Terrorism as a way to resolve conflicts. Terrorism in national and international conflicts. Use of chemical or biological weapons
First, international terrorism, unfortunately, is becoming more and more widespread on a planetary scale. It manifests itself both in regions of traditional international conflicts (for example, the Middle East, South Asia), and the most developed and prosperous states (in particular, the United States and the West) were not immune from this dangerous phenomenon.Western Europe).
Secondly, international terrorism poses a serious threat to the security of individual states and the entire world community as a whole. Every year hundreds of acts of international terrorism are committed in the world, and the mournful toll of their victims is thousands of killed and maimed people;
Third, the efforts of one great power or even a group of highly developed states are not enough to fight international terrorism. Overcoming international terrorism as an aggravating global problem requirescollective efforts of the majority of states and peoples on our planet, of the entire world community.
Fourth, the connection between the modern phenomenon of international terrorism and other pressing global problems of our time is becoming more and more obvious and obvious. At present, the problem of international terrorism should be considered as an important element of the entire complex of universal human, global problems.
The problem of international terrorism has many common features characteristic of other common human difficulties, such as the planetary scale of manifestation; great pungency; negative dynamism, when the negative impact on the vital activity of humanity increases; the need for an urgent solution, etc. At the same time, the global problem of international terrorism has specific, characteristic features.
The problem of international terrorism is associated with the main spheres of life of the world community and societies of individual countries: politics,national relations, religion, ecology, criminal communities, etc. This connection is reflected in the existence of various types of terrorism, which include: political, nationalist, religious, criminal and environmental terrorism.
International terrorism today is an integral part of the proliferation of transnational criminal organizations supported by corrupt government officials and politicians. Thus, in the widely known work of British scientists “Global Transformations” it is noted: “There are also negative forms of international organizations, such as terrorist and criminal organizations. Despite lasting a lotcenturies of conflict between smugglers and the authorities, in recent years the growth of transnational criminal organizations is associated with drug trafficking (now, according to experts, its annual turnover is over $ 300 billion) and the widespread occurrence of organized crime. Solving these problems has become one of the most important challenges for governments and police forces around the world. ”
With one more specificsa characteristic feature of the global problem of international terrorism is its difficult predictability. In many cases, mentally unbalanced people and overly ambitious politicians become subjects of terrorism. Terrorism is often viewed as a way to achieve goals on the world stage and in international relations that cannot be achieved by any other means. In modern conditions, the forms of terrorist activity are becoming more and more complex, and are increasingly in conflict with universal human values and the logic of world development.
Thus, the problem of international terrorism poses a real global threat to the world community.
Counter Terrorism Methods
One of the most common ways to counter terrorism is to carry out economic and political reforms in order to raise the living standards of the population and provide the opposition with the opportunity to operate in a legal political space.
An ideological campaign, an all-out information war, can serve as a more effective means. Italy is a country that has successfully confronted terrorism and organized crime with the right ideological campaign.
A fairly common measure in the fight against terrorismm is the tightening of domestic policy, the introduction of total control over the activities of citizens, the use of particularly harsh methods of influence against terrorists.
It is impossible not to focus on such a radical measure as the physical destruction of terrorist leaders, the conduct of punitive measures carried out by the forces of military units. The effectiveness of this method of combating terrorism remains controversial.
Countries around the world are increasingly realizing that the fight against terrorismin modern conditions should be carried out together. Cooperation between special services and law enforcement agencies of different countries is constantly growing. International normative acts concerning this problem are being developed and adopted. In this regard, voices are increasingly being heard that the guarantee of a successful fight against international terrorism is effective and mutually beneficial international cooperation.
In October 2001 year ... at the direction of the Secretary-General, a “Policy Working Group on the Role of the United Nations in Relation to Terrorism” was established. The group included the largest functionaries of the organization, as well as external experts. The fruit of their labor was a 40-page report, released on August 6. 2002 year ... The developers of the new UN policy did the wholema rationally, deciding to be away from a comprehensive approach
As the core of the new UN policy, a tripartite strategy was proposed, the meaning of which is that the sphere of application of the main efforts of the organization should be:
1) deterring disaffected groups from terrorist activities;
2) depriving such groups of the opportunity to commit terrorist acts;
3) maintaining international cooperation in the fight against terrorism.
International terrorism in itself causes very significant damage, claiming tens, hundreds and thousands of human lives and leading to considerable economic losses. However, as you can see, international terrorism occupies an important place in the complex of global problems. It is closely related to such problems as the threat of unleashing a new world war, the threat of a nuclear catastrophe, the problem of overcoming the consequences of scientific and technological revolution.Humanity should consolidate all its activities in the fight against international terrorism, try to find in this struggle something that unites, and does not separate us all, regardless of skin color, religion, political convictions. Only in thisIn this case, humanity can withstand terrorism as a deadly threat of the XXI.
The problem of terrorism in international relations: legal and political aspects. The new face of terrorism Conclusion References Introduction. The aim of the work is to consider modern approaches and assessments of terrorism. To achieve this goal, we have identified the following goals: To study the term terrorism and its global influence; Learn about terrorism in national and international conflicts; Consider contemporary approaches and assessments of terrorism.
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PAGE \ * MERGEFORMAT 2
Introduction
1.2.
2.Terrorism in national and international conflicts
2.1. The problem of terrorism in international relations: legal and political aspects
3. Countering terrorism at the state level.
4. The new face of terrorism
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction.
Political science is the science of the laws governing the functioning and development of politics, political relations and political systems, and the essential aspects, incentives and incentives, norms and principles of political activity. It ranks prominently among the social sciences. This place is determined by the fact that political science studies politics, the role of which in the life of society is very great. Politics is connected with all spheres of society and actively influences them. It influences the destinies of countries and peoples, the relations between them, influences the daily life of a person. Questions of politics, political structure, democracy, political power, the state concern all citizens, affect the interests of everyone. Therefore, the problems of politics, political life, have never lost, and even more so now do not lose their actual importance literally for all members of society.
The relevance of this work is due to the growing terrorist influence on the world over the past decades. In the current political instability in the current world, this is expressed in the emergence and development of various radical terrorist groups, not one citizen, in any country, can feel completely safe.
The aim of the work is to consider modern approaches and assessments of terrorism.
