Troy (Truva), the second name - Ilion, an ancient city in the north-west of Malaya Asia, off the coast of the Aegean Sea. It was known thanks to the ancient Greek epic, found in 1870. When excavations, Gissarlyc Hill Hill. The city acquired particularly fame, thanks to the myths about the Trojan war and the events described in the poem of Homer "Iliad", according to which the 10 year war of the coalition of the Ahase kings, headed by Agamemnon, the king Mikten against Troy was over the fall of the city - the fortress. The people who inhabited Troy, in ancient Greek sources, is called Tevkras.

Troy is a mythical city. For centuries, the reality of the existence of Troy was questioned - it existed as a city from the legend. But there were always people seeking reflection of real history in the events "oriada". However, serious attempts to search for an ancient city were undertaken only in the XIX century. In 1870, Heinrich Schliman during the excavations of the mountain village of Gissrlyk in the Turkish coast, came across the ruins of the ancient city. By continuing the excavation to a depth of 15 meters, he excavated the treasures belonging to ancient and highly developed civilization. This was the ruins of the famous Homerovskaya Troy. It is worth noting that Schliman has evoke the city, which was built earlier (1000 years before the Trojan War), further studies have shown that he simply passed the three throat, as it was erected on the ruins of the ancient city found by him.

Troy and Atlantis are the same. In 1992, Eberhard Tsanger was put forward to the assumption that Troy and Atlantis are the same city. He built the theory on the similarity of the description of cities in ancient legends. However, this assumption was not distributed and the scientific basis. Broad support did not receive this hypothesis.

The Trojan war flared up because of a woman. According to Greek legend, the Trojan war broke out due to the fact that one of the 50 sons of King Priama - Paris, kidnapped the beautiful Elena - the wife of the Spartan Tsar Menel. Greeks sent troops precisely to pick up Elena. However, according to some historians, it is most likely, only the vertex of the conflict, that is, the last drop, which gave the background war. Before that, presumably, there were many trade wars between the Greeks and the Trojans, who controlled trade over the entire coast in the Dardanelly Strait area.

Troy lasted 10 years due to help from outside. According to available sources, Agamemnon's army is located in front of the city by the sea, without precipitating the fortress from all sides. By this, the king of Troy Priam, who established close ties with Karia, Lydia and other areas of Malaya Asia, who during the war assisted him. As a result, the war was very protracted.

Trojan horse existed in fact. This is one of the few episodes of that war that has not found its archaeological and historical confirmation. Moreover, in Iliad about the horse there is no word, but Homer describes it in detail in his "Odyssey". And all the events associated with the Trojan horse and their details were described by Roman poet versgil in Enievid, 1 c. BC, i.e. Almost 1200 years later. Some historians suggest that under the Trojan horse understood any weapon, for example, a ram. Others argue that so Homer called Greek sea vessels. It is possible that the horse was not at all, and Homer used him in his poem, as a symbol of the death of gullible Trojans.

Trojan horse hit the city thanks to the cunning trick of the Greeks. According to the legend, the Greeks spread hearing, as if there was a prophecy that if the wooden horse would stand in the walls of Troy, he would be able to defend the city from Greek raids forever. Most of the inhabitants of the city leanned to the fact that the horse must be introduced into the city. However, there were opponents. Priest Laocoon offered to burn a horse or reset it from the cliff. He even threw a spear in a horse, and everyone heard that the horse inside was empty. Soon he was captured by the Greek called Synin, who told the commission that the Greeks built a horse in honor of the goddess Athena to redeem the long-term bloodshed. Tragic events followed this: during the sacrifice of the sea of \u200b\u200bthe sea, Poseidon from the water was floating two huge snakes, who strangled the priests and his sons. Seeing the foreshadow in this, the Trojans decided to rush the horse in the city. He was so huge that he did not break into the gate and had to disassemble part of the wall.

Trojan horse caused the fall of the Troy. According to the legend, on the night after the horse got into the city, Synonym released from his wrap, hiding inside the warriors who quickly killed the guard and opened the city gate. Asleep after the rusty festivals, the city did not even have strong resistance. Several Trojan warriors led by Eneey tried to save the palace and the king. According to the ancient Greek myths, the palace swell, thanks to the Giant Neoploith, the son of Achille, who broke the front door with his ax and killed the king of Priama.

Henry Schliman, who found her three and accumulated a huge state for his life, was born in a poor family. He was born in 1822 in the family of rural pastor. His homeland is a small German village near the Polish border. Mother died when he was 9 years old. The father was a harsh, unpredictable and egocentric man, very loved women (for which he lost positions). At the age of 14, Heinrich was separated from his first love - a girl mine. When Henrich was 25 years old and he was already becoming a famous businessman, he finally asked Minna's hands in her father. The response said that Minna married a farmer. This message finally broke his heart. The passion for ancient Greece appeared in the soul of the boy thanks to the father who read the "oriad" to children in the evenings, and after gave her son a book on world history with illustrations. In 1840, after a long and exhausting work in a grocery shop, he barely rushed his life, Heinrich sits on the ship traveling to Venezuela. On December 12, 1841, the ship fell into the storm and Schliman was thrown into the icy sea, he saved his barrel, for which he kept until he was saved. For his life, he learned 17 languages \u200b\u200band made a major condition. However, his career peak was the excavation of the Great Troy.

Henry Schliman's excavations of Troy took due to unstores in his personal life. It is not excluded. In 1852, Henry Schliman, who had a lot of affairs in St. Petersburg married Ekaterina Skin. This marriage lasted 17 years and was absolutely empty for him. As a person is passionate in nature, he took a sensible woman in his wife, who was cold to him. As a result, he almost turned out to be on the verge of madness. An unhappy couple had three children, but sheliman did not bring happiness. From despair, he made another state, selling indigo paint. In addition, he came close to Greek. It appeared inexorable traction for traveling. In 1868, he decided to go to Itha and organize his first expedition. Further, he went towards Constantinople, in those places where the "Iliad" was three and started excavation on the Gissarlyc Hill. It was his first step towards the Great Troy.

Elena Trojanskaya Schliman decorations at his second wife. With the second wife of Henry, he introduced his old friend, it was 17-year-old Greek Sophia Energastromenos. According to some sources, when in 1873, Schliman found the famous treasures of Troy (10,000 gold items), he moved them upwards with his second wife, which loved immensely. Among them were two luxury tiaras. Oshev, one of them on the head of Sofia, Henry said: "The jewel, which Elena Troyanskaya wore, now decorates my wife." At one of the photos, it is really depicted in magnificent decorations of antiquity.

