According to the Federal Law "On Electrical Engineering", OJSC FGC UES is responsible for the technological management of the Unified National Electrical Network (ENA). At the same time, issues of a clear distinction between the functional between OEU OJSC, carrying out a single dispatching control of electric power industry, and network companies. This led to the need to create an effective structure of the operational and technological management of facilities of OJSC FGC UES, whose tasks include:
ensuring the reliable functioning of ENA objects and the execution of the technological modes of operation of the LEP, equipment and devices of ENEC facilities;
ensuring proper quality and safety of works during operation of UNEE facilities;
the creation of a unified system for training operational personnel to perform OTU functions;
ensuring the technological equipment and availability of operational personnel to the implementation of dispatching teams (orders) of CO and teams (confirmation) of operational staff TSUS FGC UES;
ensuring the reduction of the number of technological disorders associated with the erroneous actions of operational personnel;
in collaboration and in coordination with OJSC "with UES" participation in the development and implementation of UNEG development programs in order to increase the reliability of the transfer of electrical energy, observability and manageability of the network, the quality of electrical energy;
planning for repair activities, commissioning, modernization / reconstruction and maintenance of LEP, power grid equipment and devices for the upcoming period;
Development in accordance with the requirements of OAO OJSC, coordination and approval in the prescribed manner of charts of emergency restriction of the regime of electrical energy consumption and the implementation of actual actions for the commissioning of emergency restrictions on the dispatching team (Order) of JSC "SEU";
Perform the tasks of OEU OJSC on connecting the facilities of the FGC electric grid economy and power receiving installations of electrical energy consumers under the action of anti-emergency automation.

To fulfill the tasks of OJSC FGC UES developed and approved the concept of the operational and technological management of UNEE facilities. In accordance with this concept, a four-level organizational structure (with a three-level management system) is being created: the executive office, the MES head Tsus, TSUS PMES and operational substation staff.

The following functions are distributed between the corresponding levels of the organizational structure:
IA FGC - informational and analytical;
Head Tsus MES - informational and analytical and non-operating;
TSUS PMES - inoperative and operating;
Substation staff - Operational.

At the same time, the inoperative functions include tasks such as monitoring the network status. The adoption by the network management centers for operating functions related to the returns to the transit production of switchings requires high qualifications of operational personnel, as well as the corresponding technical equipment of the TSUS.

In order to increase the cost-effectiveness and reliability of transmission and distribution of electricity and power due to the automation of operational technological management processes based on modern information technologies, the network management centers of JSC FGC UES are equipped with software and technical complexes (PTC), allowing to automate such processes as monitoring modes Equipment, switching in strict accordance with the approved program and others. Thus, due to automation of OTU, the reliability of electrical networks is significantly increased, the accident rate is reduced due to the exclusion of operational personnel errors, the number of necessary operational personnel is minimized.

It is worth noting that the technical policy of OJSC FGC UES in new construction and reconstruction is envisaged:
Ensuring energy security and sustainable development of Russia;
ensuring the required indicators of the reliability of the services provided for transmission of electricity;
ensuring the free functioning of the electricity market;
improving the efficiency of operation and development of ENA;
ensuring the safety of production personnel;
Reducing the effect of ENA on the environment;
Along with the use of new types of equipment and management systems, ensuring the preparation of the PS to work without permanent service personnel.

Currently, the schemes of primary electrical connections of existing PS are oriented to equipment that requires rapid maintenance, therefore, provide redundant in modern criteria for the ratio of the number of switching apparatuses and connections. This is the cause of a significant number of serious technological violations due to the fault of operational personnel.

Now the automation of technological processes is made on 79 PS ENEC, 42 ps are at the execution stage. Therefore, the main scheme of the organization's organization is oriented primarily on the 24-hour stay on them by serving (operational) personnel controlling the state of the object and performing operational switching.

Operational maintenance of PS ENPP includes:
Monitoring of the state of ENES - control of the state of equipment, analysis of the operational situation at ENA objects;
organization of operational action on the localization of technological disorders and restoration of ENA modes;
organization of operational maintenance of the PS, the production of operational switching, regime and scheme ensuring the safe production of repair and operational work in electrical networks related to ENA;
Performing operational personnel of operating functions for the production of switching in ENA.

Planning and organization:
Planning repairs in accordance with the schedules of planned-preventive repairs with the determination of workshops based on the assessment of the technical condition, using modern methods and diagnostic tools, incl. without the output of equipment from work;
conducting a comprehensive examination and technical inspection of equipment that has developed its regulatory service life to extend the service life;
Development of proposals for modernization, replacement of equipment, improving design solutions;
optimization of financing operations, maintenance and repair by determining the volume of repair work on the basis of the actual state;
reduction of costs and losses;
Improving organizational management and service structures;
organization of training, retraining and advanced training in accordance with the SOPA-1-2005 standard;
analysis of parameters and indicators of the technical condition of equipment, buildings and structures before and after repair based on the results of diagnostics;
Optimization of emergency reserve equipment and elements of VL;
The solution of technical problems during operation and construction is issued in the form of information letters, operational instructions, circulars, technical solutions with the status of the obligation of execution, orders, orders, meetings and other management decisions.

