each type of mineral fertilizers - 5 years;

For farms with an average level of applying fertilizers (30-60 kg / ha d.) For each type - 5-7 years;

For irrigated agricultural land - 3 years;

For drained agricultural land - 3-5 years;

For state-part, experimental chemicalization farms and in the introduction of innovative projects (regardless of the amount of fertilizer used) - 3 years;

At the request of farms that apply high doses of fertilizers, the timing is allowed to be reduced between repeated surveys.

Agrochemical survey of soil is carried out in accordance with the work plans agreed with regional agricultural management bodies, as well as with the leaders of farmer (peasant) farms, collective farms, cooperatives and other forms of ownership.

In terms of work, the annual volumes of soil areas subject to survey by type of land, the number of agrochemical analyzes by type indicating the methods of their implementation are determined. The order of work on administrative districts is established. Agrochemical survey of the soil administrative district should be held in one field season.

The work plan for the current year is drawn up by the head of the department of soil and agrochemical surveys.

The area of \u200b\u200bagricultural land to be surveyed is taken into account as of January 1 of the preceding agrochemical survey of the year.

The approved plan of work on agrochemical surveys of soil is brought to customers no later than November 15 preceding the agrochemical survey of the year.

The conclusion of contracts with farms to carry out agrochemical surveys of soil is carried out no later than December 15 of the preinfilled agrochemical survey of the year.

The plan for agrochemical surveys for each economy is communicated to specific performers no later than one month before the start of the field season. Monthly work planning is carried out by tasks.

In the department of soil and agrochemical surveys, field groups are organized in the head of the head of the group, the main, leading, senior specialists and specialists of soil scientists. The number and composition of groups are determined by the volume of soil-agrochemical surveys.

The head of the soil and agrochemical survey department is responsible for planning, organizing and quality for agrochemical surveys of soil and compliance with contractual obligations.