Trojan treasures were lost. There is a deal of truth in it. Shllamans passed 12,000 items in the Berlin Museum. During World War II, this invaluable treasure was transferred to the bunker from which disappeared in 1945. Part of the treasury unexpectedly appeared in 1993 in Moscow. Until now, there is no answer to the question: "Was it really a Troy Gold?".

During the excavations, several layers of various times were found on the gissabycle. Archologists have identified 9 layers, which relate to different years. They are all called Troy. From Troy I preserved only two towers. Troy II explored Schliman, considering it the true Troy Troy Tsar Priama. Troy VI was the highest point of development of the city, its inhabitants were profitably traded with the Greeks, but this city seemed to be very destroyed by an earthquake. Modern scientists believe that the found Troy VII is the true city of Homer's "Iliad". According to historians, the city fell in 1184 BC, being burned with the Greeks. Troy VIII is restored by Greek colonists, they also put the temple of Athens here. Troy IX belongs to the Roman Empire. I would like to note that the excavations showed that Homeric descriptions very accurately describe the city.

Troy otherwise called Ilion, donan and scam - Ancient fortified settlement in Malaya Asia, off the coast of the Aegean Sea, not far from the entrance to the Strait of Dardanelles. This is a city, which is shot in the poem "Iliad", the author of which is considered Homer. The events described by Homer, in the current representation of historians relate to the critical-mix era. The people who inhabited Troy, in ancient Greek sources, is called Tevkras.
History of the city of Troy
Turkey is a country with lots of attractions. The world-famous can be attributed to the ancient city. Troy. This mythical city was located on the coast of the Aegean Sea, on the Hissarlyl Hill near the entrance to the Strait of Dardanelles. The second name of the city of Troy - Ilion. There is such a legend about the occurrence of the ancient city of Troy. The Friegian king gave Ilu Cow and ordered the city on the place where the cow will fall to relax. It happened on the Hill Ata. Zeus himself approved an act of an actions and lowered a statue of the triton daughter to the ground.
The city has a century-old story, but its exact location was discovered a little over a hundred years ago. Archaeologist Heinrich Schlimanthe excavation of the mountain village of Gissrolk, and found the ruins of the ancient city of Troy, it was in 1870. His surprise was even more when he discovered not just the ruins of one city, but nine, located layers one under one. All of them dating in different centuries and were conditionally numbered from one to nine.
The lowest layer was named Troy I. and dates back to 3000 - 2600. BC e. It was a small settlement with a diameter of no more than 100 meters. It was a fortress with massive walls and gates, as well as defensive towers. Two, of which were discovered during excavations. This settlement existed long enough and, most likely, was destroyed by fire.
Troy II.(2600-2300. BC er) was erected on the ruins of the former fortress and occupied a territory of 125 meters. The center was the palace, surrounded by the courtyard on which there were warehouses, residential buildings. It was in this layer that Schliman found a treasure, with jewels, weapons and various trinkets.
Troy III - IV -V - these are already larger settlements that existed from 2300-1900. BC e. In these settlements, groups of houses are already observed separated by small streets.
Troy VI. Settlements 1900-1300 BC E, testified of wealth, flourishing and power. In diameter it was about 200 meters, the wall thickness is 5 meters, four gates and three towers were located on the perimeter. Big buildings, palaces, terraces. There are evidence and the presence of horses. The strongest earthquake destroyed everything.
Troy VII. (1300-900. BC. E.) After the earthquake, life began to emerge on the site of the destroyed settlement, the remaining blocks, columns were used. The houses were built with a smaller scale, rather than earlier, and tightly standing towards each other. It is this Troya that refers to the events mentioned by Homer in "Iliad" and the Trojan War. After the war, the city of Troy was looted and destroyed by the Greeks, and then captured by Frieshites.
Troy VIII.(900-350 BC. Er) The city has already belonged to the Greeks and was considered pretty landscaped. On the territory there was a temple of Athens, as well as a sanctuary for sacrifice. However, he had no political significance, and after part of the population left the city, he fell into decay.
Troy IX.(350 BC. E. - 400. N. E.). It is in this epoch that the city of Troy was called Ilion. Roman emperors from the Yuliyev dynasty - Klavdiev did everything for large-scale reconstruction of the city. The top of the hill was leveled, near the temple of Athens made the sacred plot, the theater was built on the slope, and in the equal terrain of public buildings. Konstantin Great even wanted to make the city capital, but this idea lost its meaning with the elevation of Constantinople. The city of Troy was captured by the Turks and destroyed. Now the ancient city of Troy is the UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Archeology Troy
Among the modern Henry, Schliman historians were distributed a hypothesis that Troy It was located on the site of the village of Bunarbashi. The identity of the hill Gissarlyc with Homerovskaya Troy suggested in 1822. Charles McLaren. The supporter of his ideas was Frank Kalvert, who began in the Gissarlyc of the excavation 7 years before Shliman. The part of the Hill Gissarlyc, who belonged to Calvert, was aside from Homerovskaya Troy. Heinrich Schliman, who was familiar with Kalvert, began a targeted study of the second half of the Gissarlyk Hill at the end of the XIX century. Most finds Schliman are now stored in the Pushkin Museum (Moscow), as well as in the State Hermitage. To date, archaeologists have discovered traces of nine fortresses of settlements that existed in different epochs on the territory of the excavations in Gisarlyc. The first of the settlements found in the historian (the so-called Troy IX) was a fortress with a diameter of less than 100 m and, obviously, existed for a long period. The Homerovskaya era refers to the seventh layer, which represents the three in the form of an extensive settlement, acquired by strong walls with nine-meter towers. Large excavations of 1988 have shown that the population of the city in the Homer Epoch was from six to ten thousand inhabitants - at the time, a very impressive number. According to the expedition of Kormman, the area of \u200b\u200bthe lower city was about 170 thousand m², the citadel - 23 thousand m².
Language and writing
The question of the language of hector and Priama has long been occupied by scientists. Some ancient Greek historians assumed that their speech could be close to Frigian. Then the opinion was expressed that the inhabitants of Homerovsky Troy were the ancestors of Etruscans. In the mid-1980s. N. N. Kazansky published several debris of clay vessels from Troy with incomprehensible signs, resembling a critical letter - he called these signs to the Trojan writing. However, according to other specialists, it could not be inscriptions, but only imitation of writing. In 1995, in the layers of Troy VII, a seal with Luviy hieroglyphs was discovered. In combination with the latest data that the names of the Pria and other Trojan characters most likely have a Luvian origin, the view is increasingly rouded in the scientific world that the ancient
The Trojans spoke on the Luvian adverb. In the Oxford University of Joachim Latach released in 2004, it comes to the conclusion that Luvish language was the official language of Homerovskaya Troy. The question of the daily language of the Trojans remains open. Troy was under strong elling influence, many noble trojans wore local and Greek names in parallel. The fact that the Greek names of the Trojans are not invention of Homer, confirm the hatt inscriptions mentioning the names of the rulers of Taruisa. Currently, most orientalists agree that the Trojan state was multinational. In favor of this, it says a rather fierce composition of the "peoples of the sea", migrating, as expected as a result of the Trojan war.
Trojan War
The Trojan war flared up because of a woman. According to Greek legend, the Trojan war broke out due to the fact that one of the 50 sons of King Priama - Paris, kidnapped the beautiful Elena - the wife of the Spartan Tsar Menel. Greeks sent troops precisely to pick up Elena. According to some historians, it is only a vertex of conflict, that is, the last drop, which gave the background of the war. Prior to that there were many trade wars between the Greeks and the Trojans, who controlled trade on the entire coast in the Dardanelly Strait area. Troy lasted 10 years due to help from outside. According to available sources, Agamemnon's army is located in front of the city by the sea, without precipitating the fortress from all sides. By this, the king of Troy Priam, who established close ties with Karia, Lydia and other areas of Malaya Asia, who during the war assisted him. As a result, the war was very protracted.
Trojan horse There really existed. This is one of the few episodes of that war that has not found its archaeological and historical confirmation. Moreover, in Iliad about the horse there is no word, but Homer describes it in detail in his "Odyssey". And all the events associated with the Trojan horse and their details were described by Roman poet versgil in Enievid, 1 c. BC, i.e. Almost 1200 years later. Some historians suggest that under the Trojan horse understood any weapon, for example, a ram. Others argue that so Homer called Greek sea vessels. It is possible that the horse was not at all, and Homer used him in his poem, as a symbol of the death of gullible Trojans. The Trojan horse fell into the city thanks to the trick of the Greeks. According to the legend, the Greeks spread hearing, as if there was a prophecy that if the wooden horse would stand in the walls of Troy, he would be able to defend the city from Greek raids forever. Most of the inhabitants of the city leanned to the fact that the horse must be introduced into the city.