To achieve this goal, we have identified the following goals:
Study the term terrorism and its global impact;
Learn about terrorism in national and international conflicts;
Consider contemporary approaches and assessments of terrorism.
1.Terrorism as a global problem
Terrorism is one of the variants of the tactics of political struggle associated with the use of ideologically motivated violence. Terrorism is about violence for the purpose of intimidation. The subject of terrorist violence is individuals or non-governmental organizations. The object of violence is the power in the person of individual civil servants or society in the person of individual citizens (including foreigners, or civil servants of other states). In addition - private and state property, infrastructure, life support systems. The purpose of violence is to achieve the development of events desirable for terrorists - revolution, destabilization of society, unleashing a war with a foreign state, gaining independence by a certain territory, a decline in the prestige of power, political concessions from the government, etc.
The types of terrorism are divided:
By goals:
Political terrorism - (mainly manifested in Europe) - this type was at a certain time the loudest, but the modern state machine has learned to fight it. This type of terrorism has a two-way direction. On the one hand, this is the struggle of various groups against the existing system ("Red Brigades" in Italy, "United Red Army" in Japan, "Axion Direct" in France, German - "Biadera-Mainkoff Group", "June 2 Movement", " Revolutionary cells "). On the other hand, it is state terrorism committed by special services for the sake of states. The special services used and are using similar methods to destroy state enemies (the KGB in the USSR, the CIA in the USA, Massad in Israel).
National terrorism is a method of peoples' struggle to create their own state. When peoples that do not have their own state, demand independence and take up arms. This includes the struggle of the Kurds to create Kurdistan. The struggle of the Basques living in southern France and northern Spain can also be attributed to national terrorism (historically, the Basques strove for complete independence, and the authorities even refused them autonomy). This also includes the struggle of the IRA (Irish Republican Army), which, with the help of terrorist attacks in Great Britain, is trying to achieve the independence of Northern Ireland.
Religious terrorism is the most dangerous type of terrorism based on religious fanaticism. And what is most sad is that it has become more and more "popular". Here we can note the struggle of the Palestinians against Israel. In this struggle, the countries of the Arab world are on the side of the Palestinians, and Osama Bin Laden wants to turn this struggle into a struggle of the Islamic world against Israel and its patron US, with all its allies. The war in Afghanistan turned him into a very religious person, he turned into an Islamic radical and called on Muslims around the world to destroy the infidels. Bin Laden's main goal is to create a global Islamic state, so he helps all like-minded people around the world. Christians are perceived as colonizers and Muslims as victims.
By the nature of the subject of terrorist activity:
Unorganized or individual (lone terrorism) - in this case, a terrorist attack (less often, a series of terrorist attacks) is committed by one or two people who are not backed by any organization (Dmitry Karakozov, Vera Zasulich, etc.);
Organized, collective - terrorist activities are planned and implemented by a certain organization (People's Will, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Al-Qaeda, IRA, ETA, state terrorism). Organized terrorism is the most widespread in the modern world.
Forms of terrorism:
Terror is the use of force or the threat of its use by the strongest side in relation to the weakest (ordinary terrorism - on the contrary). Examples: "Red Terror", "White Terror", Stalinist repression.
Leftist terrorism grew out of tyranny, but under the influence of radical leftist views, the image of a tyrant became collective and began to be associated first with the bourgeois class, and then with the broad masses of the population of Western countries, who "profit" at the expense of the "Third World" countries. Leftist terrorists view terrorist attacks as a form of class struggle.
Thus, we can say that terrorism is a threat in all aspects of modern life. But in any case, more often than not, innocent people suffer.
1.2. International terrorism as a factor of geopolitical influence
The specificity and level of modern civilization is characterized by the existence of acute global problems affecting the fate of not only individuals, social groups, nations, classes, regions and continents, but all mankind as a whole.
Terrorism is one of the most dangerous and difficult to predict phenomena of our time, which is assuming more and more diverse forms and threatening proportions. Terrorist acts most often bring massive human sacrifices, entail the destruction of material and spiritual values that sometimes cannot be restored, sow enmity between states, provoke wars, mistrust and hatred between social and national groups, which sometimes cannot be overcome during the life of an entire generation. Terrorism on an international scale is increasingly becoming a factor in the geopolitical influence of world centers of power.
The scale of terrorism and its interstate nature made it absolutely necessary to establish an international system to counter it, coordinate the efforts of various states on a long-term basis and at the highest level, and create international organizations to combat it. Terrorism, having long gone beyond national boundaries, has acquired an international character. This crime belongs to those types of criminal violence, the victim of which can be anyone, even those who have nothing to do with the conflict that gave rise to the terrorist act. The transformation of the problem of international terrorism into one of the most acute global problems of our time associated with the sphere of international relations is due to the following reasons:
1) international terrorism is becoming more and more widespread on a planetary scale. It manifests itself both in regions of traditional international conflicts (for example, the Middle East, South Asia), and the most developed and prosperous states (in particular the USA and Western Europe) were not immune from this dangerous phenomenon;
2) international terrorism poses a serious threat to the security of individual states and the entire world community as a whole. Every year, hundreds of acts of international terrorism are committed in the world, and the number of their victims is thousands of killed and maimed people;
3) the efforts of one great power or even a group of highly developed states are not enough to fight international terrorism. Overcoming international terrorism as an aggravating global problem requires the collective efforts of most states and peoples on our planet, the entire world community.
The problem of international terrorism has many common features characteristic of other common human difficulties, such as the planetary scale of manifestation, acuteness, negative dynamism, when the negative impact on the life of mankind increases, the need for an urgent solution, etc. At the same time, the global problem of international terrorism has specific, characteristic features.
A distinctive feature of the problem of international terrorism is the significant influence of the international criminal communities, certain political forces and some states on it. This influence undoubtedly leads to the aggravation of the problem under consideration.
In the modern world, there are manifestations of state terrorism associated with attempts to eliminate foreign heads of state and other political figures; with actions aimed at overthrowing the governments of foreign countries; creating panic among the population of foreign countries, etc.
Another specific feature of the global problem of international terrorism is the low coefficient of its predictability. In many cases, mentally unbalanced people and overly ambitious politicians become subjects of terrorism. Terrorism is often viewed as a way to achieve goals on the world stage and in international relations that cannot be achieved by any other means. In modern conditions, the forms of terrorist activity are becoming more and more complex, and are increasingly in conflict with universal human values and the logic of world development. The preparation of a terrorist attack, the mechanism for its implementation, the amount of funding, the depth and degree of impact on society - everything has become more ambitious. This is largely facilitated by the globalization of the world economy, the development of communications, and the improvement of information technologies.
