Poplar m nuclear. The Topol-M strategic missile system. Great Catherine Palace
On August 6, 1945, the first nuclear weapons were used against the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, the city of Nagasaki was hit by a second strike, and is currently the last in the history of mankind. The justification for these bombings was that they ended the war with Japan and prevented the further loss of millions of lives. In total, the two bombs killed approximately 240,000 people and ushered in a new, atomic era. From 1945 until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the world suffered the Cold War and the constant anticipation of a possible nuclear strike between the United States and the Soviet Union. During this time, the parties built thousands of nuclear weapons, from small bombs and cruise missiles, to large intercontinental ballistic warheads (ICBM) and Marine ballistic missiles (SLBM). Britain, France and China have added their own nuclear arsenals to this stockpile. Today, the fear of nuclear annihilation is considerably less than in the 1970s, but several countries still possess a large arsenal of these devastating weapons.
Despite agreements aimed at limiting the number of missiles, the nuclear powers continue to develop and improve their stocks and delivery methods. Advances in missile defense systems have prompted some countries to increase the development of new and more effective missiles. There is a threat of a new arms race between the world's superpowers. This list contains the ten most destructive nuclear missile systems currently in service in the world. Accuracy, range, number of warheads, warhead power, and mobility are factors that make these systems so destructive and dangerous. This list is presented in no particular order because these nuclear missiles do not always share the same mission or purpose. One missile can be designed to destroy a city, while another type can be designed to destroy enemy missile bunkers. In addition, this list does not include missiles currently being tested or not officially deployed. So the Agni-V missile systems in India and the JL-2 in China, which are being tested step by step and ready for service this year, are not included. Israel's Jericho III is also left out, as little is known about this missile. It is important to keep in mind as you read this list that the size of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs was the equivalent of 16 kilotons (x1000) and 21 kilotons of TNT, respectively.
M51, France
After the United States and Russia, France is deploying the world's third largest nuclear arsenal. In addition to nuclear bombs and cruise missiles, France relies on its SLBM as its primary nuclear deterrent. The M51 missile is the most advanced component. She entered service in 2010 and is currently being installed on the Triomphant submarine class. The missile has a range of approximately 10,000 km and is capable of carrying 6 to 10 warheads per 100 kt. The rocket's circular error probable (CEP) is noted between 150 and 200 meters. This means that the warhead has a 50% chance of striking within 150-200 meters of the target. The M51 is equipped with a variety of systems that make warhead interception attempts much more difficult. 
DF-31 / 31A, China
The Dong Feng 31 is a road-mobile and bunker intercontinental ICBM system deployed by China since 2006. The original model of this missile carried a large 1 megaton warhead and had a range of 8,000 km. Probable missile deflection - 300 m.The improved 31 A has three 150 kt warheads and is capable of covering a distance of 11,000 km, with a probable deviation of 150 m.Additional fact that these missiles can be moved and launched from a mobile launch vehicle, which makes them even more dangerous. 
Topol-M, Russia
Known as SS-27 by NATO classification, Topol-M was introduced into use by Russia in 1997. The ICBM is based in bunkers, but several Topols are also mobile. The missile is currently armed with a single 800 kt warhead, but can be equipped with a maximum of six warheads and decoys. With a top speed of 7.3 km per second, a relatively flat flight path and a probable deflection of about 200 m, Topol-M is a very effective nuclear missile that is difficult to stop in flight. The difficulty of tracking mobile units makes it a more efficient weapon system worthy of this list. 
RS-24 Yars, Russia
The Bush administration's plans to develop a missile defense network in Eastern Europe have angered leaders in the Kremlin. Despite claiming that the external shock shield was not intended for Russia, Russian leaders viewed it as a threat to their own security and decided to develop a new ballistic missile. The result was the development of the RS-24 Yars. This missile is closely related to the Topol-M, but delivers four warheads of 150-300 kilotons and has a deflection of 50 m.With many of Poplar's features, Yars can also change direction in flight and carries false targets, which makes interception by an anti-missile defense system extremely difficult ... 
LGM-30G Minuteman III, USA
It is the only ground-based ICBM deployed by the United States. First deployed in 1970, the LGM-30G Minuteman III was to be replaced by the MX Peacekeeper. That program was canceled, and the Pentagon instead spent $ 7 billion on upgrading and upgrading the existing 450 LGM-30G Active Systems over the past decade. With a speed of almost 8 km / s and a deviation of less than 200 m (the exact number is highly classified), the old Minuteman remains a formidable nuclear weapon. This missile originally delivered three small warheads. Today, a single warhead of 300-475 kt is used. 
RSM 56 Bulava, Russia
The RSM 56 Bulava marine ballistic missile is in service with Russia. In terms of naval missiles, the Soviet Union and Russia lagged somewhat behind the United States in performance and ability. To correct this shortcoming, the Bulava was created, a more recent addition to the Russian submarine arsenal. The missile was developed for the new Borei-class submarine. After numerous setbacks during the testing phase, Russia took the missile into service in 2013. The bulava is currently equipped with six 150 kt warheads, although reports say it can carry as many as 10. Like most modern ballistic missiles, the RSM 56 carries several decoy targets to increase survivability in the face of a missile defense system. The range is approximately 8,000 km when fully loaded, with an approximate probability of a deviation of 300-350 meters. 
R-29RMU2 Liner, Russia
The latest development in Russian armament, the Liner has been in service since 2014. The missile is an effectively updated version of the previous Russian SLBM (Sineva R-29RMU2), designed to make up for Bulava's problems and shortcomings. The liner has a range of 11,000 km and can carry a maximum of twelve warheads of 100 kt each. The warhead's payload can be reduced and replaced with decoys to improve survivability. The deflection of the warhead is kept secret, but probably similar to the 350 meters of the Bulava. 
UGM-133 Trident II, USA
The current SLBM of the American and British submarine forces is the Trident II. The rocket has been in service since 1990 and has been updated and modernized since then. Fully equipped, the Trident can carry 14 warheads on board. Later, this number was reduced, and the missile is currently delivering 4-5 warheads at 475 kt. The maximum range depends on the load of the warheads and varies between 7,800 and 11,000 km. The US Navy demanded a deviation probability of no more than 120 meters for the missile to be accepted into service. Numerous reports and military journals often state that in fact, Trident's deflection exceeded this requirement by a fairly significant amount. 
DF-5 / 5A, China
Compared to other missiles on this list, the Chinese DF-5 / 5A can be considered a gray workhorse. The rocket does not stand out either in appearance or complexity, but at the same time it is capable of performing any assigned task. The DF-5 entered service in 1981 as a message to any potential enemies that China is not planning preemptive strikes, but will punish anyone who dares to attack it. This ICBM can carry a huge 5 mt warhead and has a range of over 12,000 km. The DF-5 has a deviation of approximately 1 km, which means that the missile has one goal - to destroy cities. The size of the warhead, the deflection, and the fact that it only takes an hour to fully prepare for launch, all mean that the DF-5 is a punitive weapon designed to punish any potential attackers. The 5A version has increased range, 300m deflection improvement and the ability to carry multiple warheads. 
R-36M2 "Voyevoda"
The R-36M2 Voevoda is a rocket that is called Satan in the West, and there are good reasons for this. First deployed in 1974, the R-36 complex developed in Dnepropetrovsk has undergone many changes since then, including the relocation of the warhead. The latest modification of this missile, the R-36M2, can carry ten 750 kt warheads and has a range of approximately 11,000 km. With a top speed of almost 8 km / s and a probable deflection of 220 m, Satan is a weapon that has caused great concern for American military planners. The concern would be much greater if Soviet planners were given the green light to deploy one version of this missile, which was supposed to have 38 250 kt warheads. Russia plans to phase out all of these missiles by 2019. 
In continuation, visit a selection of the most powerful weapons in history, which contains more than just rockets.
Also in the section:
PGRK "Topol" on the march / Photo: Press Service of the RF Ministry of Defense
Formations of the Strategic Missile Forces (Strategic Missile Forces), deployed in the Central and Western military districts, practice the tasks of combat duty (ZBD) in field positions (SM). Colonel Igor Yegorov, the official representative of the Strategic Missile Forces, told TASS about it.