However, there were opponents. Priest Laocoon offered to burn a horse or reset it from the cliff. He even threw a spear in a horse, and everyone heard that the horse inside was empty. Soon he was captured by the Greek called Synin, who told the commission that the Greeks built a horse in honor of the goddess Athena to redeem the long-term bloodshed. Tragic events followed this: during the sacrifice of the sea of \u200b\u200bthe sea, Poseidon from the water was floating two huge snakes, who strangled the priests and his sons. Seeing the foreshadow in this, the Trojans decided to rush the horse in the city. He was so huge that he did not break into the gate and had to disassemble part of the wall. Trojan horse caused the fall of the Troy. According to the legend, on the night after the horse got into the city, Synonym released from his wrap, hiding inside the warriors who quickly killed the guard and opened the city gate. Asleep after the rusty festivals, the city did not even have strong resistance. Several Trojan warriors led by Eneey tried to save the palace and the king. According to the ancient Greek myths, the palace swell, thanks to the Giant Neoploith, the son of Achille, who broke the front door with his ax and killed the king of Priama.
Excavations of Troy. During the excavations, several layers of various times were found on the gissabycle. Archologists have identified 9 layers, which relate to different years. They are all called Troy. From Troy I preserved only two towers. Troy II explored Schliman, considering it the true Troy Troy Tsar Priama. Troy VI was the highest point of development of the city, its inhabitants were profitably traded with the Greeks, but this city seemed to be very destroyed by an earthquake. Modern scientists believe that the found Troy VII is the true city of Homer's "Iliad". According to historians, the city fell in 1184 BC, being burned with the Greeks. Troy VIII is restored by Greek colonists, they also put the temple of Athens here. Troy IX belongs to the Roman Empire. I would like to note that the excavations showed that Homeric descriptions very accurately describe the city.
Searches for legendary Troy

Among the archaeologists there are ambitious people and devotees by their plans people. And, perhaps, a rich German merchant, who threw his prosperous business in adulthood for searches for unnecessary stones, - Heinrich Schliman - refers to the category of the most famous masters of an ancient profession. The whole life of this person born in the poor village in 1822 and became one of the very rich scientists of his time, consists of secrets and contradictions. He visited many countries around the world, studied in Paris, in 45 years unexpectedly began to study the Greek language and archaeology, and after a year it began to find the most famous, the most famous in the stories of ancient authors, the city - the legendary Troy. The Trojan War became one of the central events of Greek mythology. Ancient sources see her reason in the fact that the Supreme God of Pantheon Zeus wished to enable numerous heroes to become famous and leave a mark about himself in history. A serious reason for the beginning of the war was the beauty of the daughter of Zeus - Helena. And the impetus to battles, tricks, betrayal and conquest was the purely female spore of the three goddesses: Gera, Athens and Aphrodites about who is beautiful of them. An apple of discord was awarded with a young shepherd Paris Goddess of Love Aphrodite for promising him possession of the most beautiful woman. Beauty Elena was his wife's spartan tsar Menel, and Paris, who took advantage of Aphrodite, sailed in Sparta on the ship and took the beauty in Troy, than and brought to the city-state anger and the power of Greek troops. The war became known not even so much because of the fair retaliation for the valid honor of the royal family, but thanks to the participation of Odyssey, Ayaks, Philoklet, Ahamemnon, Achilla on her side. Only 10 years after the abduction, as a result of many tests and adventures, the fleet of associates arrived under Trous to demand justice from the old Trojan king Priama. Hector at the head of the Trojan troops approached the ships of Spartans, killed one of the brilliant warriors - Patrole, but the last, Achilles, rushes into battle and kills the heaker himself. The battles were merciless, filled with cruelty and heartlessness, and those who observed the gods with the Olympus helped that one, then the other side. Achilles destroys many assistants of the Trojans - the leadership of Amazons by Penfusilia, the king of Ethiopses of Memnon and many defenders of the city city, surrounded by mighty walls remaining impregnable.