Thus, the problem of international terrorism poses a real threat on a planetary scale for the world community. This problem has its own specifics, which distinguishes it from other common human difficulties. However, the problem of terrorism is closely interconnected with most of the global problems of modern international relations. It can be viewed as one of the most pressing global problems of our day.
2. Terrorism in national and international conflicts
Recently, more and more news broadcasts begin with reports of terrorist attacks. Terrorism is acquiring acute forms, and they begin to resort to it more often in the pre-crisis and crisis periods of the development of society. The pre-crisis period is characterized by terror, which is an unconditional indicator of social well-being and possible tremendous changes. Intra-national terrorism is characteristic not only of the period when society is transitioning from democracy to totalitarianism, but in general of those times when a sharp turning point occurs, for example, the transition from totalitarianism to democracy. It can be argued that this always occurs when power, central and local, leading state and public institutions, formal and informal social control weakens, when ideologies and moral guidelines change and tension and anxiety in society increase. This always causes an increase in violence, including such a dangerous one as terrorism, which the state may not be able to cope with, or cope with enormous difficulty, bearing in mind the efforts of law enforcement agencies. The cause of terrorism is the breakdown of the existing relations in the field of politics, economics, law, social and other important spheres of the life of the state and society, the loss of the previous mechanisms for ordering and constitutional regulation of relations that have been developed for decades, directly or indirectly affecting the foundations of the state and social structure. The ideological and political sphere has especially suffered, since the previous ideology is anathema, and a new society, which has lost its bearings, has not been proposed. Such disciplining principles that cement social life as patriotism, a sense of duty, morality, and internationalism have been devalued and lost. Social stratification of society has occurred, and the political struggle has intensified, unemployment and social insecurity of citizens are growing, legal nihilism has spread, interethnic relations have aggravated, and separatist tendencies have arisen and intensified. The preventive efforts of law enforcement agencies and public organizations have significantly weakened. In the 20th century, tens of thousands of articles and many monographs have been published on terrorism, terrorism and terrorists. Journalists, historians, lawyers, military men, policemen, doctors and guests in the kitchen argue about this. Terror and terrorism are constant topics of political negotiations led by the leaders of the Big Eight. Terror is not about shots and explosions, but a way of managing society through intimidation. It becomes terror if and only if it is purposefully used as a means of managing society. However, in this capacity, it is effective only when society itself recognizes it as legal and justified.
Since the mid-90s. a new phenomenon is observed: the activity of Islamic terrorist groups is increasing, which is manifested in the actions of Islamic fundamentalists - from radical religious groups in the Middle East and Afghanistan to Indonesian and Filipino models. In the past century, religious fanaticism was responsible for about 20% of international terrorist attacks. Currently, in connection with the terrorist acts committed in recent years, its share has increased significantly. To enhance the psychological impact on the personality of the suicide, in order to achieve not just an act of self-sacrifice, but also to turn it into a passionate desire, they were subjected to medical and psychological treatment with the use of drugs, hypnosis, religious suggestion (allegedly after the commission of an act such a Muslim falls into the "paradise garden"). An even darker image is drawn at the mention of Osama bin Laden. He owns billions of dollars that serve the most reactionary forces of modern terrorism. They are represented in his al-Qaeda organization, in well-organized movements, conspiratorial groups and agents operating in some countries, and are prominently expressed in the recently overthrown Taliban regime in Afghanistan. It is with this name that the intelligence services associate not only the terrorist attack in the United States on September 11, 2001, but also the previous inhuman actions. Bin Laden, in his ambitions to rule the world, did not spare the dignity of his country, Saudi Arabia, and led the forces that threaten the modern civilization of the earth. Today's "kamikazes" in Osama's camps are preparing using the same "technologies", choosing candidates from among the poor, illiterate young Muslims. Deceived parents gladly give their children for free education to "holy people" who "teach them to serve Allah" in the form of offering their lives on the altar of "holy faith". From a young age, such an Islamic fanatic perceives life as a formal existence and expects a "happy opportunity" to make a "transition to paradise." After such a "holy martyr" is equipped with a bomb in his vest or backpack, with a button-contact of the detonator in his hand, it is almost impossible to neutralize it or prevent an explosion. The idea of human brotherhood was born in history long ago, but it has always remained a utopia. Utopia, defeated by national and religious intolerance, opposition to "friends" and "aliens", the desire to achieve their goals at any cost. The energy that feeds terror has no cause and cannot be understood within the framework of any ideology, even the ideology of Islamism.
So, the energy with which "infected" people striving to change the world is no longer positive, it is aimed at making it more radical with the help of sacrifice. And the victims of political, nationalist and religious attacks are primarily young people.
And to fight this threat, there is little skill to shoot accurately and run fast. We need a different philosophy, a philosophy of unity, opposing the escalation of violence and evil, leading to self-destruction.
2.1. The problem of terrorism in international relations: legal and political aspects
Terrorism is a very complex social phenomenon that is difficult to define precisely. Leaving aside the various legal formulations that characterize terrorism from the point of view of criminal law, let us turn our attention to its socio-political features. One can agree with the opinion that an inalienable property of terrorism is the systematic use of violence, and violence is used with appropriate socio-political motivation and ideological justification. Achievement of the goals set by the terrorists includes two stages: at the first stage, an act of intimidation is carried out, and at the second stage, the terrorists control the behavior of people in a direction favorable to themselves. Consequently, any terrorist act is a structured phenomenon with two objects of criminal encroachments. The primary object can be an individual individual, a group of individuals, or a material object; secondary - an object of management, which can be considered public relations in a broad sense.
Examples of a double standard in assessing terrorism can be seen both in the past and today. Russia and the West viewed the situation in Chechnya or Kosovo differently. For a long time, the Georgian authorities denied the presence of Chechen terrorist fighters on their territory, secretly providing them with assistance. Then Tbilisi abruptly changed its position, turning to the United States for help in the fight against Chechen terrorists, but, obviously, the main motives for such an appeal were other motives than a sincere desire to end the hotbed of terrorism and banditry on its territory.