"Strategic missile specialists will work out the issues of launching missile systems to field positions, dispersing aggregates with a change in field positions, engineering equipment of positions, organizing camouflage and combat security."
"About 10 missile regiments equipped with Topol-M systems are on combat patrol routes," he said.
According to the official representative of the Strategic Missile Forces, strategic missilemen will work out the issues of bringing missile systems to field positions, dispersing aggregates with a change in field positions, engineering equipment of positions, organizing camouflage and combat security. In addition, anti-sabotage formations will work out the detection, blocking and destruction of conditional saboteurs. Also missilemen will perform conditional missile launches.
The units will be on combat duty in field positions for up to 32 days, in conditions as close as possible to combat ones.
According to Yegorov, by the end of the year, the Strategic Missile Forces will host more than 40 headquarters and about 20 command-staff trainings, about 10 command-staff exercises, about 50 tactical and tactical-special exercises.
Technical reference
On May 29, 2007, at the Plesetsk test site, the first test launch of the RS-24 was carried out at the Kura test site.
On December 25, 2007, at the Plesetsk test site, the second test launch of the RS-24 was carried out at the Kura test site.
On November 26, 2008, at the Plesetsk test site, the third test launch of the RS-24 was carried out at the Kura test site.
On the timing of the completion of state tests of the RS-24 "Yars" ICBM, various information was indicated: some spoke about the completion of the GI in 2010, while other sources ( chief designer of the complex) reported that the GIs were completed at the end of 2009, which, apparently, is due to the difference in the timing of the actual completion of the state test program and the deadlines for issuing the relevant documents and the elimination of the comments identified at the GI stage.
Deployment
At the end of 2009, the Russian military-industrial complex supplied Strategic Missile Forces(Strategic Rocket Forces) is the first combat subunit of the RS-24 Yars mobile missile systems equipped with multiple warheads. In July 2010, the deployment of the first RS-24 unit was officially confirmed by Deputy Defense Minister V.A.Popovkin.
The second division with the RS-24 Yars missile system was put on experimental combat duty in Teikovo missile division(Ivanovo region) in December 2010. The first regiment, armed with the Yars mobile missile system, was transferred to alert duty March 4, 2011 as part of two RS-24 divisions, which have been on experimental combat duty since 2010.
In the summer of 2011, the first missile regiment, armed with the Yars PGRK in the Teikovo missile formation, was brought up to full strength (3 divisions, 9 APUs). On December 7, 2011, in the same division, the second regiment RS-24 "Yars" was put on experimental combat duty as part of the mobile command post (PKP) of the regiment and one missile division. The second division of this regiment was put on duty at the end of December 2011, thus, by the beginning of 2012, the total number of deployed RS-24s was 15 APUs with missiles. In September 2012, the rearmament of this regiment to mobile "Yars" was completed, and the total number of APU RS-24 "Yars" was brought to 18 (2 regiments, 6 divisions).
At the end of 2012, work began on the re-equipment of the Novosibirsk and Kozelsky (mine version of the complex, Kaluga Region) missile formations for this complex. In 2013, the Strategic Missile Forces plans to continue the rearmament of the Novosibirsk and Kozelsk missile formations, as well as the re-equipment of the missile regiments is practically completed. Tagil missile division... In addition, it is planned to begin preparatory work for the rearmament Irkutsk missile division.
On the night of December 24-25, 2013, from the Plesetsk cosmodrome, a test launch of a mine-based RS-24 Yars ICBM with a multiple warhead was carried out. Startup was successful. The missile warheads hit targets at the Kura training ground in Kamchatka.
As of the beginning of 2014, the Strategic Missile Forces were armed with 33 mobile-based RS-24 missiles with four warheads each.
On April 14, 2014 at 10:40 am Moscow time, an RS-24 intercontinental ballistic missile equipped with a multiple warhead was launched from a mobile launcher at the Plesetsk cosmodrome. The launch was carried out in the interests of protecting a batch of missiles manufactured in Votkinsk (control serial tests). According to official sources, the launch tasks have been completed in full.
On December 26, at 11:02 Moscow time, a test launch of a ground-based mobile rocket was made from the Plesetsk cosmodrome, training warheads hit targets at the Kura training ground on the Kamchatka Peninsula.
MOSCOW, WEAPONS OF RUSSIA, Stanislav Zakaryan
www.site
12
Fundamentally new technical solutions were used in the design of the Topol RK. Designers and engineers of many Russian industrial associations worked on this task. Their research and development has brought this type of weaponry into the ranks of ultra-modern technology, practically unparalleled and ahead of its time. It is precisely such devices that are capable of protecting the state from external aggression and, if necessary, become a weapon of retaliation.
History of creation
It is known that the first development of a new special complex was started in the mid-80s. last century. However, the official decision to start work on this project is dated September 1989. An order was received from the state commission for the creation of two types of weapons at once: stationary and mobile. And also an intercontinental ballistic missile, consisting of three stages, working on solid and liquid propellants.
The project received a special name "Universal", and in the documents the complex weapon was listed under the code name RT-2PM2.
First developments
The solution of this problem was entrusted to two engineering and production organizations - KB "Yuzhnoye" in Dnepropetrovsk and the Institute of Heat Engineering in Moscow (MIT). It was assumed that, despite the required high degree of unification, the mechanisms of the rocket for weapons of the mobile and silo type, would still have some differences:
- Weapons marked 15Ж65, stationary, had to be provided with a liquid-propellant jet engine running on the innovative fuel "Pronit".
- The mobile special complex was equipped with a rocket (15Ж55) with a solid-propellant installation.
The transport and launch container for both types also had to be different. For the first type - a metal structure with special devices for fixing various elements of ground systems. For a mobile device - made of fiberglass.
Topol M
In April 1992, Yuzhnoye design bureau interrupted its participation in joint development, which is why MIT became the main design bureau of the project. On the basis of the results already obtained, it was decided to continue the creation of a special rocket complex, which received the new name Topol-M. It was planned to equip a completely unified weapon with a device that runs on solid fuel.
Tests of the new model began in the winter of 1994. For this, the installation was used, located in a mine at the Plesetsk cosmodrome.
After that, the development of a mobile type of weapon (mobile ground missile system - PGRK) was continued, the first tests of which took place in the fall of 2000.
Interesting. It is believed that Topol-M will operate for 15 years. However, in the fall of 2005, it was decided to carry out a combat training launch of a weapon that had been in use for over 20 years. It was necessary to check the reliability and safety of all systems and devices.
The launch took place at the space airfield in Plesetsk, in the direction of the test site in Kamchatka (Kura). An intercontinental ballistic missile was able to hit a simulated target located at the range with the required accuracy. The use of this type of weapon, which has been in service for such a long time, was committed for the first time.
Production
After successful tests (four launches of ballistic weapons were made) in 1997, the missile system for mine use was put into production. And in 2000, after approval by the State Commission, an order was signed on the adoption of Topol-M into service.
- The production of the head part, as well as combat mechanisms, was carried out by the Russian Federal Nuclear Center in the city of Sarov. Topol-M control systems were created by the St. Petersburg Optical and Mechanical Association "Lomo" and the Scientific and Production Center for Automation and Instrumentation named after Academician N. A. Pilyugin in Moscow.
- The development of the drives was entrusted to the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute "Signal" in Kovrov, as well as to the Lyubertsy Plant named after V.I. A.V. Ukhtomsky.
- The Soyuz Federal Center for Dual Technologies was involved in the design of the rocket launcher and basic structures.
- The development of launching mechanisms and support vehicles was carried out by the Federal Research and Production Center "Titan-Barricades", and their production was carried out by the production association "Barricades".
- The creation and re-equipment of ready-made launchers in mines was entrusted to the Vympel design bureau in Moscow together with the Obukhov plant in St. Petersburg.
The Moscow Central Research Institute of Spetsmashinostroenia was employed in the manufacture of composite containers.