Tsarevich Paris With the help of God Apollo, the Magic Arrow kills Achilla, and the war is suspended. But those who came for the beautiful Elena and stolen treasures stolen from Sparta could not retreat and invent a cunning trap for the Trojans - a wooden horse, in whose womb is hiding several warriors. The horse accepted as a conciliation gift released at night from himself from his headquarters who opened the gate for the troops of Spartans. Troy was crushed and burned, and historians and archaeologists were looking for many years or real, or the mythical city of Troy on the Earth of Antique Turkey. Heinrich Schliman ignored all local stories and suggestions. By the place of their excavations, he chose an elevation in the hour of walking from the sea, the name of Gissarlyk. And the choice of a new archaeologist was made on the basis of the study of ancient reports about the origins and the river of the River Scandarros, indicated quite definitely. In his imagination, mythical events took place, the ancient warriors appeared, famous beauties appeared and, of course, treasure.
In this rich city, there were a lot of artistic products that were famous for the Greek world, here, to the king to Priau, brought Shepherd-Tsarevich Paris, together with Elena, part of Spartan Treasures, and not found by the winners during the assault and burning of the city of Troy. Schliman is in favor of European patrons of art with a proposal to invest in the future excavations of the ancient Troy. No one believed in a new researcher, and Schliman invests on organized in 1870 excavation equal capital.
Workers Schlifiman deepened to the ground. Schliman passed a layer behind the layer, absolutely not considered with the classical methods of conducting excavations. The shovels reached the rocky soil, and the remains of a certain city-settlement were opened there, conditionally named "Troy I". The researcher was completely disappointed, the discontinuity of the poor buildings, a pitiful layout and, most importantly, is almost a complete absence of artistic articrafts characteristic of the era. It was then that the novice archaeologist remembered that together with the workers he proceeded a few more layers, which means that other time periods of the Troy existence can be closer to the surface, that is, over the disclosed settlement remains. Nevertheless, Schliman doubted that Troy II is the city of the Tsar Priama, Hector and Paris, the prison of the cessation of Elena. And here, among the architectural ruins, traces of a giant fire appear, destroyed the ancient buildings. The fire apparently hollowed here not one day and destroyed everything that remained non-destructive hands and weapons of the attackers of Spartans.

Homer left the accurate disaster descriptions, whose traces retained Gissarlyca. Three years of exhaustive search, resistance to rumors, envy of the metropolitan archaeologists, refusals in financing - everything was accustomed to the discovered. Stones did not deceive the scientist who has proved their perseverance and luck around the world. It was possible, having sketching all the found and describing the finds for the future book, to complete the season, but something delayed Schlifiman with a young wife-Greek. This happened on June 15, 1873, when Troy II was discovered among massive walls and antique bugs of Troy II, which took a significant space near the Western Gate of the fortress city. Schliman sent under the insignificant pretext of all workers from the territory of excavations at home, and he himself began to open a certain empty space. The witness of finds in the cache was only the Greek Sofia, which later helped the archaeologist to take out found. In the detected antique treasure there were two gold diadems with a 2271 gold ring, 4066 plates in the form of a heart and 16 images of pure gold gods. Near these unprecedented products were 24 gold necklaces, earrings, buttons, needles, bracelets, golden bowl weighing 601 grams, many gold and silverware, electron and copper.
At the disposal of Schlaman was only a few hours of free time before his departure from the excavation. The delay of the intended plans would lead to suspicion, and the only thought of the archaeologist at that moment was the idea of \u200b\u200bconcealing from the Turkish authorities of the discovery made. He was confident that in his hands the Treasures of the Tsar Priama, hidden in distant times from prying eyes and military likholety. The treasure consisted of 8,700 products from gold, and the spouses were simply necessary to take it to Germany, bypassing all obstacles. It was decided that the treasures masked by cabbage and vegetables in large baskets through Gellespont to Athens, and the path to Germany will be laid from there. Turkish officials were surprised, but did not protest when they accomplished the young and rich European capricious Mrs. Shliman, who brought vegetables to Athens from Gisarlyak ... And these very baskets and Ms. Sofia itself became in the history of world discoveries.
In 1873, the book of Schlifiman "Troyansky Antiquities"which described the powerful walls of the fortress of the Troy, the towers, erected on heavy stone foundations. The stories about the palace buildings were interspersed with descriptions of a fire, who played a terrible role in the fate of the defeated Troy. The brightest pages were devoted to the gold king of Priama, which his reality confirmed the authenticity of the finding of a "young" lucky historian. The book brought a great fame to Schlaman, divided the entire scientist world on his supporters and opponents. Some accused him of dilatantism and barbaric excavations, in the frank theft of valuable exhibits. Others recognized the success of the former merchant, his intuition and, most importantly, the desire to implement the idea by any means.

Many of the powerful states and civilizations were rushed into oblivion. One of the bright examples of this is the ancient city of Troy, which is also known as Ifon. This legendary settlement is familiar to many people in the war of the same name. In the Homer's poem "Iliad" describes in detail the epic confrontation between the inhabitants of the Troy and the Ancient Greeks. This famous city at all times excited the minds of various scientists, ranging from historians and ending with archaeologists. During the excavations of the XIX century, the legendary Troy was found in the territory of modern Turkey. Why did this ancient city deserve so close attention of contemporaries? There is an extremely interesting legend of its occurrence, existence and fall. Where was Troy? And what can be found in her place now? Read all this in the article.

The ancient world and the date of the formation of Troy

Before the advent of the legendary Troy on the Troadas peninsula, ancient permanent settlement of Kumtepe was located. Its date of foundation is customary to consider 4800 to our era. Residents of ancient settlement, mainly engaged in fishing. Also in the diet of the settlers included oysters. In Kumtepe, the dead people betrayed the earth, but without any funeral gifts.

