This section contains examples of typical plans used by students from grades 6 to 11 when compiling a description of certain geographical objects, not only in geography lessons, but also when doing homework.

Plan for describing the geographical position of the mainland

1. The location of the mainland relative to the equator, the tropics (polar circles) and the prime meridian.
2. The extreme points of the mainland, their coordinates and the length of the mainland in degrees and kilometers from north to south and from west to east.
3. In what climatic zones is the mainland located?
4. Oceans and seas washing the mainland.
5. The location of the mainland relative to other continents.

Plan for describing the relief of the territory

1. The general nature of the surface. How to explain it?

2. The position of different landforms in the study area.

3. Dominant and greatest height.

Climate description plan

1. In what climatic zone and in what area is the territory located?

2. Average temperatures in July and January. Direction and reasons for their change.

3. Prevailing winds (by season).

4. Annual amount of precipitation and their regime. Causes of differences in precipitation across the territory.

Characteristics of the climate chart

1. Description of the annual course of temperatures. Average temperature in January, July, annual amplitude.

2. Annual amount of precipitation, their seasonal regime.

3. Conclusion about the type of climate.

River description plan

1. The geographical position of the river.

2. Where does it originate, where does it flow?

3. River length, basin area, large tributaries.

5. Dependence of the nature of the flow on the relief. Fall, slope of the river.

6. Power sources of the river.

7. River regime, its dependence on climate.

8. Human use of the river.

Natural area description plan

1. Geographical location of the zone.

2. Climatic conditions.

3. Inland waters.

4. Soils.

5. Vegetation.

6. Animal world.

Plan of characteristics of the country (region)

1. EGP of the country (regions).

2. Economic assessment of natural conditions and resources.

3. Population and labor resources. Possibilities for their use.

4. Historical prerequisites for the development of the economy.

5. Specialization of the economy; the main features of its location.

6. The main features of the geography of transport.

7. Relationships between industries and territories within a region, country, city.

8. General conclusion: development prospects.

EGP characterization plan of the country (region)

1. The position of the object on the territory of the mainland (state).

2. Position in relation to neighboring countries, regions.

3. Position in relation to the main fuel and raw materials, industrial and agricultural regions.

4. Position in relation to the main transport routes.

5. Position in relation to the main sales areas.

6. EGP change in time.

7. Conclusion about the possibility of EGP influence on the development of the economy of the country (region).

Plan for the characteristics of the country's population

1. Number, type of population reproduction, demographic policy.

2. Age-sex composition, availability of labor resources.

3. National (ethnic) composition of the population.

4. Social and class composition of the population.

5. The main features of the distribution of the population. The impact of migrations on this placement.

6. Level, rates and forms of urbanization. Major cities and urban agglomerations.

7. Rural resettlement.

8. Conclusion: prospects for population and labor growth.

Plan of characteristics of the branch of the World economy

1. The value of the industry, its sectoral composition, the impact of scientific and technological revolution on its development.

2. Raw and fuel resources of the industry, their distribution.

3. Sizes of production with distribution by main geographic regions.

4. Main producing countries.

5. Factors that determined the location of the industry in these areas.

6. Nature protection and ecological problems of the industry.

7. The main countries of export and import of products. The most important cargo flows.

8. Conclusion: prospects for the development and location of the industry. 

Plan for describing the geographical position of the mainland

1. We determine the geographical position of the mainland: a) the position in relation to the equator and the zero meridian; b) latitude and longitude of extreme points; c) position relative to other continents, oceans, straits, bays.

2. We determine the prevailing landforms, find out in which part of the mainland they are located. We find the highest and lowest points and the amplitude of the heights on the mainland

3. We determine the position in climatic zones and the general features of the climate

4. We name and find large rivers and lakes on the physical map. We determine in which parts of the mainland and in which direction the rivers flow, to which ocean basin they belong. We determine which landforms the lakes are confined to.

5. We determine the set and features of the location of natural zones.

6. We characterize the main natural resources of the mainland

7. We list the largest countries on the mainland.

8. What peoples inhabit the mainland, in which parts of the mainland is the highest density.

9. Features of the economic activity of the mainland.

Ocean description plan

1. The name of the ocean and its dimensions.

2. The position of the ocean relative to the equator and prime meridian, polar circles, tropics.

3. Between which continents is the ocean located.

4. Neighborhood with other oceans.

5. The largest seas and bays.

6. Average and maximum depth of the ocean.

7. The most important warm and cold currents.

8. In what climatic zones is the ocean located.

9. The use of the ocean by man, the most important transport routes.

10. Conclusion about the features of the geographical position of the ocean.

Journey Description Plan

  1. Tell us what is the purpose of your trip.
  2. Plan your travel itinerary. Show the settlements through which your journey passed. Specify its duration.
  3. What type of transport did you use to travel
  4. Use the scale to calculate the approximate length and direction of your journey.
  5. Find out what landforms your path passed through.
  6. Indicate what objects of the hydrosphere your path passed through (rivers, lakes, seas, oceans).
  7. Describe the weather at the time of your trip.
  8. Describe the flora and fauna of the territory through which the journey took place.