Accommodation
In the winter of 1997, two 15Zh65 warheads for a stationary type complex (15P065-35) were delivered to the 140th Strategic Missile Forces regiment of the 60th missile division, located in the village of Tatishchevo. And twelve months later, this regiment, with ten launchers (silos) armed with ground-to-ground ballistic weapons (ICBMs), became outposts. From 1999 to 2005, four more regiments with silos entered the DB.
The deployment of mobile RCs began in the fall of 2005. Such devices were delivered to the 321st missile regiment. And in 2006, the President of the Russian Federation signed a new program, which includes the rearmament of some units, for the period until 2015. This plan provided for the purchase of 69 mobile Topol-M units.
Loading a Topol-M ICBM into the silo Interesting. The intercontinental ballistic complex RT-2PM2 served as a prototype for the creation of a space launch vehicle of the "Start" conversion type. Its launch takes place at the Svobodny and Plesetsk space airfields.
Retrofitting
Mine modification of the Topol-M special missile complex includes ten missiles (15Ж65) with launchers, as well as a command post, which is equipped with enhanced protection means. It is located inside a special shaft and is located with shock absorbers, which significantly reduces vulnerability.
The mobile version of the weapon consists of nine ICBMs (15Ж55), which are installed on autonomous launchers.
For the installation of a stationary complex, ready-made mine mechanisms for heavy intercontinental ballistic weapons were used. For this, it was additionally necessary to pour a concrete mixture with a height of five meters. This conversion significantly accelerated work, reduced conversion costs and also saved time.
Since Topol-M is a modification of the previous Topol model, its re-equipment had to be carried out taking into account the START-1 Treaty. At the same time, the document determined which characteristics can be considered modernized, and what should be changed.
The new version of ballistic weapons had to differ in at least one of the following points:
- throw weight;
- weight at the start;
- total length or size and diameter of the first stage;
- the number of parts to be separated;
- the kind of fuel.
Fact. As of the end of 2017, 78 missile systems are in service. Of these, 60 are stationary and 18 are mobile.
Description of the complex
The Topol-M installation is a unique special missile complex built exclusively by Russian enterprises. Its combat and technical characteristics are almost one and a half times superior to all weapons of the previous generation.
- The energy features of the warhead made it possible to reduce the height of the active space of the trajectory, increase the throw weight, and also significantly increase the efficiency of overcoming air defense defenses.
- Thanks to the research work of many Russian enterprises, it has become possible to create a unified ballistic weapon that can be launched from both highly protected silo launchers and mobile launchers. Full unification made it possible to significantly reduce the costs of developing, testing and manufacturing weapons, without reducing its combat qualities and reliability.
Topol-M is a strategic complex with a solid-propellant three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile, which is located in a special transport and launch container. For the conversion of launchers from the previous type of weapon ("Topol") significant costs will not be required. During the conversion process, it is only necessary to change the fastening elements of the container. This is due to the design features of the modernized weapon.
Interesting. Especially for a ballistic intercontinental missile, the designers have created a warhead that has the ability to maneuver. This makes it possible to avoid interception and destruction by all air defense systems existing today.
Peculiarities
- High-precision guidance and control system.
- Immunity to the effects of an electromagnetic pulse, as well as the presence of a programmed maneuver during the passage of a cloud from a nuclear explosion.
- The system for creating and launching decoys.
- The ability to maneuver during the flight.
- Deployment on soft ground.
- Increased cross-country ability and maneuverability of the special complex.
- Special coating composition of the case.
- Sealed compartment for control systems.
- Increased sighting range with minimal deviation.
- The presence of a system for overcoming missile defense.
- Thanks to the use of solid fuel, the firing range of all stages is significantly increased.
- The inertial control device is equipped with an on-board digital computer (BCVM), which significantly increases the accuracy of the shot.
Interesting. In 2013, the first twelve MIOM vehicles were included in the rocket complexes. These vehicles provide engineering support and camouflage for PGRKs on alert. They also create, perfectly visible from satellites, false trails to a combat position.
Complex device
The intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is the basis for the Topol-M mobile and silo complex.
It consists of three stages, as well as a stage that spreads the warheads. Each of these units is located inside a one-piece body ("cocoon" type). The body, as well as the nozzles of the rocket power plants, are made using carbon composite materials.
The launch of the mobile and mine complex is carried out using a mortar launch.
The warheads are coated with a special composition, which can significantly reduce their visibility on air defense radar screens.
ICBM consists of:
- warhead (increased power class, thermonuclear);
- transition compartment;
- sustainer power plant (stage 3);
- connecting compartment (2);
- sustainer engine (2);
- connecting compartment (1);
- sustainer engine (1);
- tail compartment (1 stage).
Scheme and composition of the steps:
- The design of the first stage includes a propulsion-type power plant operating on solid fuel fuel and a tail compartment. On its body are stabilizing devices and an aerodynamic control system. Solid rocket motor is equipped with one fixed nozzle.
- The second stage consists of a similar engine and connection compartment.
- The third stage scheme includes the head part, the engine and the connecting compartment. In the front part of the bottom of the third stage, there is a thrust cutoff unit equipped with 8 reversible extensions and windows, which are cut through by detonating elongated charges (DUZ).
Prelaunch preparation, launch and further flight are fully automated, they are controlled by a special tracking system.
The complex is brought into full combat readiness within two minutes. The ICBM can be launched both while driving and in standby mode. In this case, the PU must be hung out with jacks.
Topol-M is equipped with special equipment that allows it to overcome the enemy's air defense system. For this, false warheads are generated that are completely identical to the rocket. The created targets practically do not differ from it, neither in radar, nor in optical, infrared and laser ranges. These pseudo-missiles can withstand the damaging effects of nuclear charges and laser radiation, as well as move similar to the warhead itself, which makes them very difficult to identify.
On a note! The ICBM received the ability to maneuver, which significantly reduces the possibility of anti-missile weapons entering its hull.
The warheads are coated with a special compound that makes them invisible to radars. In addition to this, it is possible to spray special aerosols that are visible in the infrared range and make it difficult to find the warhead itself.
Tactical and technical characteristics (TTX)
Overall dimensions, m:
- the total length of the rocket is 21.5;
- diameter of the transport and launch container - 2;
- the size of the head part - 2.1;
- first stage - 8.1, body diameter - 1.8;
- second stage - 4.6, body diameter -1.55;
- third stage - 3.9, body diameter - 1.34.
During combat patrols, the special missile complex covers an area of 125,000 square kilometers. The maximum firing range of the Topol-M is about twelve thousand kilometers. At the start, the rocket has a total mass of 45 tons, while the weight of the warhead is equal to one ton, and the equipped first stage of the ballistic missile weighs 27, 8 tons.
The power of one charge is 0.55 megatons, the spread of the gun is from 150 to 200 meters. The eight-axis base MZKT-79221 is used as a launcher for a mobile type.
Classification
Topol-M is an intercontinental ballistic missile. It has an index of 15Ж65 (code name START RS-12M2). Based on the NATO classification, it belongs to the SS-27 Sickle B1 weapon class.
Despite its massive "appearance", ICBMs are classified as light weapons.
Testing
There were 16 successful launches between December 1994 and January 2017. At the same time, the ICBMs took off from both mine launchers and mobile launchers located on the territory of the Plesetsk cosmodrome. In most cases, the training target was located at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka Peninsula). A test launch in April 2004 was carried out to determine the maximum flight range and was successful.
Of all the test shots, only one failed. This happened in October 2009 with the Topol-M prototype. The ICBM deviated from the main course and was destroyed.
Topol-M rocket launch Conclusion
The terms of the START-1 treaty significantly limited the possibility of re-equipping the Topol ballistic missile. That is why the tactical and technical characteristics of the new version of the weapon do not differ significantly from the previous model. The main differences between ballistic devices are in the ability to overcome the enemy's anti-missile defense.
Improvement of solid-propellant rocket devices made it possible to significantly reduce the duration of the segment of the trajectory of the flying weapon, on which the main rocket engine operates. That made it possible to reduce the likelihood of interception and destruction of ICBMs by enemy anti-missile installations. The ability to maneuver the head compartment also reduces the possibility of being hit by the missile defense system.
The guidance system has become less dependent on possible electromagnetic pulses and other factors caused by a nuclear explosion.