In the area of \u200b\u200b4500, the settlement was abandoned to our era, but about 3,700 before our era were again revived thanks to new colonists. The new population of Kumtepe was engaged in cattle breeding and agriculture, and also lived in large homes with several premises. Goats and sheep were divorced by the residents of the settlement not only for the receipt of meat, but also for milk and wool.

The story of Troy originates from 3000 to our era. The fortified settlement was located in Malaya Asia on the Troadas Peninsula. The city was in a fertile hilly country. In the place where Troy was located, from two sides of the city, the Simis and Scamandra rivers flowed. There was also free access to the Aegean Sea. Thus, the Troy for its existence occupied a very favorable geographical position not only in the economic sphere, but also in terms of defense in the case of the possible invasion of enemies. It is not by chance that the city in ancient world, in the bronze era, is why he became a key center of trade between East and West.

Legend of the occurrence of Troy

On the appearance of the legendary city, you can learn from an old legend. Still long before building a triple on the territory of the Troadas peninsula (the place where Troy was located) lived the people of Tevkrov. The character of ancient Greek mythology, the cable called the country, which rules, Troy. Consequently, all residents became called the Trojans.

One legend tells about the emergence of the city of Troy. The older son of the cable was Il, who after the death of his father inherited part of his kingdom. Once he came to Frigia, sowing successfully defeat all rivals on the competition. The Frigian king generously rewarded El, giving him 50 young men and the same virgin. Also, according to the legend, the ruler of Frigia gave the hero to the Pestry Cow and ordered the city in the place where she would like to relax. On the hill Ata, an animal had a desire to lie down. It was there that was founded by Troy, which was also called Ilion.

Before building the city Il asked Zeus good sign. The next morning in front of the founder of the legendary city appeared wooden image of Athena-Pallades. Thus, Zeus provided Ilu by the pledge of divine assistance, the stronghold and the protection of the residents of Troy. Subsequently, at the site of the appearance of a wooden image, Athena-Palley appeared, a temple appeared, and the built three was reliably protected from enemies with high walls with braces. Son El Tsar Lomedonont continued his father's case, strengthened the bottom of the city by the wall.

Protective facilities Troy

According to the ancient Greek myths, the Gods of Olympus themselves participated in the construction of the walls of the legendary city. One day, Zeus sent Poseidon and Apollo in Troy for a whole year to serve Lomedonta. Both gods built a durable wall around the three of the Troy from major stone blocks. Moreover, if Poseidon knocked the stones from the depths of the earth and brought them to the city, then under the sounds of the Lyra Apollo, the construction of solid was carried out by itself. No external threat was terrible three, if the gods did not help the man of Eak. It is part of the wall that the mortal erected was vulnerable.

Deceived Hercules decided to dwell with the king of Troy. On 18 ships, along with heroes and army, he settled the goal to take an impregnable city and take revenge on the treacherous ladomal. An important role in the campaign played Telamon, the son of Eak. He first entered the city wall in the place where his father worked. Troy was taken, and the treacherous king was killed from the arrow of Hercules. Restore the former power of the legendary city has become the juvenile attractions, the son of Lomedonta. Under the rule of the new ruler, Troy flourished again and became powerful as before. However, in deep old age, the priest lived their days in great grief.

Trojan War

The famous ten-year confrontation forever glorified the ancient city. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe VIII century, several poems were folded about the legendary war. Only "Odyssey" and "Iliad" of Homer were preserved before us. They describe the events that occurred on the 9th confrontation between residents of the deposited Troy and Greeks, as well as the fall in the city.

Spartan king's spouse, by the will of the Goddess of Love Aphrodite, fell in love with Paris. The Greeks perceived the voluntary departure of Elena with the son of Priama as an abduction. The Spartan Tsar Menelia, together with his brother, collected a huge army, after which they went to conquer Troy on their ships.

For almost 10 years, the Greeks have unsuccessfully tried to break the resistance of an impregnable city. And only the cunning plan of Odyssey allowed to capture Troy. The story contains information that the Greeks built a big wooden horse and left it to the Trojans as a gift, and they themselves plunged on the ships and sailed allegedly. In fact, a group of the best soldiers attached inside the statue. At night, during the design of the Trojans, they came out of the horse and opened the gate to their comrades. As a result, the Greeks won a victory due to tricks, and the city itself was destroyed and burned. So, the famous expression "Trojan horse" appeared.

The final drop of Troy

From 350 to our era and up to 900 BC, the legendary city was under the rule of the Greeks. Subsequently, he passed from hand to the hands of various rulers. First, the Persians were traded during the war with the Greeks, and later the city was already belonged to Alexander Macedon.

When Troy took possession of the Roman Empire, then the city was reborn again. The Romans were very proud of their origin from Eney and his companions. In 190, BC, Troy was generally liberated from any submissions and was expanded.

In 400, our era of Troy was captured by the Turks and completely destroyed. In the 6th century, our era disappeared the last settlements of people in a place where the legendary city was previously exalted. The years of the Troy existence take their beginning from about 3,000 to our era, and ends in the area of \u200b\u200b400 of our era.

Excavations of ancient city

For many centuries, the fact of the existence of the legendary city was questioned. Most people at the three were very skeptical. Thanks to the poem "Iliad", most scientists leanned the idea that the ruins of an ancient city can be found somewhere in the North-West of Malaya Asia, that is, at the location of modern Turkey.

Now many people are known in the territory of which modern state there were Troy. Thanks to Henrich, Schlaman ruins of the ancient city were found in Turkey, 30 km from the village of Chanakkale, near the village Tevfiki.

Heinrich Schliman after receiving permission from the Ottoman authorities in 1870 began to excavats the Troy in the north-western part of the Gissarlyc Hill. Archeologist-self-taught May 31, 1873 achieved success, finding a treasure. Heinrich Schliman hastily called his find "Kladom Priama."

The contracted of the concluded agreement with the Ottoman authorities, according to which it was necessary to transfer half of all found in the Archaeological Museum in Istanbul, Shliman smuggling took treasure to Greece. After unsuccessful attempts to sell find to the largest museums around the world, the archaeologist presented them to Berlin. Subsequently, Henry Schliman became an honorary citizen of this city. After the end of World War II, the found Trojan treasures began to be kept in Moscow in GMI them. A. S. Pushkin.

What is located on the site of Troy?

Let's learn what is on the site of Troy now. Nowadays, modern Troy is significantly different from the place that Homer described in his poems. For many centuries, the coastline gradually moved away, as a result of which the excavated city turned out to be located on a completely dry hill.

