Nature is beautiful and diverse. Existing on the same planet, plants and animals were forced to learn to coexist with each other. The relationship between organisms is not an easy, but an interesting topic that will help to better understand the world around.

Types of relationships

There are various types of relationships with each other. But scientists share them into three large groups.

In the first group, all those types of relationships between organisms, which can be called positive, the result of which helps exist without contradiction to two organisms.

The second group includes those types of relationships that are called negative. As a result of the interaction of two organisms, only one benefits benefits, and the second oppression. Sometimes the latter may even die as a result of such relationships. This group also includes such interaction of organisms, which negatively affects the first, and on the second individual.

The third group is considered the smallest. This group includes the relationship between organisms that do not bring any benefits or harm to both parties.

Positive types of relationships of organisms

In order to exist in the world, you need to find allies and assistants. This is exactly what many plants and animals are engaged in their evolutionary development. As a result, communications appear, both sides of which benefit from relationships. Or those relationships that are beneficial only to one side, and the second they do not harm.

Positive relationships, which are also called symbiosis, are diverse. Currently, cooperation, mutualism and commensalism are distinguished.

Cooperation

Cooperation is such relationships between alive organisms when both sides are beneficial. Most often, this benefit is in the extraction of food. But sometimes one of the parties receives from another not only food, but also protection. Very interesting are such relationships between organisms. Examples can be seen in the animal world in different parts of the planet.

One of them becomes the cooperation of waste and acti cancer. Thanks to acti, cancer acquires a dwelling and protection against other inhabitants of the water space. Without cancer-hermit, actinium cannot move. But cancer allows you to expand the food search radius. In addition, what is not eating an act, go down to the bottom and will get a cancer. So, the benefits of these relationships are obtained by both sides.

Another example was the relationship between rhinos and violence birds. Such relationships between organisms allow one of the parties to find food. The birds of birds eat insects, which in excess live on a huge rhinocero. Rhino is also helpful neighbors. Thanks to these birds, he can lead a healthy life and not worry because of insects.

Commminasalism

Commminasalism is those relationships between organisms in ecosystems, when one of the organisms benefits, and the second of these relations does not feel inconvenience, but also does not benefit. This type of relationship is also called cheating.

Sharks - terrible sea predators. But for fish-sticking, they become a chance to survive and protect themselves from other aquatic predators who are weak compared to sharks. Priliper fish benefit from sharks. But they themselves do not bring any benefit. At the same time, there is no harm. For shark, such relationships remain unnoticed.

In Norah rodents, you can find not only the young, but also a huge number of different insects. Nora, created by the animal, becomes home for them. It is here that they find not only shelter, but also protection from those animals who love them to enjoy. In the hole of the rodent insect it is not scary. In addition, here they can find enough food in order to behave without trouble. Rodents do not have any difficulties from such types of relationships.

Negative types of relationships between organisms

Existing together on the planet, animals can not only help each other, but also harm. It is not easy to learn these relationships between organisms. The table will help to schoolchildren and students.

Predation

What is predation, everyone can tell without preparation. This is the relationship between organisms, when one side benefits, and the second suffers. In order to better understand who is supplied to, can be made up and then it is easy to find out that many herbivores become food of other animals. At the same time, predators can also be someone food.

Despite the fact that hedges are often depicted in the pictures with apples and mushrooms, they are predators. Jersies feed on small rodents. But also can not feel safe. They can be eaten by foxes. In addition, foxes, like wolves, feed on the hare.

Despite the bloodthirsty predators, leading the hunt for more weak animals during the day and night, competition is considered the most cruel type of relationship between organisms. After all, it treats the struggle for a place under the sun among representatives of one species. And funds for obtaining the necessary amount of food or better housing for each type of their own.

In the struggle won stronger and clever animals. Strong wolves get good prey, others remain either to eat other, less satisfying animals, or dying from hunger. Such struggle is carried out between plants for obtaining as much moisture or sunlight as possible.

Neutral relations

There are such types of relationships between organisms, when both parties do not receive any benefits or harm. Despite the fact that they live on one territory, they do not unite them completely. If one of the sides of this relationship disappears from the face of the planet, then the second side will not affect the second side.

