Methods for determining the distances on the terrain and target designation

Ways to determine the ranges on the ground

It is very often necessary to determine distances to various objects on the ground. The most accurate and fast distances are determined by special devices (range finders) and rangefinder scales of binoculars, stereotrub, sights. But due to the lack of devices, the distance is often determined by the helm and eye.

The common ways to determine the range (distances) to objects on the ground include the following: on the angular sizes of the object; on linear dimensions of objects; charming; Apparently (susceptibility) of objects; by sound and more ..

Determination of distances over the angular sizes of objects (Fig. 8) is based on the relationship between the angular and linear values. The angular sizes of objects are measured by thousands with the help of binoculars, monitoring and aiming devices, line, etc.

Some angular quantities (in thousandths of the distance) are shown in Table 2.

table 2

Name items	Size in thousands
Thumb
Thickness of the index finger
Middle finger thickness
Mizintsy thickness
Cartridge on the width of Dulce Sleeve (7.62 mm)
7.62 mm sleeve in the width of the case
Pencil simple
Match box length
Matchbox in width
Match box in height
Match thickness

The distance to the items in meters is determined by the formula: where in - height (width) of the subject in meters; Y - the angular value of the subject in thousands.

For example (see Fig. 8):
1) The angular size of the benchmark observed in the binoculars (telegraph pole with a backup), the height of which is 6 m, is to a small division of the binoculars mesh (0-05). Consequently, the distance to the landmark will be equal to: .

2) An angle of thousandth, measured by a ruler, located at a distance of 50 cm from the eye, (1 mM is 0-02) between two telegraph columns 0-32 (telegraph poles are from each other at a distance of 50 m). Consequently, the distance to the landmark will be equal to: .

3) The height of the tree in the thousandth, measured by a range of 0-21 (the true height of the tree 6 m). Consequently, the distance to the landmark will be equal to: .

Determination of distances by linear sizes of objects lies in the following (Fig. 9). Using a ruler, located at a distance of 50 cm from the eye, measured in millimeters height (width) of the observed item. Then the actual height (width) of the subject in centimeters is divided into measured by a ruler in millimeters, the result multiplies to a constant number 5 and obtain the desired height of the subject in meters.

For example, the distance between the telegraph pillars is 50 m (Fig. 8) closes on the line of the segment of 10 mm. Consequently, the distance to the telegraph line is:

The accuracy of determining the distances over the angular and linear values \u200b\u200bis 5-10% of the length of the measured distance. To determine the distances over the angular and linear dimensions of items, it is recommended to remember the values \u200b\u200b(width, height, length) of some of them shown in Table. 3.

Table 3.

	Sizes, M.
Middle tank
Armored personnel carrier
Motorcycle with strolle
Freight car
A car
Four-axis passenger car
Four-axle railway tank
Wooden line link
Middle man man

Determination of the distance by the eye

The overseas is the easiest and fastest way. The main thing in it is the training of visual memory and the ability to mentally postpone on the ground well-represented permanent measure (50, 100, 200, 500 meters). Securing these standards in memory, it is not difficult to compare with them and evaluate the distance to the area.

When measuring the distance by a consistent mental laying of a well-studied constant measure, it is necessary to remember that the terrain and local items seem reduced according to their removal, that is, when removing twice and the subject will seem two times less. Therefore, when measuring distances mentally laid segments (measures of terrain) will decrease according to removal accordingly.

It must be considered as follows:
- the closer the distance, the clearer and sharper seems to us the visible subject;
- the closer the subject, the one seems more;
- Larger items seem closer small items that are at the same distance;
- The item is a brighter color seems closer than the subject of dark color;
- brightly illuminated items seem closer weakly illuminated, located at the same distance;
- During the fog, rain, at twilight, cloudy days, during air saturation, dust observed items seem further than clear and sunny days;
- The sharper the difference in the coloring of the object and the background, on which it is visible, the more reduced distance seems; So, for example, in the winter, a snowy field like the darker items that are on it are closer;
- items on the flat terrain seem closer than on hilly, especially abbreviated distances defined through extensive water spaces;
- folds of terrain (valleys of rivers, depressions, ravines), invisible or not completely visible by the observer, grind distance;
- when observed, lying it seems closer than when observing standing;
- when observed from the bottom up - from the sole of the mountain to the top, the objects seem closer, and when observed from top to bottom - further;
- When the sun is behind the serviceman, the distance is being built; shines in the eye - it seems great than in reality;
- The smaller the objects on the section under consideration (when observed through the aqueous space, a smooth meadow, steppe, arable land), the distance seems less.

The accuracy of the character depends on the travelery of the serviceman. For a distance of 1000 m, a regular error ranges in the range of 10-20%.

Definition of distances like (susceptibility) of objects

It is possible to approximately determine the distance to the goals (objects) by the degree of visibility. The soldier with normal urgency of view can see and distinguish between some items from the following limits specified in Table 4.

It should be borne in mind that the table indicates the limit distances from which those or other items begin to be visible. For example, if a soldier saw a pipe on the roof of the house, then this means that the house is not more than 3 km, and not exactly 3 km. Use this table as a reference not recommended. Each serviceman must specify this data individually for himself.

Table 4.

Objects and signs	Distances from which they become visible (distinguishable)
Separate small house, honey
Roofing pipe
Plane on the ground tank in place
Tree trunks, kilometer pillars and communication lines
Movement of legs and hands of a running or walking person
Machine machine gun, mortar, anti-tank gun, stakes of wire barrage
Handmade machine gun, rifle, color and parts of clothes on man, oval his faces
Tile on the roofs, leaves of trees, wire on the necklaces
Buttons and buckles, armament of soldier
Human face features, hand brushes, small arms details

Sound orientation

At night and in fog, when observation is limited or is impossible at all (and in a highly rough terrain and in the forest, both at night and in the afternoon) rumors come to the aid.

Military personnel must learn to determine the nature of the sounds (that is, what they mean), the distance to the sounds of sounds and the direction from which they proceed. If different sounds are heard, the soldier must be able to distinguish them from each other. The development of such an ability is achieved by a long training (in the same way a professional musician distinguishes the tool votes in the orchestra).

Almost all sounds meaning the danger are produced by a person. Therefore, if a soldier hears even the weakest suspicious noise, he must measure in place and listen. If the enemy starts moving first, thereby giving out its location, then it will be first and will be detected.

In a quiet summer night, even an ordinary human voice in the open space is heard away, sometimes on Polkilometer. In the frosty autumn or winter night, all sorts of sounds and noises are heard very far. This also applies to speech, and steps, and stabbing dishes or weapons. In foggy weather, sounds are also heard away, but their direction is difficult to determine. On the surface of calm water and in the forest, when there is no wind, the sounds are spreading on a very long distance. But the rain is strongly shuffling sounds. The wind blowing towards the serviceman brings the sounds, and from him - removes. He also refers the sound to the side, creating a distorted idea of \u200b\u200bthe location of its source. Mountains, forests, buildings, ravines, gorges and deep dell change the direction of sound, creating an echo. Act echo and water spaces, contributing to its spread to large ranges.

The sound changes when the source moves on the soft, wet or rigid soil, on the street, along the country or field road, on the pavement or covered with the leaves. It must be borne in mind that the dry land better transfers the sounds than the air. At night, sounds are particularly well transmitted through the Earth. Therefore, they often listens, putting the ear to the ground or to the trunks of the trees. The average distance of the hearingness of various sounds in the afternoon in the smooth terrain, km (in summer) is shown in Table 5.

Table 5.

Sound character	Range Hear, M.
Crack broken branch
Steps going on the road man
Punch
Punch of the ax, ringing of the transverse saw
Fearing of trenches with shovels in solid ground
Negric conversation
Shout
Knock of metal pieces of equipment
Small arms charging
Engine tank running
The movement of troops within walking order:
On the dirt road
On the highway
Car traffic:
On the dirt road
On the highway
Tank Movement:
On the dirt road
On the highway
From rifle
From the gun	5000 or more
Tool shooting

To listen to the sounds of lying, you need to lie on the stomach and listens to lying, trying to determine the direction of sounds. It is easier to do, turning one ear in the other side, where suspicious noise comes from. To improve audibility, it is recommended to applied to the ear shell bent palms, a bowler, cutting pipe.

For better listening of sounds, you can attach an ear to a dry board laid on the ground, which serves as a sound collector, or to a dry log covered in the ground.

Determination of the distance on the speedometer. The distance traveled by the machine is defined as the difference in the speedometer readings at the beginning and end of the path. When driving on roads with a solid coating, it will be 3-5%, and on viscous soil by 8-12% more than the actual distance. Such errors in determining the distance from the speedometer arise from the slip of the wheels (caterpillars), wear of tire protector and tire pressure changes. If it is necessary to determine the distance traveled, the distance is possible more precisely, it is necessary to make a correction in the speedometer reading. Such a need arises, for example, straight movement in azimuth or when oriented using navigation instruments.