River description plan

  1. The name of the river and its length
  2. On what continent is the river located and in what part of it
  3. river source
  4. river mouth
  5. In which direction does the river flow
  6. The basin of which ocean does the river belong to
  7. tributaries
  8. The nature of the river
  9. Feeding the river
  10. River mode
  11. river slope
  12. river fall

Plan for describing the country's EGP

1. Position in relation to neighboring countries.

2. Position in relation to the main land and sea transport routes.

3. Position in relation to the main fuel and raw material bases, industrial and agricultural regions.

4. Position in relation to the main sales areas.

5. EGP change in time.

6. General conclusion about the impact of EGP on the development and location of the country's economy.

Plan for describing the geographical position of the country

1. What maps should be used when describing a country?
2. In what part of the mainland is the country located? What is the name of its capital?
3. Features of the relief (general nature of the surface, the main forms of relief and the distribution of heights). Mineral resources of the country.
4. Climatic conditions in different parts of the country (climatic zones, average temperatures in July and January, annual precipitation). Differences by territory and by seasons.
5. Large rivers and lakes.
6. Natural areas and their main features.
7. The peoples inhabiting the country. Their main activities.


I am familiar with more than one method of describing objects. One of these methods is method of geographical description. I will tell you about its characteristic features and give an example of a description of a geographical object.

Method of geographical description

The descriptive method is one of universal research tools in any science and is reduced to a simple oral or written description of the external features of an object.


As for geographical description method, then the term "geography" itself is translated from Greek literally as "to describe the earth." It differs from any other descriptive method and consists of the following:

  • is fundamental in geography;
  • The subject matter of research is usually complex structure and large scale;
  • includes a large amount of work with different ways of describing items;
  • wears planned character- the description takes place in stages, according to a certain scheme.

Geographic description of the object

Geographic description method The object was used by absolutely all researchers of our planet. I will make for you a geographical description of the pond, which is located near my place of residence.


Any geographical description begins with the position of an object on Earth - coordinates. The conditional coordinates of my lake are 42 degrees north latitude and 54 degrees east longitude. You can specify in which country, region or region the body of water is located.

Height above sea level my pond is 300 m.

Dimensions the pond is 1.5 kilometers long and 1 kilometer wide, respectively, its area is 1.5 square kilometers. Here you also need to indicate its average and maximum depth.

It is also worth describing the method of forming a pond, square its catchment and list the names of the rivers flowing into it. In addition, it is worth indicating for what purposes the water contained in it is used.

So, mgeographical description method is in order to describe this or that object located in a certain place on the planet Earth in the most reliable way, by all known geography methods.

The analysis of topographic maps is carried out in order to study the study area, its features, patterns of placement, the relationship of objects and phenomena, the dynamics of their development, etc. The analysis allows you to choose the right map of a certain scale depending on the direction of the intended use (for familiarization with the area, for orientation in the area , as a basis for compiling hypsometric, soil, landscape maps, for the scientific analysis of natural and socio-economic phenomena, etc.)

The choice of maps is accompanied by an assessment of their suitability for specific work in terms of the accuracy and detail of the information that is supposed to be obtained using the maps. At the same time, it should be taken into account that enlargement of the scale of maps leads to an increase in the number of map sheets, reducing the visibility of the territory, but increasing the accuracy of information. The time when maps were published determines their compliance with the current state of the territory. The dynamics of geographical phenomena is revealed by comparing maps of different times for the same territory.

The following methods of map analysis are used: visual, graphical, graphic-analytical and mathematical-statistical.

visual way based on the visual perception of the image of the terrain, the comparison of the graphically shown elements of the terrain in shape, size, structure, etc. It assumes a predominantly qualitative description of objects and phenomena, but is often accompanied by an eye assessment of distances, areas, heights and their ratios.

Graphical analysis consists in the study of constructions made according to the maps. Such constructions are profiles, sections, block diagrams, etc. Using the methods of graphical analysis, regularities in the spatial distribution of phenomena are revealed.

