HIV and AIDS tests. Infectious disease tests. Used to prevent HIV infection
Choose and mark the correct answer (one or more).
1. What is the essence of the destructive effect of HIV on the body?
A. It destroys the blood coagulation system.
B. Causes dysbacteriosis.
B. Corrodes the sheath of nerve trunks.
G. Causes destruction of bone tissue.
D. Contributes to clouding of the lens of the eye.
E. Prevents fertilization.
G. Destroys the human immune system.
2. Contact with what body fluids is most dangerous in terms of HIV infection?
A. Saliva
B. Blood.
D. Discharge from the nose.
D. Sperm.
E. Breast milk
3. Vaginal secret.
^ 3. Mark the ways of transmission of HIV infection.
A. Unprotected sexual contact.
B. Shared utensils.
B. Blood transfusion and sharing of non-sterile syringes.
D. From mother to child (pregnancy, childbirth, feeding).
D. Airborne route.
^ 4. How can HIV infection be prevented?
A. Consistently use hormonal birth control
pills.
B. Use a condom (male, female) with every contact.
B. Do not have sexual contact and use disposable
syringes for intravenous infusion.
D. Use an intrauterine device.
E. Have sexual relationships only with people you know.
E. Apply washing and douching with iodine after each sexual contact.
^ 5. How can a person know they have HIV?
A, If he cares about his health, he will feel it in the first hours.
B. Donate blood for an analysis for antibodies to HIV.
B. Feel unwell
G. Having handed over smears and bacteriological cultures from a venereologist.
^
6. How long after the alleged infection
Is it better to take an HIV antibody test?
A. The next day.
B. Every week for a year
After 3-6 months.
^ 7. The "window" period is the state when...
A. The body has not yet had time to develop antibodies to the virus and it is impossible to diagnose the disease.
B. The person has not yet developed symptoms of the disease.
B. A person cannot pass the infection on to others.
^ 8. From what point after infection can a person infect others?
A. After the end of the window period.
B. When AIDS develops.
B. Immediately, from the moment of infection.
D. At the last stage of AIDS.
^ 9. Viruses can remain viable for a long time ...
A. While in the water.
B. Being in the blood, breast milk, vaginal secretions.
Being in the air.
A. Chronic infectious diseases.
B. Diseases that people often get sick in the winter, cold period.
B. Diseases that affect only infants.
D. These are infections that people get from animals.
D. This is the same as intestinal infections.
E. Infectious and other diseases that affect the human body only with a weakened immune system.
^ 11. What are the signs/symptoms of a person who can be diagnosed with AIDS?
A. The presence of opportunistic diseases.
B. Loss of hair, teeth.
B. Reducing the concentration of immune cells in the blood below a critical level.
D. Severe weight loss.
^ Correct answers - check yourself
Test "TMH / AIDS" |
| 1.G |
| 2. B.D.E.Z |
| 3. A.V.G |
| 4. B.V |
| 5 B |
| 6. In |
| 7. A |
| 8. In |
| 9. B |
| 10. E |
| 11. V; |
SAEI SPO RT "NABEREZHNOCHELNINSKY MEDICAL COLLEGE"
INTERNET - QUIZ
on the topic "HIV - infection",
dedicated to World Health Day
Teacher
Chulkina E.V.
Naberezhnye Chelny, 2012
Task number 1.
Answer the following questions:
List the main regulatory and methodological documents, according to which the organization of work on the prevention of HIV infection is carried out.
According to what law do medical workers provide medical care to HIV-infected people?
What law regulates the responsibility of a medical worker for the disclosure of medical confidentiality?
In the event of an accident with a risk of parenteral infection, you must carry out the following manipulations ...
Decipher the concepts: "AIDS", "HIV".
How many types of HIV viruses do you know, their geographical distribution?
What are the hypotheses of the origin of HIV, how many of them do you know?
Write a classification of HIV infection.
List the opportunistic infections that develop with HIV - infections, according to the type of pathogen (fungal, bacterial, viral, protozoal).
Name the "AIDS-associated symptom complex", characteristic of two stages - the second and fourth.
Task number 2.
Answer the tests on the topic: "HIV - infection"1. Mechanism (path) of infection in HIV infection:
a) contact-household
b) aerogenic
c) vertical
d) food
e) transmissive
2. HIV affects:
a) erythrocytes
b) lymphocytes
c) platelets
d) hepatocytes
e) macrophages
3. The main symptom of stage IVB, stages of secondary diseases:
a) catarrhal symptoms for more than a month
b) paroxysmal cough for more than a month
c) diarrhea for more than a month
d) swollen lymph nodes within a month
e) an increase in body weight over 10%
4. The most common pathogens of AIDS-associated diseases:
a) shigella
b) adenoviruses
c) cytomegaloviruses
d) klebsiella
e) pneumocystis
5. Biological body fluid containing HIV, contagious for contact, except:
a) sperm
6. Population subject to regular HIV testing:
a) food workers
b) children of children's factories, schoolchildren
c) medical workers who do not work with blood
e) persons suffering from sexually transmitted diseases
7. Protein formations of the HIV envelope:
a) reverse
b) reverse transcriptase
d) glycoproteins dr41, dr120
e) ribosomes
8. Most common skin conditions in children with AIDS
a) Kaposi's sarcoma
b) seborrheic dermatitis
c) strepto-staphyloderma
d) hairy leukoplakia
e) CMV - infection
9. Diagnosis of HIV-infection is made only on the basis of:
a) sexual contact with an AIDS patient
c) swollen lymph nodes for more than 3 months.
