The air temperature here is constant (+ 24 ° -26 ° C), at sea temperature fluctuations can be less than 1 °. The annual amount of precipitation is up to 3000 mm, and in the mountains of the equatorial belt, precipitation can fall up to 6000 mm. More water falls from the sky than evaporates, so there are many wetlands and dense humid forests - jungles. Remember the adventure films about Indiana Jones - how hard it is for the main characters to make their way through the dense vegetation of the jungle and escape from crocodiles who adore the muddy waters of small forest streams. All this is the equatorial belt. Its climate is greatly influenced by the trade winds, which bring abundant rainfall here from the ocean.

Northern: Africa (Sahara), Asia (Arabia, south of the Iranian Highlands), North America (Mexico, Western Cuba).

Yuzhny: South America (Peru, Bolivia, Northern Chile, Paraguay), Africa (Angola, Kalahari Desert), Australia (central part of the mainland).

In the tropics, the state of the atmosphere over the mainland (land) and the ocean is different, therefore, a continental tropical climate and an oceanic tropical climate are distinguished.

The oceanic climate is similar to the equatorial one, but differs from it in less cloudiness and steady winds. Summers over the oceans are warm (+ 20-27 ° С), and winters are cool (+ 10-15 ° С).

Above the tropics (continental tropical climate), an area of ​​high pressure prevails, so rain is a rare visitor here (from 100 to 250 mm). This type of climate is characterized by very hot summers (up to + 40 ° C) and cool winters (+ 15 ° C). The air temperature can change dramatically per day - up to 40 ° С! That is, a person can languish from the heat during the day and shiver from the cold at night. Such differences lead to the destruction of rocks, the creation of a mass of sand and dust, so dust storms are frequent here.

Photo: Shutterstock.com

This type of climate, just like the tropical one, forms two belts in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, which are formed over the territories of temperate latitudes (from 40-45 ° North and South latitude to the Arctic Circle).

In the temperate zone, there are many cyclones that make the weather capricious and give out either snow or rain. In addition, westerly winds blow here, which bring precipitation all year round. Summers in this climatic zone are warm (up to + 25 ° -28 ° С), winters are cold (from + 4 ° С to -50 ° С). Annual precipitation is from 1000 mm to 3000 mm, and in the center of the continents only up to 100 mm.

In the temperate climatic zone, in contrast to the equatorial and tropical ones, the seasons are pronounced (that is, in winter you can make snowmen, and in summer you can swim in the river).

The temperate climate is also subdivided into two subtypes - maritime and continental.

Maritime dominates the western parts of North America, South America and Eurasia. It is formed by westerly winds blowing from the ocean to the mainland, so there are quite cool summers (+15 -20 ° С) and warm winters (from + 5 ° С). Precipitation brought by westerly winds falls all year round (from 500 to 1000 mm, in the mountains up to 6000 mm).

Continental predominates in the central regions of the continents. Cyclones penetrate here less often, so there are warmer and drier summers (up to + 26 ° С) and colder winters (up to -24 ° С), and the snow lasts a very long time and melts reluctantly.

Photo: Shutterstock.com

Polar belt

It dominates the territory above 65 ° -70 ° latitude in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, therefore it forms two belts: Arctic and Antarctic. The Polar Belt has a unique feature - the Sun does not appear here for several months (polar night) and for several months does not go beyond the horizon (polar day). Snow and ice reflect more heat than they receive, so the air is very cold and the snow does not melt for most of the year. Since a high pressure area is formed here, there are almost no clouds, the winds are weak, the air is saturated with small ice needles. The average summer temperature does not exceed 0 ° C, while in winter it is from -20 ° to -40 ° C. Rain falls only in the summer in the form of the smallest droplets - drizzle.

Between the main climatic zones there are transitional zones with the prefix "sub" in the name (translated from Latin "under"). Here air masses change seasons, coming from neighboring belts under the influence of the Earth's rotation.

a) Subequatorial climate... In summer, all climatic zones shift to the north, so equatorial air masses begin to dominate here. They shape the weather: a lot of precipitation (1000-3000 mm), the average air temperature is + 30 ° С. The sun reaches its zenith in spring and beats down mercilessly. In winter, all climatic zones shift to the south, and tropical air masses begin to dominate in the subequatorial zone, winter is cooler than summer (+ 14 ° С). Little precipitation falls. The soils dry out after summer rains, therefore, in the subequatorial zone, in contrast to the equatorial, there are few swamps. The territory of this climatic zone is favorable for human life, therefore it is here that many centers of the emergence of civilization are located.