Graphical analysis subdivided into cartometric and morphometric. Cartometric techniques consist in measuring the length of lines on maps, determining coordinates, areas, volumes, angles, depths, etc. Morphometric techniques allow you to determine the average height, thickness, power of the phenomenon, horizontal and vertical dissection of the surface, slopes and gradients of the surface, sinuosity of lines, contours and etc.

Numerical indicators of the prevalence of objects, the relationship between them, the degree of influence of various factors allow us to establish methods of mathematical and statistical analysis. With the use of mathematical modeling methods, spatial mathematical models of the terrain are created.

Geographic description of the area is compiled after a preliminary study of the map and is accompanied by measurements and calculations based on a comparison of lengths, angles, areas with a linear scale, a scale of foundations, etc. The basic principle of description is from the general to the particular. The description is structured as follows:

1) card details(nomenclature, scale, year of publication);

2) description of the boundary of the area(geographical and rectangular coordinates);

3) relief characteristic(type of relief, landforms and the area and extent they occupy, marks of absolute and relative heights, main watersheds, the shape and steepness of slopes, the presence of ravines, cliffs, gullies with an indication of their length and depth, anthropogenic landforms - quarries, embankments, excavations, mounds, etc.);

4) hydrographic network- names of objects, length, width, depth, direction and speed of the flow of rivers, slope, nature of the banks, bottom soil; characteristics of the floodplain (size, presence of old channels, floodplain lakes and the depth of swamps); the presence of hydraulic structures, as well as bridges, ferries, fords and their characteristics; description of the reclamation network, its density; the presence of springs and wells;

5) vegetation cover and soils– type, composition of rocks, occupied area, nature of location. In the presence of forests - their characteristics, the width of the clearings, the presence of clearings;

6) settlements- name, type, population, administrative significance, structure and layout, prevailing buildings (fire-resistant or non-fire-resistant), industrial facilities;

7) communication routes- railways and highways. For railways - the number of tracks, type of traction, the name of stations, stations. For highways and other roads - the nature of the surface and the width.

FOUNDATIONS OF THE THEORY OF ERROR

MEASUREMENTS

The concept of measurements

Measurement - This is the process of comparing the measured value with the value taken as the unit of comparison, as a result of which a named number is obtained, called measurement result.

Distinguish: straight, or immediate And indirect measurements.

direct such measurements are called when the quantities being determined are obtained directly from measurements, as a result of their direct comparison with a unit of measurement. Examples of direct measurements are determining distances with a measuring tape, measuring an angle with a theodolite.

indirect are those measurements in which the quantities to be determined are obtained as functions of the directly measured quantities. The indirect method involves calculating the value of the desired value. For example, elevation in trigonometric leveling is a function of distance and slope measured directly on the ground.

The measurement results are divided into equivalent And unequal.

Equivalent name the results of measurement of homogeneous quantities obtained from repeated measurements under similar conditions (by one observer with the same instrument, by one method and under the same environmental conditions).

If even one of the above conditions is violated, the measurement results are classified as unequal.

In the mathematical processing of the results of topographic and geodetic measurements, the concepts of necessary And excess number of measurements. In the general case, to solve any topographic problem, it is necessary to measure a certain minimum number of quantities that provide a solution to the problem. These measurements are called the number of necessary measurements t. Difference k when subtracting the number of required measurements t of all measured values n, called the number of redundant values ​​k = n – t. Redundant measurements of a quantity make it possible to detect errors in the results of measurements and calculations and improve the accuracy of the determined quantities.

  • Determining the type of climate according to the climatogram

    • 8 - 9 grade

    10-11 grade

    P lan characteristics of the industry of the world economy

      Dimensions of production with distribution by main geographic regions.

      Environmental and ecological problems arising in connection with the development of the industry.

    P lan characteristics of the EGP of the country (region)

    1. EGP change in time.

    Country Characteristics Plan

      What maps should be used to describe a country?

      Geographical position of the country

        In what part of the continent is the country located?

        Neighboring countries;

        The name of the capital;

      Features of nature

        Relief (the general nature of the surface, the main forms of relief and the distribution of heights). Mineral resources of the country.

        Climatic conditions in different parts of the country (climatic zones, average temperatures in July and January, annual rainfall). Differences by territory and by seasons.

        Major rivers and lakes.

        Natural zones and their main features.

    1. Population of the country:
      1. The peoples inhabiting the country (what, location, external features);
      2. Basic lessons.

    Mountain country description plan

    1. Decide which cards are needed for the description.
    2. In what part of the mainland are they located?
    3. In what direction are they pulling?
    4. What is their approximate length?
    5. Mountain height?
    6. The highest peak, its name, height, coordinates.