d) detection of antibodies to HIV in serum by IB method
e) the presence of an immunodeficiency in a patient, a decrease in the amount of T 4 (helpers)
10. Prophylactic agent for preventing HIV infection during bisexual contacts:
a) disposable syringes
b) 70 alcohol inside
c) oral contraceptives
d) condom
e) 3% chloramine solution
11. When contaminated with blood, the skin of the hand is treated:
a) 96 alcohol
b) 70 alcohol
c) wash twice with soap
d) 3% solution of chloramine
b) the appearance of pustules on the back, chest.
c) damage to the esophagus, trachea, bronchi.
d) damage to the endocrine system with the development of AIDS-dementia in the future
15. Household items in the environment of a patient with HIV infection are disinfected:
a) 6% hydrogen peroxide solution
b) 96 alcohol
c) 5% chlorine solutions
d) 3% chlorine solutions
e) 70 alcohol
16. HIV prevention - infection includes:
b) use of individual personal hygiene items
c) use of oral contraceptives
d) all of the above
17. For the prevention of HIV infection use:
a) antiviral drugs
b) antibacterial drugs
c) a nutritious diet
d) immunocorrective drugs
e) contraceptive (condom)
18. Select clinical indications requiring HIV testing:
a) fever for more than 1 month.
b) hairy leukoplakia of the tongue
c) diarrhea lasting 1 week
d) weight loss less than 10%
19. “The contingent subject to examination for “HIV” is regulated by Order No.:
20. In this category of AIDS patients, Kaposi's sarcoma occurs:
a) homosexuals
b) children over 5 years old
c) men over 60
d) men under 60
e) persons infected through the placenta
21. At these stages, an HIV-infected person is a source of infection:
a) incubation period
b) acute febrile phase
c) stage of asymptomatic infection
e) AIDS period
e) at all stages after infection
22. At these times, the ELISA will be positive:
a) 3-5 days after infection
b) a week after infection
c) 6-24 weeks
23. Designate sources of infection:
a) a sick or infected person
b) a person in the asymptomatic period of HIV infection
c) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
d) blood-sucking insects
24. This group of microorganisms includes the causative agent of HIV infection:
a) the simplest
b) mycoplasmas
c) bacteria
d) spirochetes
e) rickettsia
e) viruses
25. The main causes of mortality in patients with HIV infection:
a) damage to the endocrine system
b) damage to the reproductive system
c) development of opportunistic infections
d) tumor processes, Kaposi's sarcoma
26. Human infection is possible through these biological fluids:
a) semen
c) vaginal discharge
e) bone marrow
27. Select AIDS - marker diseases:
a) acute herpetic lesions of the skin and mucous membranes without the formation of ulcers
b) prolonged diarrheal syndrome
c) pneumocystis pneumonia
d) brain lymphoma
28. Elements of medical protective clothing for performing manipulations accompanied by splashing of blood:
a) surgical gown
b) anti-plague suit
c) rubber gloves
d) ordinary mask
e) four-layer mask
f) stacking glasses for OOI (especially dangerous infections)
g) big glasses
29. Select the most widely used laboratory method for diagnosing HIV infection:
a) serological
b) bacteriological
c) virological
d) microscopic
30. These laboratory tests are used to identify seropositive individuals:
b) PCR
c) RPGA
d) RW
e) immunoblot
31. A positive HIV test result means:
a) the patient has AIDS
b) the body has antibodies to HIV
c) a person is contagious throughout his life
d) the patient has a terminal period
32. These groups of people are subject to testing for HIV infection:
a) children from 14 years of age admitted to hospitals of any profile
b) patients undergoing outpatient treatment
c) people at risk
d) patients with salmonellosis
e) patients with herpes simplex
33. Blood clot is disinfected:
a) 3% solution of chloramine
b) 5% solution of chloramine
c) 10% solution of hydrogen peroxide
d) 10% solution of clarified bleach
e) 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide
34. Duration of the incubation period:
a) 2-3 weeks
b) from 3-4 months
c) 5-6 months
d) 2 weeks to 6 months
e) 2 weeks to 1 year or more
35. An HIV-infected person is most contagious during this period:
b) seronegative period
c) in the stage of AIDS
d) in the asymptomatic phase
Task number 3.
Solve situational problems.
Task #1
A young man, 23 years old, turned to an infectious disease specialist with complaints of fever, weakness, according to the patient, a week ago he had sexual intercourse with a woman whom he does not trust, he is afraid that he contracted AIDS.
1. Do these symptoms indicate that the patient has stage I, the stage of primary manifestations of HIV infection?
2. Do I need to issue a referral for an examination (for HIV)? Why?
Task #2
Student K., 19 years old, intravenous drug contact with an HIV-infected person, applied 6 months after contact with complaints of cough, fever, skin rash.