The magnitude of the amendment is determined before the march. To do this, the section of the road is selected, which, according to the nature of the relief and soil cover, is similar to the upcoming route. This site is passing with a marching speed in the direct and reverse directions, removing the speedometer testimony at the beginning and end of the site. According to the data obtained, the average value of the length of the control portion is determined and the magnitude of the same area determined by the map or on the ground with a ribbon (tape measure) is deducted from it. Dividing the resulting result on the length of the area measured by the map (on the ground), and multiplying 100, the correction factor is obtained.

For example, if the average value of the control portion is 4.2 km, and the measured on the map is 3.8 km, then the correction factor is:

Thus, if the length of the route measured on the map is 50 km, then 55 km will be on the speedometer, i.e., 10% more. The difference is 5 km and is the magnitude of the amendment. In some cases, it may be negative.

Measurement of distances steps. This method is usually used when moving along azimuth, drafting schemes, drawing on the card (scheme) of individual objects and guidelines and in other cases. The account of steps is as a rule, pairs. When measuring the distance of a large length, the steps are more convenient to consider the top three in front of the left and right leg. After each hundred couples or trips of steps, a mark is made in some way and the counting begins again.

When transferring the measured distance with steps to meters, the number of pairs or troops of the steps multiplies the length of one pair or the troop of steps.

For example, between points of rotation on the route passed 254 pairs of steps. The length of one pair of steps is 1.6 m. Then

Usually, the step of human average is 0.7-0.8 m. The length of its step can be quite definitely determined by the formula: where the d-length of one step in meters; P - human growth in meters.

For example, if a person's height is 1.72 m, then the length of its step will be equal to:

More precisely, the length of the step is determined by the measurement of some level linear area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain, for example, the road, a length of 200-300 m, which is measured in advance with a measurable ribbon (roulette, a rangeference, etc.).

With an approximate measurement of the distance, the length of the pair of steps takes equal to 1.5 m.

The average measurement error with steps, depending on the conditions of the motion, is about 2-5% of the distance traveled.

Determining the distance in time and speed of movement. This method is used for an approximate determination of the distance traveled, for which the average speed is multiplied by the time of movement. The average pedestrian rate is about 5, and when driving on skis 8-10 km / h.

For example, if the reconnaissance watch was moving on skis 3 hours, then he passed about 30 km.

Determination of distances by the ratio of sound speeds and light. The sound propagates in the air at a speed of 330 m / s, i.e., rounded 1 km in 3 s, and the light is almost instant (300,000 km / h). Thus, the distance in kilometers to the outbreak point of the shot (explosion) is equal to the number of seconds that have passed from the moment of flash until the sound of the shot (explosion) was heard, shared by 3.

For example, the observer heard the sound of an explosion after 11c after the flash. The distance to the place of the flash will be:

Determination of distances by geometric construction constructions. This method can be used in determining the width of difficult or impassable areas of terrain and obstacles (rivers, lakes, flooded zones, etc.). Figure 10 shows the determination of the width of the river construction on the terrain of an equally traded triangle.

Since in such a triangle, the catts are equal, then the width of the river AV is equal to the length of the speaker of the AU.

Point A is chosen on the ground so that the local subject (point B) is visible from it on the opposite shore, as well as along the bank of the river, it was possible to measure the distance equal to its width.

The position of the point C is found by the approximation method, measuring the angle of the AES compass until its value becomes equal to 45 °.

Another variant of this method is shown in Fig. 10, b.

The point C is chosen so that the ASV angle is 60 °.

It is known that the tangent of an angle of 60 ° is 1/2, therefore, the river width is equal to the double value of the range of speakers.

In both the first and in the second case, the angle at point A should be 90 °.

Light orienteering It is very convenient to withstand the direction or to determine the position of the object on the ground. Move at night to the light source is most reliable. Distances on which light sources are found by the unarmed eye at night are shown in Table 6.

Table 6.

Keepage

The target design is the ability to quickly and correctly indicate goals, landmarks and other objects on the ground. The purpose designation is of important practical importance for the management of the unit and fire in battle. The target designation can be made both directly on the ground and on the map or aerospace.

The following basic requirements are followed by targeting: the location of the goals to specify quickly, briefly, clearly and accurately; targets indicate in a strictly established manner, using the received units of measurement; The transmitting and receiving must have general guidelines and firmly know their location, to have a single coding of the area.

The target designation is carried out from the guideline or azimuth and range to the target, as well as the guidance of the weapon in the goal.

The target designation is the most common way. At first, they call the nearest landmark, then the angle between the direction on the landmark and the direction on the target in thousandths and the removal of the target from the meter. For example: "Landmark two, right forty five, then a hundred, in a separate tree - an observer."

If the transmitting and host goal has observation instruments, then instead of removing the target from the reference point, a vertical angle between the guideline and the goal of thousandth may be indicated. For example: "Landmark four, left thirty, below ten - combat vehicle in the trench."

In some cases, especially when issuing targeted targets for low-cost purposes, local items are used near the goal. For example: "Landmark two, right thirty - a separate tree, further two hundred - ruins, left twenty, under a bush - a machine gun."

Azimuth and range target

Azimuth directions on the target appeared are determined by the compass in degrees, and the range to it in meters using binoculars (observation device) or eye. After receiving this data, they transmit them, for example: "Thirty-two, seven hundred - combat machine".

Targeting weapon in target

For the purposes seen on the battlefield, it is necessary to immediately report to the commander and correctly indicate their location. The goal is indicated by the oral report or tracing bullets.

The report should be brief, clear and accurate, for example: "Straight - a wide bush, on the left - a machine gun." "The first landmark, to the right two fingers, under the bush - an observer." When tarking the tracing bullets to produce one or two short queues in the direction.

D \u003d n (number of steam steps) * l (pair of steps);

• on the map:

D \u003d L (length of segment on the map in cm) * m (scale) / 100;

• on a rangeflock:

To determine the distance on a rangefinder, it is necessary to make a scale on the target so that the target is located between the solid horizontal and inclined dashed lines. Barcode, located above the goal, indicates the distance to the target having a height of 1.7m. If the target has a height less (greater) 1.7 m, then the distance determined on the scale is necessary, multiplied by the ratio of the target to 1.7 m.

Example:
Determine the distance to the item having a height of 0.55m if the subject of its rather part concerns the dotted line of the range marked with a stroke indicated by the number 8.

Decision:
The ratio of the target height to 1.7 m is equal to 1/3 (0.55: 1.7); The scale indicates the distance 800m: the distance to the target is equal to the 270m. (800 * 1/3)

The distance along the rangefinder can only be determined when the goal is completely visible in height. If the target in height is completely not visible, then the determination of the distance to it in a similar way can lead to coarse errors (the range will, as a rule, are overestimated);

• according to a thousandth formula:

Thousandth -unit of measurement of angles equal to one six thousand part of turnover. Conditionally the horizon around us instead of the usual 360 ° is broken by 6000 equal parts. The angle covering the 1/6000 horizon is called a thousandth. The thousandth is a constant unchanged angular value affected by the metric measurement system. At any distance from the arrow to the target, this one more thousandth is one thousand part of this distance, deployed near the target.

At a distance of 100 meters from the arrow, one thousandth horizon occupies a distance of 10 cm, by 200 m - 20 cm, 300 m - 30 cm, 400 m - 40 cm and so on. At a distance of 1 km one thousandth is 1 meter.

Thousands are recorded and read accordingly as follows:
one thousandth - 0.01 - zero, zero one;
six thousandths - 0.06 - zero, zero six;
25 thousands - 0.25 - zero, twenty five;
130 thousands - 1.30 - one, thirty;
1500 thousands - 15.00 - fifteen, zero zero.

The measurement of the angles in the thousandth can be carried out by a tall circle of artillery busus, a grid of binoculars and periscopes, a scale of lateral amendments and lymbami of a sniper trapes flywheel, as well as infirous objects. Bususol has a scale on a circle, divided into large divisions of 1-00 and small in 0-20. Binoculars and periscope have grids separated by large divisions in 0-10 (ten thousandths) and small in 0.05 (five thousandth). Sights machine-gun and sniper have divisions in 0.01 (one thousandth).

To determine the distance According to the "Thousand" formula, you need to know the linear dimensions of the target (local items). Measuring the angular value of the target (local items) is made by the scale of the side amendments of the mesh of the sight or the corner scale of the binoculars:
D \u003d (w * 1000) / y, where
D - distance to goal in meters;
W - height (width) targets in meters;
Y is the angular value of the goal of thousands (the size of the goal in thousands).