So, in warm countries, different herbivores feed on the leaves of the same tree. Giraffes eat those leaves that are on top. They are the most juicy and tasty. And other herbivores are forced to eat residues growing below. Giraffes do not interfere and do not take away food. After all, low animals will not be able to reach those leaves that eat high. And there is a high no sense to lean and take food from others.

There are different forms of relationship between organisms. And everyone is not so easy to learn. But it is important to remember that everything is interrelated in nature. Most often, animals and plants affect each other positively or negatively, less often do not affect anyone. But even if they are not directly related, this does not mean that the disappearance of one will not be able to lead to the death of another. The relationship between organisms is an important part of the world.

Types of relationships between organisms

Animals and plants, mushrooms and bacteria exist not isolated from each other, but enter into complex relationships. There are several forms of interaction of populations.

Neutralism

The cohabitation of two species on one territory, which does not have any positive or negative consequences for them.

In neutralism, together inhabited populations of different species do not affect each other. For example, we can say that the protein and the bear, the wolf and the May beetle directly do not interact, although live in one forest.

Antibiosis

When both interacting populations or one of them experience a harmful, overwhelming influence effect.

Antagonistic relationships can be manifested as follows:

1. Competition.

The form of antibiotic relations, in which the organisms compete with each other for food resources, sexual partner, shelter, light, etc.

In competition for food, the appearance defeats the individual whose faster breeds. In natural conditions, competition between nearby species weakens if one of them goes to a new food source (that is, they occupy another ecological niche). For example, in winter, insectivore birds avoid competition at the expense of different search sites: on the trunk of trees, in shrubs, on the stump, on large or small branches.

The displacement of one population is different: with mixed crops of different types of clover, they coexist, but competition for light leads to a decrease in the density of each of them. Thus, competition arising between close species can have two consequences: or the displacement of one species to others, or various ecological specialization of species, which can coexist together.

Suppression of one population is different: so, the mushrooms producing antibiotics suppress the growth of microorganisms. Some plants that can grow on poor nitrogen soils are isolated substances overwhelming the activities of free-lived nitrogen-fixing bacteria, as well as the formation of nodules in legumes. In this way, they prevent accumulation in the soil of nitrogen and settling it with the views in need of its large quantity.

3. Amenzalism

The form of antibiotic relations, in which one organism interacts to another and suppresses its livelihood, and does not have any negative effects on the part of the suppressed (such as spruce and the plant of the lower yarus). A special case is allelopathy - the influence of one organism on another, in which the products of the vital activity of one organism are distinguished into the external environment, poisoning it and making unsuitable for the lives of another (spread in plants).

5. Predation

This form of relationships, in which the body of one species uses representatives of another species as a source of food once (killing them).

Cannibalism is a private case of predatory - killing and eating yourself like (occurs in rats, brown bears, a man).

Symbiosis

The form of relationships in which participants will benefit from joint coating or at least not harm each other. Symbiotic relationships are also represented by a variety of forms.

1. Protocooperation - mutually beneficial, but optional organisms coexistence, benefit from which all participants are extracted (for example, cancer and actinium).

2. Mutualism is the form of symbiotic relations, in which either one of the partners, or both may not exist without a humor (for example, herbal hoofs and celluloser microorganisms).

Lichens - inseparable cohabitation of fungus and algae, when the presence of a partner becomes the condition of life of each of them. Gifs of the mushroom, the fatal cells and threads of algae, produce substances that are synthesized by algae. Algae remove water and minerals from gif mushrooms.

Many herbs and trees are normally developing only when soil mushrooms (Mikoriza) are installed on their roots: root hairs are not developing, and mycelium mushroom penetrates the root. Water and mineral salts of plants are obtained from the mushroom, and he, in turn, organic substances.

3. Commensalism is a form of symbiotic relations, in which one of the partners benefits from the cohabitation, and another presence of the first is indifferent. Distinguish two types of cohabitation:

ADDITIONS (Some Acts and Tropical Fish). The fish adhesive, swaying towards large fish (sharks), uses them as a means of movement and, in addition, feeds them on their garbage.