Every year, the museum city visits many tourists from all over the world from May to September. Troy ruins of different historical times have a magnificent appearance. If you wish to get acquainted in detail with all exhibits, it is recommended to hire a guide.

The most popular in the place where Troy was located, a wooden copy of the famous horse enjoyed among tourists. Each person has the opportunity to be inside a big statue, feeling at the role of a cunning Greek hero. You can also become one of these lucky ones who have received unforgettable impressions. But you need to choose the time to travel, given the special factors. After all, in some days of people in the place where Troy was located, around the Trojan horse so much that most cannot be approached with even 100 meters closer.

Museum of excavations is not less popular in the ancient city. His visitors have the opportunity to view a bunch of photos, layouts and other exhibits that will allow you to familiarize yourself with the process of detecting the Troy. Also, the inquisitive tourists during the excursion can look into the huge temple of Athena-Pallades, to visit the gloomy sanctuary of the ancient Greek gods and appreciate the consistency of Odeon's concert hall.

Other sights of Turkey near Troy

South of the ancient city of Troy, you can find the ruins of Alexandria Troad. This ancient city was founded in the IV century to our era by the ancient Greeks. During its existence, Romans passed into the hands. Subsequently, in honor of Alexander the Macedonian city received its final name.

It is worth noting that Alexandria Troadskaya is mentioned in the New Testament. According to the Holy Scriptures, in this city, the Lord commanded the apostle Paul to go to preach in the land of Macedonia. In our time, the ruins of the city are called Eski-Istanbul.

Near Alexandria Troadskaya on a hill surrounded by the dilapidated walls there is an ancient city of ACS or Behramkale. During the life of the great thinkers of Plato and Aristotle, the famous philosophical school was functioning here, where there were a lot of minds of those times. Among the attractions of the ACC should include Murad's Mosque, a lot of tombs and caravansers that have been transformed into tourist hotels.

How to get to Troy yourself

To visit the place where Troy was located, it's like touching the legend. It is no coincidence that many tourists are decided to see the amazing attractions of the famous Troy in Turkey.

It is easiest to get to the legendary city from Chanakkale, which is 30 km from Troy. Each hour from this Turkish administrative center is sent a regular intercity bus. At about half an hour, the path separates each tourist from the famous historical place. It is also possible to get to Troy from Istanbul, bursa or Izmir through a route taxi.

A visit to the legendary city is not costly financially. The tourist should be spent in fact only for the entrance ticket and passage.

Movie "Troy"

In 2004, an extensive story about the legendary city was published. The historical drama was based on the poems of Iliad. The main roles in the film went to such stars of Hollywood as Brad Pitt, Eric Bana, Orlando Bloom, Sean Bean, Brendan Gleason and other famous personalities. Wolfgang Petersen was appointed director of the painting, and David Benioff answered the scenario.

In the XIII century BC, Trojan Tsarevich Paris kidnapped Elena beautiful than outraged Greek rulers to the depths of the soul. The Spartan Tsar Meneli collected a huge army and on numerous ships went to the shores of Troy.

During the fierce confrontation and the Greeks, the Trojans had alternate success. And only the cunning idea of \u200b\u200bOdyssey allowed to break the resistance of the Troy. Running a large wooden horse inside the city, the Trojans defended themselves to death. At night, the Greeks could easily deal with the inhabitants of Troy.

Thus, only ruins from the legendary city are preserved to our times. A visit to the modern Troy will allow every person to touch the legend and to visit a large wooden horse.

Troy - the legendary city, the famous ten-year-old Trojan War, is inextricably linked with some of the most prominent characters of Greek mythology - from the godesses of Gera, Athens and Aphrodites (as well as beautiful Elena) to the heroes of Achilles, Paris and Odyssey. Many are familiar with the legend of the fall of the Troy. But is there any percent of the truth in this legend, the love of Paris to Elena became the cause of the greatest conflict? Is it really ended only after the Greeks brought to the city of the Trojan horse? And in general, was this war? Did the city called Troy?

The Myth of Three begins with the celebration of the wedding of the marine goddess Fetis and Tsar Pelia - one of the Argonauts, who, together with Jason, participated in search of the Golden Rune. The couple did not invite the goddess to Erid to the celebration, but she arrived and threw a gold apple on the table with the inscription: "The most beautiful." Gera, Athena and Aphrodite simultaneously reached for the apple. To resolve the conflict, Zeus instructed the adoption of a responsible decision to the most beautiful of all living men - Paris, the son of King Troy Priama.
Gera promised Paris a great power if he chooses her, Athena is military glory, and Aphrodite is the love of the most beautiful woman in the world. Paris decided to give the Golden Apple Aphrodite, and she pointed him on Elena, Menal's wife. The young man went to search in the Greek city of Sparta, where he was accepted as an honorary guest. While King Sparta was at the funeral, Paris with Elena fled to Troy, capturing a significant part of his wealth with him. Having discovered the loss of his wife and treasures, Melai was angry and immediately gathered the former Grooms Elena, who gave an oath to protect their marriage. They decided to assemble the army and go to Troy. So it was sown seed of the Trojan War.

More than two years went to prepare, and here is the Greek fleet of more than 1000 ships ready for sailing. The fleet headed the king Mixen Agamemenon. He gathered ships in the port of Avlude (the eastern part of Central Greece), however, a passing wind was needed to enter the sea. Then the priest Kalhas told Agamemnon, that in order for the fleet to go swimming, he should sacrificed his daughter to the goddess Artemis. Performing this barbaric, but, apparently, the necessary sacrifice, the Greeks were able to go to Troy. Nine years raged battles. During this time, many great heroes of the warring parties died, including Achilles, killed by Paris. Nevertheless, the Greeks could not destroy the powerful walls of the Troy and enter the city. For the tenth year of the war, the cunning Odyssey conceived to build a giant wooden horse, inside which the cavity was intentionally left, where the Greek warriors could hide and himself. Greek fleet sailed, leaving a horse behind the gate of Troy, as if recognizing his defeat. When the Trojans saw the removing ships and a huge wooden horse behind the walls of the city, they were delivered, believing in their victory, and dragged the horse to the city. At night, the Greeks got out of the horse, opened the gate of the Troy and let the whole Greek army. The Trojans could not respond and were broken. Polyksgen, daughter Priama, sacrificed on the grave of Achilles. The same fate suffered the son of Hector Astianax. Meneli intended to kill and incorrect Elena, but could not resist her beauty and retain her life.