1. Do these symptoms indicate that the patient has stage IV, the stage of secondary diseases.
2. What reactions during the examination of the patient will be positive if he is infected?
Task #3
An AIDS patient went to the infectious diseases hospital with complaints of pain, vesicular rash on the skin and mucous membranes of the lips, the rash persists for more than 1 month, and there are two small sores at the site of the rash.
What immunological disorders are possible in the patient?
What AIDS is a marker disease in the patient?
Task #4
A 10-year-old child with HIV infection and immunodeficiency had two opportunistic diseases for two years.
1. Name presumably - any of these diseases of the disease?
2. What laboratory tests confirm the diagnosis: HIV infection?
Task number 5
Patient K. was diagnosed with HIV infection stage IIB, stage of acute HIV infection without secondary diseases
What symptoms will the patient have?
What infection mechanisms could the young man have?
1. The causative agents of AIDS are viruses of the family:
A. flaviviruses
B. Retroviruses*
C. picornaviruses
D. orthomyxovirus
E. paramyxovirus
2. The source of AIDS infection are:
A. HIV-infected at the stage of asymptomatic carriage
B. A patient in the pre-AIDS stage
C. HIV-infected at the stage of generalized lymphadenopathy *
D. End-stage AIDS patient
E. All answers are correct
3. Select AIDS indicator diseases of the 1st category
A. Candidiasis of the esophagus, bronchi or lungs *
B. Extrapulmonary cryptococcosis, *
E. Cytomegalovirus lesions of any organs *
E. Hymenolipedosis
4. Select AIDS-defining diseases of the 2nd category
A. Bacterial infections, combined or recurrent in children under 13 years of age, caused by pyogenic microorganisms *
B. coccidiomycosis disseminated *
C.VIL-encephalopathy, *
D. Disseminated histoplasmosis, isosporosis resistant with diarrhea, persisting for more than 1 month, * -,
E. Pneumocystis pneumonia
5. Which diseases are not AIDS-indicative?
A. Candidiasis of the esophagus, bronchi or lungs
B. Extrapulmonary cryptococcosis,
C. Kyptosporidiosis with diarrhea lasting more than 1 month*
D HIV encephalopathy,
E. Hymenolepiasis
6. Methods of laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis of HIV / AIDS
A. bacteriological
B. serologic*
C. Biological sample
D. Immunological
E. All of the above
7. Clinical features of Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS patients
A. Appears in people over 60 years of age
B. Develops from the endothelium of blood vessels *
S.Mae round shape, various sizes *
D.mae polycentric form
E. Tumor color - from dark red to dark purple o *
8. Which of the following diseases does not belong to AIDS-associated infections?
A. Cryptosporidiosis
B. Opisthorchiasis *
C. Toxoplasmosis
D. Salmonellosis
E. Pneumocystosis
9. Which of the forms of candidiasis indicates the presence of AIDS itself
A. Visceral candidiasis with lesions of the esophagus, bronchi, trachea and lungs *
B. Candidiasis of the colon
C. Vulvovaginal candidiasis
D. Oral candidiasis
E. All listed forms
10. Characteristic for AIDS infection caused by the herpes simplex virus manifests itself
A. ulcerative lesions of the skin and / or mucous membranes *
B. Lasts over 1 month*
C. Lasts up to 1 month
D. Herpetic bronchitis *
E. herpetic pneumonia, esophagitis lasting more than 1 month *
11. Does HIV die within 1 hour under the influence of external factors?
A. Heating *
D. Ethyl alcohol
E. Freezing
12. The source of the pathogen in HIV infection are:
A. HIV-infected asymptomatic carrier
B. HIV-infected person in the stage of persistent and generalized lymphadenopathy
C. A patient in the III stage of HIV infection
D. End-stage AIDS patient
E. All answers are correct *
13 What body fluids contain the most HIV?
A. in the blood *
B. semen*
C. cervical secretion *
E. perspiration
14. How is HIV transmitted?
A. household contact
B. through sexual contact *
C. by parenteral route *
D. transplacental *
15 Name the risk groups for HIV infection:
A. homo- and bisexuals, prostitutes
B. drug addicts who inject drugs into themselves
C. recipients of blood, blood products and organs
D. patients with venereal diseases and viral hepatitis B, C, D
E. all of the above *
16. What are the clinical manifestations of HIV infection?
A. mononucleosis-like syndrome
B. flu-like syndrome
C. gastrointestinal syndrome
D. generalized lymphadenopathy
E. all of the above *
17. What laboratory methods are used to diagnose HIV infection?
A. enzyme immunoassay methods
B. immunoblotting
C. polymerase chain reaction
D. radioimmunoprecipitation method
E. all of the above *
18. What immunological changes are typical for the acute stage of HIV infection:
A. Decreased immune-correcting index
B. the presence of antibodies to HIV (rarely) *
C. decrease in the level of CD4-lymphocytes *
D. increase in the content of circulating immunocomplexes
E. p24 HIV antigen detection *
19. According to the mechanism of action, what groups are antiretroviral drugs divided into?
A. nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors*
B. non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors*
C. protease inhibitors
D. inducers of endogenous interferon *
E. all of the above
20 / HIV infectivity remains at room temperature
B.-4-6 days *
C.2-3 weeks
D.-1 month
E-.2-3 months
21.Jerelo HIV:
A. Ill HIV infection
B. Virus-carrying
S. Human-like monkeys
D. Virus-carrying patient with HIV and AIDS *
EXCORIOUS AIDS
22. In what body fluid can HIV be detected
Blikvor, milk, cum
Vslin, urine, stool