The subequatorial climate forms two zones. The north includes: the Isthmus of Panama (Latin America), Venezuela, Guinea, the Sahelian desert belt in Africa, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, all of Indochina, southern China, and part of Asia. The southern belt includes: the Amazonian lowlands, Brazil (South America), the center and east of Africa and the northern coast of Australia.

b) Subtropical climate... Tropical air masses prevail here in summer, and temperate air masses in winter, which determines the weather: hot, dry summers (from + 30 ° C to + 50 ° C) and relatively cold winters with precipitation, and no stable snow cover is formed.

c) Subpolar climate... This climatic zone is located only on the northern outskirts of Eurasia and North America. In summer, humid air masses come here from temperate latitudes, so the summer is cool here (from + 5 ° C to + 10 ° C) Despite the small amount of precipitation, evaporation is low, since the angle of incidence of sunlight is small and the earth does not warm up well. Therefore, in the subpolar climate in the north of Eurasia and North America, there are many lakes and swamps. In winter, cold arctic air masses come here, so winters are long and cold, temperatures can drop to -50 ° C.

The time of continuous stay in the cold depends on energy consumption, work performed by a person, air temperature and wind speed.

When choosing winter clothing, you must consider the possibility of its use in your climatic zone. It is important to take into account that clothing recommended for use in a specific climatic zone must comply with the standards for heat-shielding properties of GOST 12.4.303-2016.

In accordance with GOST 12.4.303-2016, insulated overalls, depending on the climatic zones of the Russian Federation, are subdivided into four classes of protection according to the level of heat-shielding properties.

Protection class Climatic zone Winter air temperature, ° С Wind speed*
in winter months, m / s		 Total thermal resistance **, m2 × ° С / W
Shoulder product (jacket) Waist product (trousers, semi-overalls)
4

"Special"

 -25 6,8 0,77 0,69
3 IV -41 1,3 0,83 0,80
2 III -18 3,6 0,64 0,57
1 I-II -9,7 5,6 0,51 0,50

* The most probable wind speed for the corresponding climatic zone.

** Total thermal resistance is one of the main indicators of the heat-shielding properties of winter overalls. It characterizes the intensity of heat flow through a flat pack of workwear materials into the environment.

Note: the requirements are established taking into account the performance by a person of moderate physical work (130 W / m2) and the duration of his continuous stay in the cold for no more than two hours.

Climatic zones

I belt

The Russian Federation:

Astrakhan region
Belgorod region
Volgograd region
Kabardino-Balkar Republic
Kaliningrad region
Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Krasnodar region
Republic of Adygea (Adygea)
The Republic of Dagestan
The Republic of Ingushetia
Republic of Kalmykia
Republic of North Ossetia - Alania
Rostov Region Rostov-on-Don
Stavropol region
Chechen Republic
Republic of Crimea

Republic of Armenia:

Yerevan city
Aragatsotn region
Ararat region
Armavir region
Kotayk region
Syunik region
Shirak region

II belt

The Russian Federation:

Bryansk region
Vladimir region
Voronezh region
Ivanovo region
Kaluga region
Kursk region
Leningrad region
Lipetsk region
Mari El Republic
The Republic of Mordovia
Moscow region
Nizhny Novgorod Region
Novgorod region
Oryol Region
Penza region
Primorsky Krai
Pskov region
Ryazan Oblast
Samara Region
Saratov region
Smolensk region
Tambov Region
Tver region
Tula region
Ulyanovsk region
Chuvash Republic
Yaroslavskaya oblast

Republic of Armenia:

Vayots Dzor region
Gegharkunik region
Lori region
Tavush region

Republic of Belarus:

Minsk Region
Vitebsk region
Mogilev region
The Grodno region
Gomel region
Brest region

The Republic of Kazakhstan:

Aktobe region
Atyrau region
Alma-Ata's region
Jambyl Region
Kyzylorda Region
Mangistau region
South Kazakhstan region
Alma-Ata

Republic of Kyrgyzstan:

Bishkek city
Batken region
Jalal-Abad region
Issyk-Kul region (except for districts: Aksu, Jeti-Oguz, Ton)
Naryn region (except for districts: Naryn, At-Bashinsky)
Osh region (except for Chon-Alayskoto district)
Talas region
Chui region (except for Panfilov region)

III belt

The Russian Federation:

Altai region
Amur region
Vologodskaya Oblast
Jewish Autonomous Region
Transbaikal region
Irkutsk region (except for the areas listed below)
Kemerovo region
Kirov region
Kostroma region
Krasnoyarsk Territory (except for the areas listed below)
Kurgan region
Novosibirsk region
Omsk region
Orenburg region
Perm Territory
Altai Republic
Republic of Bashkortostan
The Republic of Buryatia
Republic of Karelia (south of 63 ° north latitude)
Republic of Tatarstan
The Republic of Khakassia
Sakhalin Region (except for the areas listed below)
Sverdlovsk region
Tomsk region (except for the areas listed below)
Tyva Republic
Tyumen region (except for the areas listed below)
Udmurtia
Khabarovsk Territory (except for the areas listed below)
Chelyabinsk region