Monitoring and reliability management of UNES:
organization of control and analysis of equipment accidents;
Evaluation and control of reliability of power supply;
Creating an appropriate information base.


Creating fully automated substations
Without service personnel.
Digital substations

To eliminate the dependence of the trouble-free operation of the network company from the qualifications, training and concentration of operational and relay personnel, it is advisable to distribute a long time of automation of technological processes - relay sewn, technological automation (ATV, AVR, RPN, AOT, etc.), anti-emergency automation - on Production of operational switching. To do this, first of all, it is necessary to significantly increase the observability of technical parameters, to ensure control, the dentusion of the situation, the effective operational blocking of switching apparatuses, the automation of control influences. Used power equipment must be adapted to the latest management, protection and monitoring systems.

When deploying microprocessor devices, preference should be given to devices designed to work as part of automated systems. Autonomous devices must be applied only in the absence of system analogs. In this regard, on the facilities of OJSC FGC UES in a centralized manner, the possibilities of using microprocessor devices with closed exchange protocols, devices that do not support work in the standard of one time should be excluded.

The architecture and functionality of the automated system for controlling the technological processes of the substation (ACS of TP PS) as the integrator of all Functional PS functional systems is determined by the level of development of equipment intended for collecting and processing information on the PS to issue management solutions and impacts. Since the start of development in the domestic power industry, the projects of ACS TP PS occurred a significant development of hardware and software management systems for use on electrical substations. High-voltage digital measuring transformers of current and voltage appeared; Primary and secondary power grid equipment with built-in communication ports are being developed, microprocessor controllers equipped with development tools, on the basis of which the Creating a reliable software and hardware complex PS is being created, the International Standard of IEC 61850 is adopted, which regulates the submission of PS data as an automation object, as well as protocols Digital data exchange between microprocessor intelligent PS electronic devices, including control and control devices, relay protection and automation (PZA), anti-emergency automation (PA), telemechanics, electricity meters, power equipment, current and voltage transformers, switching equipment, etc. .

All this creates prerequisites for building a new generation substation - a digital substation (CPS).

Under this, the term is understood as the PS using integrated digital measurement systems, relay protection, control of high-voltage equipment, current transformers and voltage and digital control circuits embedded in switching equipment operating on a single standard information exchange protocol - IEC 61850.

The introduction of CPS technologies provides advantage over traditional PS at all stages of the implementation and operation of the facility.

Stage "Design":
simplifying the design of cable connections and systems;
transmission of data without distortion into almost unlimited distances;
reducing the number of equipment units;
Unlimited data recipients. The distribution of information is carried out by means of Ethernet networks, which allows you to transmit data from one source to any device at the substation or beyond;
reduction of time on the interchange of individual subsystems due to the high degree of standardization;
Reducing the complexity of metrological sections of projects;

Unity of measurements. Measurements are performed by one high-precision measuring instrument. Measurement recipients receive the same data from one source. All measuring instruments are included in a single clock synchronization system;
the ability to create typical solutions for objects of different topological configuration and extension;
The possibility of preliminary modeling the system as a whole to determine the "narrow" places and non-stations in various modes of operation;
Reducing the time consideration of reflashing in the case of changes and additions to the project.

Stage "Construction and installation work":
reduction of the most time-consuming and non-technological types of installation and commissioning, associated with gasket and testing secondary chains;
more thorough and comprehensive testing of the system due to extensive opportunities to create various behavioral scenarios and their modeling in digital form;
reduction of expenses for unproductive personnel movements due to the possibility of centralized configuration and control of work parameters;
Reducing the cost of the cable system. Digital secondary chains allow multiplexing signals, which involves two-sided transmission through one cable of a large number of signals from different devices. It is enough to lay one optical trunk cable to distribute devices instead of tens, or even hundreds of analog copper chains.

Stage "Operation":
A comprehensive diagnostic system that covers not only intelligent devices, but also passive measuring transducers and their secondary chains, allows you to establish the place and cause of failures, as well as identify pre-public states;
Monitoring the integrity of the lines. The digital line is constantly monitored, even if it does not transmit significant information;
Protection against electromagnetic interference. The use of fiber optic cables provides full protection against electromagnetic interference in data transfer channels;
Easy service and operation. The rechargement of digital circuits is much simpler than to overcommodation of the analog circuits;
reducing repair time due to a broad sentence in the market of devices of various manufacturers compatible with each other (the principle of interoperability);
The transition to the event method of servicing equipment due to the absolute observability of technological processes makes it possible to reduce operation costs;
Support for design (calculated) parameters and characteristics during operation requires smaller cost;
The development and improvement of the automation system requires less expenses (unlimited in the number of information receivers) than with traditional approaches.

The Kuzbass and Prioksky Tsus were adopted as pilot facilities for the creation of a TSUS with operational functions in OJSC FGC UES.