Sleep, tear fluid
AI in all body fluids *
23.Chy possible penetration of HIV through the placental bar (Premier
Only in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy
Only in the first trimester of pregnancy
24. Miscellaneous differentiation of mature T-lymphocytes
blood serum
Bone marrow
lymph node
25.Does not apply to peripheral organs of the immune system
spleen
lymph nodes
tonsils
solitary follicles
26. HIV alarm clock
protozoa
rickettsia
bacteria
chlamydia
27 The head is a distinguishing feature of retroviruses
Presence of revertase *
the presence of a supercapsid
diploid genome
Presence of 3 main and 4 additional genes
28As with T lymphotropic viruses is the causative agent of HIV
29Ch is inactivated by HIV with hydrogen peroxide
So, 5% solution
So, 0.3% solution *
Yes, only works on pure culture of HIV
30Dzherelo infections in HIV
wild animals
Pets
Human *
31Mechanism of HIV transmission
parenteral
Airborne
Parenteral, sexual *
alimentary
transmissible
32Whether HIV can be reproduced in T lymphocytes
So, in T suppressors
So, only in T killers
So, in T helpers *
33Chy damages HIV T killers
So, with superinfection
34 Chy damages HIV B-lymphocytes
So, with mixed infection
35Chy HIV multiplies in macrophages
So, with mixed infection
36Clitins that are damaged by the causative agent of AIDS
All white blood cells
T helpers, B-lymphocytes, macrophages *
Vascular endothelial cells
All red blood cells
37Ch is formed by the CIC in HIV infection
very rarely
In low titer
38In what period is HIV most often detected by the CEC
In any period
In the stage of AIDS
During the incubation period
In the stage of lymphadenopathy *
40Name the main cell of the immune system
neutrophil
lymphocyte *
RES cells
41Into which immunocompetent cells does the lymphoid stem cell differentiate
T, B cells *
NK cells
42 Mature maturation of B lymphocytes
blood serum
Group lymph follicles *
spleen
43Name the main function of T helpers and their varieties of T inductors
phagocytosis
antigen recognition
Regulator cell, assists B cells in developing immune response*
44The main purpose of T suppressors
Regulatory cells that suppress the immune response at a certain stage *
Cells capable of cytotoxic action
phagocytosis
antigen recognition
Activation and interaction of T effectors and T suppressors
45The main purpose of T killers
Regulation of interaction between T and B cells
Cytotoxic action *
Help B cells develop an immune response
phagocytosis
46What is the function of B lymphocytes
Regulation of the production of alpha and gamma interferons
cytotoxic effect
Suppression of the immune response
phagocytosis
Responsible for humoral immune response *
47 Functions of plasma cells
phagocytosis
synthesis of alpha interferon
Synthesis and recovery of antibodies *
cytotoxic effect
48X-ray picture in case of pneumocystis pneumonia
Khmarkopodibni infiltrates
Interstitial pneumonia*
Small infiltrates in the lower sections
confluent pneumonia
focal pneumonia
49What course of pneumocystis pneumonia
fulminant
recurrent *
Non-interruptible program
chronic
50The most effective drugs for the treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia
Penicillin, ampicillin
tetracycline, erythromycin
sulfonamides
Septrin, pyrimethamine*
Laferon, interleukin
51 Life of Kaposi's sarcoma
From skin epithelial cells
From the cells of the dermis
From the bones
From vessels *
From the hair follicle
52 Clinical signs uncharacteristic of classical Kaposi's sarcoma
Occurs in men over 60
Localized on the feet, lower leg
Appears on the skin in the form of spots, nodes, plaques of red-bluish color, 6-10 mm in size up to 5 cm
Damage to the skin of the trunk, shoulder girdle, face, scalp *
defeat symmetrical
53Uncharacteristic clinical signs of Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS patients
Flabby, slowly progressive disease*
generalized course
Sick young men
Fever, weight loss, diarrhea
Rash on the skin in the form of spots, pink nodes
54 Celebration of patients with Kaposi's sarcoma caused by HIV
Surgical treatment, antiviral drugs
Radiation therapy, antibiotics and surgery
Cytostatics, immunomodulators, radiation therapy *
Sulfonamides, antiviral drugs
Recombinant interferons, antihistamines
55 Forms of damage to the c.n.s. with HIV infection
Purulent pneumococcal meningitis
Serous basal tuberculous meningitis
Brain abscess, cryptococcal meningitis*
flaccid paralysis
subarachnoid hemorrhage
56K AIDS indicator infection belongs to
brucellosis
Viral hepatitis A
adenovirus infection
Meningococcal infection
Generalized mycosis *
57Mycoses include
tuberculosis bacillus
Cryptococcal *
malarial plasmodium
toxoplasma
gonococcus
58Before-AIDS Manifests
generalized candidiasis
Mononucleosis-like syndrome *
cachexia
total immunodeficiency
59Before AIDS indicator infections belonged to
adenovirus infection
typhoid fever
viral hepatitis
Recurrent herpes *
60 about what kind of pathogens belongs to toxoplasma
protozoa*
bacteria
61Kinzium host Toxoplasma
Animals of the genus felines *
Mice and rats
62 Intermediate host of Toxoplasma
Man and animals *
Animals of the genus felines
Mice, rats
Can not be
63 Gostra form of toxoplasmosis develops when infected
pneumocystis
Vegetative form *
toxin
64 The chronic form of toxoplasmosis develops when infected
pneumocystis
vegetative form
Target:
- form ideas about the disease of the century;
- to acquaint students with basic information about the disease and dangerous features of HIV infection;
- develop behavioral motivations to maintain their health.