Of course, after September 11, 2001, the situation in the world on the issues of combating terrorism has changed. However, it is difficult to say how fundamental and irreversible these changes are. The September terrorist attacks in New York had other consequences for the theory and practice of international relations. Until recently, the concept of "international terrorism" more emphasized the international danger of such a phenomenon than denoted a real, obvious factor in international relations. Recent events have shown that qualitative shifts have taken place in world politics.
Back in the early 70s of the XX century, many researchers noted the emergence and growth of the role of non-state factors in international relations, with a simultaneous relative decrease in the role of individual sovereign national states. Supporters of neoliberal views drew attention to the positive, from their point of view, the nature of such processes. Meanwhile, today their negative side has come to light. Thanks to technical and technological progress, the development of means of communication, non-governmental international terrorist organizations, which undoubtedly include Al-Qaeda, have received unprecedented opportunities for such structures. Under the new conditions, these organizations are capable of challenging even the economically and militarily strongest states, creating a direct threat to their security. The states, as it turned out, turned out to be poorly prepared for new challenges and vulnerable in relation to the danger posed by opponents with significantly less resources.
Therefore, it can be concluded that security issues are taking on a new dimension, both at the national and international levels. It is very important to take this into account in the theory and practice of international relations.
3. Countering terrorism at the state level.
Late XX - early XXI centuries - this is a period of serious changes in terrorism as a socially dangerous socio-political phenomenon, the growth of its threats to the security of the modern world. Under the direct or indirect influence of social contradictions and conflicts of different levels, different in nature, terrorism is transformed both in its internal content and forms, and in its interconnections with other destructive phenomena of our time.
The ongoing changes in terrorism give rise to a counter process on the part of the world community and individual states to improve the mechanisms for combating this threat to humanity. However, despite a number of measures taken by the UN Security Council on the problems of combating international terrorism and the anti-terrorist measures taken by many states in general, this process has not yet led to the creation of an anti-terror system adequate to terrorist threats.
A significant role in optimizing the international and national systems of combating terrorism is played by the timely identification and forecasting of those new processes in the development of terrorism that have been taking place in it over the past one and a half to two decades.
The result of the practice of mass terror is not only an increase in social tension in society, an increase in public discontent with the anti-terrorist policy of the authorities, growing human and material losses, but also the emergence of difficult-to-solve problems in organizing the fight of the state against terrorism. Among the latter are the need to effectively neutralize negative socio-psychological and political processes in public opinion that objectively complicate the fight against terrorism; creation of an effective system for the protection of numerous and diverse objects of terrorist attacks, as well as effective mechanisms to minimize damage resulting from the implementation of terrorist acts.
The creation and activation of terrorist organizations of various ideological and political orientations in a complex of terrorist organizations of various ideological and political orientations of a number of subjects of terrorism, significant in their capabilities, which claim to be independent national or international political forces, is extremely detrimental to ensuring international and national security. These structures usually have a significant and relatively stable financial, material and social base both in their "own" country and abroad (first of all, this applies to a number of Islamist and ethno-nationalist terrorist organizations: Al-Qaeda, Muslim Brotherhood. , IRA, etc.) and have serious potential for causing especially grave damage to the state - the objects of their terrorist aspirations.
As a result of the emergence and activity of such terrorist formations in the system of modern terrorism, the international community and individual states are faced with the need to qualitatively improve the public and private mechanisms for identifying sources of funding and other significant in nature and scale of support for terrorist organizations at the international and national levels, a sharp improvement in anti-terrorist control. on major international, regional and national communications; development of new aspects of anti-terrorist force for the fight against large-scale terrorist structures, often resorting to the tactics of the so-called. war of terror, to the use of methods and forms of partisan activity.
In many countries, there are currently no effective means to counter active information and propaganda companies of terrorist, at least the most significant organizations, actively using, in particular, such means as the world Internet system, their own or independent mass media, contacts with those or other political circles. The emerging problem has a number of difficult-to-solve aspects - both organizational and technical and political and legal (which, in the latter case, is associated with the existing absolutist interpretations of the institution of freedom of the press, with double standards in the policies of individual states, etc.).
The development of modern terrorism is also characterized by the formation of such negative phenomena as the versatility of its destructive impact on various spheres of public life, which is explained by a number of circumstances and, above all, by the fact that there is a process of expanding the range of objects of direct terrorist influence, including objects of large concentration of human masses, objects of increased environmental risk, increasing the destructive potential of the very means of terrorist activity, etc.
The current situation in the field of combating terrorism in Russia and its forecast actualize the problem of completing the formation of a unified state system for countering terrorism in our country as well. A number of important elements of the national system of combating terrorism in Russia began to take shape already in the 90s. This process included the creation of mechanisms for the management of anti-terrorist activities at the federal level, the formation of bodies for the coordination of the subjects of anti-terrorist activities, the development of the main forms of participation of the executive authorities in the fight against terrorism, etc. in a number of cases, inconsistent, did not sufficiently reflect the need to take into account changes in the very system of terrorism.
Completion of the process of forming a unified state system of countering terrorism in Russia should provide for the consistent implementation of a systematic approach and, in this regard, take into account the following factors:
The complex nature of terrorism, which is a unity of its main components - ideology, organization and the actual violent side of this phenomenon;
An increasingly complex complex of forms, methods and means of violent influence on modern objects of terrorism - physical, chemical, biological, radioactive, etc .;
The growing scale of terrorism from the point of view of the geography of the spread of the activities of terrorist organizations, the commission of terrorist acts by them;
Adaptation of the organization and tactics of terrorism to the tasks of carrying out terrorist influence on objects of various nature and social purpose;
The real and potential possibility of causing significant damage by terrorist structures to their political opponents in various spheres of public life;
The active development of external relations of terrorism as a socio-political phenomenon with other types of antisocial activities that pose a threat to international and national security, etc.
4 the new face of terrorism
A number of features inherent in modern international terrorism can be distinguished.
Previously, terrorist activities only served as an aid to the realization of political goals. Modern terrorism is increasingly acting as a means of direct achievement of the tasks set.
The problem of international terrorism is associated with the main spheres of life of the world community and individual countries: politics, economy, national relations, religion, ecology, law enforcement, etc. This connection was reflected in the existence of various types of terrorism - political, economic, nationalist, religious, criminal, etc.