Section 4. Practical Sniper Shooting Ballistics

Even a very taller arrows who knows how to mask perfectly, will never become a sniper if he does not study, perhaps the most responsible section of sniper skills, namely, practical ballistics, tables and calculations for shooting. One who all the time shot only on a shooting range, with standard dotted distances, begins to "smear", shooting even on the open polygon by targets appearing on arbitrary distances, not to mention shooting on moving and suddenly emerging purposes. If there is even a weak breeze, uncontrolled misses begin. When shooting in the mountains, at different heights, from top to bottom or bottom up, the bullets are not at all where the arrow needs. The shooter, who shot the rifle early in the morning, begins to make mishaims at noon of the summer day. There are many more circumstances under which endless inexplicable misses occur, and rather rude and uncontrollable. So they shoot those who neglect sniper tables and ballistic calculations.

The shooting distance adopted in the general practice is unusual for shooters-athletes. The distances of up to 200 meters close to 600 are considered short - up to 1000, and long-term - up to 2000 meters. Real range of sniper shooting - up to 1200 meters. Even from a very good rifle in the growth goal on a more distant distance is problematic. The flying bullet is a physical body in motion on which the laws of physics and mathematics apply. Various factors affecting the bullet, all the time try to lead it by the goal. When conducting a real combat, a sniper is forced to reckon with many objective reasons affecting the shooting accuracy. It is impossible to neglect them. Various forces shifting a bullet to the side of the goal are real, and they have to be considered. This is necessary to know how to know sniper ballistic tables, as well as be able to quickly produce the necessary correction ballistic calculations. Otherwise, unjustified misses are inevitable. Each slip works against a sniper. The goal should be amazed by one single shot. The defeat factor of the target from the first shot is hardly more important than the defeat of the goal at all. A normal and self-respecting goal will immediately hide and more in this place will not seem. And if something will seem in that place, it will be a bait substituted by the enemy. In addition, the defeat of the goal from the first shot presses the enemy to the psyche and demoralize it. Promach, among other things, demasks a sniper position more than getting into target, for the enemy's attention is not switched to the effect of the sniper hit. Therefore, each shot should be prepared and calculated.

Mentioning on the tables and the need to consider almost on the move in many causes a frank boredom and an insurmountable laziness, often with a hunt for sniper fishery. But, not knowing the foundations of the ballistics, the sniper will not be able to become even an excellent shooter.

Definition of source data for firing. The concept of thousands

To defeat the target, it is necessary to choose the installation of aiming devices, the source data for which are:

Vertical - distance to the target with amending air temperature, longitudinal wind, atmospheric pressure, target corner and ammunition view (light or heavy bullet);

Horizontally - the position of the target along the horizon relative to the point of aiming and horizontal corrections for derivation, the side wind and the movement of the target on the front.

Both types of amendments are vertical and horizontal - very important. The accuracy of the distance determination to the target is crucial for its lesion. It should be the greater, the greater the shooting range. But for beginner shooters at distances up to 600 meters of shooting at a growth target, the correct tip horizontally has a greater value (because the real combat target is a person - in height is incommensurable more than in width). In addition, tied to the horizontal amendment system and learning how to properly determine the distance to the target, novice snipers will then work with sniper tables.

So, about horizontal weapon tip. For the successful preparation of the initial data of a specific shot, the introduction of horizontal amendments and definitions of the Snieper's range should clearly understand the concept of the so-called thousandth. A thousandth is a unit of measurement of distances by horizon. By itself, a thousandth is a very good and practical invention, which is the calculated basis in the international rifle and artillery practice of the army of all countries of the world. The concept of a thousandth is used to introduce horizontal corrections, adjusting fire horizontally when shooting from small arms and artillery systems, as well as to determine distances and ranges to goals.

How is this most thousandth? Conditionally the horizon around us instead of the usual 360 ° is broken by 6000 equal parts. The angle covering the 1/6000 horizon is called one six thousandth or just one thousandth. Such a correlative value is not chosen by chance. The aforementioned one thousandth is a constant unchanged angular value affected by the metric measurement system. At any distance from the arrow to the target, this onemaker is one thousandth of this distance, deployed near the target at the front (circuit 50). At a distance of 100 meters from the arrow, one thousandth horizon occupies a distance of 10 cm, by 200 m - 20 cm, 300 m - 30 cm, 400 m - 40 cm and so on. At a distance of 1 km one thousandth is 1 meter.

Scheme 50. One thousandth distance deployed on the front

Thousands are recorded and read accordingly as follows:

one thousandth - 0.01 - zero, zero one;

six thousandths - 0.06 - zero, zero six;

25 thousands - 0.25 - zero, twenty five;

130 thousands - 1.30 - one, thirty;

1500 thousands - 15.00 - fifteen, zero zero.

The measurement of the angles in the thousandth can be carried out by a tall circle of artillery busus, a grid of binoculars and periscopes, a scale of lateral amendments and lymbami of a sniper trapes flywheel, as well as infirous objects. Bususol has a scale on a circle, divided into large divisions of 1-00 and small in 0-20. Binoculars and periscope have grids separated by large divisions in 0-10 (ten thousandths) and small in 0.05 (five thousandth). Sights machine-gun and sniper have divisions in 0.01 (one thousandth).

Determination of distances over the angular value of local items (using a thousandth)

To determine the shooting distance in this way, it is necessary to accurately know the width or height of the object (target), which is determined by the distance, to determine the angular value of this subject in thousandths on the existing optical devices, after which it is calculated by using the formula

D \u003d (in x 1000) /

where D is the distance to the target;

1000 is a constant unchangeable mathematical value present always in this formula;

U - the angular value of the target, that is, it is easier to say how many one-dimensional divisions on an optical sight or another device will take a goal;

In - metric (that is, in meters) a well-known width or a target height.

Determining the distance in this way, you need to know or imagine linear sizes of the target, its width or height. Linear data (sizes) of objects and goals (in meters) in infantry general-official practice are adopted by the following (Table 6).

Table 6.

For example, it is necessary to determine the distance to the target (breast or growth target), which was placed in two small lateral segments of the Optic PSC-1 trash, or equal to the thickness of the aiming hemp sight, or is equal to the thickness of the open rifle flock. The width of the chest or growth target (infantryman in full growth), as can be seen from the table. 6 is 0.5 m. According to all the procedures of the above aiming devices (see below), the goal is closed by an angle of 2 thousandths. Hence:

D \u003d (0.5 x 1000) / 2 \u003d 250m.

But the width of a living goal may be different. Therefore, the sniper usually measures the width of the shoulders at different times of the year (by clothing) and only then takes it as a constant value. It is necessary to measure and know the main dimensions of the human figure, linear dimensions of the main military equipment, vehicles and everything you can "be attached" on the side of the opponent. And at the same time, it should be critical. Despite the laser range finders, the definition of the range in the combat practice of the armies of all countries is carried out under the above formula. Everyone knows about her and all use it and therefore try to mislead the enemy. There were repeated cases when telegraph poles at night were hidden at 0.5 m - during the day, it gave an enemy a mistake in the calculations of a distance of 50-70 meters of unpleasant.

Corner values \u200b\u200bin thousands of manifold items and fixtures

To measure the angular magnitudes of the goals in thousands, the most common items are used, which in combat practice often turn out to be at hand. Such objects and means are parts of open sights, aqueous threads, brands, mesh optical sights and other optical devices, as well as objects of everyday use, always available from a serviceman - ammunition, matches, ordinary large-scale metric rules (schemes 51-55).

Scheme 51 Promments in thousands of open rifle sights

As previously mentioned earlier, the flies in width closes in the projection to the target angle in 2 thousandths. In height, the fly closes 3 thousandths. The base of the sight is the width of the slot - it closes 6 thousandths.

Scheme 52. The angular values \u200b\u200bof the aiming filaments of the optical sight PU, PE and PB

As mentioned earlier, the action pennounces width closes in the projection to the target angle in 2 thousandth horizontal threads close the corners in their thickness also on 2 thousand bruises of sight A - the distance between the threads - closes the 7 thousandth

Scheme 53 Promes in thousandth mesh optical sight, PSO-1:

A - the main coal for shooting up to 1000 m,

B - three additional coal for shooting at a distance of 1100, 1200, 1300 m;

B - the width of the scale of lateral corrections from 10 and to 10 thousands corresponds to 0-20 (twenty thousandth),

R - from the center (main square) to the right to the left to the figure 10 corresponds to 0.10 (ten thousandth) height of extreme vertical risks in the figure 10 is 0.02 (two thousandth);

D - the distance between two small divisions is 0.01-1 (one thousandth), the height of one small risks on the scale of the side amendments is 0.01 (one thousandth),

E-numbers on a rangeflock 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 correspond to distances 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 m,

F - digit 1.7 shows that at this level the scale in height includes average human height 170 cm

Scheme 54. Promes in thousandth mesh binoculars and periscope

From low risks to large risks (small distances) an angle of 0.05 (five thousandths) is covered;

from great risks to high risks, an angle of 0.10 (ten thousandths) is covered.