Equipment:
- writing paper,
- markers,
- inscription sheets:
- minimum risk
- the maximum risk
- no risk,
- behavior cards,
- poster.
Board layout: poster "AIDS - the price of carelessness."
Helplines for anonymous counseling and information about HIV testing in our county.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Organizational moment
Students sit in two semicircles. Boys and girls separately.
II. Explanation of new material
IN virus (tiny microorganism, microbe)
AND– immunodeficiency
H– humanWITH- syndrome (a picture of the disease)
P- acquired (obtained during infection)
AND– immuno (immunity, i.e. protection from infections)
D- deficiency (deficiency, insufficient quantity)
Teacher's word: HIV infection and AIDS is a completely new and unusual disease for people. Scientists and doctors believe that HIV appeared on Earth no more than 50 years ago. However, in that short time, AIDS has already claimed over 22 million lives.
Until now, it has not been possible to find drugs that completely cure AIDS, and methods of protective vaccination (vaccination) against HIV.
Even in the question of when and how the human immunodeficiency virus appeared, everything is not completely clear yet. There are several hypotheses, but none of them has been proven:
1st hypothesis- most researchers tend to think that the disease originated in Africa, and then spread to other territories (USA and European countries). According to the African hypothesis, closely related primate viruses could have been the precursor of HIV. In Africa, foci were identified where a virus similar to the human immunodeficiency virus was widely spread in monkeys.
2nd hypothesis- the virus could adapt to life in the human body due to the widespread use of such scientific achievements of the 20th century as blood transfusions, organ transplants and other discoveries in medicine, which could contribute to the formation of both weaker and more dangerous forms of the virus.
3rd hypothesis- the artificial emergence of the virus in the late 70s on the basis of bacteriological weapons.
4th hypothesis- the virus could have existed since ancient times, changing the modification.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to spread throughout the world. Infection with this virus causes a disease known as AIDS after a few years. AIDS in HIV-infected people does not develop immediately, but 7-10 years after infection.
Man, like all living beings, is made up of cells. Each cell has its own "control center" - the nucleus. All work, vital activity (work) of the cell is controlled by the nucleus. It is in this main part of the body's defender cells that a dangerous microbe (HIV) is introduced after it has been able to penetrate the human body. HIV is, as it were, “conserved” in the cells of the immune system (which are designed to defend the body from the introduction of any alien pathogens. For a long time (several years) the defenses of infected people are still able to withstand the onslaught of pathogens.But a person will never be able to get rid of the dangerous "newcomers of HIV", which remain in the nucleus of the affected cell throughout his life.Over time, the activity of "strangers" is growing and in a weakened body, various diseases easily occur that lead to the death of an infected person.
The worldwide epidemic of infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus is the largest event in the history of mankind of the 20th century, which can be put on a par with two world wars, both in terms of the number of victims and the damage it causes to society.
AIDS was first reported in 1981 in the United States. When group diseases of men aged 25–45 years of homosexual orientation were detected. Then they began to identify representatives of other segments of the population (drug addicts, prostitutes). In Russia, the first case of infection was officially announced in 1987 (a young resident of St. Petersburg). YaNAO -1995
Since 1989, the organization of territorial and regional centers for the prevention and control of AIDS began in Russia.
The development of the epidemic process in HIV infection has its own patterns that can be traced in various countries of the world, and it can be divided into three main phases:
- Initial phase- HIV is spreading mainly among people of homosexual orientation.
- Second phase- the virus enters the environment of intravenous drug users and spreads parenterally (by blood).
- Third phase- when the entire population is involved in the process and the spread of HIV is carried out mainly through sexual contact.
Question for students: What phase do you think prevails over the others now?
Exercise
Target: enable students to reflect on the dangers of HIV infection.
I offer you a situation for the whole group, I will ask everyone to stand up. You have been invited to a party out of town. You have given your consent. And spend time in the country in an interesting company. From a casual conversation, you will find out that among these people there is an HIV-infected person, who exactly you do not know. The evening is in full swing, you communicate a lot. Your task, moving around this room, is to enter into relationships with the people around you, stretching out your hands for contact. If you feel the movement of a finger on your palm, you are dealing with an HIV-infected person. I will ask the one who plays this role not to give himself away and also communicate like everyone else.