The Kuzbass Tsus became the first network of network management implemented under the FGC UES program for the creation of a CUS with operational functions. As part of the creation of an innovative TSUS to ensure continuous operational and managing the center, the center is equipped with modern software and technical complexes, the video wall is installed to display the network schemes, installed software that allows you to fully display the state of the state-selected power supply controller, receive information about shutdowns produced Repair and preventive events up to the names of the monterements operating at the object. In addition, the equipment allows the dispatchers of the Tsus to intercept in case of an emergency situational management of remote objects and in the shortest possible time to decide to reduce the recovery time of the normal operation of the equipment.

Prioksky Tsus is also created using the latest technologies. Among the equipment used here - the video wall of the display of information, consisting of fifty-day projection modules and a redundant high-performance video controller, an operational information complex for controlling the modes of the electrical network and the state of switching apparatuses of substations, allowing the operational staff of the TSUS to track the equipment and manage the newest system satellite communications, guaranteed power and automatic fire extinguishing systems.

Vladimir Pelimsky, Deputy Chief Engineer - Head of the Situation Analytical Center for FGC UES OJSC, Vladimir Voronin, Head, Dmitry Kravets, Head of Department, Magomed Hajiyev, Leading Expert of the Electric Mode Service of OJSC FGC UES

Yuri Mortin, Deputy General Director - Director of the Branch of OJSC NTC Electroeratika - VNIIE;

Yuri Shakaryan, Deputy General Director - Scientific Director of NTC Electric Power Industry OJSC, Scientific Director of VNIIE;

Valery Wollensky, Deputy Director of the Branch of the NTC Electric Power Engineering OJSC - VNIIE for scientific work;

Nikolay Novikov, Deputy Scientific Director of OJSC NTC Electroeratics

Speaking of reliability, quality and ecology of power supply, we must first keep in mind the development and development of fundamentally new - innovative technologies for calculating, analysis, forecasting, rationing and reduction of electricity losses in electrical networks, operational dispatch management of their modes. We offer the material provided by the branch of OJSC Scientific and Technical Center for Electric Power Engineering, by the Research Institute of Electric Power Engineering (VNIIE), which describes the most important developments of the institute in this area.

Improving reducing funds and systemsloss of electricity

New approaches to the electric power management system, to form the tariffs for electricity transmission services, to the system of rationing and controlling level of electricity loss requires the corresponding development of methods for their calculation. This development is conducted today in several directions.

Accuracy calculations of technical losses (RTP) Electricity is supposed to be raised due to the more complete use of operational information on the switching state of the electrical network (Fig. 1), the physical parameters of its elements, modest data on loads, voltage levels, etc.

It is necessary to transition from deterministic settlements of the level of electricity loss to probabilistic estimates with a given accuracy and trust intervals with a subsequent risk assessment when making decisions on investing funds to reduce losses.

Another vector of development is the use of fundamentally new intelligent models of accounting for many undefined factors affecting the value of the actual and technical loss of electricity, to predict losses. One of these models is based on the use of artificial neural networks, which are essentially one of the actively developing areas of artificial intelligence technologies.

Development of automated information and measuring systems of commercial metering of electricity (AIIS KUE), automated technological management systems (ASTA) electrical networks, graphic and geographical information systems (GIS) creates real opportunities to improve the software calculations, analysis and rationing of electricity losses (by RP) . In particular, there is currently the urgent need for integrating software and technical complexes (PTK) and the databases contained in them AIIS KUE, ASTA, GIS and RP to improve the accuracy, transparency and validity of the calculations of electrical networks, balance sheets and losses of electricity. Partially such integration has already been implemented. Its further development should be based on new approaches to the standardization of information exchanges between different PTK in a single information platform, including using the so-called SIM models.

As practice shows, traditional methods and tools to reduce electricity losses cannot ensure the maintenance of loss levels on a technical and economically reasonable level. Approaching this level is becoming more expensive and requires great effort. It is necessary to apply fundamentally new techniques and technology transmission and distribution of electricity. First of all it is:

  • Modern static adjustable devices of longitudinal and transverse compensation of reactive power.
  • Devices based on the use of high-temperature superconductivity (HTSC).
  • Application of "smart" technologies in electrical networks (Smart.Grid. Technologies). This allows electric networks to provide electrical networks to the system control and load management at the rate of the process not only to carry out operational monitoring of power consumption and electricity consumers, but also to manage this power and electricity in order to make the most efficient use of the electrical network bandwidth at each time. At the expense of such a control, the optimal level of electricity loss in networks is also provided with permissible values \u200b\u200bof electricity quality indicators.

According to the American Council on Energy Efficient Economy (ASEE) by 2023, the use of Smart GRID technologies in combination with other measures to efficiently use energy resources will save up to 30% of the planned energy consumption. That is, every third kilowatt hour can not be obtained due to the expansion of generating capacity, and due to the distribution of existing energy resources with the help of new information technologies.

The value of the actual loss of electricity in electrical networks, for which currently power grid organizations should pay, largely depends on the accuracy of electricity measurements entered into the electrical network and shipped from the electrical network.