The use of buildings and cavities of the body of other species as shelters is widespread. In tropical waters, some fish are hidden in the cavity of the respiratory organs (water lungs) of the Guns (or sea cucumbers, the detachment of oskulkin). Falls of some fish are refuge under the umbrella jellyfish and are protected by their blinking threads. A durable shellfish shellfish is used as the protection of the developing offspring of fish. Ikrinki crab deferred on the gills develop in the conditions of perfect supply with clean water, passed through the gills of the owner. Plants also use other types of habitats. These are so-called epiphytes - plants that are in the trees. It can be algae, lichens, mosses, ferns, flowering plants. Wood plants serve them by the place of attachment, but not a source of nutrients.

Cheating (major predators and padals). For example, hyenas are followed by lions, selecting the remnants of the prey under all. There may be various spatial relations between partners. If one partner is outside the cells of the other, they say ectosimbiosis, and if inside the cells - endosimbiosis.

Exam ticket number 4

Types of food of living organisms.

Theories of life emergence.
Types of food of living organisms:

There are two types of food of living organisms: authotrophic and heterotrophic.

AutoTrophy (autotrophic organisms) - organisms using carbon carbon dioxide (plants and some bacteria) as a source of carbon. In other words, these are organisms capable of creating organic substances from inorganic - carbon dioxide, water, mineral salts.

Heterotrophs (heterotrophic organisms) - organisms using organic compounds as a carbon source (animals, mushrooms and most bacteria). In other words, these are organisms that are not capable of creating organic substances from inorganic, but in need of finished organic substances.

Some living beings depending on the habitat conditions are also capable of carotrophic, and to heterotrophic nutrition. Organisms with a mixed type of food are called mixotrophs. Mixotrophs are organisms that can both synthesize organic substances from inorganic and feed on ready-made organic compounds (insectoral plants, representatives of the Evglen algae department, etc.)

Cohabitation of algae with other organisms T. V. Sedov. [...]

Plant cohabitation can be without a lifetime metabolism. In these cases, the plant living on the other, using the latter only as a place of attachment, is called epipheit. A special case of epiphyticism is e p and f and l l s, that is, plants that use only leaves of another plant as a support. Epiphyts and epiphilles may noticeably affect their substrate, making it difficult for gas exchange and other ways. [...]

Symbiosis (cohabitation). This is a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefit from the other. [...]

All forms of cohabitation that occur between organisms relating to different types are called symbiosis. There are many transitional forms between the above-matched cohabitation, which makes communication between organisms in the biosphere are extremely diverse. The more diverse communication supporting the joint existence of species, the more stable their cohabitation. [...]

Symbiosis - the cohabitation of organisms of different species, from which both benefit. [...]

Mycorris cohabitation (symbiosis) is mutually beneficial to both symbilations: the mushroom removes additional nutrients and water from the soil for wood, and the tree supplies the mushroom with products of its photosynthesis - carbohydrates. [...]

Symbiosis, or cohabitation of two organisms, is one of the most interesting and still largely mysterious phenomena in biology, although the study of this issue has almost a century of history. The symbiosis phenomenon was first discovered by the Swiss scientist Schwendenter in 1877 when studying lichens, which, as it turned out, is complex organisms consisting of algae and fungus. The term "symbiosis" appeared in the scientific literature later. It was proposed in 1879 D E Bari. [...]

Neutralism - the cohabitation of two species on one territory, which does not have any positive or negative consequences for them. For example, proteins and moose. [...]

Symbiosis is a close cohabitation of two or more organisms of different types, in which the organisms (symbiontes) benefit each other. According to the degree of partnership and food dependence, several types of symbiosis differ from each other: commensalism, mutualism, etc. So, commensalism (from lat. "Sotatrid") is a form of relationships of two species, when one feeds at the expense of another, without having any harm . Hermit cancer live with acts; The latter are attached to the mollusk sink, in which cancer-hermit dwells, protecting it from enemies and feeding the remnants of its prey. Commminasalism is particularly widespread among the marine inhabitants leading a sedentary lifestyle. [...]