The height of low risks is 2.5 thousandths.

The height of great risks - 5 thousandths.

Crosses crossbars - 5 thousandths.

When using undergraduate means to determine the angular values, they are placed at a distance of 50 cm from the eye. This distance is recovered for many decades. At a distance of 50 cm from the eye, the rifle cartridge and matches are closed in the projection on the purpose of the angles specified in the 55 scheme.

1 centimeter of the usual scale line (better if it is made of transparent material) at a distance of 50 cm from the eye closes the angle of 20 thousands; 1 millimeter, respectively, 2 thousandths (Scheme 56).

Promitted arrows in advance determine a 50 cm tall distance for a possible determination of the distances over the angular values \u200b\u200bof the infringement items. Usually, it is measured with 50 cm on the rifle and risk.

Examples of range definitions on angular values

Once again, back to the already solved problem: the breast purpose was fitted into two small segments of the horizontal correction scales of PSO-1. Determine the distance.

Decision. Goal width 0.5 m (infantryman), one scale of scale - 1 thousandth (scheme 57).

D \u003d (0.5 x 1000) / 2 \u003d 250 m.

Consequently, if the target (infantryman) fit in two segments of the PSO-1 trash, distance to it 250, if in one segment - 500 m, in half the segment - 1000 m.

Scheme 57. PSO-1 sight:

1 division \u003d 1 thousandth

Remember! This task has already issued a ready-made solution applicable in battle. Do not forget! The goal in one segment is a distance of 500 m, in two segments - 250 m, in half the segment - 1000 m.

A task. Determine the distance from an open sight to the target if the target is completely closed with a flush in width.

Decision. The width of the fly (see earlier) 2 thousandths, the width of the target (infantryman) 0.5 m (scheme 58).

D \u003d (0.5 x 1000) / 2 \u003d 250 m.

Consequently, if the width target is equal to the width of the fly - distance 250 m; If a width target is twice as smaller than the width of the flies - a distance of 500 m. This is also a ready-made solution, and it is worth remembering (to save time in battle).

A task. Determine the outdoor shooting distance along the running infantryman, which is equal to the height of the fly.

Decision. The height of the fly (see earlier) is 3 thousand. The height of the overtaking fucked infantry of 1.5 m (scheme 59).

D \u003d (1.5 x 1000) / 3 \u003d 500 m

Consequently, if the running infantry in height is twice the height of the fly, the distance to it will be 250 m. If two times less - 1000 m. This is also a ready-made solution, and it must be remembered.

To determine the distances to the target when shooting with the sights of PU, PB and PB, you should remember the following ready-made solutions.

A task. The running infantryman closes the leveling thread of the sight of PU (2 thousandth) to the knees (0.5 m) (Scheme 60).

Decision:

D \u003d (0.5 x 1000) / 2 \u003d 250 m

A task. The running infantryman closes the leveling thread to the belt (0.8 m) (Scheme 61).

Decision

D \u003d (0.8 x 1000) / 2 \u003d 400 m

A task. The running infantryman closes the leveling thread to the shoulders (1.2 m) (Scheme 62).

Decision:

D \u003d (1.2 x 1000) / 2 \u003d 600 m

A task. The running infantryman closes the leveling thread completely (1.5 m) (Scheme 63).

Decision:

D \u003d (1.5 x 1000) / 2 \u003d 750 m

Determination of the range based on optical sights PU, PB, PB

The distance between the leveling threads of the sights PU, PB is called the base of the sight (and in Scheme 52). In the projection, the base of the sight is covered with an angle of 7 thousandth (0.07) (Scheme 52). Such a prominant is not accidental. With the help of a simple formula based on the basis of the sight, it is possible to quite accurately, with confidence plus-minus 10 meters, to determine the distance to goals. The calculation formula is as follows:

D \u003d (goal width (cm) x number of goals in the database) / 7 x 10

Example. The database of the sight is stacked three times the breast of the well-known width of 50 cm.

D \u003d (50 x 3 x 10) / 7 \u003d 210 m

By gear, the distance is determined by the same formula, but in the numerator instead 10 should be a digit 100, and in the denominator - digit 35 instead of 7.

Example. The "moving figure" (width of 50 cm) is laid in the optical film enclosure.

D \u003d (50 x 1 x 100) / 35 \u003d 143 m (rounded 150 m).

To determine the distance in the thickness of the lateral aligning threads, use the same formula, but the number 20 is substituted in its denominator. A task. Two "head shapes" width of 30 cm are stacked in the thickness of the thread. Determine the distance. Decision:

D \u003d (100 x 2 x 30) / 20 \u003d 300 m

Attention! This is also a ready-made solution.

Determination of the range on the grid of binoculars and periscope

A task. The running infantryman placed half a small division of the horizontal scale. This half of the division is 2.5 thousandth, infantry width is 0.5 m (scheme 64, position A). Decision:

D \u003d (0.5 x 1000) / 2,5 \u003d 200 m

Scheme 64. A task. The running infantryman placed vertically between the dash and the cross, which corresponds to 5 thousandths. Infantry height 150 cm (Scheme 64, position b). Decision:

D \u003d (1.5 x 1000) / 5 \u003d 300 m

Fast definition of distance to the target of the range-orphanage trash PSO-1

In the optical sniper sight of the PSO-1, a distance determination scale is provided to the average human growth 170 cm. Sample the human growth from the lower horizon of the scale to the top, and the figure under which it will be completely placed, will mean the approximate range, ± 50 meters.

Example. The infantryman in full growth is completely placed under the number 4. Consequently, the distance is 400 meters (Scheme 65).

More accurately on this scale, the distance can be calculated again according to the above range, if the exact height of the target is known. Suppose, the height of the target is 180 cm and it is placed under the digit 4. Then by the range formula

D \u003d (1.8 x 1000) / 4 \u003d 450 m

The distance by the range formula can be determined using sweater tools, while holding them, as mentioned above, at a distance of 50 cm from the eye. For example, a rifle bullet bullet will close with such a deduction of 15 thousands on the front. Suppose the bullet completely covers the GAZ-53 GAZ 53 truck, the approximate length of which is 6 meters. According to the famous formula, calculate

D \u003d (6 x 1000) / 15 \u003d 400 m

The determination of the distance on the grid of binoculars and periscope is not so often produced and gives the result with large errors.

Example. A two-storey destroyed house without a attic (6 m to table. 6) was covered with two large divisions of the grid of binoculars (20 thousandth).

D \u003d (6 x 1000) / 20 \u003d 300 m

To quickly determine the distances for living targets in modern mobile combat, it is useful to determine in advance and learn from the finished solutions of this manual, the ratio of the sizes of the target to the angular value of certain parts of the aimed tools, the angular models of the meshes of optical sights, observation devices and the submitted means, for example, the width of the aligning thread of a particular Sniper sights, the depth of the slot of the open sight, the height of the fly, etc. It should be known that in the present manual there are averaged data of the sizes of sighting devices. Despite the thorough fit for general standard, weapons and optical sights were produced and produced at different plants, at different times, different people and on different equipment. Rifles of the same type can have even minor, but still deviations in the size of the width and height of the flies, the width and depth of the slot of the open sight; Sights PU, PB very often have a different base value, and even modern PSO-1 speakers sometimes do not correspond to their sighting nets. Therefore, all of the above must be strictly reconciled on the training shooting, shooting with a specific sight. Snayper should be a "collection" of the linear dimensions of real objects located on real landscapes of specific places of combat events.

Eye virical definition of distances with time shortage

The main way to determine the distances in a maneuverable battle during a shortage of time was, there will be a long-standing eye. The skill in the rapid and accurate determination of the distance to the eye can only be purchased as a result of stable constant workouts by any available ways, using every convenient case for this.

Auxiliary ways: direct promoter area (control - checking training for eye distance determination); Determination of distances over angular values \u200b\u200b(see earlier) items and goals and determination of distance on the map.

It is possible to determine the distance to the eye according to the degree of visibility and the apparent magnitude of the items or goals, in the segments of the area, which are well imprinted in memory, or by combining the other methods.

To determine the distances according to the degree of visibility and the apparent magnitude of the objects or objectives, the eyes should have its own (individual) memo in which it should be indicated how to see various objects and goals at different distances. The memo must have its own, designed for his eyesight, because different people's acuity people and the degree of perception are different.

Below is such an approximate memo, compiled for the eyerocrine with normal vision under favorable weather conditions and lighting.

It is possible to distinguish the features of a person's face: eyes, nose, mouth, visible handbrushes, parts of equipment and weapons. On the structure you can see individual bricks, carved and stucco decorations, crumbling plaster. On the trees you can see the shape and color of the leaves, the bark of the trunk is visible separate filaments of the wire harness. Speed \u200b\u200bspeakers of infantry weapons.