The number of terrorist organizations is growing, the level of their organization is increasing, interaction between individual terrorist groups is strengthening, and their efforts are being united in carrying out large-scale operations. In some cases, the formation of a kind of "terrorist international" is observed, directing its efforts to create a kind of "terrorist enclaves" on the territory of states where, for one reason or another, a vacuum of legitimate political power has formed (Afghanistan, Chechnya, Iraq, Kosovo).
Terrorist groups have an extensive network and coordinate their actions. Terrorist acts in most cases began to achieve their goals, which are not only causing direct harm to victims, but also in the implementation of a frightening effect: as a result of these acts, it is possible to sow fear, arouse feelings of confusion, helplessness, and pose a threat to a wide range of people.
The terrorists' financial, economic and technical capabilities have sharply increased. Certain terrorist organizations have a potential comparable in size to the military potential of small states.
The continuing increase in the financing of terrorism is extremely dangerous. Experts have established the following pattern: the more efforts government agencies make in the fight against terrorism, the more significant the amount of financial assistance to extremists from the “terrorist international”, mafia communities and all kinds of “charitable” foundations and other financial structures created by them becomes.
A significant part of the financial resources are obtained by terrorist networks as a result of illegal commercial activities, mediation in drug trafficking and the arms trade. In the presence of transnational financial flows, it is very difficult to trace the sources and schemes of financing terrorist organizations without establishing international cooperation.
With the start of the global anti-terrorist campaign, activities to combat money laundering through the banking sector have sharply intensified. At the same time, the financing of the activities of terrorist groups and organizations, in principle, can be carried out bypassing the official banking system.
The process of raising the level of its organization is also among the main trends of modern terrorism. This is reflected in the creation of a relatively stable system of various terrorist structures both in the state mechanism of a number of countries and in the framework of the most significant extremist movements, as well as in the implementation of terrorist acts by the most powerful terrorist organizations on a systematic basis. This trend is embodied in such forms as the coordination of ideological and political positions, strategic and tactical guidelines (by holding coordination meetings, creating coordinating bodies, using international means of communication, including the Internet).
The Internet is now becoming a powerful tool in the hands of extremist organizations and terrorist groups. This is facilitated by the specificity of the global network, which provides terrorists with such advantages as ease of access, independence from geographic location, unlimited potential audience, high speed of information transfer, difficulty of control by law enforcement agencies and special services.
One of the main tasks solved by extremists using the Internet is the broadest possible coverage of terrorist attacks, linking them to the ideological messages of extremists and intimidation of society. The Internet acts as an effective means of informational influence on the population, especially considering the fact that modern media in their work are increasingly using its materials. Mass propaganda is one of the main activities of terrorists on the Internet. They widely use the means of psychological warfare, including disinformation, intimidation, manipulation of public consciousness, substitution of concepts and facts.
The Internet is used by terrorist groups and for fundraising. The fundraising system is structurally similar to the network of nongovernmental organizations, charitable foundations and other institutions, and sometimes overlaps with these networks. To obtain financial resources, websites, forums and chats are used, where information is posted with the corresponding details of bank accounts or Internet payment systems.
Terrorist organizations use the Internet to recruit new members, including both Islamist and extremist suicide bombers. In addition, the Internet is used to mobilize supporters who play an active role in supporting terrorist organizations.
In the process of preparing terrorist attacks, the global network is used by terrorist organizations to collect and analyze data on possible targets, as well as information on tactics and means of carrying out forthcoming attacks. There are hundreds of effective intelligence gathering tools on the Internet, including powerful search engines, and an unlimited selection of open and confidential discussion groups.
One of the trends in the development of modern international terrorism is its merging with international criminal groups. They successfully complement each other in their illegal activities. Organized criminal groups provide international terrorist organizations with a significant part of financial support (proceeds from drug trafficking, illegal arms trafficking, money laundering, racketeering, etc.), as well as recruiting the ranks of terrorist organizations with professional murderers and criminals of all stripes. International terrorism, in turn, allows organized criminal groups to cover up their purely criminal activities with resounding political goals.
In modern geopolitical conditions, international terrorism is directly involved in the global geopolitical confrontation. Both the organizers of terrorist activities and some of their opponents, referring to the fact that most of the terrorist acts in recent years have been committed by representatives of Islamic extremist organizations, are trying to interpret the events of recent years on the world stage as a "conflict of civilizations." Most often this is presented as a clash between Islamic and Christian civilizations. It is argued that in the geopolitical space there is a so-called war between the "civilized" North and the "barbaric" South.
A specific feature of terrorism is the difficulty of its predictability. In many cases, mentally unbalanced, overly ambitious people become the subjects of terrorist acts. In modern conditions, the forms of terrorist activity are becoming more and more complex and are increasingly in conflict with universal human values.
Conclusion.
In conclusion of this work, the following conclusion can be drawn - terrorism has already gone beyond the framework of the national problem of one specific country, now it is a global problem of global proportions. At the present stage, the efforts of world diplomacy are concentrated around the creation of a security system that would guarantee stability in the world and would be able to respond to new risks and threats, the most dangerous of which is the threat of international terrorism. Against the background of the formation of a modern system of international security, the question of the further purpose of NATO and its future transformation in the foreseeable future becomes urgent as one of the most effective and efficient components of this system. The process of conceptual-ideological and military-political development is associated with a complex increase in tension in the international environment.
It should be noted that no matter what strategy in the fight against terrorism the law enforcement agencies adhere to, ensuring regional security remains the highest priority for the sustainable development of any region. Therefore, public authorities and, first of all, local self-government should focus on carrying out preventive work related to identifying internal threats, as well as factors that destabilize the normal course of the political process in the regional dimension. Thus, the main methods of combating terrorism determine the level of security and contribute to ensuring the political stability of the country.
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2. Gavrilin Yu.V., Smirnov L.V. "Modern terrorism: essence, typology, problems of counteraction" M .: Infra-M. 2007.
3. Gadzhiev K.S. Political science. Textbook. - M .: Logos, 2003. Rek
4. Newspaper "Krasnaya Zvezda" dated October 17, 2007. Article by Alexey Maruev in the "Army and Society" section
5. Gusher A.I. The problem of terrorism at the turn of the third millennium of a new era of humanity // Evrozhurnal. - 2003. - No. 3.