The practice of introducing modern AIIS KUE shows that these fairly expensive and distributed information and measuring systems can fail in the space, lose the accuracy of measurements, to make random significant failures in the measurement results, etc. All this requires the development and implementation of methods Estimates of the reliability of measurements, identifying and localizing nonbalans of power and electricity, the introduction of fundamentally new measuring instruments, including optical measuring transformers current and voltage.

Figure: Screenshots of the RTP 3 program.

Interactive modeling of energy settlement calculations

Dynamic model EES of real-time.It provides the ability to simulate EES of a large dimension in an accelerated, slow and real time. The model is applied to: Building the advisers of the controller to manage the regime, analyzing the steady and transient modes, analyzing accidents, modeling the primary and secondary regulation systems and anti-emergency automation (PA). The EES model takes into account electromechanical and long transition processes, frequency control systems and active power (ArchM). The calculation of the technical loss of electricity and power (including voltage classes and regions) and other mode parameters are calculated. For the first time in Russia, the model of this class is used to build integrated advisers simulators in conjunction with topological analysis of the full switching scheme of the power facilities.

The model uses sufficiently accurate algorithms for transient modeling according to the "Frequency - Active Power" mode (Speed \u200b\u200bregulators, promineravel steam, boiler automation, etc.). Voltage regulators are made using two possible schemes: simplified (as an adjustable source of reactive power supporting the voltage value at a given level) and updated (as a system for regulating the EMF of a synchronous machine with the possibility of regulation by voltage deviations, frequencies and their derivatives).

The model ensures tracking the current energy factor mode based on the information of the estimation of the state (OS) and the OIC data. The design scheme obtained from the task of the OS is expanded (by about 2 times) by using regulatory reference and a priori information, as well as reliable TI and TC in the OIC.

The model performs a topological analysis of the full switching scheme and its information interaction with the regime (calculated) system of energy facilities is performed. This ensures the management of the model mode by turning on / off switching apparatuses, that is, familiar to the operational personnel.

The model management is performed in an interactive mode by the user, regulation systems and PA and accident development scenarios. An important function of the model is to check disorders and the existence of the current mode according to the criterion N-1. Sets of control options for the N-1 criterion, intended for different modes of controlled power facilities can be specified. The program allows you to compare the calculated mode in the EES model with the OIC data and identify the erroneous and missing mode data.

Initially, the model was used to construct real-time modest simulators, and in the future its functions were expanded to analyze accidents, checking the identification algorithms for power systems as control objects and other tasks. The model is used for the time study of applications for the conclusion in the repair of equipment, modeling of ARCHM systems, information support for EES and energy project operational personnel and as a controller's adviser to maintain a regime. The models conducted studies on the propagation of frequency and voltage wave in real schemes of large dimension at high perturbations, as well as on the chain and ring structure. A methodology for using WAMS data is developed to achieve the current mode on OS and OIC data.

The difference between this development from others - in the possibility of modeling the dynamics of the power facilities of a large dimension in a real time, cyclic tracking of the mode according to the OIC data and the task of the OS, the extension of the calculation scheme is 70-80% due to the accounting of tires of substations, power units, reactors, etc. .

To date, the dynamic model of real-time EES has been introduced into with UES, FGC UES, ODU Center, Bashkirenergo OJSC.

Cascade-NT complex for the display of operational

information on individual and collective means

(Dispatch shields and video walls)

The complex is a means of forming and mapping a variety of screen forms (schemes, cards, tables, graphs, devices, etc.) on individual (displays) and collective means. Designed to display OIC information and other software systems in real time both on individual (displays) and collective (mosaic dispatching panels and video walls) means.

The system of displaying operational information on video walls is implemented in the UES, the ODU Center and OJSC Bashkirenergo. In with UES on video wall 4 x 3 Cuba, a display of generalized information in graphical and tabular forms is implemented, as well as the display of the EEC scheme on the Finnish mosaic shield. In the ODU center on video wall with the means of the Cascade-NT complex, information of the dispatch staff support system in the form of an operational scheme, schemes on the background of the area of \u200b\u200bthe area and detailed substation schemes are displayed.

For Bashkirenergo OJSC, the complex is currently used in the gym when displaying 3 x 2 cube of structural and switching circuits and generalized information in tabular form. On a small structural scheme, it is possible to disclose 5 main substations of Bashkirenergo OJSC. On video wall 8 x 4 Cuba of the dispatching room with a large structural scheme, it is possible to disclose 62 substations and technological tasks. A large video wall has the ability to perform topological analysis and displaying the full switching scheme of the power facilities.

The Cascade NT system is open to integration with other complexes and is built as a set of constructors used to build display systems as developers and users. This feature provides the ability to support and develop the display system functionality directly by users and service personnel without developing developers.

electric grid assets

In 2008, the specialists of VNIIE implemented a large project - a program for the reconstruction and development of an automated technological management system (ASTA) OJSC "MOESK". The need to introduce this project was associated with the moral and physical wear of the material base of the management system (for certain reasons of a nationwide), taking into account the significant change in the dispatching requirements when working in the conditions of the market, as well as taking into account the structural reorganization of the company. Development is aimed at solving the task of building a high-quality vertical of the operational dispatch management, which uses the most modern methods of organizing and technical support in its work.