- Which of you turned out to be HIV-infected?
- What feelings did you experience?
Teacher's word: It is important that everyone understands that in the age of AIDS, any sexual contact with anyone must be considered as sexual contact with all those people with whom your partner has had intercourse in the last 10 years. Why is that? (Scheme is drawn on the board)
– When we are at risk of contracting HIV. transmission paths.
From an epidemiological point of view, HIV infection is an infectious disease that is transmitted exclusively from person to person.
The source of infection is an infected person at any stage of the disease, that is, regardless of the presence or absence of clinical signs of the disease.
Infection with the virus can only occur if HIV, which is present in some of the fluids of an infected person, enters the blood of another person. HIV is found in large quantities in blood, semen and vaginal secretions. The virus remains viable for years, and in frozen serum and semen for up to ten years.
Question for students: Is it possible to get infected with the HIV virus in a cosmetic or dental salon?
So far, it has been proven that HIV can be transmitted from an infected person in only three ways:
1. Through sexual intercourse (heterosexual; homosexual)
With sexual transmission of infection, the risk of infection during homosexual contacts is especially high (the pathogen with seminal fluid penetrates directly into the bloodstream of the sexual partner through microtraumas in the rectal mucosa).
During heterosexual intercourse, a woman's risk of infection from a man is about twice as high as that of a man from a woman. In a woman during unprotected intercourse, a large amount of the virus contained in the seminal fluid of a man enters the body. The surface area through which the virus can penetrate is much larger (vaginal mucosa). The risk for a woman increases in the presence of STDs, cervical erosion, inflammation of the mucous membrane, menstruation. Frequent change of sexual partners dramatically increases the risk of infection.
2. Parenteral (blood contact):
- injecting drugs with infected syringes;
- transfusion of unexamined blood;
- medical procedures.
3. Vertical (from mother to child) - 15% - 30%:
- in utero;
- during childbirth;
- when breastfeeding.
Exercise: "What is the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS?"
Target: strengthening knowledge of specific situations that are dangerous and safe in terms of HIV transmission; developing the ability to assess the degree of risk of infection in a real life situation.
- Students choose a leader - a representative to speak at the general discussion in the class, as well as in order to control and analyze the answers in the group. The leader can be a volunteer, or the group chooses him.
- Each group is given cards consisting of 6-7 types of behavior (eating food prepared by an HIV-infected person, blood transfusion, sexual intercourse without a condom, etc.)
- Then the task is given to determine the level of risk for each type of behavior (actions).
- Write the 3 levels of risk on the board (maximum risk, minimum risk, no risk).
- Students are encouraged to identify the appropriate risk factors in these situations.
- After the discussion in small groups, the leader of each group should be heard, and a discussion should be held.
Answers must be given with explanations. The teacher comments, explains, corrects the mistakes made.
Teacher's word. Clinical manifestations of the disease.
At first, HIV does not manifest itself in the body, those infected with the virus feel healthy, nothing bothers them (the first stage is hidden (incubation period). This can go on for quite a long time (from several weeks to 12 or more months). It should be noted that already during this period, infected people who are unaware that they have HIV can infect many healthy people.
In some infected, the onset of the disease may pass without any deviations in health. But in 60% of those infected, within 2-4 weeks from the moment of infection (or 2-3 months after the introduction of HIV), a short-term illness appears, which usually very much resembles a cold or flu with an increase in body temperature (the development of the second stage begins). In addition to fever, in some patients, the lymph glands swell, the throat becomes inflamed (similar to a sore throat), a skin rash appears, there may be an upset stool, headache, and insomnia. Then (after 1-2 weeks, after a maximum of 44 days), the symptoms of the disease disappear almost on their own, without treatment. And infected people usually for many years, if they do not inject drugs and protect their health by giving up all bad habits, there are no signs of a serious illness, and the infected person does not complain about anything. This is the second stage of the disease, the manifestation of which can only be an increase in lymph nodes.
The insidiousness of HIV lies in the fact that at this stage of the disease, apparently healthy HIV-infected people can infect others, often they themselves may not suspect that they pose a threat to infecting their loved ones.
However, after a few years, HIV-infected people slowly but steadily begin to show symptoms of the disease.
The disease passes into the next (third) stage of the disease, which, in essence, marks the beginning of AIDS. The patient begins to worry about fever, sweating especially at night, frequent stools or diarrhea, weight loss. Usually 10 years after infection, 50% of those infected develop the last (fourth) stage of the disease.
AIDS patients develop brain damage, skin cancer (Kaposi's sarcoma), tuberculosis, pneumonia, intestinal infections, and other distressing symptoms. The most common symptoms of AIDS are marked weight loss up to exhaustion (skin and bones remain, as in cancer), fever, sweating, coughing, severe shortness of breath, memory and intelligence loss. In the last months of life, AIDS patients practically lose their sight, cannot speak and swallow food. The protective functions of the body's immune system are completely disrupted, and various pathogens become the cause of incurable, fatal diseases. The end result of HIV infection is death from AIDS.