    River description plan
    1. In what part of the mainland does it flow?
    2. Where does it start? Where does it fall? large tributaries.
    3. In what direction is it flowing?
    4. Explain the dependence of the nature of the flow on the relief.
    5. Determine the source of the river.
    6. What is the regime of the river and how does it depend on the climate?

    Natural area description plan

    1. Geographic location of the zone.
    2. Climatic conditions.
    3. Soils.
    4. Vegetation.
    5. Animal world.

      Note: When describing a natural area, reveal the relationships between the components of its nature.

    Population description plan

    1. What peoples inhabit the study area?
    2. What parts of the mainland or other territory are most densely populated? What is the average population density?
    3. Where are the populations sparse? What is the lowest density?

      Note: used card<Плотность населения и народы>.

    Climate description plan

    1. In what climate zone, and in what area is the territory located?
    2. Average temperatures in July and January. In what direction are they changing and why?
    3. Prevailing winds (by season) and air masses.
    4. Annual precipitation and their regime. What explains the difference in rainfall?

    Plan for describing the geographical position of the mainland

    1. Determine how the mainland is located relative to the equator, the tropics (arctic circles) and the zero meridian.
    2. Find the extreme points of the mainland, determine their coordinates and the length of the mainland in degrees and kilometers from north to south and from west to east.
    3. In what climate zones is the mainland located?
    4. Determine which oceans and seas wash the mainland.
    5. How is the mainland relative to other continents?
    6. GP features.

    Determining the type of climate from diagrams

    1. Carefully consider all the symbols on the diagram. (The months of the year, through one, are indicated by letters.) What can you learn from it?
    2. Find out the annual course of temperatures. What are the average temperatures in July and January? What is the annual temperature range?
    3. How much precipitation is typical for this type of climate? What is the rainfall pattern during the year?
    4. Make a conclusion about the type of climate.

    Performance planbranches of the world economy:

    1. The importance of the industry in the world economy, its sectoral composition, the impact of scientific and technological revolution on its development.

    2. Raw and fuel resources of the industry and their distribution.

    3. Dimensions of production with distribution by main regions.

    4. main producing countries.

    5. Main regions and centers of production; factors that determined the location of the industry in these areas.

    6. Environmental and ecological problems arising in connection with the development of the industry.

    7. Main countries (regions) of product export. The main countries (regions) of imports of products. The most important cargo flows.

    8. Prospects for the development and location of the industry.

    Performance planEGP of the country (region):

    1. Position in relation to neighboring countries.

    2. Position in relation to the main land and sea transport routes.

    3. Position in relation to the main fuel and raw material bases, industrial and agricultural regions.

    4. Position in relation to the main sales areas.

    5. EGP change in time.

    6. General conclusion about the influence of the EGP on the development and distribution of the country's economy.

    Plan of characteristics of agriculture of the country (region):

    1. The value of the industry and the size of products.

    2. Natural conditions for the development of the industry.

    3. Features of agrarian relations.

    4. The structure of the industry, the ratio of crop production and animal husbandry.

    5. Geography of plant growing and animal husbandry, agricultural regions (zones).

    6. Dependence of the country on exports and imports of agricultural products.

    7. General conclusion and prospects for the development of the industry.

    Plan of characteristics of the population of the country (region):

    1. Number, type of population reproduction, demographic policy.

    2. Age and sex composition of the population, availability of labor resources.

    3. National (ethnic) composition of the population.

    4. The social class composition of the population.

    5. The main features of the distribution of the population, the impact of migration on this distribution.

    6. Levels, rates and forms of urbanization, main cities and urban agglomerations.

    7.WITHspruce settlement.

    8. General conclusion. Prospects for population growth and labor supply.

    Performance planindustriescountry (region):

    1. The importance of the industry and the size of its products.

    2. Natural prerequisites for the development of the industry.

    3. Industry structure.

    4. The main factors influencing the location of the industry, and the main features of its geography; sectoral industrial areas.

    10. General conclusion; development prospects.

    How to make and analyze a cartogram.

    1. Mark on the contour map the boundaries of those territories that are to be analyzed.

    2. Analyze a statistical or other source of indicators for the cartogram, enter the necessary indicators.

    3. Group these indicators into certain intervals.

    4. Create a cartogram legend in which darker tones or thicker shading will reflect a greater intensity of the phenomenon, and vice versa.

    5. Apply coloring or hatching to the contour map.

    6. Analyze charts and draw conclusions.

    Performance planindividual country (simple):

    1. The main features of the EGP.

    2. Economic assessment of natural conditions and resources.

    3. The main features of reproduction, structure and distribution of the population.

    4. General characteristics of the economy.

    5. The main features of the location of the industry.

    6. The main features of the location of agriculture.

    7. The main features of the geography of transport.

    8. main economic regions.