The program is developed in conjunction with Energy OJSC and with the active participation of MOEAS specialists. Work includes sections on the analysis of the existing state of ASTA, to develop basic technical requirements for promising ASTA, its elements and subsystems, as well as suggestions for technical solutions. Including with the options for the reconstruction and development of the system based on technical means of leading domestic and foreign manufacturers of control equipment.

When developing, the main provisions of existing NTD in the field of automation of the network complex are taken into account and specified for the Company's conditions, which include the development of centralized technological management of electrical networks, the creation of automated substations based on a single complex of modern technical means, with the integration of measurement systems, protection, automation and control of object equipment electrical networks.

Due to the large number of PS and moral and physical wear of the majority of telemechanics, the phased automation of the PS is provided, the first stage of which is the reconstruction of TM, coordinated with the reconstruction and development of the communication system, that is, the formation of the basis of modern SPE, and the second stage - for the PS part of the PS Creation of full-scale ACS TP.

The program provides for updating the PTK of dispatching points based on the MOESC of the modern electrical network management system (ENMAC GE), which automates control and dispatch control operation, as well as network operation management when maintaining equipment and interaction with electricity consumers.

The development of the communication system is focused on a complete transition to digital data transmission technologies with wide use, along with existing HF communications, fiber optic equipment and wireless communications.

An important place is given to the creation of an integration platform (IP) that supports the Unified IEC (SIM model) information model and allows you to connect various applications to the general information tire using Web Service technology. Together with OJSC ETSN and LLC "Modeus", the first version of the graphics instrumental system of the creation of the SP, which is connected by OIC to Katmi, has been developed and implemented in trial operation in RCK "Kubanenergo".

We add that VNIIE developed the following expert systems for use in operational dispatch control: Systems - advisers for annual planning of network equipment repair; Systems - advisers for the moderation of operational repair applications; systems for analyzing topology in an electrical network with an analysis of abnormal situations; Systems - simulators for operational switching; Mimir's instrumental expert system for energy applications; EXEROR EXPERSE SYSTEM for the development of operational applications (use with CCU, ODU Center, ODE of the Medium Volga); The system for analyzing the topology of the power grid of the antiop (application in the ORD of the Urals); Gym System Corvin on operational switching (application in district power systems).

Currently, the system of annual planning of electric grid equipment repairs (for Co-CDU) is being developed.

The whole complex of works of OJSC NTC Electric Power Engineering for new information technologies is complemented by relevant technological tasks, some of which will be completed in the near future and what we hope to tell on the pages of the journal.

The TSF software outside the kernel consists of trusted applications that are used to implement security features. Please note that the shared libraries are used, including PAM modules in some cases, are used by trusted applications. However, there is no instance where the collaborated library itself is considered as a trusted object. Trusted commands can be grouped as follows.

  • System initialization
  • Identification and authentication
  • Network applications
  • Batch processing
  • System management
  • User-level audit
  • Cryptographic support
  • Support virtual machine

The components of the design of the nucleus can be divided into three components: the main core, the kernel streams and the core modules, depending on how they are performed.

  • The main core includes the code that is performed to provide the service, such as a system call service or exclusion event service, or interruption. Most of the compiled coder code falls under this category.
  • Core streams. To perform certain standard tasks, such as cleaning disk caches or the release of memory, by unloading unused page blocks, the kernel creates internal processes or streams. The streams are scheduled just like ordinary processes, but they do not have a context in an unprivileged mode. The kernel streams perform certain functions of the core language. The kernel streams are placed in the kernel space, and work only in privileged mode.
  • The kernel module and the device driver core module are code fragments that can be loaded and unloaded in and from the kernel as needed. They expand the functionality of the kernel without having to restart the system. After loading, the kernel module object code can access another kernel code and in the same way as a statically connoised core object code.
Device driver - Special type of kernel module, which allows the kernel to access hardware connected to the system. These devices can be hard drives, monitors or network interfaces. The driver interacts with the remaining kernel part through a specific interface that allows the kernel to deal with all devices universal way, regardless of their basic implementations.

The kernel consists of logical subsystems that provide various functionality. Even though the kernel is the only executable program, the various services that it provides can be divided and combined into different logical components. These components interact to provide certain functions. The kernel consists of the following logical subsystems:

  • File subsystem and I / O subsystem: This subsystem implements functions associated with file system objects. The implemented functions include those that allow the process to create, maintain, interact and delete file system objects. These objects include regular files, directories, symbolic links, hard links, files specific to certain types of devices, named channels and sockets.
  • Subsystems processes: This subsystem implements functions associated with flow management and flow control. The implemented functions allow you to create, plan, execute and delete processes and subjects of flows.
  • Memory subsystem: This subsystem implements functions related to the management of system memory resources. The implemented functions include those that create and manage virtual memory, including control of partitioning algorithms on pages and page tables.
  • Network subsystem: This subsystem implements UNIX sockets and an Internet domain, as well as algorithms used to scheduling network packets.
  • Subsystem IPC.: This subsystem implements functions associated with IPC mechanisms. The implemented functions include those that simplify the controlled exchange of information between processes, allowing them to share data and synchronize their execution when interacting with the shared resource.
  • Subsystems of modules of nucleus: This subsystem implements the infrastructure that allows you to maintain the loadable modules. The implemented functions include loading, initialization and unloading of the kernel modules.
  • Linux security expansion: Linux security extensions implement various safety aspects that are provided for the entire kernel, including the Linux Security Module Module framework (LSM). The LSM frame is the basis for modules that allows you to implement various security policies, including Selinux. Selinux is an important logical subsystem. This subsystem implements the functions of the mandate access control to achieve access between all objects and objects.
  • Device driver subsystem: This subsystem implements support for various hardware and software devices through a common interface devices dependent.
  • Audit subsystem: This subsystem implements functions related to the configuration of the security of events in the system. The implemented functions include those that capture each system call to write a critical event-related event and those that implement a set and recording of control data.
  • The KVM subsystem: This subsystem implements the accompaniment of the virtual machine life cycle. It completes the instructions used for instructions requiring only small checks. For any other completion, the KVM instruction calls the QEMU user space component.
  • Crypto API.: This subsystem provides an internal cryptographic library with respect to the kernel for all kernel components. It provides cryptographic primitives for causing parties.

The kernel is the main part of the operating system. It interacts directly with hardware, implements sharing resources, provides general services for applications, and prevents direct access to hardware-dependent functions. The number of services provided by the kernel includes:

1. The rule of processes, including operations of their creation, completion or suspension and interprocessing data exchange. They include:

  • Equimcable planning of processes to perform the CPU.
  • Separation of processes in the CPU using the time separation mode.
  • Implementation of the process in the CPU.
  • Suspending the nucleus at the expiration of the time quantum allotted.
  • Allocation of the nucleus time to perform another process.
  • Redeveloping the kernel time to perform a suspended process.
  • Management of Metadata related to the security of the process, such as UID, GID, SELinux Tags, Functionality Identifiers.
2. Allocation of RAM for the executable process. This operation includes:
  • Permission issued by the kernel for processes to jointly use the part of their address space under certain conditions; However, at the same time, the kernel warms its own address space of the process from external intervention.
  • If the system is lacking a free memory, the kernel frees the memory by recording the process temporarily in the second level memory or the swap section.
  • Consistent interaction with hardware machines to set the display of virtual addresses to the physical addresses, which establishes compliance between addresses generated by the compiler, and physical addresses.
3. Maintenance of the life cycle of virtual machines, which includes:
  • Establishing restrictions for resources configured by the emulation application for this virtual machine.
  • Run the program code of the virtual machine to execute.
  • Processing the completion of the work of virtual machines or by completing the instruction or delay of completing the instruction to emulate the user space.
4. File system maintenance. It includes:
  • Selecting secondary memory for efficient storage and removal of user data.
  • Allocation of external memory for user files.
  • Dispose of unused data storage space.
  • Organization of the structure of the file system (the use of understandable structuring principles).
  • Protection of user files from unauthorized access.
  • Organization of controlled access of processes to peripheral devices, such as terminals, ribbons, drives, drives and network devices.
  • Organization of mutual access to data for subjects and objects, providing managed access based on DAC policy and any other policy implemented by LSM.
The Linux kernel refers to the type of OS nuclei that implement planning with the displacement of tasks. In nuclei that do not have such an opportunity, the execution of the core code continues until completion, i.e. The planner is not capable of redeveloping the task at the time when it is in the core. In addition, the scheduling of the core code is carried out jointly, without displacing planning, and the execution of this code continues until the end and return to the user space, or to the explicit blocking. In the displacing nuclei it is possible to unload the task anywhere while the kernel is in a state where it is safe to redeem.

Their age is calculated by five or ten years, and these complexes are already outdated. About what is going on to shift, we talked to director of the Moscow branch of JSC "Monitor Electric" Sergey Silkovoy.

- Sergey Valerevich, now "Electrician Monitor" is a significant enterprise for the development and creation of software technical complexes for control centers in the electric power industry. And why did it all start?

- Perhaps it is worth starting since 2003, when we released the SK-2003 operational information complex: it was a real software product, and it is exploited in some centers until now. It was followed by a more advanced model - SK-2007. She was successful enough, and there are customers who buy it today.

At the same time, the creation of an electronic operational journal "IC-2" was truly a revolutionary event, which allowed to replace, it would seem that the eternal "paper" dispatch documents. Its use allows you to quickly enter and systematize operational information about various events, ensuring their division into categories and keeping dependencies. Very popular and, not afraid of this word, practically the best of its kind, he actually became the standard of the operational journal for the industry.

We also created a regime dynamic dispatcher simulator (RTD) "Finist", which makes it possible to simulate almost any events in the power system, allowing you to prepare operational dispatching staff.

These three products have become the basis for the industrial production of software complexes in the company.
Finally, now we are actively promoting our next generation system - SC-11, for the development of which has been spent eight years.

- SC-11 system - your main product. If you speak briefly, what is its advantage?