Criminal liability (Article 122 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation):
- Knowingly placing another person at risk of contracting HIV infection is punishable by restraint of liberty for a term of up to 3 years, or arrest for a term of 3 to 6 months, or imprisonment for up to 1 year.
- Infection of another person with HIV infection, by a person who knew about the presence of this disease, is punishable by imprisonment for a term of 5 years.
Exercise "The Legend of Genghis Khan".
Target: Remind students of the importance of listening to the warnings of people who are more capable than they are of assessing certain situations, especially in the area of interpersonal relationships.
The students are read the text of the legend about Genghis Khan and the Falcon, which in a figurative form gives students an idea of the tragedy that the actions of a person who follows his own desires can lead to.
Legend
“... Once upon a time there was a powerful ruler Genghis Khan. He fought a lot and conquered many countries, so that his empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan.
One day Khan went hunting and took his beloved Falcon with him. The bird circled high in the sky and, as soon as it noticed its prey, it rushed down like a stone to overtake it.
The day was hot, and by noon Khan had died of thirst. He began to look for a spring, which he had once stumbled upon in this forest. Finally, he noticed a thin trickle of water that flowed from the steep, and realized that the spring was somewhere above.
The water oozed slowly, drop by drop. There was very little of it, but it was water, and the great Khan was very thirsty. He took out a small silver bowl and placed it under the falling drops. The bowl began to slowly fill up.
Khan was impatient to join the water, feel its coolness, moisten his parched lips, tongue and throat. He did not wait until the bowl was filled to the brim, and had already raised it to his lips, when suddenly something swift swept through the air and knocked the bowl out of Khan's hands. Precious moisture spilled onto the ground.
Startled, the Khan looked up and saw the Falcon, his favorite, flying from tree to tree with a proud air. Flashing his eyes at him, Khan raised the bowl and began collecting water again. This time he let the cup fill only halfway. His lips had already touched the edge of the bowl, he almost felt the taste of water, but then the Falcon again rushed down from a height and knocked out a bowl of water.
The Khan was very angry with the Falcon. The third time he filled the cup - and the third time the Falcon prevented him from drinking. Khan's face turned red.
Fixing an angry gaze on a bird sitting nearby on a tree branch, he shouted in fury: “How dare you spill my water! I'll wring your neck!"
The Great Khan again began to draw water into the bowl, but this time he kept his saber drawn from its scabbard at the ready. "If you dare to overturn my cup again," he said to the falcon, "you will pay with your life!"
It's not hard to guess what happened next. As soon as the Khan raised the cup to his lips, the falcon rushed down and knocked it out of the Khan's hands. But Khan waved his saber and with a precise blow killed the bird in flight. The falcon fell at the feet of the owner and, without taking his eyes full of love from him, bled to death.
"You got what you deserved," the Khan said and stepped over the bird's body to find his bowl among the stones. But the bowl fell into a crevice between the stones, and Khan, no matter how hard he tried, could not get it.
Nothing, Khan thought. I'll still quench my thirst. This trickle of water will lead me up to the very source.
And the khan climbed up the slope. The higher he climbed, the more thirsty he became. At the very top, he finally saw a small lake and eagerly rushed to it, but, reaching the water's edge, he suddenly recoiled in horror: a huge dead snake lay in the water, an insignificant drop of poison of which was enough to kill a man.
Khan turned to stone again. He no longer felt thirsty. All his thoughts now rushed to the lifeless falcon, lying on the ground far below, "To this bird I owe my life," Khan thought. "The falcon was my true friend, and I killed him."
Khan started to run down the mountain, now and then sliding down the steep slope. Below, he carefully lifted the body of the bird from the ground and put it in a hunting bag, sat on the saddle and slowly, in bitter thought, rode home.
Questions for students to discuss:
- What relation do they have to us?
- What lessons can be learned from this legend?
- And how do you feel about those who protect you from danger?
- Do you listen to the advice of these people?
Teacher's words: In order to avoid risky situations in life, it is necessary to listen to the warnings of people we trust.
Exercise “Boundaries of what is permitted”
Target: develop skills in forming relationships between boys and girls, the ability to say “No”.
Situation.
Sasha and Galya love each other. As they spent more and more time together, they began to express their feelings more tenderly. However, Sasha's desire to become even closer grew with each date. Galya is sure that abstinence (refusal of sexual relations) is the best choice in this case. Sasha insists.
The situation is played out between a representative from boys and girls. The boy insists on a relationship, the girl refuses. Discussion of the situation.
Teacher's words: There are many ways to say no. Your behavior should not be ambiguous when you say "no". Say “no” decisively and firmly. Vague “I don’t know”, “maybe” are evasive answers, often perceived as agreement.
III. Consolidation of the studied
IV. Lesson Analysis
The teacher discusses with the students what they liked in the lesson, what new knowledge they got, what surprised them, what was useful.
V. Homework
Write a letter to an unusual “addressee” – the human immunodeficiency virus. What can you tell him? (About his "conquests", "victory" over what people). What else do you want to tell him? Do you know the number of children affected by it in our city? What is the development of the HIV epidemic?