Summing up, we can safely say that the first intercontinental ballistic missile produced by Russian designers is in many ways superior to world analogues. Topol-M has incorporated most of the innovative technologies being developed and is the main and unique component of the Strategic Missile Forces.
Complex RT-2PM2 "Topol-M"(RS-12M2 code, according to NATO classification - SS-27 Sickle "Serp") - Russian strategic missile system with an intercontinental ballistic missile, developed in the late 1980s - early 1990s on the basis of the RT-2PM Topol complex ... The first intercontinental ballistic missile developed in Russia after the collapse of the USSR. Introduced into service in 1997. The head developer of the rocket complex is the Moscow Institute of Heat Engineering (MIT).
Rocket complex "Topol-M" is a solid fuel, three-stage. The maximum range is 11,000 km. Carries one 550 kt thermonuclear warhead. The rocket is based both in silo launchers (silos) and on mobile launchers. In the mine-based version, it was put into service in 2000.
Designed to perform missions to inflict on enemy territory in the face of opposition from existing and future missile defense systems, with repeated nuclear impact on the positional area, while blocking the positional area with high-altitude nuclear explosions. It is used as part of a mine-based 15PO65 complex and a mobile-based 15P165 complex.
Stationary complex "Topol-M" includes 10 intercontinental ballistic missiles mounted in silo launchers, as well as a command post.
The main characteristics of the Topol-M rocket
| Number of steps | 3 |
| Length (MS) | 22.55 m |
| Length (without warhead) | 17.5 m |
| Diameter | 1.81 m |
| Launch mass | 46.5 t |
| Throw weight | 1.2 t |
| Type of fuel | Solid mixed |
| Maximum range | 11000 km |
| Head type | Monoblock, nuclear, detachable |
| Number of warheads | 1 + about 20 dummies |
| Charge power | 550 ct |
| Control system | Autonomous, inertial based on BTsVK |
| Basing method | Mine and mobile |
Mobile complex "Topol-M" is a single rocket, placed in a high-strength fiberglass transport and launch container (TPK), mounted on an eight-axle MZKT-79221 chassis of high cross-country ability and structurally practically does not differ from the silo version. Launcher weight - 120 tons. Six out of eight pairs of wheels are swivel, which provides a turning radius of 18 meters.
The ground pressure of the installation is half that of a conventional truck. Engine V-shaped 12-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine YaMZ-847 with a power of 800 hp. The depth of the ford to be overcome is up to 1.1 meters.
When creating systems and units of the mobile Topol-M, a number of fundamentally new technical solutions were used in comparison with the Topol complex. So, the system of incomplete hanging makes it possible to deploy the Topol-M launcher even on soft soils. The mount's cross-country ability and maneuverability have been improved, which increases its survivability.
"Topol-M" is capable of launching from any point in the position area, and also has improved camouflage means, both against optical and other reconnaissance means (including by reducing the infrared component of the unmasking field of the complex, as well as the use of special coatings that reduce radar signature).
Intercontinental missile consists of three stages with solid propellant propulsion engines. Aluminum is used as a fuel, ammonium perchlorate acts as an oxidizing agent. The step bodies are made of composites. All three stages are equipped with a rotary nozzle to deflect the thrust vector (there are no lattice aerodynamic rudders).
Control system- inertial, based on BTsVK and gyro-stabilized platform. The complex of high-speed command gyroscopic instruments has improved accuracy characteristics. The new BTsVK has increased productivity and resistance to the effects of damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Aiming is ensured due to the implementation of an autonomous determination of the azimuth of the control element installed on a gyro-stabilized platform using a ground-based command device complex located on the TPK. The increased combat readiness, accuracy and continuous operation of the onboard equipment are provided.
Start method - mortar for both options... The rocket's sustainer solid-propellant engine allows it to gain speed much faster than previous types of missiles of a similar class, created in Russia and the Soviet Union. This greatly complicates its interception by missile defense systems in the active phase of the flight.
The missile is equipped with a detachable warhead with one thermonuclear warhead with a capacity of 550 Kt of TNT equivalent. The warhead is also equipped with a complex of means of overcoming missile defense. The complex of means of overcoming missile defense consists of passive and active false targets, as well as means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead. Several dozen auxiliary correction engines, instruments and control mechanisms allow the warhead to maneuver along the trajectory, making it difficult to intercept it in the final section of the trajectory.
False targets indistinguishable from warheads in all ranges of electromagnetic radiation (optical, laser, infrared, radar). False targets make it possible to simulate the characteristics of warheads for almost all selection characteristics on the extra-atmospheric, transitional and significant part of the atmospheric section of the descending branch of the flight path of the missile warheads, are resistant to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and the radiation of a super-powerful nuclear-pumped laser. For the first time, decoys have been designed that can withstand super-resolution radar.
In connection with the termination of the existence of the START-2 treaty, which prohibited the creation of multiply-charged intercontinental ballistic missiles, the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering is working on equipping the Topol-M with MIRVs. Perhaps the result of these works is the RS-24 "Yars". A mobile version of this complex, located on the chassis of the eight-axle MZKT-79221 tractor, is undergoing tests.
The high resistance of the 15Zh65 missile to the impact of potential enemy missile defense systems is achieved due to:
- Reduction in time and length of the active section by extremely fast acceleration of the rocket. Acceleration time to final speed (over 7 km / s) is less than 3 minutes.
- The missile's ability to maneuver in the active phase, which complicates the enemy's solution to the interception problem, as well as to make a programmed maneuver when passing through the cloud of a nuclear explosion
- A protective coating for the case of a new development, providing comprehensive protection against the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and weapons based on new physical principles.
- The complex for overcoming missile defense, including passive and active false targets and means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead. LCs are indistinguishable from warheads in all ranges of electromagnetic radiation (optical, laser, infrared, radar), they allow simulating the characteristics of warheads for almost all selective characteristics on the extra-atmospheric, transitional and significant part of the atmospheric section of the descending branch of the flight path of the missile warheads, up to heights 2 - 5 km; are resistant to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and radiation from a super-powerful nuclear-pumped laser, etc. For the first time, LCs capable of withstanding super-resolution radars have been designed. The means for distorting the characteristics of the warhead consist of a radio-absorbing (combined with a heat-shielding) covering of the warhead, generators of active jammers, etc. The radar signature of the warhead is reduced by several orders of magnitude, the RCS is 0.0001 sq. M. Its detection range has been reduced to 100-200 km. The optical - and IR-signature of the BB is extremely reduced due to the effective cooling of the BB surface in the transatmospheric section and a decrease in the luminosity of the BB wake in the atmospheric section, which is achieved, incl. by injecting special liquid products into the trace area that reduce the radiation intensity. As a result of the measures taken, a monoblock warhead of a promising multi-echeloned missile defense system with space-based elements is ensured with a probability of 0.93 - 0.94. The high and transatmospheric missile defense segment is overcome with a probability of 0.99, the atmospheric one with a probability of 0.93 - 0.95.
The 15Zh65 missile is equipped with a thermonuclear monoblock warhead with a capacity of 0.55 MGt. Tests of ICBMs with MIRVs (from 3 to 6 multiple warheads with a capacity of 150 kt) have been carried out. specialists will be practically reduced to zero.
The circular probable deviation is no more than 200 m, which allows the warhead of half-megaton power to confidently hit highly protected point targets (in particular, command and control and silo). Due to the limited throw weight, limiting the power of the nuclear warhead, the Topol-M missile, in contrast to the 15A18 missile "Voevoda"(the power of a monoblock warhead of which was 20-25 MGt) has restrictions on the implementation of a destructive effect on a large area target.
The mobile-based 15P165 complex has unique characteristics of initial survival, is able to function covertly and autonomously for a long period of time. The patrol area of the complex is 250,000 sq. Km.