- SC-11 is based on a high-performance information and technological platform. This is a system for maintaining an information model of the control object, write / read data, storing an information model, organization of user application access. Thanks to the innovative architecture of the SC-11 platform, it achieves supere-speed characteristics of telemetry information processing (up to 5 million changes in parameters per second), working with high-dimensional power grid models, a large number of users and more.

Different applications are attached to the platform at the request and capabilities of customers. Today they are more than fifty. This SCADA / EMS / DMS / OMS / DTS applications for various services of energy companies, which are involved in operational management, planning repairs and network development, preparation of dispatch staff. Due to the modularity of architecture into the system, as it is developed, changes in financial capabilities, already during operation, the user components are simply added or changed.

The second important advantage of our system is that, in contrast to the information complexes of previous generations, based on the signals of telemechanics, the SC-11 information model includes absolutely all equipment of the power system. This approach allows you to increase the composition of previously unreserved tasks. As an example: our system simulates consumers, since consumers are also part of the information model, we can implement the task of effective shutdown management. Simulation of non-gese-mechanized equipment and consumers allows to reduce the search for the refused element, automatically form a program of operational personnel actions and speeds up the process of reducing the power supply.

I also note that we have a network of any voltage, up to the network of 0.4 kilovolt.

- How much domestic network companies trust Russian developers of such systems?

- There is, in my opinion, a very competent, weighted policy of the development of this direction. First, Rosseti has a document defining import substitution policy. It meets the requirements of the Government of the Russian Federation: no foreign software for managing electrical networks should not be used.

In addition, Rosseti has their standardized certification procedures, and everything that is done by developers is checked for compliance with Rosseti standards.

Only after that, a certification commission is issued on the possibility of using this product to manage networks, and only if there is a positive conclusion of the attestation commission PJSC Rosseti, one or another software product can be used.

To date, only the company "Electrician Monitor" has such a conclusion.

- Russian network companies do not really have a need for systems or case in decrees and regulatory regulations?

- The management of network companies is constantly developing an operational technological and situational management system (Otis). They have investment program, in which they work.

Naturally, we are all the time on a permanent connection with them. We are invited to discuss tasks, to consider the necessary set of functions of automatic systems and, most importantly, to implement. Periodic conferences are held, scientific and technical advice. For example, in July we participated in the Scientific and Technical Council of IDGC of Siberia. In September, we will take part in the conference of IDGC of the South. So, summarizing, the management of PJSC Rosseti and subsidiaries of network companies is very actively planning investment activities on the modernization of Otis systems.

The Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation and "Rossetia" conducts intensive research work, research and enterprise in this direction. For example, our monitor electrician company participates in several pilot projects within the framework of the National Technological Initiative ENERGYNet. First, it is a digital RES project, where we work with Yantarenergo. Together with our colleagues from Kaliningrad, we work out digital RES technologies, including the integration of the operational technological management software complex with a number of adjacent systems. For example, we have now decided the task of integrating GIS and ASTA, the integration of ASTA and accounting systems. These are extremely complex tasks that have not yet been solved in the Russian energy industry.

The second project is the development of a set of tools for promising network development planning. It was created, tested in practice, and by the end of the year we will have to report before the management of NTI on the project.

- I met the geography of implementing your systems. It turns out that you can meet your systems throughout Russia!

- And not only. If we talk about the latest projects, then IC-11 are implemented, and almost in full-featured mode, in IDGC of the Urals, in their Dzo-Yekaterinburg power grid company. This is probably one of our most respected customers. There is a very high level of staff training and leadership, with them all the steps quickly passed, and now the complex is actively used there. We have implemented the SC-11 in Yantarenergo, an interesting subsystem is included there, which calculates the technical indicators of the city electrical network on the development model with a horizon for four years ahead. In total, over the past three years there was about ten implementation of our systems. Yes, they are presented throughout Russia in different companies and in completely different configurations.

- But you said that not only in her ...

- Exactly. For example, three companies that prepare dispatchers in the United States bought our program gym "Finist", and with its help more than 1000 dispatchers have been prepared.

In the Joint Dispatch Office of the Republic of Belarus also operate on our complex of the SC-2007. By the way, now we also negotiate the transition to SC-11.

Our complex works in Tbilisi urban networks. We were called to the project after difficulties with one famous vendor, and we successfully introduced our products in their control center. There is a good experience in Kazakhstan, in the System of Energy Management Almaty (company AJK). We received positive feedback from Kazakhstan's colleagues, and now we are negotiating already with a number of energy companies in the Republic of Kazakhstan, where we were chosen by IT solutions.

- You highlighted the project from Yantarenergo, where to jointly build intelligent networks. Tell me more about it.

- At the beginning of the year, we have fulfilled all technical procedures at the end of the first stage of implementation in the scada system (automatic control and information collection system) and electronic magazine complex. Now we are together conducting a very intensive work on the commencement of what is done, and prepare documents for the deployment of the second stage. At this stage, settlement and analytical functions will be implemented to perform a whole set of technological operations on really intelligent network management.

- In connection with conversations that in Russia everywhere you need to go to intelligent networks, how difficult will it be replicated by this experience in other networks?