The Republic of Kazakhstan:

Akmola region
The East Kazakhstan region
West-Kazakhstan region
Karaganda region
Kostanay region
Pavlodar region
North-Kazakhstan region

Republic of Kyrgyzstan:

Chui region (Panfilov district)
Naryn region (Naryn region, At-Bashinsky region)
Osh region (Chon-Alai district)
Issyk-Kul region (districts: Aksuisky, Dzheti-Oguzsky, Tonsky)

IV belt

The Russian Federation:

Arkhangelsk Region (except for areas located beyond the Arctic Circle), Irkutsk Region (areas: Bodaibinsky, Katangsky, Koreansky, Mamsko-Chuisky)
Kamchatka Krai
Republic of Karelia (north of 63 ° north latitude)
Komi Republic (areas located south of the Arctic Circle)
Krasnoyarsk Territory (the territory of the Even Autonomous Okrug and the Turukhansk District, located south of the Arctic Circle)
Magadan Region (except for the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the regions listed below)
Murmansk region
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (except for the Oymyakon region and areas located north of the Arctic Circle)
Sakhalin Region (areas: Nogliksky, Okhinsky, Kuril Islands)
Tomsk Region (districts: Bakcharsky, Verkhneketsky, Kolpashevsky, Krivosheinsky, Molchanoesky, Parabelsky, Chainsky and the territories of Aleksandrovsky and Kargasoksky districts located south of 60 ° north latitude)
Tyumen Region (districts of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts, except for areas located north of 60 ° north latitude)
Khabarovsk Territory (districts: Ayano-Maisky, Nikolaevsky, Okhotsky, named after Polina Osipenko, Tuguro-Chumikansky, Ulchsky)

"Special" belt

The Russian Federation:

Magadan region (districts: Omsukchansky, Olsky, Severo-Evensky, Srednekansky, Susumansky, Tenkinsky, Khasynsky, Yagodninsky)
Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Oymyakonsky district)
territory located north of the Arctic Circle (except for the Murmansk region)
Tomsk Region (territories of Aleksandrovsky and Kargasoksky districts located north of 60 ° north latitude)
Tyumen Region (districts of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts located north of 60 ° north latitude)
Chukotka Autonomous District

On Earth, it determines the character of many features of nature. Climatic conditions also strongly affect the life, economic activity of people, their health and even biological characteristics. At the same time, the climates of individual territories do not exist in isolation. They are parts of the atmospheric process that is common for the entire planet.

Climate classification

The Earth's climates, which have features of similarity, are combined into certain types, which replace each other in the direction from the equator to the poles. In each hemisphere, there are 7 climatic zones, of which 4 are main and 3 are transitional. This division is based on the placement of air masses with different properties and characteristics of air movement in them over the globe.

One air mass is formed in the main zones throughout the year. In the equatorial belt - equatorial, in the tropical - tropical, in the temperate - the air of temperate latitudes, in the arctic (Antarctic) - arctic (Antarctic). In the transitional belts, located between the main ones, in different seasons of the year, they alternately enter from the adjacent main belts. Here conditions change according to the seasons: in summer they are the same as in the neighboring warmer zone, in winter they are the same as in the neighboring colder one. Along with the change in air masses in the transition zones, the weather also changes. For example, in the subequatorial zone, hot and rainy weather prevails in summer, and cooler and drier in winter.

The climate within the belts is not uniform. Therefore, the belts are divided into climatic regions. Areas of oceanic climates are located above the oceans, where sea air masses are formed, and continental climates are located above the continents. In many climatic zones on the western and eastern coasts of the continents, special types of climate are formed, which differ from both continental and oceanic ones. The reason for this is the interaction of sea and continental air masses, as well as the presence of ocean currents.

Roasts include and. These territories constantly receive a significant amount of heat due to the large angle of incidence of sunlight.

The equatorial belt is dominated by the equatorial air mass throughout the year. The heated air constantly rises upward under conditions, which leads to the formation of rain clouds. There are heavy rainfalls every day, often from. The amount of precipitation is 1000-3000 mm per year. This is more than moisture can evaporate. The equatorial zone has one season of the year: it is always hot and humid.

In tropical zones, tropical air mass dominates throughout the year. In it, air descends from the upper layers of the troposphere to the earth's surface. As it sinks, it heats up, and even above the oceans, no clouds form. Clear weather prevails, in which the sun's rays strongly heat the surface. Therefore, on land, the average in summer is higher than in the equatorial zone (up to +35 ° WITH). Winter temperatures are lower than summer temperatures due to a decrease in the angle of incidence of sunlight. Due to the absence of clouds throughout the year, there is very little rainfall, so tropical deserts are common on land. These are the hottest areas of the Earth with temperature records. The exception is the eastern shores of the continents, which are washed by warm currents and are under the influence of trade winds blowing from the oceans. Therefore, a lot of precipitation falls here.