When determining the distances according to the degree of visibility of items, it should be borne in mind that the accuracy of determining distances, in addition to visual acuity, also depends on the size and clarity of the outlines of objects, their coloring is relatively with the surrounding background, the illumination of objects and transparency of air. For example:

Small items (bushes, stones, tubercles, individual figures) seem further than the large objects (forest, mountain, settlement, column of troops) at the same distance;

Bright color (white, orange) items seem closer than dark (blue, black, brown);

At night, strongly and brightly illuminated objects will seem closer objects of non-labor and weakly lit. This is especially true of objects having a bright color;

The monotonous, monochrome area of \u200b\u200bthe area (meadow, arable land, snow) highlights and how the items that are on it are on it, if they are differently painted, and the motley, multicolored area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain, on the contrary, disguises and as if removes them;

On a cloudy day, in the rain, at twilight, in fog all distances seem enlarged, and in a bright, sunny day, on the contrary, abbreviated;

Items, brightly illuminated, with outcomeding color, items located below are visually perceived by 1/8 of the Real Distance;

In the mountain location, the relief is especially deceptive - everything creates the illusion of proximity, everything is approaching, and much. Sometimes it seems that to any mountain or cliffs of meters 800, and in fact go to her there are two hours. A similar picture in the steppe and on a very wide field. Therefore, on distances 500 meters and then you need to check the map, there the distance is carefully extinced and verified;

In the city with a multi-storey building, all distances seem shorter about 1/8, especially when shooting from top to bottom, at the corners of the place of target more than 15 °. On the contrary, when shooting from the bottom up with the same corners of the place of the target of the distance seem longer to 1/8 from real. A similar picture is observed in the mountains.

Given all these features, the eyes of the eye should be able to make appropriate corrections in determining distances.

Determination of distances in the segments of the area, imprinted in the memory of the eye meter, applies only to more or less level terrain. Such a segment can serve as a familiar distance, with which the eyerocher had often to deal with and which is therefore firmly strengthened in its visual memory, for example, a segment of 100, 200,400 meters.

This segment is mentally mentally (eye) to postpone into the depth of the measured distance as much as it will be put. It should be considered:

That with an increase in distance, the apparent amount of the segment is gradually reduced;

That the depressions (ravines, hollow, rivers, etc.), crossing the determined distance, if they are not visible or not completely visible to the measuring, grind the distance.

To clarify and facilitate eye definition of distances, the following techniques can be used:

Comparison of the determined distance with another, in advance known or measured, at least it lay in a different direction, for example, with a measured distance to certain landmarks;

Mysterious separation of a distance into several equal segments (parts) in order to more accurately determine the stretch of one of them and then multiply the resulting value by the number of segments;

Determination of the distance by several eyemers so that from the resulting results to take the average;

for example, one eye gauge determined the distance of 700 meters away, and the other is 600, the average will be 650 meters.

Measurement of distances with direct measurement steps to produce pairs, under the left or right leg, taking a couple of steps on average for one and a half meters (the measurement adopted by the Charter).

Example. When measuring the distance, it turned out 260 pairs of steps, therefore, the distance is 400 meters (260 x 1.5).

For a more accurate determination of the distances above, the measuring method should know the value of its individual step. To do this, calmly, not tightening, go through the marching step in advance a member distance of 100 meters and at the same time calculate the number of steps or steam steps on it. Make it several times, output the average arithmetic value and then use it in practice.

Derivation phenomenon

Due to the simultaneous impact on the rotational motion bullet, which gives it a steady position in flight, and the resistance of the air, aspiring to overturn the bullet with the head part back, the bullet axis deviates from the direction of flight towards the rotation. As a result, the bullet meets the resistance of the air more than one of its side and therefore deviates from the sefing plane more and more towards the rotation. Such a deviation of the rotating bullet away from the sefing plane is called derivation. This is a rather complicated physical process. Derivation increases a disproportionly bullet flight distance, as a result of which the latter takes more and more to the side and its trajectory in the plan is a curve line (Scheme 66, Table 7). With the right cutting of the trunk, derivation takes the bullet to the right side, with the left - in the left.

Scheme 66. Derivation

Table 7.

At the distances of shooting up to 300 meters, the derivation does not have a practical value. This is especially characteristic of a rifle of SVD, in which the optical sight of the PSO-1 is specially shifted to the left of 1.5 cm. The barrel is slightly deployed to the left and the bullet slightly (1 cm) leave the left. The fundamental value does not have. At a distance of 300 meters by force derivation, the bullets return to the point of aiming, that is, in the center. And already at a distance of 400 meters, the bullets begin to be thoroughly led to the right, so so as not to turn the horizontal flywheel, melt the enemy in the left (from you) eye (scheme 67). Derivation bullet will lead a 3-4 cm to the right, and it will hit the enemy into the bridge. At a distance of 500 meters, it is to go to the opponent in the left (from you) side of the head between the eye and the ear (scheme 68) - it will be approximately 6-7 cm. At a distance of 600 meters - to the left (from you) the head of the enemy (Scheme 69) . Derivation will lead the bullet to the right by 11-12 cm. At a distance of 700 meters, take the visible lumen between the aiming point and the left edge of the head, somewhere above the clerk of the enemy's shoulder (scheme 70). 800 meters - to amend the flywheel horizontal amendments to 0.3 thousandth (the grid to file right, the average point of hit to move left), 900 meters - 0.5 thousandth, per 1000 meters - 0.6 thousandth.

The higher the angle of place of purpose, the smaller the derivation. The trunks of various types of weapons a step of cuts is different, therefore, the derivation will be different.

It should be noted that heavy bullets are less deflected by derivation, and the deviation it will be the less, the more weight of the pool of the same caliber. Thus, heavy bullets of sports cartridges of caliber 7.62 weighing 13.4 g deflect 1.5 less than light bullets, and at a distance of 1000 m and further - 2 times less.

Pulley Flight Trajectory and Her Elements

Sniper is obliged to know how the bullet released to them is flies and what happens to it in flight. This manual describes the elements of the trajectory of the rifle bullet and weapons, the necessary snapper in practical work (Scheme 71).

Scheme 71. Elements of the flooring and trajectories of small arms

The trajectory is called the line of the flight of the bullet in the air. A straight line representing the continuation of the axis of the barrel channel before the shot is called a shot line. A straight line representing the continuation of the axis of the barrel channel at the time of the shot is called the cast line.

If there is an angle of departure, the bullet is thrown out of the trunk channel not along the shot line, but along the cast line.

Throwing out of the channel of the barrel with a certain initial speed of the bullet when moving in the air is exposed to the action of two forces: gravity and air resistance strength. The first is directed downward: it makes the bullet continuously drop from the cast line. The action of the second is directed towards the movement of the bullet: it causes it to continuously lose the flight speed. As a result, the bullet dropped from the barrel channel flies not in a straight line of throwing, but by a curve, an uneven curved line below the cast line.

The beginning of the trajectory is the point of departure (muzzle stem).

The horizontal plane passing through the departure point is called a weapon horizon

The vertical plane passing through the departure point along the shot line (throwing) is called firing plane.

To thorough a bullet to any point on the horizon of weapons, it is necessary to send a line of casting above the horizon.

The angle drawn up by the line shot and the horizon of the weapon is called an angle of elevation.

The distance along the horizon from the point of departure to the point of the fall (tabular) is called horizontal or targeted range

The angle between the tangent to the trajectory at the point of the fall and the horizon of the weapon is called the angle of the fall (tabular).

The highest point of the trajectory over the horizon is called the peak of the trajectory. The peak divides the trajectory into two unequal branches, the branch from the point of departure to the top, longer and delicate, is called the ascending branch of the trajectory, the branch from the top to the point of falling, shorter and cool, is called a downward branch of the trajectory

The distance from the horizon of the weapon to the top of the trajectory (on its particular site) is called the height of the trajectory.

The point in which the weapon is visible is called a point of aiming.

The line that comes from the eye of the arrow through the middle of the slot of the sight and the top of the flies (the optical axis of the optical sight) is called the aiming line.

The angle formed by the aiming line and the shot line is called an angle of aiming. This angle when filming is obtained by installing a targeted device in the height of the corresponding firing distance.

When the target is located at the same height with weapons, the aiming line coincides with the arms horizon, and the aiming angle coincides with the elevation angle. When the target is located above or below the weapon horizon between the aiming line and the horizon of the weapon, an angle is formed, called the angle of purpose. The angle of place of place is considered positive when the target is above the horizon of weapons, and negative when the target is lower. The angle of the place of purpose and the aiming angle in the aggregation make up the angle of elevation.