Rocket "Topol M" unified with the rocket "Mace" sea-based, designed for armament of Project 955 SSBNs. Bulava's competitor is the R-29RMU2 liquid-propellant ICBM. Blue". It significantly surpasses the Bulava (like all other ICBMs) in terms of energy and mass perfection, but is inferior in terms of an important criterion for Russian sea-based missiles - survival in the active area due to the lower acceleration speed and greater vulnerability to laser weapons inherent in liquid-propellant missiles compared to solid fuel. However, the Bulava missile, with a launch weight of about 37 tons, is significantly inferior in striking power to the existing heavier solid-fuel missiles, including the Trident-2 rocket with a launch weight of 59 tons. (Warhead Bulava - 6x150 kt, Trident-2 (theoretically) - 8x475 kt). The project of equipping the naval component of the Russian nuclear forces for SSBNs with Bulava light ballistic missiles has been criticized by experts who point to the need to equip domestic SSBNs with the high-tech solid-fuel SLBM R-39UTTH, tests of which were curtailed in the 90s. and which, if put into service, would have no world analogues among SLBMs in terms of striking power and flight performance.
Transportation of the Topol-M missile and loading into the mine
Transportation and loading into the silo of the 5th generation ICBM RT-2PM2 "Topol-M"... Location: 60th Taman Order of the October Revolution Red Banner Missile Division.
RS-12M / 15P158.1 / 15P158 "Topol" complex, RT-2PM / 15Zh58 missile - SS-25 SICKLE / PL-5
Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) / mobile ground missile system (PGRK). A preliminary study of the project of the complex has been carried out since 1975 by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (MIT) under the leadership of Alexander Davidovich Nadiradze on the basis of ICBMs and MRBMs. Chief designer since 1987 - Boris Lagutin (until 1993). The full development of the Topol ICBM for use as part of the PGRK was started by the Decree of the USSR Council of Ministers of 07/19/1976 ( ). The next Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers on the development of the Topol complex with solid-fuel ICBMs was issued on July 19, 1977.
In 1979, the development of the manufacture of charges for engines of the second and third rocket stages began at the Pavlograd chemical plant ().
The first ICBM launch from a specially equipped silo was carried out at the Kapustin Yar range on October 27, 1982. Probably one of the launch tasks was to check the operation of the launch systems and the missile exit from the TPK, followed by the launch of the main engine of the first stage. The start up was unsuccessful. Flight design tests (LKI) of the 15Zh58 MBR began with a launch from a converted silo at the Plesetsk test range on February 8, 1983. The launch was completely successful. In total, in 1983-1984. 12 launches took place under the LCI program. All launches were carried out at the Plesetsk test site. The test start of the LCI program took place on November 20, 1984.
Serial production of the Topol missile system began by the Decree of the USSR Council of Ministers of 12/28/1984 ( ist. - Strategic missile). The rocket has been serially produced by the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant since 1985. Self-propelled launchers of the complex were produced by the Barrikady plant (Volgograd). In 1984, the construction of stationary based structures and equipment of PGRK combat patrol routes began. The objects were located in those divisions of the Strategic Missile Forces, where they were removed from combat duty of RT-2P, MR-UR-100 and UR-100N ICBMs. At the same time, the PGRK complex was deployed in the positional areas of the Pioneer MRBM ( ist. - Strategic missile).
The first division of the PGRK 15P158.1 "Topol" took up combat duty on July 23, 1985 as part of the Strategic Missile Forces regiment in Yoshkar-Ola of the Mari Autonomous District of the USSR (). Until the end of 1985, another floor of the PGRK ( ist. - Strategic missile). The first regiment of the Strategic Missile Forces with RS-12M missiles, equipped with the mobile regimental command post "Barrier" (), was put on alert on April 28, 1987 in the area of Nizhny Tagil, and on May 27, 1988, the first missile regiment was put on alert. with a modernized mobile regimental command post "Granit" (), based in the city of Irkutsk (). The Topol ICBM complex was adopted by the Strategic Missile Forces of the USSR on December 1, 1988 ().
Since 1997, there has been a gradual replacement of the RS-12M ICBMs with ICBMs and.
http://tvzvezda.ru/).
Launches of ICBM RS-12M "Topol":
| No. | date | Launch site | Result | Description |
| 29.09.1981 | Plesetsk | There probably wasn’t such a start, but it is mentioned in a number of foreign sources (). The date is referred to as the start date of LCI in some sources (). The launch is mentioned in the 2002 edition of the Plesetsk cosmodrome history book. Most likely, this is a throw test of an early prototype / test rocket of the 15Zh58 rocket. |
||
| 30.10.1981 | Plesetsk | Throwing start (?) | ||
| 25.08.1982 | Plesetsk | Throwing start (?) | ||
| 00 | 27.10.1982 | Kapustin Yar | unsuccessful start | Start from a specially converted silo. |
| 01 | 08.02.1983 (18.02.1983 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | The launch was carried out by the combat crew of the 6th National Research University. Launch from a specially converted silo rocket RT-2P (). The first launch of the LKI rocket 15Zh58. |
| 02 | 03.05.1983 (05.05.1983 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | Launch from a specially converted silo rocket RT-2P (). 2nd launch of LCI () |
| 03 | 30.06.1983 (31.05.1983 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | Launch from a specially converted silo rocket RT-2P (). 3rd launch of LCI () |
| 04 | 10.08.1983 | Plesetsk | emergency start | First launch from SPU PGRK. 4th launch of LCI. In the book "Navigators of the Planets" (edited by E.L. Mezhiritsky, 2008), the launch is called emergency - not through the fault of the control system (). |
| 05 | 25.10.1983 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 5th launch of LCI () |
| 06 | 20.02.1984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 6th launch of LCI () |
| 07 | 27.03.1984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 7th launch of LCI () |
| 08 | 23.041984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 8th launch of LCI () |
| 09 | 23.05.1984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 9th launch of LCI () |
| 10 | 26.07.1984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 10th launch of LCI () |
| 11 | 10.09.1984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 11th launch of LCI () |
| 12 | 02.10.1984 | Plesetsk | emergency start | 12th launch of LCI (). In the book "Navigators of the Planets" (edited by E.L. Mezhiritsky, 2008), the launch is called emergency - not through the fault of the control system (). |
| 13 | 20.11.1984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Test start LCI () |
| 14 | 06.12.1984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 13th launch of LCI |
| 15 | 06.12.1984 | Plesetsk | successful launch | 14th launch of LCI |
| 16 | 29.01.1985 | Plesetsk | emergency start | 15th launch of the LCI program (). In the book "Navigators of the Planets" (edited by E.L. Mezhiritsky, 2008), the launch is called emergency - not through the fault of the control system (). |
| 17 | 21.02.1985 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch |
| 18 | 22.04.1985 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 19 | 14.06.1985 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 20 | 06.08.1985 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 21 | 25.08.1985 (28.08.1985 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 22 | 04.10.1985 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 23 | 24.10.1985 (10/25/1985 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 24 | 06.12.1985 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 25 | 18.04.1986 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 26 | 20.09.1986 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 27 | 29.11.1986 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 28 | 25.12.1986 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 29 | 11.02.1987 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 30 | 04/26/1987 (05/26/1987 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 31 | 30.06.1987 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 32 | 14.07.1987 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 33 | 31.07.1987 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 34 | 23.12.1987 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 35 | 23.12.1987 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Last launch of the joint test program PGRK "Topol" (). 16th launch of LCI (). |
| 36 | 29.04.1988 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch of ICBM "Topol" () |
| 37 | 07/05/1988 (08/05/1988 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 38 | 14.09.1988 | Plesetsk | successful launch | |
| 39 | 08.10.1988 (20.10.1988 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 40 | 09.12.1988 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 41 | 07.02.1989 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 42 | 21.03.1989 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 43 | 15.06.1989 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 44 | 20.09.1989 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 45 | 10/26/1989 (10/27/1989 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 46 | 29.03.1990 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 47 | 21.05.1990 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 48 | 24.05.1990 | Plesetsk | successful launch | |