The legend of three is first mentioned in the "Iliad" of Homer (about 750 BC). Later, the story was expanded and supplemented. Three wrote the Roman poets Vergili ("Eneida") and Ovidi ("Metamorphosis"), ancient Greek historians, such as Herodotus and Fuchdide, were convinced that the Trojan War is part of historical reality. Recalling the words of Homer, they wrote that Troy was on a hill above Gellespont (modern Dardanelles) - a narrow strait between the Aegean and Black Seas. It was a strategically important shopping center. Hundreds of years, researchers and collectors of antiquities, captive by the legend of three, studied the terrain, which in antiquity was called Trad (now part of the North-West Turkey). But the German businessman Henry Schliman became famous for more than other Troy seekers. He managed to find Troy.

Guided only by information obtained from the "Iliad" of Homer, he decided that the city was located on the Gissarlyc hill a few miles from Dardanelle, and in 1870 he began excaving, which lasted until 1890. Shliman found the remnants of several ancient cities that existed in The period between the early Bronze Age (3 thousand BC) and the late Roman period. Considering that the Troy is in lower archaeological layers, Schliman quickly and carelessly overcomed the top layers of the Earth, irrevocably destroying many important historical monuments. In 1873, Schliman found many gold items, which called "Treasures of Priama," and stated to the whole world that he found Homerov Troy.

Roast disputes flared up Regarding whether Schliman really found gold objects there or he intentionally placed them there to confirm, this place is indeed the legendary Troy. It was established that Schliman has repeatedly distorted the facts: he stated that he himself found the location of the Troy on the Gissarlyc Hill during the first visit to the Troada. However, it is known that at that time the British archaeologist and a diplomat Frank Kalvert had already spent excavations in this place, since this land belonged to his family. Calvert was convinced that the ancient Troy was located on the Gissarlyc Hill, so he assisted to Schlaman during his first excavations. Later, when Shliman received worldwide recognition as "the one who found the city of Homer," he argued that Kalvert did not help him. Currently, the heirs of Kalvert, living in England and America, declare their rights to a part of the treasures extracted from the Hill Gissarlyc.

Modern studies have shown that amazing gold finds discovered by a slimman, much older than he expected, and the city located on the Gissarlyc Hill, which Schliman considered Homerovskaya Troy, in reality dates back to 2400-2200. BC er, that is, it existed at least a thousand years before the expected date of the beginning of the Trojan War.

Leaving Schlifiman's selfishly aside, a positive aspect of its activities should be recognized as if he attracted the attention of the world community to the antiquities of the Gissarlyk hill. After Shliman, research work on the hill was carried out: Wilhelm Derpfeld (1893-1894), American Archaeologist Charles Blegen (1932-1938) and a group of scientists from Universities Tubingen and Cincinnati under the guidance of Professor Manfred Korfman. As a result of the excavation, the throne was able to establish that at this place in different periods (they can be divided into a number of subpoles) nine cities were located, which existed from the early Bronze Age (3 thousand BC) - Troy-I and ending with Hellenistic Period (323-30 Gg. BC. E.) - TROY-IX. The most likely candidate on the title of Homerovskaya Troy, judging by dating, consider Troy-VIIIA (1300-1180 BC). Many scientists agree with the opinion that the Troy-VIIIA best corresponds to the description of Homer. In addition, it was in the city of this time a traces of fires were discovered, and therefore the city was destroyed during the war. Communication Troy-VIIIA with mainland Greece confirms the Greek objects of the Mycenaean period (late Bronze Age), especially a large number of potary products, which, apparently, imported here.

Moreover, Troy-VIIIA was a rather large city, as evidenced by the finds - a number of human remains and several bronze lugs for arrows found in the fortress and city. However, a significant part of the artifacts is still in Earth, and the objects found are not enough to confirm the hypothesis that the destruction of the city is the work of human hands, and not the result of a natural cataclysm, such as the strongest earthquake. Be that as it may, if the Homeric Troy is considered to be a really existing city, then, relying on modern knowledge, it can be argued that the Troy-VIIIA is suitable for this role in the best possible way. Not so long ago geologists John K. Kraft from Delaway University and John V. Lyus from Tiniti College in Dublin found materials confirming the existence of a three on the Gissarlyc Hill. They conducted geological studies of the terrain: studied the features of the landscape at the hill and the properties of the soil in the coastal zone. Thus, studies in the field of sedimentology (sedimentology - science of sedimentary rocks and modern precipitation, their real composition, structure, patterns and conditions of education and change) and geomorphology (geomorphology - the science of land relief, the bottom of the oceans and the seas, which studies the appearance , the origin, the age of the relief, the history of its development, modern dynamics and patterns of distribution) confirmed the information obtained from the "Iliad" of Homer.

Even the existence of a mysterious huge Trojan horse, which was probably the most incredible subject in the narrative of Homer, is also explained from the point of view of modern science. The British historian Michael Wood is convinced that the Trojan horse was not just a skillful trick for penetration into the city, but rather a ram or a face-like siege to the horse. Such devices were known in Greece in the classic period. For example, Spartans used tarana at the siege of payments in 479 BC. e. According to another version, the horse symbolized Poseidon - the ruthless god of earthquakes, so the Trojan horse could well be a metaphor of an earthquake, which irreversibly weakened the protection of the city, allowing the Greek troops to easily penetrate inside. Others appeared later, although controversial data confirming the reality of the existence of the Troy. They are contained in the correspondence and annals of the kings of the Hett kingdom found in Anatolia (modern Turkey) and dated 1320 BC. e., which refers to the tense military and political situation in the powerful state of Achyava, controlled by the kingdom, known as Valus. The last scientists are identified with the Greek Ilion, Troy, and Aheiya called the Greeks - the country of the Ahaseians, whom Homer in Iliad is as a pragreic tribes. This hypothesis is controversial, although it was positively perceived by the majority of scientists, since he gave impetus to the study of relations between Greece and the Middle East during the late Bronze Age. Unfortunately, Hittite written sources have not yet been found, mentioning the conflict that could be regarded as a Trojan war in the Troadade.