6. Gusher A.I. Problems of Terrorism and Fight against It: The Face of Modern Terrorism. // Fact 2004. №14. Part 2. - p. 36 - 40
7. Ilyasov F.N. Terrorism - from social foundations to the behavior of victims // Sociological Research. 2007. No. 6. - p. 78 - 86
8. Illarionov S.I. Global terrorist war. M. ProfEko, 2006.
9. International terrorism: the struggle for geopolitical domination / under total. ed. A.V. Vozzhenikova M. Eksmo, 2006.
10. Federal Law of 06.03.2006 N 35-FZ (as amended on 30.12.2008) "On Countering Terrorism" (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on 26.02.2006) (as amended and supplemented, coming into force on 01.01.2010)
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Terrorism as a form and method of violent resolution of the conflict
As you know, the main danger of terrorism lies not only in the direct harm it inflicts on victims of crime. It inflicts no less damage on public safety and constitutional order. Fear sowed by terrorists in society, a sense of complete helplessness in the face of an unnamed and omnipresent threat, loss of faith in the ability of state structures to protect their citizens - these are just the most obvious consequences of insufficient countering terrorism. As the experience of the last decades of the last century shows, terrorism tends to constantly expand its sphere of interests and influence, globalization.
Distinguishing terrorism from other forms of politically motivated violence is essential. “The phenomenon of terrorism has many aspects; in this regard, different approaches to its study are possible. This is the problem of legal qualification, and the definition of socially destructive functions, and political science analysis, and a socio-psychological assessment of its causes and consequences, and the identification of historical roots "Round table of the journal" State and Law ": Terrorism: psychological roots and legal assessments. "State and Law" 1995 No. 4. with. 21..
The main goals of terrorist acts are: the desire to spread fear among the population; expressing protest against government policies; extortion; causing economic damage to the state or private firms; carrying out covert terrorist acts against their rivals or law enforcement agencies. The main manifestations of terrorism can be roughly grouped as follows:
1) The scale of terrorism
A crime against the person.
Group murders.
Mass death of citizens.
The use of sabotage throughout the country.
Large-scale actions against the world community.
2) Methods of terrorist attacks
The use of firearms.
Organization of explosions and arson in cities.
Taking hostages.
The use of nuclear charges and radioactive substances.
The use of chemical or biological weapons.
Organization of industrial accidents.
Destruction of vehicles.
Electromagnetic irradiation.
Informational and psychological impact.
Appendix No. 1 contains a table of generalized typical characteristics of terrorist actions.
More than once, Russian and Western researchers have noted as one of the most important problems in the definition of terrorism that it is identified with violence in general, and at the same time no line is drawn between it and other close but not identical concepts. Among such concepts were named: war, aggression, genocide, extremism, revolution and terror. Some foreign researchers are also inclined to view terrorism as a special kind of social conflict. At present, there are more than a hundred different definitions of terrorism in the world, but a unified assessment of this phenomenon, as well as a unified approach to answers to it, has not been developed.
In my amateurish opinion, this constant search for the most appropriate legal (or scientific) definition of terrorism hinders the development of effective methods to combat this phenomenon. The situation resembles a fairy tale: the city is besieged by enemies, and the sages argue on which side of the stick the beginning, and at which end - supposedly knowledge about the primary elements and understanding the nature of simple things can help in this situation, where, in fact, the solidarity and determination of specific action.
Arguing about what terrorism is, each researcher gives it his own subjective assessment and definition, proposing his own methods of dealing with this scourge. Others, naturally, do not agree with him, and as a result, everyone just talks, and terrorists slowly penetrate all corners of the planet to satisfy their own needs by their usual and most effective methods from their point of view.
Concluding the consideration of the issue of differentiating terrorism and other forms of manifestation of violence, it should be noted that terrorism is always a war and the fight against it is also a war. And for greater clarity, I will give a table of differences between terrorism and extremism and war (see table 2).
Table 2. distinctive features of terrorism, extremism and war.
|
Specific traits |
Extremism |
Terrorism |
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|
Using violence to achieve the ultimate goal |
Possible, but not necessary |
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Direct impact on the authorities and their representatives |
perhaps as one of the methods |
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|
Indirect influence on the authorities - through innocent victims (who are not direct participants in the conflict) |
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Having a rigid hierarchy and structural organization |
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Intimidation tactics |
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Public demonstration of the results of actions |
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The secret nature of the activity. |
Analysis of the role of the elite in political conflicts
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Global international conflicts and peace strategies
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Islamic terrorism
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International terrorism
International terrorism
The world's largest terrorist organizations are considered the "Islamic Jihad of Palestine", "Fatah", "Hamas", "Al-Qaeda", "Hezbollah" and others. The most dangerous extremist organizations consider the fight against the non-Islamic world to be their goal ...
The place of the war in the political system
Conflict management is a purposeful impact on the elimination (minimization) of the causes that gave rise to the conflict, or on the correction of the behavior of the parties to the conflict. There are many methods of conflict management ...
Nationalism, problems and contradictions
Deepening economic devastation, growing social tension, political struggle, collapse of previous ideological guidelines and the emergence of surrogates, corruption of old and new bureaucratic structures ...
Features of the ideological doctrine of terrorism
The mass media, designed to help fight such a dangerous phenomenon as terrorism, are often used by criminals for their own purposes and play, probably without knowing it, into their hands ...
Political conflicts
The settlement presupposes the removal of the severity of the confrontation between the parties in order to avoid the negative consequences of the conflict. However, the cause of the conflict is not eliminated ...
Our social reality is largely structured and defined by language. Through language, the individual is able to declare himself and make contact with another. It is through the prism of language that social reality is structured ...
Political conflict
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Contemporary national policy in the Russian Federation
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Terrorism in Dagestan
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Techniques for resolving political conflicts
negotiated political conflict peacekeeping Negotiations have as ancient a history as wars and mediation. This tool has been used to resolve conflicts long before the emergence of legal procedures. However, then ...
Types and forms of modern terrorism
terrorism legislation Terrorism in any form of its manifestation has become one of the most dangerous in its scale, unpredictability and consequences of socio-political and moral problems ...
There are several classifications of modern terrorism.
According to the forms of its manifestation 8:
- 1) Social terrorism, sets itself radical, revolutionary, anti-capitalist goals.