Symbiosis is a close cohabitation of two or more species, useful for partners. [...]

Symbiosis [gr. Symbiosis cohabitation] - long-term cohabitation of organisms of different types (symbiontes), usually bringing mutual benefits (for example, lichen - S. mushroom and algae). [...]

Mutualism - the form of the cohabitation of organisms, in which both partners benefit (the same, that symbiosis). [...]

Symbiosis (Greek Symbiosis - cohabitation) - the cohabitation of individuals of two species, when both partners enter into direct mutually beneficial interaction with the external environment, manifested for them as one of the forms of adaptation to the conditions of existence. [...]

Since the cohabitation for one of the partners is indifferent and useful for one of the partners only for another partner, the adaptations in this case are unilateral. As an example, it can be indicated that the tick of the Tyroglyphidae family, using various insects for the settlement, between the nymph and deitonimphs phases, a special g and n-piano phase (hypopus phase) appeared. [...]

Another example of symbiosis is the cohabitation of higher plants with bacteria, the so-called bacteriotrophy. Symbiosis with nitrogen-nitrogen-nitrogen cultivators is widespread among the legumes (93% of the studied species) and mimoshov (87%). So, bacteria from the kind of Lygoshep, living in the nodules on the roots of leguminous plants, are provided with food (sugar) and habitat, and plants are obtained from them instead of the available nitrogen shape (Fig. 6.13). [...]

Shilova A. I., Kurazhkovskaya T.N. Cohabitation of Glyptotendipes Varipes Goetgh. And Msanka Plumatella Fungosa Pall. [...]

There are still mycorrhis mushrooms that cohabites with the roots of higher plants. Mycelium of these mushrooms envelops the roots of plants and contributes to the production of nutrients from the soil. Mycorrise is observed mainly in wood plants having short sucking roots (oak, pine, larch, spruce). [...]

Mutualism - interconnecting cohabitation, when the presence of a partner becomes a prerequisite for the existence of each of them. An example is the cohabitation of nodule bacteria and legume plants, which can jointly live on soils, poor nitrogen, and enrich them the soil. [...]

Commminasalism Type of interspecific relationships, cohabitation, in which in the joint environment of the organisms of one type of one-sidedly benefits from the presence of other types of organisms (for example, "Apartments", "Transportation", Schlebaniki). [...]

Neutralism (from the lat. - Neither, nor another) - the cohabitation of two populations of living organisms, when none of them have the influence of another. For example, inhabitants in one biocenosis, types of vegetation and predatory insects, not related to each other relationship of competition or nutrition. With neutralism, species are not related to each other directly, but sometimes they may depend on the state of this biocenosis as a whole. [...]

An example of mutually beneficial relationship is the cohabitation of the so-called non-novel bacteria and legume plants (pea, beans, soybeans, clover, etc.). These bacteria capable of absorbing nitrogen from the air and turn it into amino acids, settle in the roots of the plants. The presence of bacteria causes the growth of the root fabrics and the formation of thickens - the fools. Plants in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria can grow on soils, poor nitrogen, and enrich the soil. That is why legumes are injected into agricultural crop rotation. [...]

Mutualism (bond symbiosis) is a mutually beneficial cohabitation, when, or one of the partners, or both may not exist without a cohabitant. For example, herbivorous hoofs and cellulosyrifying bacteria. [...]

Mutualism (bond symbiosis) is a mutually beneficial cohabitation, ever one of the partners, or both may not exist without a cohabitant. For example, herbivorous hoofs and cellulosuerous bacteria. Cellulosent bacteria live in the stomach and intestines of herbivorous hoofs. They produce enzymes that break through cellulose, so the herbivore needs bite, which have no such enzymes. Herbalists for their part provide bacteria nutrients and habitat with optimal temperature, humidity, etc. [...]

A typical example of symbiosis can serve as close cohabitation between mushrooms and algae, leading to the formation of a more complex and more adapted to natural conditions of plant organism - lichen. Another bright example of symbiotic cohabitation in the soil is the symbiosis of mushrooms with higher plants, when mushrooms form on the roots of plants M and K O P and Z u. Explicitly pronounced symbiosis is observed between nodule bacteria and leguminous plants. [...]