So, whether the largest conflict unfolded on the Gissarlyc Hill in 1200 BC. er .. Trojan War? Most probably not. Homer wrote about the half-phth era of heroes, about history, which was transferred from the mouth to the mouth for at least four centuries. Even if the war really occurred, the information about it was most likely lost or distorted. It should be recognized that some items mentioned in the Homeric narration are dated a late bronze age period - various types of armor and weapons, which were well known in 1200-750. BC er, that is, in those years when the poet wrote his work. In addition, Homer calls the Greek cities of his time, which, in his opinion, played a particularly important role in the years of the Trojan war. Archaeological excavations conducted on the site of these cities usually proved that they were centers of paramount importance during the late Bronze Age. There is no doubt and the fact that located in such an important place, above Gellespont, on the border between the Hett kingdom and the Greek world, the Troy could certainly become theater of hostilities during the late Bronze Age. Most likely, Homer's history is a memoir about individual conflicts between the Greeks and the residents of the Troadas, which he united into one decisive epic struggle - the war of all wars. If this is true, then the legend about the Trojan war is based on real historical events, even if traditions are deeply deep. Transferring from mouth to mouth, the narrator complemented it unusual details. Perhaps even beautiful Elena Trojan appeared in the narration much later.

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Troy VI was a naval power that controlled the entrance to Dardanelles. Homer called her "Guellepont". By controlling shipping in the Strait, the Troy acquired many enemies. Therefore, to protect against the attack, she acquired powerful fortifications. Reefs, strong currents and winds played on the hand of the Trojans, who were someone able to confidently swim in this difficult to navigate the area. Of course, in mycken knew well about the presence of a rich city in the east of the Strait.

The Prophet Laocoon warned the Trojans not to rolling into the city of wooden horse. The same Kassandra said. The history of Laocoon dramatically described Vergili in Eniida. Even the statement of Laocona is preserved: "I'm afraid of Danaans, even gifts bring." At the same time, Laocoon threw a spear in the side of the horse. The sound of an empty barrel, which was alerted guard. Some Greek by name Synonym managed to calm the Trojans, stating that this is just a gift of the Ahaseians Goddess Athena.

Through Dardanelles there is a powerful flow of water in the direction of the Mediterranean with a speed of 2.5-3 knots. The problem strengthens also the fact that the winds that are prevailed here, which are prevailed to southwest. The usual speed of these winds is 16 km / h. This wind of the Greeks called Meltemi. The wind blows from spring to the beginning of autumn, that is, the entire navigation period in the Aegean Sea. Antique ships did not have oblique sails, so it did not seek cool to the wind possible.

The Mycke Cemetery in Besik-Tepes lies a few meters from Besik Bay, a shallow bay with a sandy beach. The entrance to the bay is free, the reefs are absent. The bay itself is closed from the dominant northeast wind and is very close to the entrance to Dardanelles. There are sources of fresh water here. According to the latest data, the bay was much deeper in the era of the Bronze Age, rather than now. Currently, Besik's bay stole and decreased in size. Located just 8 km on the southwest of Troy, the bay was the first natural harbor in front of the entrance to Dardanelles. This bay is designed to ensure that the invasion's strength, going to take the Troy storming. In addition, the bay is convenient for ships that are waiting for a convenient moment in order to enter Dardanelles. Sometimes it happened that ships, who were waiting for a favorable wind, occupied all the 11 km of spaces from the Tenedos to the mainland, and also got up to distant bays.

But all these were the water that controlled the Troy. The Trojans did not interfere with the detachment of the ill-fated ships tribute, and also to establish trade with them. Troy and flourished thanks to duties and trade. To carry out the border between maritime trade and piracy is not always possible. The construction of increasingly powerful fortifications during the heyday of Troy VI may mean a growing threat to the city from the side of the Mycene pirates. When Micheen still attacked Troy, the city did not save any wealth or powerful fortifications.

Powerful fortifications of Troy VI, found during excavations, for the most part, were built in the last decades of the city's existence. Troy VIH was in the zenith of wealth, fame and architectural development. Three VIIIA is no longer possible to give an equally clear characteristic. The point of view of the Durpfelde, according to which the Troy VIH, who received serious damage to the earthquake was looted, was dominated. Durpfelde found traces of a large fire in different parts of the city at the level of Troy Vih. He interpreted these fires and destruction as traces of a military invasion, and not the emersion of the elements. Blesheng said that the destruction of Troy VIH was not caused by war, but a catastrophic earthquake for the power. According to Blegene, the Troy VIIA has already been failed.

Blane's arguments were rechecked by Michael Wood and Donald Easton. Both scientists confirmed that the cause of the death of Troy VIH was an earthquake. Many houses of the palace complex collapsed. Salad sunded superstructures in some parts of the wall collapsed. However, the destruction of Troy VIH was severe, but not fatal. The surviving houses were restructuring. The former wide streets attached. In short, the appearance of the Citadel has changed. Everything looks like the city lost the ruling elite. Wood writes: "It seems likely that the big houses stopped serving the housing for the royal family." In other words, dramatic changes in urban life may be caused by the disappearance of the ruler and military nobility. Perhaps this is this circumstance, a mixture mixed up the siege of the Troy. The era of the domination of Troy irrevocably went into the past.

The dates of the events of two layers are hotly discussed. Kiefman argues that Troy Vih fell about 1250 BC. e. At that moment the city was in the zenith of his power. Mycenae was supported with three close contacts. After the destruction of the Troy, the surviving residents, devoid of former shine, but belonging to the whole culture, settled in the ruins of the citadel, repaired it, and also built inside the shacks. This restored settlement of Troy VIIA was again destroyed about 1180 BC, that is, after the death of the Mycenaan civilization. Wood concludes that Troy Viia could not be a Homeric Troy, such a trip should be three VIH.

It is incredible that "Iliad" describes the ruin of Troy VIII, which was only the shadow of Troy VIH. On the other hand, "Iliad" describes exactly the ruin of Troy by myckens. There is no doubt that the fact that "Iliad" was written later a few centuries after the events that she narrate. Perhaps over the past years, a simple song about a successful raid for the sea has become an epic on the fight between the Asian Troy and the United Army of Greece. Curious moment is that the Troy, famous for his horses, was taken with the help of a Trojan horse. In a word, a story that attracts the attention of mankind for 3,000 years old, keeps still a lot of mysteries.