The angle of elevation, in which the highest horizontal range is obtained, is called the corner of the highest (limit) range. The magnitude of the corner of the highest limit range for the rifle bullets of the caliber of 7.62 mm is equal to 30 °.

The space (distance along the aiming line), during which the descending branch of the trajectory does not exceed the height of the target, is called the affected space.

Aimed affected space depends:

From the height of the target (it will be the greater the higher the goal);

From the altitude of the trajectory (it will be the longer than the trajectory postponed).

A shot at which the trajectory does not rise above the targeting line above the target all over the sighting distance, is called direct shot. It is used when reflecting the attack of the enemy.

A shot, in which the trajectory does not rise above the line of aiming or conjugate with it, is called direct hunting shot (sniper). This is an old english concept. The direct hunting shot is depends on the height of the formulation of the aimed tools and the initial speed of the bullet. The range of such a shot is usually not exceeded 200-250 meters. A straight hunting shot is used in street and forest battles if necessary, constantly maneuver.

Natural dispersion (scatter) shots. CENTER OF IMPACT

When shooting from the same completely good weapon, with the very careful observance of the accuracy and monotony of each shot, each bullet due to a number of random causes flies on its other than other trajectories.

This phenomenon is called natural scattering (scattering) shots.

Why is scattering? From a number of reasons whose action is impossible to take into account in advance when aiming. For example, as it were, neither the cartridges were made, they will always have some diversity in the mass and quality of the powder charge, the capsule ignituent composition, the shape and mass of bullets and the sleeves, the quality of the fastening of the bullet in the sleeve, etc. This diversity leads to fluctuations in the initial The velocity of the bullet, and the form of the trajectory depends on the size of the initial speed. A variety in the form and linear dimensions of the bullets leads to oscillations of the resistance of the air, from which the form of the trajectory also depends. The quality of the weapon is of great importance for dispersion, the cleanliness of the trunk channel processing and its safety, the quality of assembly and debugging of the weapon. In addition, with each shot there will be some inaccuracy of the tip, a variety of air perturbations, etc. It is impossible to take into account all the reasons affecting the dispersion. For each shot, it is impossible to predict what kind of magnitude and where the bullet from the point of hitting it is rejected.

The location of each individual shot is randomly and vague, therefore, the holes on the affected vertical surface occupy some area, which is called the scattering area.

On the scattering area you can always find such a point that will be average to all samples. This point is called the middle point of the hit. Abbreviated STP (Scheme 72).

Scheme 72. Definition of the middle point of hitting

Scattering shots (points of the meeting bullet with the target) is considered on the vertical plane as dispersion in height and lateral.

Mutually perpendicular lines, carried out on the vertical plane so that on both sides of each of them accounted for the same amount of samples, are called the scattering axes - vertical and horizontal (circuit 72).

The point of intersection of the dispersion axes with a sufficiently large number of shots and determines the position of the average point of hit.

The dispersion of the bullets is subject to a certain dispersion law, which is expressed as follows:

The dispersion area is always limited to some limit and has the form of an ellipse (oval) stretched from top to bottom (Scheme 73);

The holes are arranged relative to STP (center of dispersion) symmetrically, that is, each deviation from STPs in one direction corresponds to the same roughly deviation in the opposite direction;

Oblobras are uneven: the closer to the middle point of the hit (the center of the dispersion), the thick, the farther from the center, the less often;

The dimensions of the scattering area are directly dependent on the shooting range.

Scheme 73. The pattern of dispersion

The smaller the ellipse of the dispersion, the better the accuracy of the combat of weapons. The battery is the main indicator of the quality of the sniper rifle. For him there is a constant struggle by selecting the most bunching trunks, the selection of ammunition of a teaching combat, testing of these ammunition on selected barrels and balancing debugging of weapons (see further section 8 "Theory of weapons and ammunition"). In sports and sniper practices, the rigid concept of the shooting is adopted, which is determined by the value of the actual scattering of shots when shooting from a particular system or a specific weapon sample. For small-caliber weapons, the dispersion is determined at a distance of 50 meters, for sniper weapons of the caliber of 7.62 mm - 100 meters. If the instruction says that the spread of the RF rifle corresponds to 8x7, this means that at a distance of 100 meters, the weapon spread over the vertical target should be invested in an ellipse measuring 8 cm vertically and 7 cm horizontally, and nothing more. If the scatter exceeds these tabular data, the weapon is brave - for an accurate sniper shooting it is unsuitable. The greater the bullshit, the better the quality of the weapon. The accuracy of the combat battle of the same Rifle rifle may be better than specified in table standards. In many ways, the battery of a particular trunk depends on the quality of its manufacture, the quality of ammunition and their correct selection to a specific barrel. Therefore, there are often cases of adequality of shooting from a rifle of SVD 4x3 cm and even 3x2. Separate samples of sports and target weapons provide a battle of battle with 100 m practically a bullet bullet.

The shooting accuracy is determined by the combination of the STP (center of dispersion) with the intended target target point. The accuracy depends on the bunchiness of the battle and from the skill of the shooting - how correct it can perform techniques to work with weapons during shooting, on how far it is trained and how correctly they are installed aimed tools.

Middle Trajectories Exceeding Tables

The main amendments that are constantly introduced during shooting are to the range. The main sniper table is a table of exceeding average trajectories for a specific weapon system from which the sniper shoots (Table 8-12). The table contains data on the exceeding the flight path of the bullet over the line of the weapon horizon at various shooting distances at various target settings. Consider the practical interpretation of such a table along the Rifle rifle (Table 8).

Table 8.

Exceeding medium trajectories when shooting from SVD rifle (in cm) - the main sniper table when shooting sniper cartridges and cartridges with a "silver spout" bullet (with a steel core)

Speeding Note - Data that does not have practical value.

At a distance of 300 meters highlighted in a square Sight 3 and the excess of the trajectory is 100 meters away. 14 cm. These are targeting data.

At a distance of 200 meters, Sight 2 is highlighted by Sight 2 and the excess of the trajectory 100 meters is 5 cm and 150 meters are 4 cm. This is data for combining the aiming of optical and open sights and for shooting without permutation sight in close distances.

At a distance of 600 meters, a sight was highlighted 6, from such a distance a sniper shoots a direct shot on the attacking infantry.

Data with a minus after 0 means a decrease in the trajectory after the range of the targeted sight.

Suppose the shooting distance of 300 meters. At this distance, as is known, the Sight "3" is installed. At the same time, the rifle trunk rises a bit up, increases the angle of aiming - a bullet must be slightly "throwing", otherwise under the action of earthly burden, it will not reach 300 meters and fall closer. At the same time, at the highest point of the trajectory in the middle of the distance - 150 meters - the bullet rises above the horizon of weapons by 18 cm (see Table 8 and Scheme 74). At a distance of 100 meters, the excess will be 14 cm (remember "this moment - it is very important when shooting weapons), 200 meters exceeded 17 cm. When shooting 200 meters and a sight" 2 "The highest excess of the bullet will be at a distance of 100 meters - 5 cm, 150 meters - 4 cm (see Table 8 and Schema 76). But behind the distances of the installed Bullet, the bullet will dramatically go down - when the "3" will be treated at a distance of 350 meters, the bullet will go down from the aiming line at once with 18 cm (See Table 8). When you arrive "2" at a distance of 250 m, the bullet will have a decrease at once to 11 cm. In tab. 8 The value of 0 indicates that with properly shooting weapons and compliance with the shooting distance of the installed bullet gun enters the center of the target , that is, in the very point of aiming. In more distant distances, the lowering of the trajectories and STPs below the sight will be even more. For example, the sight "4", but at a distance of 450 meters, the bullet will go below the aiming line by 43 cm (!), when target "6" and real The shooting distance of 700 meters decrease will already be 130 cm.

Scheme 74. Explanation to the table. eight.

Sight 3, speeding of 300 meters. Rifle shooting 100 meters

Table 9.

The shooting of the three-line rifle of the sample 1891-1930.

VNA Light bullets 865 m / s

Table 10.

SVT rifle shooting (Tokarev)

VNA Light bullets 840 m / s

Table 11.

Shooting from three-line carbine sample 1907-1938-1944.

VNA Puli - 820 m / s

Table 12.

Malocaliberian rifle shooting

Accordingly, there will be an exceedment of STP on more neighboring distances. So at the sight of "4" at the real distance of the shooting of 350 meters, the bullet will take place above the aiming point by 20 cm. When the "5" target at a real distance of 450 meters, the bullet will be higher than the target point by 28 cm. If the installation is incorrecting, or at an incorrect distance Objectives will be inevitable misses. That is why the table of medium trajectories is considered the main sniper table. Snieper is extremely important to know the exact distance to the target plus-minus 10 meters, not more and no less, and then this tolerance of 10 meters will give vertical spread on distances 500-600 meters 5-8 cm up / down. If possible, you should remember the table of exceeding the average trajectories for weapons, from which you have to shoot, or glue it to the rifle butt. Ballistic characteristics for firing from various rifles with various ammunition are presented in Table. 13-15.