- 2) National terrorism is a consequence of the transferred methods of "revolutionary struggle" to national liberation, which has become a quasi-religious value for many societies in the 20th century. Currently, among the world's leading terrorist organizations in the top ten are the Basque ETA, the Irish IRA, and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. In the late 1990s, the Albanian Army for the Liberation of Kosovo gained fame, now actually seizing power in the region.
- 3) Religious terrorism is associated in the public consciousness, first of all, with radical Islamism. This type of terrorism is the most "artificial" one. Islamic terrorism with its current scale was the result of the Islamization of social and national terrorism in the Near and Middle East at the turn of the 1970s and 1980s.
- 4) "Anti-systemic" terrorism, which denies modern society in general and declares war on it. This terrorism is lonely or marginalized groups of a sectarian nature, such as "Aum Shinrikyo", which organized the gas attack on the Tokyo subway on March 20, 1995. This type of terrorism, bordering on mental pathology, has, however, a great future as the “alienation complex” develops among residents of developed countries.
- 5) "Secondary terrorism", within which, using terrorist methods, private, illegitimate violence is carried out, usually in selfish interests. This type of terrorism is formed, first of all, under the influence of media information about successful acts of terrorism.
Olshansky D.V. singles out political terrorism - it is terrorism of various kinds with the aim of influencing political leaders, authorities or their policies, forcing certain political actions or decisions of power. In some cases, political terrorism is aimed at eliminating unwanted political leaders, including for the sake of changing the political system as a whole.
Informational terrorism is a direct impact on the psyche and consciousness of people in order to form the necessary opinions and judgments, which in a certain way direct the behavior of people. Economic terrorism is various discriminatory economic actions aimed at influencing competitors, social groups and population groups, as well as entire states and their leaders in order to achieve specific economic benefits or policies pursued by them, which boils down to taking the required actions or making the necessary decisions. Social (household) terrorism is the daily intimidation of people that we face: rampant street crime, general social instability, explosions in crowded places, in transport, the emergence of epidemics, poisoned water in the water supply system, etc., in physical terms, it is a constant threat to life and health of people. nine
The most complete classification of terrorism is given by Y.D. Vishnyakov in the textbook "Fundamentals of countering terrorism", pp. 29-31.
Classification of terrorism by ideological basis and sphere of manifestation:
Political terrorism is associated with the struggle for power and, accordingly, is aimed at intimidating or eliminating political opponents.
State terrorism is determined by the need to intimidate its own population, to completely suppress and enslave it, and at the same time to destroy those who are fighting a tyrannical state.
Religious terrorism is intended to affirm and compel the recognition of the terrorists' faith and, at the same time, to weaken and even destroy others.
Nationalist terrorism is manifested by the displacement of representatives of other nations, sometimes with the destruction of their culture, the seizure of land and property. Nationalist terrorism often takes the form of separatist terrorism.
General criminal mercenary should intimidate those who prevent criminals from obtaining material assets, including commercial rivals (they are forced to accept deliberately unfavorable terms).
Criminal terrorism is carried out to intimidate adversaries from rival criminal groups.
Terrorism classification by scale:
Interior terrorism manifests itself within one state and is expressed in the form of a crime against the individual, group murders, mass destruction of citizens, sabotage throughout the country.
international terrorism manifests itself in a secret war of one state against another, one socio-political movement against another movement or state power of some countries, or some cultures against others.
Classification of terrorism by type:
Conventional terrorism uses conventional means of destruction, including explosives.
Nuclear, chemical and biological terrorism carried out using nuclear fissile substances and nuclear explosive devices, chemically and biologically hazardous substances and their delivery vehicles. These types of terrorism also include sabotage against nuclear, chemical and biologically hazardous facilities.
Electromagnetic terrorism is carried out using generating installations of powerful electromagnetic radiation that affect both people and certain technological systems of infrastructure facilities.
Cyber terrorism carried out with the use of special virus programs to disable or disrupt the normal functioning of computer networks.
Information terrorism carried out with the use of media sources and other information media in order to whip up a negative situation in society, the decomposition of certain groups of it.
Economic terrorism carried out with the aim of destabilizing the economy and financial sphere of the subject of a terrorist act.
Classification of terrorism by form:
Terrorist actions are carried out in the form of explosions, arson, the use of weapons of mass destruction, kidnapping and hostage-taking.
Classification of terrorism by strength and means:
Individual, group, mass types of terrorism.
Classification by goals and objectives:
Mercantile (mercantile, petty-calculating) terrorism aims to obtain concessions or fulfill certain requirements.
Apocalyptic terrorism aims at causing maximum damage to the object of a terrorist act at any cost.
Plan
Introduction.
Chapter I. Terrorism as a global problem of our time.
§1. Concept, nature and types of terrorism.
§2. the origins of the international fight against terrorism.
§3. The current state of the fight against terrorism and the international political and legal aspects of its regulation.
§1. Terrorism as a means of resolving international disputes and conflicts (Yugoslavia, Afghanistan).
§2. The manifestation of terrorism in modern Russia.
§3. The problem of preventing and resolving conflicts from the perspective of national and regional security.
Conclusion.
List of used literature.
Introduction
Terrorism in all its forms and manifestations and in its scale and intensity, in its inhumanity and cruelty has now become one of the most acute and pressing problems of global significance.
The emergence of terrorism entails massive human sacrifices, the spiritual, material, cultural values that cannot be recreated for centuries are destroyed. It breeds hatred and mistrust between social and national groups. Terrorist acts have led to the need to create an international system to combat it. For many people, groups, organizations, terrorism has become a way of solving problems: political, religious, national. Terrorism refers to those types of criminal violence, the victims of which can be innocent people, anyone who has nothing to do with the conflict.
The scale and cruelty of the manifestation of modern terrorism, the need to continuously combat it, primarily by legal methods, confirms the relevance of the chosen topic.
The study of the issue of international terrorism is devoted to the works of such scientists as: the book of the Swiss researcher T. Deniker "Strategy of anti-terror"; the book of the French researcher Robert Salé "The Terrorist Challenge", the book of the West German researcher I. Becker "Children of Hitler", the book of the Polish researcher A. Bernhardt "The Strategy of Terrorism"; the book by the Hungarian researcher E. Angel "The Myths of the Shocked Creature" and a number of other authors.
However, terrorism as a global problem requires constant attention and study and therefore presents a wide field for research with their subsequent practical application.