- Of course, everywhere there is its own specificity. We practically in every introduction are faced with the need to adapt our complex to an existing information environment provided by means of various, including foreign, developers. Everyone is all different, and this, of course, is not very good for us as a manufacturer and carrier of a fairly modern technical ideology. But we are still very believe in the regulatory role of "Rossety", which now pay a lot of attention to standardization of systems.

On the other hand, this diversity turns into our competitive advantage. Including in front of foreign companies, which with great reluctance rewor their systems, for example, the user interface. As for us, this is the first, where we start work.

After all, everyone has its own judgment and its standards for how information from users should be displayed: dispatchers, specialists of operational services, managers. Very difficult task of displaying a huge array of information on a video wall, because the main task of the dispatcher is to see the whole picture as a whole. Finally, there is still a very difficult moment of ergonomics, and the idea of \u200b\u200beach dispatcher also has its own. So the process of so-called diagram balancing is very complex and can occupy 4-6 months.

As for us, we successfully solve these tasks using your own graphic subsystem. This is engaged in this in the Voronezh branch, there is a very strong team that has tremendous experience and owns the most modern means and methods of displaying information, so that all tasks are solved quickly and efficiently. Maybe it sounds somewhat defiant, but very many of our users say that our schemes are the most beautiful in the world.

So, it is only one point, but there is also other purely technical differences. But the benefits of our system. Thanks to the many years of experience, and the modularity of the complexes we create the technical development of information systems of the management centers will never stop. We start with a simple configuration for any networks and as they improve improve and develop without stopping the functioning to a world level.

- Do you have a dream?

- Well, of course, in a few years we will have a robot dispatcher, and then, like a drone car driver ... Experienced specialists will move from shifts and will be engaged in in-depth planning and analytical work, improving the architecture of networks, developing new "smart" components.

The power system is a single network consisting of sources of electrical energy - power plants, electrical networks, as well as substations that carry out the transformation and distribution of electricity generated. To manage all production processes, transmission and distribution of electrical energy exists system of operational dispatch control.

It may include several enterprises of different ownership. Each of the electric power enterprises has a separate operational dispatch management service.

All services of individual enterprises are managed central Dispatcher System. Depending on the magnitude of the power system, the central dispatch system can be divided into separate systems by region.

Energy systems of adjacent countries can be included on parallel synchronous operation. Central dispatch system (CDS) Performs operational-dispatch control of interstate electrical networks, which are carried out by power flows between the energy systems of adjacent countries.

Tasks of the operational dispatch control of the power system:

    maintaining the balance between the number of power produced and power consumed in the power system;

    reliability of the power supply of supplying enterprises from the main networks of 220-750 kV;

    synchronization of the work of power plants within the power system;

    the synchronicity of the work of the country's energy system with the energy systems of related countries, with which there is a connection between interstate power lines.

Based on the above, it follows that the system of operational-dispatching control of the power system provides key problems in the power system, the country's energy security depends on the implementation of the country.

Features of the organization of the process of operational dispatch control of the power system

Organization of the process operational dispatch management (ODU) In the energy sector, it is carried out in such a way as to ensure the distribution of various functions in several levels. At the same time, each level is subject to the higher.

For example, the most initial level is the operational and technical personnel, which performs directly operations with equipment at various points of the power system, is subordinate to the superior operational personnel - the duty dispatcher of the unit of the power supply enterprise, which is fixed with the electrical installation. The duty unit dispatcher, in turn, is subject to the dispatch service of the enterprise, etc. Up to the central dispatch system of the country.


The process of controlling the power system is organized in such a way as to ensure continuous control and management of all components of the combined power system.

To ensure normal conditions for work as individual sections of the power system and the power system as a whole, special modes (schemes) are developed for each object, which should be ensured depending on the mode of operation of one or another section of the electrical network (normal, repair, emergency modes).

To ensure the implementation of the main tasks of the ODU in the power system, in addition to operational management, there is such a thing as operational management. All operations with equipment on a thom or different section of the power system are carried out by the team of superior operational personnel - this process of operational management.

Performing operations with equipment to one way or another affects the operation of other objects of the power system (change in the consumed or generated power, reducing the reliability of power supply, changing the voltage values). Consequently, such operations must be pre-consistent, that is, to be performed with the permission of the dispatcher, which performs operational maintenance of these objects.

That is, in the operational management of the dispatcher is all equipment, sections of the electrical network, the operation mode of which may change as a result of operations on the equipment of adjacent objects.

For example, the line connects two substations A and B, while the substation B is obtained from A. Disconnection of the line from the substation and is carried out by operative personnel on the controller's command of this PS. But the disconnection of this line should be made only in agreement with the subscriber of the substation B, since this line is in its operational jurisdiction.

In this way, with the help of two main categories - operational management and operational management, the organization of operational-dispatch control of the power system and its individual sections is carried out.

For the organization of the ODU process, instructions, instructions and various documentation for each individual unit in accordance with the level, to which one or another operational service belongs to the organization. For each level of the ODU system, there is its own individual list of necessary documentation.