Table 13.

Table exceeding average trajectories over the line of aiming light bullet of the 1908 sample, when shooting from SVD rifle.

VNA 840 m / s

When shooting a light bullet of the 1908 sample at distances exceeding 1100 meters, its natural dispersion exceeds the size of the silhouette of the growth goal, so the sniper shooting of this ammunition in large distances becomes meaningless.

Table 14.

Summary table exceeding the middle trajectory over aiming line during the shooting of the 1930 sample bullet (heavy) from rifles and machine guns

NOTE. The "minus" sign means lowering the trajectory relative to the aiming line.

Self-loading Carabiner SKS (Simonova), as well as Hunting Carabins "Arkhar" (Hunting analogue of SCS), "Saiga" and "Ware", shooting 7,62x39 samples in 1943, have the same length of the trunk, 520 mm, and The same ballistic data shown in Table. fifteen.

Table 15.

Summary ballistic table on Carabin SCS

VNA Puli 735 m / s

Note The limit range of the bullet flight is 2000 meters. The slaughter power of the bullet retains up to 1500 m.

Practical "Binding" to the goal

When shooting at distances over 400 meters, the rifle is better to target so that the STPs be centimeters five above the aiming point. Why is it done? As already mentioned, the main target of the sniper - the head in the diameter is about 25 cm. And at a high distance it is difficult to take a point of aiming strictly in the center of this target, for the goal is merged with the "black" of the main square or a sight peg. Therefore, the arrows try to shoot "under the bottom edge of the target" to see this goal and control it and so that the square or the pennies are not covered.

But in any case, some "binding" pointing point is desirable, the place to which you can be attached to this point (we recall that the point of aiming is the top of the main square). Such a natural binding is the line of the horizon or a trench, where the head is turned off. Suppose that the head leaned so much to look into the binoculars, somewhere almost on the mouth line - nose. Based on the tongue line under the head, having a shot point of 5 cm above the target point (in this case above the tag line), the sniper gets the enemy to the nose.

Knowing well the table of exceeding average trajectories, you can successfully shoot a long target, aiming for a target with a binding point of aiming by horizon. If the distance to the target is 1 kilometer, there is nothing to think about getting into the head and think. But if the opponent at such a distance feels safe and puts it in full growth, this should be used. At a distance of 1 kilometer it is difficult to bind the point of aiming to any place on the goal silhouette - everything is blown and "lubricated". But the horizon line under the legs of the enemy is clearly visible. Bind the sighting carbon to it and melt in the heels of the enemy, put on 1 km and slightly higher (add 1/4 division). The bullet will pass about the meter above the ground (and the point of aiming) and the goal will strike. Now this technique is considered worthy of virtuosos, and in the 70s he entered the program of training of general-time snipers

Direct shot in practical application

As already mentioned, a straight shot - the one in which the trajectory of the bullet does not rise above the goal throughout the shooting distance. The range of a straight shot of a rifle depends on the height of the target and is determined by the tables of excess of the average trajectories by comparing the target height with the tabletone height. The phenomenon of a straight shot is used in mobile maneuverable fighting with a shortage of time when you need to move all the time, there is no time to turn the flywheels and expose the sight for the range.

The straight shot in the defense in the reflection of the attack of the upcoming opponent is usually at a distance of 600 meters with a gun "6" and a point of aiming all the time by heels of the enemy Why so? The average growth of 150 cm in the attack in the attack is real. It is realistic to distinguish between the meters on 600. On the table exceeding the average trajectories we find the most suitable height, not exceeding the height of the target at a distance of 600 meters. It will be equal in the middle (vertex) of the trajectory at a distance of 300 meters - 120 cm with a "6" sight; 400 meters with the same Sight "6" - 110 cm; 500 meters with a gun "6" - 74 cm (scheme 75).

Scheme 75. Straight shot

Consequently, aiming in the legs of the upcoming infantry with the sight "6", starting with a distance of 600 meters and closer, as it approaches, you can shoot without rearrangement. The enemy will be amazed first at his feet, then in the stomach, chest, head. Upon reaching a distance of 300 meters (peaks of the trajectory), the enemy will be amazed in the chest, head, belly and again to the legs.

The method of shooting direct shot is convenient in defense, when reflecting an opponent's attack, when there is no time to install an eye on the ever-changing shooting distance, and it doesn't matter where the enemy will be amazed (there will be a lot of opponents on you), it is important that he is not up to you reached.

In this case, hero in the head - unnecessary luxury. It is more important to shoot more often so that the attack of the enemy faster choked. If you want to "hook" the opponent "more abruptly", keep in mind the following: At the distance of 600 meters, the bullet will drop to the point of aiming, that is, by heels, and therefore it is necessary to aim at this distance, somewhere in the knee area or higher, In the belt, if you want to get in the center. But closer, by 500 meters, it is necessary to shoot on the heels - the trajectory itself will bring the bullet where it is necessary. On the close distance, 100 meters, the bullet will also go down (see Table 8: Exceeding at such a distance will be 53 cm), so it is also necessary to go above the knees and below the buckle to get into the chest. But at all other distances, from 500 and up to 100 meters, as the attacking opponent approaches the aiming point, you need to take only horizons, "by heels", without changing the installation of the sight in height.

With offensive actions when shooting a light bullet from rifles, a straight shot turns out:

In the opposite target (height 30 cm) with the sight "3 1/2" or constant "P" at a distance of up to 350 meters;

According to an openly underlying goal (height 50 cm) with the sight "4" at a distance of up to 400 meters;

By running goal (height 1.5 m) with a "6" sight at a distance of up to 600 meters.

On the above distances, during the above-mentioned installations of shooting sights, it is made with a choice of aiming point along the horizon of the soil surface at the target level without changing the installation of a sight when changing the distance "closer to the enemy".

Direct "Hunting" shot in the city

As already mentioned, a direct "hunting" sniper shot is the one in which the bullet trajectory does not rise above the aiming line or conjugate it.

The essence is as follows: the height of the installation of optical sights above the channel of the weapon barrel on average is 7 cm. Turn to the scheme 76 and again to the table exceeding the average trajectories. As can be seen, at a distance of 200 meters and the sight "2" the greatest exceeds of the trajectory, 5 cm at a distance of 100 meters and 4 cm - 150 meters, almost coincide with the line of aiming - the optical axis of the optical sight. The height of the aiming line in the middle of the distance of 200 meters is 3.5 cm. It occurs a practical coincidence of the trajectory of the bullet and the aiming line. 1.5 cm difference can be neglected. At a distance of 150 meters, the height of the trajectory is 4 cm, and the height of the optical axis of sight above the horizon of the weapon is 17-18 mm; The difference in height is 3 cm, which also does not play a practical role.

76. Direct "hunting" shot in the city.

1 - optical sight;

2 - weapon trunk

At a distance of 80 meters from the arrow, the height of the bullet trajectory will be 3 cm, and the height of the aiming line is 5 cm, the same difference in 2 cm does not have a decisive value. The bullet will fall only 2 cm below the aiming point. Vertical scatter of bullets in 2 cm is so small that it does not have a fundamental importance. Therefore, by shooting with the division of "2" optical sight, starting from 80 meters of distance and up to 200 meters, melt the enemy into the nose - you are there and falling ± 2/3 cm above the same way throughout this distance. For 200 meters, the bullet will fall strictly to the point of aiming. And even further, at a distance of up to 250 meters, melt with the same sight "2" to the enemy in the "Makushka", in the upper cut of the cap - the bullet after 200 meters of the distance drops sharply. 250 meters, it is necessary to go below at 11 cm below - in the forehead or bridge.

The above method is very convenient and practical in movable street fights, when the distance in the city is about 150-250 meters and everything is done on the run, with the go, quickly, and once paint the flywheel and expose the sight for the range.

Shot in the city by landmarks

Distances in the city visually seem shorter by about 1/8. Therefore, the distance for the accurate shooting is evaporated by a targeting on the main notable benchmarks.

For example, an eye-drying distance to the brick wall located on the side of the enemy, was determined at 400 meters. Sniper, shooting through any visible and noticeable spot on this wall with a sight "4", noted that the bullet hit below the point of aiming of 3 bricks, that is, by about 20 cm.

On the table exceeding the average trajectories, we find: with the sight "4" hitting 400 meters in "0" (that is, in the center), and 450 meters - 28 cm below. Consequently, the distance in the real case will be about 430-440 meters. The sight is set "4" and 1/3 of division.