| 49 | 31.07.1990 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 50 | 08.08.1990 | Plesetsk, site No. 169 | successful launch | 1st launch of the 15Yu75 command missile test program based on the 15Zh58 missile of the Perimeter-RC system (,) |
| 51 | 16.08.1990 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 52 | 17.10.1990 | Plesetsk, site No. 169 | successful launch | 2nd launch of the 15Yu75 command missile based on the 15Zh58 missile of the Perimeter-RC system (,) |
| 53 | 01.11.1990 | Plesetsk, site No. 169 | successful launch | 3rd launch of the 15Yu75 command missile based on the 15Zh58 missile of the Perimeter-RC system (,) |
| 54 | 25.12.1990 | Plesetsk, site No. 169 | successful launch | 4th launch of the 15Yu75 command missile based on the 15Zh58 missile of the "Perimeter-RC" system (,) |
| 55 | 25.12.1990 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 56 | 07.02.1991 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () Combat training launch from the 2nd launcher of the 306 missile regiment () |
| 57 | 05.04.1991 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 58 | 25.06.1991 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 59 | 19.08.1991 (08/20/1991 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 60 | 02.10.1991 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 61 | 25.02.1993 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 62 | 25.03.1993 | Plesetsk | partially successful launch | RN EK-25 "Start-1" (,) |
| 63 | 23.07.1993 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 64 | 22.06.1994 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 65 | 23.09.1994 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 66 | 10.11.1994 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 67 | 28.03.1995 | Plesetsk | emergency start | LV "Start" (5 stages), load - overall-weight model EKA-2 and satellites Gurwin Techsat 1A and UNAMSat A were not put into orbit (). |
| 68 | 14.04.1995 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 69 | 10.10.1995 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 70 | 10.11.1995 | Plesetsk | successful launch | |
| 71 | 17.04.1996 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 72 | 03.10.1996 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 73 | 09.11.1996 (05.11.1996 according to other data) | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 74 | 04.03.1997 | Free | successful launch | The first successful launch of the Start-1.2 LV (), the Zeya satellite (). |
| 75 | 03.10.1997 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 76 | 24.12.1997 | Free | successful launch | LV "Start-1" (), AES Early Bird (). |
| 77 | 16.09.1998 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 78 | 01.10.1999 | Plesetsk | successful launch | () |
| 79 | 11.10.2000 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 80 | 05.12.2000 | Free | successful launch | LV "Start-1" (), AES EROS A (). |
| 81 | 16.02.2001 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 82 | 20.02.2001 | Free | successful launch | LV "Start-1" (), satellite "Odin" (). |
| 83 | 03.10.2001 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 84 | 01.11.2001 19-20 Moscow time | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). Presumably tested combat equipment (). |
| 85 | 12.10.2002 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch () |
| 86 | 27.03.2003 12-27 Moscow time | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The missile was on alert for 18 years. According to media reports, this is the 79th launch of the Topol from the Plesetsk test site and the 43rd combat training launch (). |
| 87 | 18.02.2004 13-30 Moscow time | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). According to Western data, it is possible that the launch was carried out for the purpose of testing advanced combat equipment (,). |
| 88 | 02.11.2004 | Plesetsk | successful launch | |
| 89 | 01.11.2005 | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | According to Western data (target IP-10 is mentioned), the launch of the test target advanced combat equipment, rocket 15Zh58E... The launch was carried out at the Sary-Shagan test site () |
| 90 | 29.11.2005 10-44 Moscow time | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch of the Topol ICBM at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The purpose of the launch is to test the reliability of a rocket with a long shelf life. For the first time in the Strategic Missile Forces, the shelf life of a rocket was 20 years (). |
| 91 | 25.04.2006 | Free | successful launch | LV "Start-1" (), AES EROS B (). |
| 92 | 03.08.2006 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). |
| 93 | 18.10.2007 09-10 Moscow time | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The service life has been extended to 21 years. |
| 94 | 08.12.2007 17-43 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | |
| 95 | 28.08.2008 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). Probably 15Zh58E rocket. " Experimental warhead missiles with high accuracy hit a conventional target on the Kamchatka Peninsula training ground, thereby demonstrating the ability to guaranteedly hit high-security point targets "(). |
| 96 | 12.10.2008 11-24 Moscow time | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). |
| 97 | 10.04.2009 12-09 Moscow time | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The launch was carried out by the calculation of the Irkutsk Strategic Missile Forces connection. The launched rocket was manufactured in 1987 and until August 2007 was on alert at the Teikovo missile formation (,). |
| 98 | 10.12.2009 | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | promising combat equipment... The launch was carried out at the Sary-Shagan test site (). |
| 99 | 28.10.2010 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The launched rocket was manufactured in 1987 and until August 2007 was on alert in the Teikovsky missile formation (Ivanovo region), and then was stored in one of the arsenals of the Strategic Missile Forces (). |
| 100 | 05.12.2010 | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | 15Zh58E Topol-E rocket launch for testing promising combat equipment... The launch was carried out at the Sary-Shagan test site (). |
| 101 | 03.09.2011 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The missile was released by the industry in 1988 and until March 2011 was on duty at the Novosibirsk missile formation. According to media reports, the rocket was launched with a new experimental warhead (). |
| 102 | 03.11.2011 10-45 Moscow time | Plesetsk | successful launch | Launch as part of work to extend the service life of Topol missiles, launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). The launch used a rocket released by the industry in 1987, and as of July 2007, the rocket was on alert in the Tagil Strategic Missile Forces formation. The launch was carried out by space forces and personnel of the Strategic Missile Forces from the city of Yoshkar-Ola. based on the results of the launch, the service life of the RS-12M missiles was extended to 25 years. |
| 103 | 07.06.2012 21-39 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | Launch of a Topol-E missile to test advanced combat equipment. The launch was carried out at the Sary-Shagan test site. "The goals of this launch were to confirm the stability of the main flight characteristics of missiles of this class during the extended service life, to develop measuring instruments of various types of measuring systems in the interests of the RF Armed Forces, and another test combat equipment of intercontinental ballistic missiles" (). |
| 104 | 19.10.2012 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). "The objectives of this launch were to confirm the stability of the main flight performance of this class of missiles during the period of operation extended to 24 years and to assess the possibility of extending the service life by 25 years" (). |
| 105 | 10.10.2013 17-39 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | Topol-E missile launch for testing promising combat equipment... The launch was carried out at the Sary-Shagan test site. According to Western data TEST 1 () |
| 106 | 30.10.2013 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The launch was made by a rocket and a crew from the 14th division of the Strategic Missile Forces (Yoshkar-Ola). The launch was carried out as part of an exercise with a sudden check of the readiness of the Aerospace Defense Forces and the Strategic Missile Forces. |
| 107 | 27.12.2013 21-30 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | Topol-E missile launch for testing promising combat equipment... The launch was carried out at the Sary-Shagan test site. According to Western data TEST 2 () |
| 108 | 04.03.2014 22-10 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | Rocket "Topol-E". "The purpose of the launch was to test the promising combat equipment of intercontinental ballistic missiles. The training warhead of the missile hit a conditional target at the Sary-Shagan training ground with a given accuracy. According to Western data TEST 3 () |
| - | March 2014 | Kapustin Yar | 2 launch plan | In addition to the launch on 03/04/2014, according to the Ministry of Defense of Kazakhstan, in March it was planned to carry out two more launches of ICBMs at the Sary-Shagan test site (). |
| 109 | 08.05.2014 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The launch was carried out as part of an exercise with a sudden check of the readiness of the Aerospace Defense Forces and the Strategic Missile Forces (). |
| 110 | 20.05.2014 21-08 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | Rocket "Topol-E". "The purpose of the launch was to test the promising combat equipment of intercontinental ballistic missiles. The training warhead of the missile hit a conditional target at the Sary-Shagan training ground with a given accuracy (). According to Western data TEST 4 () |