    9. The role and geography of foreign economic relations.

    General conclusion; development prospects

    Plan for describing the relief of the territory

    • What is the general character of the surface, what forms of relief prevail and why.
    • Name the plains, their average and maximum height, location within the study area.
    • Name the mountains, their height, location, age, the highest peak, its name and height.
    • What minerals is rich, explain the location.

    Plan for describing the geographical position of the river

    • In which part of the mainland does the river flow?
    • What does the name of the river mean
    • Where does it start
    • Where does it flow
    • Which direction is it flowing
    • Explain the nature of the river flow depending on the terrain
    • Mark the location of rivers and lakes in relation to the terrain
    • Identify the river's sources of food
    • What is the regime of the river and how does it depend on the climate
    • Determine the historical and economic importance of the river

    Plan for describing the geographical position of the mainland

    • The location of the mainland relative to
      • equator
      • tropics
      • polar circles
      • prime meridian
    • The extreme points of the mainland, their coordinates, the length of the mainland in degrees and kilometers from north to south and from west to east
    • In what climatic zones is the mainland located?
    • Oceans and seas washing the mainland, rivers and lakes
    • Large physical-geographical regions within the mainland
      • mountain systems
      • plains
      • desert
    • The location of the mainland relative to other continents

    Approximate map express analysis plan:

    1. Basic information of the map (phenomenon under study, process).
    2. Methods of information transfer.
    Z. Territorial distribution (distribution) of a phenomenon, process.
    4. The main reasons for the uneven distribution of the phenomenon, process.
    5. Minimum and maximum indicators of the studied phenomenon, process.
    6. If available: export import of raw materials products.
    7. General conclusion.

    Ocean description plan

    1. The name of the ocean and its dimensions.

    2. The position of the ocean relative to the equator and the prime meridian.

    3. What and where washes the ocean.

    4. Neighborhood with other oceans.

    5. The largest seas and bays.

    6. Average and maximum depth of the ocean.

    7. The most important warm and cold currents.

    8. The use of the ocean by man, the most important transport routes.

    9. Conclusion about the features of the geographical position of the ocean

    Sea description plan

    1. The name of the sea.
    2. Dimensions - length from north to south and from west to east.
    3. The geographical position of the sea, in which part of which ocean it is located, what and where it washes.
    4. Inner or marginal
    5. Average and maximum sea depth.
    6. largest islands.
    7. Biological and mineral resources of the sea.
    8. Human activity.

    Plan of characteristics of the plain

    1. name of the plain
    2. Length from north to south and from west to east
    3. The geographical position of the plain:

    What part of the mainland is
    - with what landforms and where it borders
    - what and where is washed

    4. Average and maximum height.

    5. Minerals.

    Plan for the characteristics of the economic region

    1. The composition of the territory.
    2. EGP of the region: in what part of the country it is located, type of geographical location, with whom and where it borders, with what and where it is washed, conclusion: highlight favorable and unfavorable features.
    3. Natural conditions and resources, conclusion about the resource availability of the area.
    4. Characteristics of the population: size, location, reproduction, gender, age, ethnic and religious composition, level of urbanization, largest cities, features of migration and labor resources.
    5. Branches of industry specialization, factors of specialization, major centers.
    6. The structure of agriculture, the main agricultural regions and branches of specialization of agriculture.
    7. Features of transport, types, main highways, major transport hubs.
    8. Problems and prospects for the development of the region.

    City description plan

    1. Geographical position.
    2. A brief history of the development of the city: the time of formation, the main historical events in the life of the city.
    3. Functional type of the city and its importance in the economy of the country.
    4. Population of the city: population, characteristics of gender, age, national and religious composition of the population and characteristic features of labor resources.
    5. Branches of specialization of industry, the most important industrial enterprises.
    6. Transport: features of the development of the transport hub and urban transport.
    7. Non-productive sphere: the largest scientific and educational institutions, museums, theaters, etc.
    8. Problems and prospects of city development.

    Weather description plan

    1. For what period of time (day, week, month) the description is given.
    2. The highest, lowest and average air temperature, the pattern of temperature changes over a specified period of time.
    3. Precipitation, its total amount, type of precipitation and time of occurrence.
    4. Cloudiness, distribution of cloudiness by day, its changes during the day.
    5. Atmospheric pressure. Change in pressure.
    6. The impact of weather on people's health, their lives and activities.
    7. The similarity of the observed weather with the long-term climatic norm or deviation from it.