Almost all types of trees in normal conditions are cohabitating with mycorrhis mushrooms. Mycelium Mushroom Case Pulls Thin Wood Roots, penetrating into the intercellular space. The mass of the finest mushroom threads departing for a significant distance from this cover, successfully performs the function of root hairs, sucking the nutrient soil solution. [...]

Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship, when both hosting species retake mutual benefits. [...]

First, a specific sign of lichen-symbiotic cohabitation of two different organisms - a heterotrophic mushroom (micaobiont) and autotrophic algae (fiscobiont). Not any cohabitation of mushroom and algae forms a lichen. The lichen cohabitation must be permanent and historically developed, and not by random, short-term. In nature, there are cases when mushroom and alga form temporary mixed cluster, but this is not a lichen. In the present lichen, the mushroom and algae come into close relationships, the fungal component surrounds algae and may even penetrate their cells. [...]

Commminasalism (or "fucking") is called such a form of cohabitation, at which one species lives due to the food reserves of the other, without bringing the benefit in turn. Sometimes commensalism is manifested as a more or less random phenomenon and almost completely imperceptible to the partner, whose nutritiones are devouring. So, for example, the Malay Beetle from the kind of Hushtreva Nore, drills the branches of the trees and feeds on the fasteners of the appearances of juice, and the fusing juice also attracts the flies (MIE-C1 C1AE) and some other insects who eat it together with Hyigire. [...]

On the example of the Evgen and partly allotropic insects, we see mutually useful cohabitation of them in biocenosis with plants. Even closer symbiotic relations are marked between some insects and inhabiting their intestines with yeast mushrooms and bacteria (Werner, 1927; Hit, 1927, etc.). [...]

A characteristic example of close symbiosis, or mutualism between plants, is the cohabitation of algae and mushroom, which form a special holistic lichen organism (Fig. 6.11). [...]

Symbiosis - the type of relationships of organisms of different systematic groups - the mutually beneficial cohabitation of individuals of two or more species, such as algae, mushrooms and microorganisms in the body of a lichen. [...]

In some cases, the body or construction of one type can serve as a habitat or a means of protecting another. For example, a large number of marine organisms live in coral reefs. In the cavity of the body of Ichalchard Goloturia, small inhabitants of the sea are settled. Plants-epiphytes (mosses, lichens, some flowering plants) settle in trees using them only as a place of attachment, and feed on photosynthesis. [...]

Competition is one of the reasons that two types, weakly differing nutrition, behavior, lifestyle, etc., rarely cohabit the same community. Here competition is the character of direct hostility. The most cruel competition with unforeseen consequences arises, if a person introduces the types of animals in the community without taking into account the already established relationships. [...]

Lichens represent a peculiar group of complex organisms, the body of which always consists of two components - mushroom and algae. Now each schoolboy knows that the biology of lichens is the phenomenon of symbiosis - the cohabitation of two different organisms. But a little more than a hundred years ago, lichens were for scientists a great mystery, and the opening of Simon Schwend-Nerner in 1867 their essence was estimated as one of the most amazing discoveries of that time. [...]

Moles to the neighbors are obserted and in their holes no tenants and other moles suffer. And if they put together in a close drawer, a strong weak will kill and eat. Only when time to multiply, usually in March - May, make sure that the male and female cohabit. It is possible that the male remains with children until they grow up, and even if the worms brings them and the other intake. And if the flood will fill, it helps the mother drag the kids in dry abolition. But it really is still unknown with accuracy. [...]

K. Used to study the paths of animal migration (especially birds), establishing the boundaries of their ranges, features of seasonal biology and solutions other tasks. Combined impact - see Art. Impact on the environment. Commminasalism, or Nakhbnichy [from Lat. Sot - C and Mensa - table, a member] - the view of the cohabitation of organisms, when one of them (commented) constantly or temporarily exists at the expense of another, without harming him. Compensatory behavior is a complex of behavioral reactions of organisms aimed at weakening (compensation) of the limiting effect of the environmental factor. [...]