| 111 | 11.11.2014 | Kapustin Yar | emergency start | According to Western data, the Topol-E missile. the shooting was carried out at the Sary-Shagan training ground. Presumably one of the launches with advanced combat equipment. According to Western data TEST 5 () |
| 112 | 22.08.2015 18-13 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | The rocket is probably Topol-E. “The purpose of the launch was to test the promising combat equipment of intercontinental ballistic missiles. |
| 113 | 30.10.2015 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Successful launch as part of training the strategic forces command and control system. |
| 114 | 17.11.2015 15-12 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | |
| 115 | 24.12.2015 20-55 Moscow time | Kapustin Yar | successful launch | The rocket is probably Topol-E. "The purpose of the launch was to test the advanced combat equipment of ICBMs." The training warhead of the missile hit a conventional target at the Sary-Shagan training ground with a given accuracy. |
| 116 | 09.09.2016 | Plesetsk | successful launch | The purpose of the launch was to confirm the main flight characteristics of the Topol intercontinental ballistic missile, as well as to test advanced combat equipment and means of overcoming missile defense. The set launch goals were achieved in full. The experimental warhead of the rocket hit with high accuracy the conditional target on the Kamchatka Peninsula () 0 Topol-E rocket - possibly the first launch of the State Testing Program of a new type of warhead developed by MIT. |
| 117 | 12.10.2016 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Successful launch at the Kura test site in Kamchatka as part of the extended service life confirmation program for ICBMs (). Probably, this launch was carried out by the 15Yu75 command rocket (). |
| 118 | November 25, 2016 | Plesetsk site No. 167 | successful launch | According to Western data, a successful launch of a 15Yu75 rocket with a special warhead from the LC167 site of the Plesetsk test site along the Kura battlefield in Kamchatka to check the combat readiness of the Perimeter-RC system () |
| - | 2016-2017 | According to the Russian Ministry of Defense for 2016-2017. planned to carry out 7 launches of ICBM "Topol". The insured amount of one launch is 180 million rubles. | ||
| 119 | September 26, 2017 | Kapustin Yar (site 107) | successful launch | Rocket "Topol-E". "The purpose of the launch was to test the advanced combat equipment of ICBMs." The training warhead of the missile hit a conventional target at the Sary-Shagan training ground with a given accuracy. "During the test, experimental data were obtained on the parameters of the target situation formed by the combat equipment of promising ballistic missiles in the process of overcoming missile defense. Subsequently, this information will be used in the interests of developing effective means of overcoming missile defense to equip them with a promising group of Russian ballistic missiles." |
| 120 | 26.10.2017 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Successful launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka) during a strategic nuclear exercise. |
| 121 | 26.12.2017 | Kapustin Yar (site 107) | successful launch | The rocket is probably Topol-E. The purpose of the launch was to test the advanced combat equipment of intercontinental ballistic missiles. During the test, experimental data were obtained that will be used in the interests of developing effective means of overcoming missile defense, equipping them with a promising group of Russian ballistic missiles (). |
| 122 | 04.07.2018 | Kapustin Yar (site 107) | crash | According to Western data, the emergency launch of the Topol-E missile at the Sary-Shagan test site is start not confirmed from other sources () |
| 123 | 18.10.2018 | Plesetsk | successful launch | Launch under the program to extend the warranty period of the Topol rocket () |
| 124 | 11.12.2018 (06.12.2018 according to Western data) | Kapustin Yar (site 107) | crash | The launch of the Topol-E rocket at the 107th site at the Sary-Shagan test site ended with the explosion of the first stage of the rocket in the first seconds of the flight. The official version is the explosion of an anti-aircraft missile of the S-350 complex (). |
| 125 | July 26, 2019 | Kapustin Yar (site 107) | successful launch | Launch of the Topol-E missile at the Sary-Shagan training ground for testing new combat equipment () |
Decommissioning: The RS-12M Topol ICBM is planned to be decommissioned in 2022 (December 2016).
Launch and ground equipment:
Silos- an experienced experimental mine launcher was used at the first stage of ICBM testing. In the mid-1980s, some Western sources speculated that the SS-25 ICBM would be deployed, among other things, in silos.
PGRK - autonomous launcher APU 15U128.1- missile system 15P158.1 "Topol" with a point "" - chassis MAZ-7912 - this type of SPU was part of the PGRK "Topol" at the initial stage of deployment of the complex. The SPU was developed by the Central Design Bureau "Titan" of the "Barrikady" plant (Volgograd). In part, the source notes that the 15U128.1 installation was precisely the SPU, and not the APU.
The length of the APU with TPK - 22.3 m (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015",)
Chassis length - 17.3 m
APU width - 3.85 m
Minimum turning radius - 27 m
Cruising range - 400 km
SPU 15U128.1 on the MAZ-7912 chassis with TPK - the Topol complex (official photo from documents under the SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).
SPU 15U128.1 on the MAZ-7912 chassis without TPK - the Topol complex (official photo from documents under the SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).
Serial APU 15U128.1 on the MAZ-7912 chassis, 15P158.1 complex (http://military.tomsk.ru/forum).
PGRK - SPU 15U168- 15P158 Topol missile system - MAZ-7917 chassis. According to a number of sources, the SPU can launch from any point on the patrol route without preliminary geodetic referencing and marking the starting position (probably not true). The SPU was developed by the Central Design Bureau "Titan" of the "Barrikady" plant (Volgograd) under the leadership of V.M.Sobolev and V.A.Shurygin. The MAZ-7917 chassis was developed at the Minsk Automobile Plant under the leadership of V.P. Chvyalev ( ist. - Strategic missile). The SPU is equipped with an autonomous power source, a navigation system, radio and service communications, a set of spare parts, a set of fastening and covering the unit on the railway platform.
Calculation - 3 people
Engine - 710 hp diesel
Length of SPU with TPK - 22303 mm (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015")
Length of SPU without TPK - 19520 mm ()
Chassis length - 18.4 m
TPK length - 22.3 m ()
TPK diameter - 2 m ()
The width of the APU in the stowed position - 3.85 m (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015")
Height with TPK - 4350 mm (Poster from the "Army-2015" exhibition,)
Height without TPK - 3000 mm ()
Full load ground clearance - 475 mm ()
Gross weight of APU - 105.1 t (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015")
Minimum turning radius - 26 m (Poster from the "Army-2015" exhibition,)
Cruising range - 400 km
Maximum speed ():
- 40 km / h (roads of 1-2 categories)
- 25 km / h (roads of 3-4 categories)
APU 15U168 on the MAZ-7917 chassis with TPK - the Topol complex (official photo from documents under the SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).
APU 15U168 on the MAZ-7917 chassis without TPK - the Topol complex (official photo from documents under the SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).
TPK rocket 15Zh58 / RS-12M (official photo from documents under the SALT treaties, http://www.fas.org).
APU 15U168 on the MAZ-7917 chassis of the Topol complex after a missile was launched at the Plesetsk training ground, 2000s (http://militaryphotos.net).
APU 15U168 of the 15P158 "Topol" complex of the Novosibirsk Strategic Missile Forces Division, 09.12.2011 (photo - Alexander Kryazhev, http://visualrian.ru/).
APU 15U168 of the 15P158 "Topol" complex at the exercises of graduates of the Serpukhov Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces, published on 12.12.2013 (photo - Konstantin Semenov, http://tvzvezda.ru/).
SPU 15U168 complex 15P158 "Topol", Military-Historical Artillery Museum, Saint Petersburg, 09.05.2012 (photo - A.V. Karpenko, http://bastion-karpenko.narod.ru/).
http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).
SPU 15U168 of the 15P158 "Topol" complex in the prelaunch position (http://www.nationaldefense.ru).
SPU 15U168 of the 15P158 "Topol" complex. On the starboard side of the SPU, some mandatory structural elements are missing. Exhibition "Patriot", Kubinka, 2015 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).
The aft part of the SPU 15P168 of the 15P158 "Topol" complex (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).
http://pressa-rvsn.livejournal.com/).
For the first time, the cutting off of cables of the control system was carried out by pyro-devices ( ist. - Strategic missile). TPK is covered with a special fireproof intumescent coating SGK-1.
Unit 15U135 "Krona" is a hangar with a sliding roof for carrying a PGRK on alert at a stationary equipped position. The rocket could be launched directly from the structure, which was equipped with a retractable roof.
Rocket RT-2PM / 15Zh58:
Design- a three-stage solid-propellant rocket with a sequential arrangement of stages. For the first time in the USSR, the step casings are made of organoplastic by the method of continuous winding of the "cocoon" type. All steps are equipped with transition compartments.
The first stage of the rocket is equipped with 4 lattice aerodynamic stabilizers and 4 lattice aerodynamic rudders combined with gas-jet rudders.