The purpose of this work is to study and analyze the nature of terrorism, its negative consequences in the development of the world community, to study the phenomenon of terrorism in international and national conflicts; as well as the current state of the fight against terrorism in the international arena.
The work consists of an introduction, 2 chapters, a conclusion and a list of used literature.
In the first chapter, an attempt was made to reveal the concept of terrorism as a global problem of our time. At the same time, special attention is paid to the issues of the nature of terrorism, the origins of the fight against this phenomenon and the main international legal mechanisms of the fight against terrorism at the present stage.
The second chapter is aimed mainly at studying the issues of terrorism in international and national conflicts, using the example of Afghanistan and Yugoslavia in the CIS. There was also an attempt to consider the issues of conflict prevention in Kyrgyzstan.
Chapter II. Terrorism in national and international conflicts.
§1. Terrorism as a means of resolving international disputes and conflicts (Yugoslavia, Afghanistan)
Terrorism has become especially acute in national conflicts. Terrorism has also become a vehicle for resolving international disputes. Let us consider these phenomena using the examples of Yugoslavia and Afghanistan.
The Yugoslav path is one of the options for the development of events after the collapse of multinational states or socialist empires, as well as the USSR, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia. But the Czechs and Slovaks, not wishing to live together any longer, parted without shedding a drop of blood. The USSR also parted more or less peacefully, although some of its republics were nevertheless plunged into internal civil and interethnic wars. And only Yugoslavia is experiencing all the horrors of interethnic war.
How did it happen that a single Slavic people, which in fact are the Serbs and Croats, who speak the same language, having virtually the same customs and traditions, was plunged into a state of war.
To fight for independence, the terrorist "Kosovo Liberation Army" was created in 1996, whose militants periodically attacked the Serbian police. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Serbia, from the beginning of 1991 to June 1998, 543 terrorist attacks were committed in this region.
Mass violence began, the murder of civilians, the abduction of officials, explosions in various public institutions, Lyuli could not walk freely on the street.
In March 1998, bloody clashes broke out between Kosovar Albanians demanding independence and the Serbian police. At the same time, negotiations began between the leader of the Kosovo Albanians, Ibrahim Rugova, who is actively supported by the West, and the President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Slobodan Milosovic.
All this time, the Yugoslav leadership has emphasized its readiness to present Kosovo with the widest possible autonomy, taking into account the equal treatment of all national communities of the region - Albanians and Serbs, Montenegrins and Muslims, Turks and Gorans, Roma and Egyptians.
1999, on the night of March 24-25, the North Atlantic Alliance begins aggression against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. According to eyewitnesses, the scale of NATO's bombing of Yugoslavia is becoming more and more barbaric. The pilots, not wanting to endanger their lives, produce strikes from a greater height, striking civilian objects and killing civilians. NATO bombing provoked a massive exodus from Kosovo.
Despite the fact that, according to the Serbian constitution of 1974, the Autonomous Region of Kosovo (since 1963) was endowed with broader powers and actually became an independent subject of the federation with the possibility of participation of its representatives in the collective governing body of Yugoslavia - the Presidium of the SFRY, the Kosovar separatists continued to intensify their activities ... Dreaming of creating a unified Albanian state in the Balkans by uniting all the lands in which the Albanians live, in March 1981 they rose up in revolt.
When in 1990 it was already clear that the actions of the "Kosovars" were driving the country to a dangerous line of clashes in the national question and a crisis of the entire Federation with the possible secession of the republics, the Serbian leadership decided to limit the Autonomous Territory of Kosovo with a new Constitution. Otherwise he would have separated. The Kosovar Albanians took this as an act of insult. The form of their protest was non-participation in the entire political and economic life of the Republic of Serbia.
On September 13, 1991, the separatists held a referendum on independence in Kosovo, and almost all Albanians supported the creation of the republic. On May 24, 1992, presidential and parliamentary elections were held. The Serbian leadership declared them illegitimate, since the Serbs of the region did not take part in the elections. At the same time, the "Kosovars" were actively preparing for a serious struggle.
A new phase of the conflict began in January 1998. In a number of Macedonian cities, explosions thundered with the death of civilians, armed clashes between the UAV units and the Serbian police began. The government's retaliatory measures, including with the participation of the army, provoked a new wave of resistance in the province. Moving with battles against the rebels to the border with Albania, Serbian army and police units and units by October 1998 practically liberated Kosovo. But then the West intervened.
Under the threat of air strikes throughout Serbia, Yugoslav President Milosevic signed a treaty on October 13, 1998 with American envoys Holbrooke. In accordance with it, the withdrawal of Serbian forces from the province, the deployment of 2,000 OSCE observers in Kosovo, the establishment of a NATO air control regime over Kosovo territory and the deployment of alliance forces in neighboring countries "in case of problems" were supposed.
The negotiation process proposed by the West in Rambouillet was a natural continuation of the activities of the Contact Group, which came to the conclusion that it was necessary to bring representatives of the Yugoslav government and the Kosovar Albanians to the negotiating table and offer them a pre-prepared text of the treaty that would expand the right of autonomy for Kosovo. The document drawn up by the Contact Group in London included ten points and was not very acceptable to both sides. But when the delegations arrived in Rambouillet, it turned out that a number of new additions had already been made to the text, which did not suit Yugoslavia. In particular, they talked about the need to designate a transitional period for Kosovo within three years. In the course of it, elections and a referendum on the granting of autonomy rights, etc. could be scheduled in the province. Nevertheless, both sides agreed to negotiate.
In fact, a few hours before the end of the meeting, an ultimatum was delivered to Yugoslavia: either an agreement providing for the NATO occupation of the region without UN Security Council sanctions and the prospect of Kosovo secession at the end of a three-year transitional period, or the start of bombing of the entire country in case of refusal to sign the document. As a result, both sides refused to sign the contract.
The war in Afghanistan has been going on for almost 20 years, one of the consequences of which was the significant destruction of the entire infrastructure of the state.
As the entire history of the socio-economic and political development of Afghanistan in modern times convincingly testifies, the April 1978 revolution was a natural and inevitable consequence of the steady growth and exacerbation of antagonistic, irreconcilable contradictions between the overwhelming majority of the country's population and an insignificant stratum of exploiters who shamelessly appropriated the fruits of his labor. ...
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