Commminasalism is interspecific interaction between organisms in which one organism benefits at the expense of another, without damaging it, while the other organism does not have any benefit from this interaction, no damage. For example, some types of marine polyps settle on the surface of the body of large fish, feeding them by their discharge, but for fish this cohabitation is indifferent, that is, it does not matter. [...]

The first roots of Marattyyev are usually infected. But mycorrise is optional here, since the fern can normally develop and without interact with the mushroom, and this cohabitation is not vital for them. [...]

Mutualism is a widespread form of mutually beneficial relationship between species. A classic example of mutualism can serve lichens. Simbiounds in lichen - mushroom and alga - physiologically complement each other. Gifs of the mushroom, the fatty cells and threads of algae form special suction processes, Gautory, through which the mushroom receives substances assimilated by algae. Algae mineral substances are obtained from water. Many herbs and trees normally exist in a cohabitation with soil mushrooms that are in their roots. Mycorrisian mushrooms contribute to the penetration of water, mineral and organic substances from the soil in the roots of plants, as well as the absorption of a number of substances. In turn, they receive carbohydrates and other organic substances for their existence from roots of plants. [...]

A fairly common phenomenon in relations from different types is symbiosis, or a joint existence of two or more species, in which, none of them can live in these conditions in these conditions. A whole class of symbiotic organisms are lichens - jointly dwelling mushrooms and algae. With this mushroom, lichens, as a rule, does not live at all in the absence of algae, while the majority of algae members are found in free form. In this mutually beneficial placement, the mushroom supplies the necessary algae water and minerals, and algae mushrooms - photosynthesis products. Such a combination of properties makes these symbiotic organisms extremely unpretentious to living conditions. They are able to set on bare stones, on the bark of trees, etc. At the same time, the fact that a significant part of the licincins necessary for the life of mineral substances are obtained from the deposited on their surface of dust, makes them very sensitive to the content of toxic substances in the air. One of the most reliable methods for determining the level of toxicity of the impurities contained in the air is the accounting of the number and species diversity of lichens on the controlled territory, Lichheniance. [...]

A rare animal so little scrupulously in the choice of housing and his environment, like cuzulis. And the crowns of Stater Eucalyptus are suitable to him, and low-spirited bushes, and thick rainforests, and rare groves on river valleys, and clefts in naked rocks, and holes in rivers cliffs, and rabbit holes in the open steppe, and even the attic. Because in Central Australia, the Kuzulisians are often settled in rabbit nora, an absurd legend was born. Farmers assure - such a choice of housing is made by old sinters for no accident: as if they would consist of a criminal mesallone with rabbits. And as if the pasta was seen from their cohabitation. But this is myth. [...]

The population (from Lat. Roryae - the population) is a combination of individuals of one species, long-inhabiting a certain space having a common gene pool opportunity to be freely cross in and to one degree or another isolated from other populations of this species. The population is the elementary form of the existence of a species in nature. The populations evolve and are units of evolution of species and species. Possessing all signs of the biological system, the population, however, is a combination of organisms, as if selected from the natural system, as in the nature of the individual one species always cohabites with individuals of other species. Only in artificial conditions or in a special experiment, it is possible to deal with a "clean" population, such as the culture of microorganisms, planting of plants, animal rats, etc. [...]

Life on poor soils developed a number of devices from herassk, the most important of them - symbiosis with mushrooms in the form of mycorrhiza. Corphers of almost all heather tightly flush mushroom threads that supply them nutrients from humoring. In the latter case, some of the simplest mushrooms (which consists of only several cells) live entirely in the cells of the radical root and are gradually digested by them. Mycorrise has a huge positive value in the life of heather. In some cases (for example, at the strawberry tree - Arbutus, Table. 13) Infected roots turn into pear-like nodules (Mi-Codomatia), the epidermal cells of which are converted to root hairs. It has been established that the seeds of heather, for example, germinate only with the help of mycorrhiza. Some researchers believe that heather is because they live on acidic soils that mushrooms that make it with them do not bring alkaline soils.