The territory of subequatorial (transitional) zones is occupied by humid equatorial air mass in summer, and dry tropical air in winter. Therefore, here there are hot and rainy summers and dry and also hot - due to the high standing of the Sun - winter.

Moderate climatic zones

They occupy about 1/4 of the Earth's surface. They have sharper seasonal differences in temperature and precipitation than hot zones. This is due to a significant decrease in the value of the angle of incidence of the sun's rays and the complication of circulation. They contain the air of temperate latitudes all year round, but frequent intrusions of arctic and tropical air are noted.

The Southern Hemisphere is dominated by an oceanic temperate climate with cool summers (from +12 to +14 ° С), mild winters (from +4 to +6 ° С) and abundant precipitation (about 1000 mm per year). In the Northern Hemisphere, large areas are occupied by the continental temperate and. Its main feature is the pronounced temperature changes over the seasons.

On the western shores of the continents, humid air from the oceans, brought by the western temperate latitudes, comes all year round; there is a lot of precipitation (1000 mm per year). Summers are cool (up to + 16 ° С) and humid, while winters are humid and warm (from 0 to + 5 ° С). In the direction from west to east inland, the climate becomes more continental: the amount of precipitation decreases, summer temperatures increase, and winter temperatures decrease.

On the eastern shores of the continents, a monsoon climate is formed: summer monsoons bring abundant rainfall from the oceans, and frosty and drier weather is associated with winter monsoons blowing from continents to oceans.

Air of temperate latitudes comes to subtropical transition zones in winter, and tropical air in summer. The continental subtropical climate is characterized by hot (up to + 30 ° С) dry summers and cool (from 0 to + 5 ° С) and slightly more humid winters. There is less precipitation per year than can evaporate, so deserts and prevail. There is a lot of precipitation on the coasts of the continents, and on the western shores it is rainy in winter due to westerly winds from the oceans, and on the east - in summer due to monsoons.

Cold climatic zones

The earth's surface receives little solar heat during the polar day, and does not heat up at all during the polar night. Therefore, the Arctic and Antarctic air masses are very cold and contain little. The Antarctic continental climate is the most severe: extremely frosty winters and cold summers with negative temperatures. Therefore, it is covered with a powerful glacier. In the Northern Hemisphere, a similar climate is in, and above - marine arctic. It is warmer than the Antarctic, since the ocean waters, even covered with ice, provide additional heat.

In the subarctic and subantarctic belts, the arctic (Antarctic) air mass dominates in winter, and the air of temperate latitudes in summer. Summers are cool, short and humid, winters are long, severe and with little snow.

The climate is decisive for the geographical position of natural zones. Where it is dry and hot, deserts are formed, where it rains and the sun shines for a whole year - the lush vegetation of the equatorial forests. But, in one climatic zone, the borders of several natural zones may be located.

Climatic zones and natural zones

Let's look at the table first.

Table "Natural zones of climatic zones"

Features of the climate of natural zones of the world

Equatorial forests

It is very hot and tropical all year round. The average temperature in winter is + 15 °, in summer about 30 °. More than 2000 mm of precipitation falls annually. There is no clear distribution for seasons; all months are warm and humid.

Savannah

Winter is tropical, summer is equatorial. There are two distinct periods: droughts in winter and rainy seasons in summer. About 500 mm of precipitation falls annually. The average temperature in winter is + 10 °, in summer it is about 26 °.

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Deserts

An arid climate, bright temperature changes are observed throughout the day. In winter, it can even be below zero at night. In summer, the sun warms up dry air by 40-45 °.

Rice. 2. Frost in the desert

Steppe and forest-steppe

Winters are mild, summers are dry. Even in the warm season, at night, there may be a decrease in air temperature to a minus value. Precipitation falls mainly in winter - up to 500 mm per year. A feature of the steppe zone is cold piercing winds blowing from the north.

Deciduous and mixed forests

They are characterized by pronounced winters (with snow) and hot summers. Precipitation falls evenly throughout the year.

Rice. 3. Winter in a deciduous forest

Taiga

It is distinguished by cold dry winters, but hot summers, which lasts 4-5 months. The amount of precipitation is about 1000 mm. in year. The average January temperature is 25 °, in summer + 16 °.

Tundra and forest-tundra

The climate is harsh. Winter is long, cold, dry, about 9 months. Summer is short. Arctic winds often blow.

Arctic and antarctic deserts

Zone of eternal winter. Summers are very short and cold.

Record low temperatures were recorded in Antarctica - 89.2 ° and -91.2 °. In Russia, the lowest temperature was in the city of Verkhoyansk - 67.8 °.

What have we learned?

Climatic zones define natural zones. In some zones, there may be boundaries of several natural zones. The flora and fauna largely depends on the weather conditions of the region.

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