Launch of ICBM 15Zh58 / RS-12M "Topol" from the Plesetsk test site, presumably 2007-2010. (http://pressa-rvsn.livejournal.com/).
The spent first stage of the Topol ICBM after launch from the Plesetsk test site in northern Russia, photo not later than 2013 (http://www.edu.severodvinsk.ru/).
One of the launches of ICBM 15Zh58 / RS-12M "Topol" from the Plesetsk test site, presumably 2007-2012, published on January 15, 2013 (http://pressa-rvsn.livejournal.com/).
Rocket composition:
- starting PAD
1st stage - solid propellant rocket engine with a fixed nozzle with gas-jet rudders (synchronized with aerodynamic lattice rudders).
Stage 2 - solid propellant rocket motor with a fixed nozzle with a fixed nozzle.
Stage 3 - solid propellant rocket motor with one fixed nozzle with a fixed nozzle. In front of the solid propellant rocket engine there are engine thrust cutoff windows, which were opened using detonating elongated charges (DUZ).
The stage of withdrawal of the warhead
http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).
Rocket 15Zh58 of the 15P158 Topol complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIC at the Ice site of the Plesetsk test site (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).
Control system: autonomous inertial missile control system using on-board computers. The system was developed by NPO Automation and Instrumentation (chief designer Vladimir Lapygin). The firing accuracy was increased due to the use of new, more sensitive accelerometers and an on-board computer that implements direct guidance methods, which calculated at the current time the trajectory of the warhead's flight to the point of impact. ( ist. - Strategic missile). The aiming system was developed by the design bureau of the Arsenal plant (Kiev), the chief designer is Serafim Parnyakov. All operations of prelaunch preparation and launching, as well as preparatory and routine maintenance are fully automated.
One of the main components of the missile aiming system is the automatic gyrocompass (AGK) SPU 15U168 of the 15P158 Topol complex. On the starboard side of the SPU, some mandatory structural elements are missing. Exhibition "Patriot", Kubinka, 2015 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).
Heading and pitch control was carried out at the 1st stage by gas-jet rudders synchronized with the aerodynamic rudders, at the second and third stages - by blowing gas into the supercritical region of the nozzle. Range control was carried out by cutting off the thrust of the third stage engine.
Engines: development of production and manufacture of charges for solid propellant rocket engines of the 2nd and 3rd stages of the rocket started at the Pavlograd chemical plant in 1979 ().
Starting PAD
Stage 1 - solid propellant rocket engine with new mixed fuel with increased density and specific impulse developed by LNPO "Soyuz" (Lyubertsy). The engine is equipped with one fixed nozzle with gas jet rudders (synchronized with aerodynamic lattice rudders).
The rocket engines were fired at NIO-1 (Sofrinsky artillery range of the Research Institute "Geodesy") ().
The first stage of the 15Zh58 / RS-12M rocket. The photo was taken, probably, at the MIC on the Ice site of the Plesetsk landfill (official photo from documents under the SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).
Probably, the preparation of the 1st stage engine of the 15Zh58 "Topol" ICBM for experimental testing for the purpose of experimental combustion under the joint program of MIT, FTsDT "Soyuz", Moscow State University and the Lockheed-Martin company (USA) at NIO-1 (Sofrinsky Artillery Range Research Institute "Geodesy") ().
Nozzle block of the first stage of the 15Zh58 rocket of the 15P158 Topol complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIC at the Ice site of the Plesetsk test site (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).
- Stage 2 - solid propellant rocket engine with new composite fuel with increased density and specific impulse developed by the Soyuz LNPO (Lyubertsy). The engine is equipped with one fixed nozzle with a fixed nozzle. The thrust vector was controlled by blowing gas into the supercritical region of the nozzle. The injection is provided by a special gas generator ( ist. - Strategic missile).
The second stage of the 15Zh58 rocket of the 15P158 Topol complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIC at the Ice site of the Plesetsk test site (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).
- Stage 3 - solid propellant rocket engine with new mixed fuel with increased density and specific impulse developed by LNPO "Soyuz" (Lyubertsy). The engine is equipped with one fixed nozzle with a fixed nozzle. In front of the solid propellant rocket engine there are 8 engine thrust cutoff windows, which were opened using detonating elongated charges (DUZ). The thrust vector was controlled by blowing gas into the supercritical region of the nozzle. For the first time, part of the engine charge is made of metal-free fuel - the combustion products of this part of the charge are discharged through filters to special injection valves through devices in the nozzle flange ( ist. - Strategic missile).
The third stage of the 15Zh58 rocket of the 15P158 Topol complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIC at the Ice site of the Plesetsk test site (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).
- stage of withdrawal of the warhead - 4 x solid propellant
The stage of launching the warhead of the 15Zh58 missile of the 15P158 "Topol" complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIC at the Ice site of the Plesetsk test site (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).
TTX missiles:
Length:
- full - 21.5 m
- without warhead - 18.5 m
- first stage - 8.1 m
- second stage - 4.6 m
- third stage - 3.9 m
- head part - 2.1 m
Diameter:
- first stage hull - 1.8 m
- second stage hull - 1.55 m
- hulls of the third stage - 1.34 m
- TPK (transport and launch container) - 2.0 m
Combat patrol area - 125,000 sq. Km
Warhead types:
The basic version is a thermonuclear warhead with a capacity of 550 kt (,). The charge was developed by VNIIEF under the leadership of Samvel Kocharyants. The warhead is equipped with a complex of means of overcoming missile defense.
Warhead mass - 1000 km
One of the launches of Topol-E ICBMs from the Kapustin Yar test site at the Sary-Shagan test site, 2013 or earlier (TV footage).
Launch of the Topol-E ICBM from the Kapustin Yar training ground, 05/20/2014 (Zvezda TV channel).
Projections of Topol and Topol-E missiles (15Ж58 and 15Ж58Э) - SS-25 SICKLE (2015).
- "Start-1"- AES launch vehicle. The development of the launch vehicle began in 1989, the first launch was made on 03/25/1993.
Design - 5-stage launch vehicle.
Payload mass in low orbit - 500 kg
Presumably the photo shows the launch of the Start-1 carrier rocket on 03/25/1993 (http://www.bmstu.ru/).
Launch vehicle "Start-1" in the workshop of the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant (http://www.iz-article.ru/).
Launch vehicle "Start-1" in the workshop of the Votkinsk machine-building plant (Yu. Solomonov. Nuclear vertical. M., Intervestnik, 2009).
Launch of the Start carrier rocket.
Infrastructure and auxiliary facilities of the complex:
As of 1999, 4-5 missile regiments were simultaneously based in one PGRK position area. The regiment includes three missile divisions - i.e. 9 SPU, mobile command post and stationary command post in the place of permanent deployment of the regiment. ( ist. - Strategic missile).
The complex means include:
- self-propelled launchers of ICBMs;
- combat control vehicle (MBU);
- communication machine;
- combat alert vehicles;
A combat alert support vehicle (MOBD) 15V148 / 15V231 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis was intended for resting personnel on alert.
A combat alert support vehicle (MOBD) 15V148 / 15V231 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis (official photo from documents under the SALT treaties, http://www.fas.org).
A combat alert support vehicle (MOBD) 15V148 / 15V231 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).
A combat alert vehicle (MOBD) 15V148 / 15V231 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis at the exercises of graduates of the Serpukhov Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces, published on 12.12.2013 (photo - Konstantin Semenov, http://tvzvezda.ru/).
A combat alert support vehicle (MOBD) 15V148 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis. Exhibition "Patriot", Kubinka, 2015 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).
- a vehicle for training drivers on the MAZ-7917 chassis.
A vehicle for training drivers on the MAZ-7917 chassis (official photo from documents on SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).
Tropospheric radio communication station 15V78 from the support facilities of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis. Exhibition "Patriot", Kubinka, 2015 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).
The set of arsenal equipment of the complex includes a transport trolley for TPK, probably developed by the Central Design Bureau "Titan" (Volgograd) and produced at the "Barrikady" plant.
Search
We can notify you about new articles,