Question 1. Give the definition of the main forms of interactions of living organisms.
1. Symbiosis (cohabitation) - The form of relationships in which both partners or one of them benefit from interaction without causing harm to another.
2. Antibiosis- The form of relationships in which both interacting populations (or one of them) have a negative impact.
3. Neutralism - The form of relationships in which the organisms dwelling on one territory do not directly affect each other. They have them in simple compounds.

Question 2. What forms of symbiosis are you known and what are their features?
There are several forms of symbioticssic relationships, characterized by varying degrees of partners' dependence.
1. Mutualism - The form of interconnection cohabitation, when the presence of a partner is a prerequisite for the existence of each of them. For example, termites and flagellas are simplests that live in their intestines. Thermites cannot digest cellulose themselves, which is powered by, and flagellations are powered, protection and a favorable microclimate; Lichens, which are inseparable to the humor and algae, when the presence of a partner becomes the living condition of each of them. Gifs of the mushroom, the fatal cells and threads of algae, produce substances that are synthesized by algae. Algae remove water and minerals from gif mushrooms. In the free state, lichen mushrooms do not encounter and are able to form a symbiotic organism only with a certain type of algae.
Higher plants also come into mutually beneficial relationships with mushrooms. Many herbs and trees are normally developing only when soil mushrooms are installed on their roots. The so-called mycorrise is formed: the root hairs on the roots of plants do not develop, and mycelium mushroom penetrates the root. Water and mineral salts of plants are obtained from the mushroom, and the mushroom, in turn, is carbohydrates and other organic matter.
2. Cooperation - The mutually beneficial coexistence of representatives of different see, but, however, is mandatory. For example, Cancer Hermit and Soft Coral Actinium.
3. Commminasalism (Sotrasezacy) - Relationships, in which one species benefits, and it is indifferent to another. For example, jackals and hyenas, feeding residues of food for large predators - lions; Fish Lotsmann.

CupreS 3. What is the evolutionary value of symbiosis?
Symbiotic relationships allow organisms to be most fully and effectively mastered the habitat, are the most important components of natural selection involved in the process of divergence of species.

    This term has other meanings, see Competition. Competition in biology, any antagonistic relationship related to the struggle for existence for the domination, food, space and other resources between organisms or species ... Wikipedia

    - (from lat. Mensa Mensa) Type of interspecific relationships, in which one species, called amenasal, undergoes the oppression of growth and development, and the second, referred to as inhibitor, is not subject to such tests. Antibiosis and ... ... Wikipedia

    - (from Lat. COM "C", "Together" and Mensa "Table", "Tuppeza"; literally "at the table", "at the same table"; previously erased) a way of joint existence (symbiosis) of two different types of living organisms, at which one population benefits ... Wikipedia

    - (from other Greek. ἀντι against, ίίος Life) Antagonistic relations of species, when one organism limits the possibilities of another, the impossibility of the coexistence of organisms, for example, due to intoxication with one organisms (antibiotics, ... ... Wikipedia

    This term has other values, see Symbiosis (values). Fish clown and marine anemone organisms coexisting in mutualistic symbiosis ... Wikipedia

    - (Late. Organismus from Late Late. Organizo I arrange, informing a slender species, from other Greek. ὄργανον tools) Living body with a set of properties that distinguish it from inanimate matter. As a separate individual ... ... Wikipedia

    The request "Predator" is redirected here; See also other values. The request "Predators" is redirected here; See also other values \u200b\u200b... Wikipedia

    Between the two ants of the Oecophylla Longinoda type. Thailand. Trofallaxis ... Wikipedia

    Joint evolution of biological species interacting in the ecosystem. Changes affecting any signs of individuals of one species lead to changes in other or other species. The first concept of the coevolution was introduced by N. V. Timofeev Resovsky ... ... Wikipedia

    In this article or the section there is a list of sources or external links, but sources of individual statements remain unclear due to the lack of footnotes ... Wikipedia

Books

  • Semiotic theory of biological life, N. A. Zarekov. Is it possible to understand what life is, limiting himself to the study of the flesh of organisms - signs of life: molecules, chromosome, cells, fabrics and organs? In this book, negative response is justified ...