In the message, recommend writing that humanity will defeat him (scientists will develop a protective vaccination (vaccine) or effective medicines against him). Whether the "symbolic message" will be serious or comic is up to the guys.
Literature
- School Health Education for the Prevention of AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: WHO Guidelines, UNESCO, 1994.
- Ananiev V.A."Legal and Illegal Drugs" - a practical guide for conducting prevention lessons among adolescents: Edition 2, revised and supplemented by the St. Petersburg State Medical Scientific and Production Enterprise "Imaton", 2000.
- A.A. Bykov, E.N. Khudyakov, N.V. Bochkareva, N.V. Shokurova“Prevention of HIV infection and AIDS” teaching aid for teachers of the educational institution: Edition “Practice-M”, Samara, 2002
- AIDS. Modern ideas - a guide for teachers, Noyabrsk, 2002.
KNOWLEDGE TEST ON THE TOPIC "HIV/AIDS"
Choose and mark the correct answer (one or more).
1. What is the essence of the destructive effect of HIV on the body?
A. It destroys the blood coagulation system.
B. Causes dysbacteriosis.
B. Corrodes the sheath of nerve trunks.
G. Causes destruction of bone tissue.
D. Contributes to clouding of the lens of the eye.
E. Prevents fertilization.
G. Destroys the human immune system.
2. Contact with what body fluids is most dangerous in terms of HIV infection?
A. Saliva
B. Blood.
B. Urine
D. Discharge from the nose.
D. Sperm.
E. Breast milk
G. Tears
3. Vaginal secret.
3. Mark the ways of transmission of HIV infection.
A. Unprotected sexual contact.
B. Shared utensils.
B. Blood transfusion and sharing of non-sterile syringes.
D. From mother to child (pregnancy, childbirth, feeding).
D. Airborne route.
4. How can HIV infection be prevented?
A. Always use hormonal birth control pills.
B. Use a condom (male, female) with every contact.
B. Do not have sexual contact and use disposable syringes for intravenous infusions.
D. Use an intrauterine device.
E. Have sexual relationships only with people you know.
E. Apply washing and douching with iodine after each sexual contact.
5. How can a person know they have HIV?
A, If he cares about his health, he will feel it in the first hours.
B. Donate blood for an analysis for antibodies to HIV.
B. Feel unwell
G. Having handed over smears and bacteriological cultures from a venereologist.
6. How soon after the alleged infection is it better to take an HIV antibody test?
A. The next day.
B. Every week for a year
B. After 3-6 months.
G. After 3 years.
7. The "window" period is the state when...
A. The body has not yet had time to develop antibodies to the virus and it is impossible to diagnose the disease.
B. The person has not yet developed symptoms of the disease.
B. A person cannot pass the infection on to others.
8. From what point after infection can a person infect others?
A. After the end of the window period.
B. When AIDS develops.
B. Immediately, from the moment of infection.
D. At the last stage of AIDS.
9. Viruses can remain viable for a long time ...
A. While in the water.
B. Being in the blood, breast milk, vaginal secretions.
Being in the air.
10. By what signs/symptoms can a person be diagnosed with AIDS?
A. The presence of concomitant diseases.
B. Loss of hair, teeth.
B. Reducing the concentration of immune cells in the blood below a critical level.
D. Severe weight loss.
11. How can you get AIDS?
A. when using one glass;
B. during blood transfusion;
V. with an insect bite.
12. What blood cells are affected by AIDS?
A. T-leukocytes;
B. erythrocytes;
B. platelets
G. macrophages
13. How long can it take from the moment of infection to the manifestation of the disease?
A. several hours;
B. several days;
V. for several years.
14. What is AIDS?
A. liver disease;
B. decrease in immunity;
C. disease of the nervous system.
15. What symptoms are typical for the manifestation of immunodeficiency in a person?
A. swollen lymph nodes;
B. the appearance of a rash;
B. deterioration of mood.
16. What measures help prevent AIDS?
A. observance of hygiene rules;
B. use of disposable syringes;
B. rational nutrition
D. Compliance with the regime of the day
17. What diseases can accompany AIDS?
A cirrhosis of the liver;
B. meningitis;
B. gastritis.
G. Kaposi's sarcoma
36) What is the essence of the destructive effect of HIV on the body?
It destroys the blood coagulation system.
Causes dysbacteriosis.
Corrodes the sheath of nerve trunks.
Causes bone destruction.
Promotes clouding of the lens of the eye.
Prevents fertilization.
Destroys the human immune system.
37) Contact with what body fluids is most dangerous in terms of HIV infection?
Saliva
Blood.
Urine
Discharge from the nose.
Sperm.
Breast milk
Tears
Vaginal secret.
38) Mark the ways of transmission of HIV infection.
Unprotected sexual contact.
Shared utensils.
Blood transfusion and use of shared non-sterile syringes.
From mother to child (pregnancy, childbirth, feeding).
Airborne route.
39) How can you get AIDS?
when using one glass;
during blood transfusion;
with an insect bite.
40) What blood cells are affected by AIDS?
leukocytes;
erythrocytes;
platelets.
Correct answers - check yourself
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