The dependence of the trajectory from the atmospheric conditions of shooting

On the trajectory of the flight of the bullet affects not only the power of earthly attraction. The range of the trajectory is largely depends on the density of air, which in turn varies from temperature, atmospheric pressure and humidity.

For normal starting (table) data taken:

Atmospheric pressure of 750 mm, corresponding to the height of the area above the sea level of 110 m;

Air temperature + 15 ° C;

Air humidity 50%;

Full absence of wind.

Deviations of firing conditions from table (normal), changing the effect of air resistance, change the form of a trajectory, extending or shorting it. Increasing the temperature of the air during the heat reduces its density and significantly increases the trajectory, and on the contrary, in the frost the density of the air rises noticeably and the bullets go much lower. And in that, and in another case, it is necessary to change the aiming angles when the temperature difference is 10 degrees. Correction data on meteo conditions are shown in Table. 16 and 17.

Table 16.

Summary table of correction data on meteorological conditions and derivation for shooting from SVD rifle

Table 17.

Simplified method of temperature correction

NOTE. Before the distance of 500 meters, the temperature and longitudinal wind can be neglected, after 500 meters the influence of these factors is so great that it has to be considered.

Example. Air temperature -25 ° C, shooting range 600 meters. Set the right sight.

Decision. The difference between the existing temperature (-25 ° C) from the table (+ 15 ° C subtractive -25 ° C) is 40 ° C. Deviation of the bullet down according to the table at a distance of 600 meters at every 10 ° C reduction of temperature is 12 cm (!). Therefore, the deviation of the bullet down will be 12 cm x 4 (the number of dozen) is 48 cm. After catching the table of exceeding the average trajectories, we will see that the bullet does not reach 50 meters. Consequently, the sight must be put on "6" and lift it on 1/2 division. Attention! This task gives a standard solution to the standard situation. So remember! At the air temperature in winter -25 ° C in the middle climatic strip of Russia, the sight is exhibited by "6 \u200b\u200b1/2" (for firing direct shooting).

Simplified practical way to introduce an amendments to the air temperature (from the instruction on the rifle of SVD)

The effect of air temperature on the range of bullets when shooting for targets at distances up to 500 meters can be not taken into account, since at these distances its influence is minor.

When shooting at distances of 500 meters and more influence the air temperature of the flight of the bullet must be considered, increasing the sight in the cold and reducing it into hot weather, guided by a practical table 18.

Table 18.

Amendments to atmospheric pressure. Shooting in the mountains

Height differences and, therefore, atmospheric pressure drops make themselves to know when shooting in the mountains. The amendments are mandatory here. With a significant increase in terrain over the sea level, the atmospheric pressure (and air density) is significantly reduced, the distance of the trajectory (and flight) bullets increases. The increase (decrease) of the terrain for every 100 meters lowers (increases) the pressure of the mercury pillar by 8 mm.

Really, the change in atmospheric pressure has to be considered when shooting at an altitude of 500 meters above sea level and above. The correction data in tables 17, 18 is given to the difference in pressure of 10 mm from the normal tabular one. The calculation principle: the amount of hundreds of meters above the normal, tabular, 110 meters high is set. The resulting amount of hundreds multiplies the pressure of 8 mm. Then the table is multiplied by the number of tens.

Example. The height of 1500 meters, the shooting range of 600 meters to determine the amendment in the target.

Decision. According to the consolidated table of meteo conditions, we find: at a distance of 600 meters, the amendment in the height of the trajectory for every 10 mm mercury post will be +3 cm exceeding the trajectory. Exceeding area over normal tabular height is: 1500 m - 110 m \u003d 1390 m, rounded 14 hundred. The number of tens of millimeters of the mercury pillar will be 112: 10 \u003d 11. Exceeding a trajectory of 3 cm for each tens of millimeters of mercury pillar multiplied by 11 dozen will give an excess of the trajectory 33 cm. This is a miss. On the table of exceeding the rifle of SVDs, we find the nearest value to the distance of 600 meters - it will be excess of 74 cm at a distance of 500 meters.

Consequently, if you set the sight on "5 1/2" division, the bullet will fall into a point of aiming with a minor excess of 4 cm, which does not exceed the scattering values \u200b\u200bof the barrel (74 cm: 2 \u003d 37 cm, this corresponds to exceeding the trajectory at a distance of 550 meters - Carefully see the table exceeding the average trajectories along the rifle of SVD).

Simplified practical way to introduce amendments in the mountains (from the instruction on the rifle of SVD)

In the mountains during shooting at distances over 700 meters, if the height of the area above the sea level exceeds 2000 meters, the scope corresponding to the range to the target, due to the reduced air density, should be reduced to one division; If the height of the terrain above the sea level is less than 2000 meters, the sight is not reduced, and the aiming point is to choose in the lower part of the target.

The change in air humidity has an insignificant effect on its density and the form of the trajectory, and therefore, when shooting is not taken into account. However, it should be borne in mind that over the open water surface (wide river, lake, sea) air has increased humidity and a significantly reduced temperature, as a result of which its density becomes noticeably larger and 300-400 meters already affect the trajectory. Especially this phenomenon is manifested in the summer early in the morning.

Therefore, in such cases, when firing through a wide reservoir, it is necessary to take an additional adjustment in height. Its size is equal to the amendment to derivation, but, of course, vertically.

In addition, shoot in such conditions of preferably heavy bullets of the 1930 sample or heavy bullets of sports cartridge. Heavy bullets are better "work" in the dense air on distant distances. Do not forget that at the shooting ranges up to 400 meters above the reservoir, a heavy bullet will take place on average for 1-2 cm below the set tabular path, A. Photo of the turn of 400-450 meters will go higher tabular data by 1-2 cm.

Amendments to the corner of the target

When the target is located above or below the horizon of weapons between the aiming line and the horizon of weapons is formed. The value called the angle of place of purpose. The latter is considered positive when the goal is above the horizon of weapons (scheme 77), and negative when the target is lower. The amendments to the corner of the target is determined by the summary table, common for rifles and machine guns (Table 19).

Scheme 77. Education of the positive angle of purpose

A task. Determine the amendment to the angle of the place of the target + 40 ° when shooting in the mountains at a distance of 400 meters.

Decision. At the table of amendments to the corner of the place of purpose, we find:

the bullet drops 50 meters closer to the goal, therefore, the sight "4 1/2" of division is installed.

There are also simplified tables of amendments to the angle of the target. They are different for light and heavy bullets. Attention! When shooting from a sniper rifle SVD cartridges "Sniper" and cartridges with bullets "Silver Nose" simultaneously guided Table. 20 for bullet sample 1908

Table 19.

Amendment data at the angle of place of purpose for shooting from a rifle of the SVD and a Rotta machine gun

Amendment with a "plus" sign - bullets fly through the target to the distance specified in the table

Amendment with a minus sign - bullets fall, not reaching the target to the distance specified in the table

Simplified practical way of amendments to the corner of the target when shooting in the mountains (from retortment of SVD rifle)

If during shooting the target is above or below the sniper, and the angle of the goal of the goal is;

15-30 °, the point of aiming on distances Over 700 meters should be chosen at the bottom edge of the target;

30-45 °, then the scope corresponding to the range to the target, it is necessary to reduce one division on the distances over 700 meters and at the distance - at distances from -400 to 700 meters;

45-60 °, then the sight, the corresponding range to the target, it is necessary to reduce two divisions on the distances of over 700 meters and one division at distances from 400 to 700 meters.

Shooting in the mountains by ammunition of the previous years of release (combat charter of the mining divisions)

When shooting in the mountains, the flight distance of the bullet is increasingly increasing with the shooting on the flat locality due to a decrease in air density depending on the height above sea level. To take into account the influence of the density of air and entering the plant in the installation, the Table should be guided in the mountains in the mountains. twenty.

Table 20.

NOTE. The table shows the approximate numbers. When shooting, it is necessary to follow the drop in bullets and the results of fire and, accordingly, to make the necessary corrections.

To change the range of flight of bullets when shooting in the mountains, the influence of significant corners of the place of place are also affected. The amendments to the influence of the corners of the target place should be made, guided by the table. 21, 22.

Table 21.

For heavy bullets of the 1930 sample

Table 22.

For light bullet sample 1908

Amendments to the wind

Side wind causes significant deviations of the bullet from the fifth plane. There is a winged phrase: "Ruzhier shoots, the wind bullets wears." The wind blows a bullet away from the goal very significantly. For example, on a real sniper distance of 400 meters, even a weak wind demolides a punch aside by 23-25 \u200b\u200bcm. When shooting in the head (and in the main Snayper, it is necessary to shoot a head that dried out of the shelter) is already a clear miss. The utterness is not very frequent, and when sniper shooting, the wind has to take into account even on short shooting distances.

For wind speed in rifle and artillery practice. Accepted: weak wind - 2-2.5 m / s; moderate (medium) - 4-6 m / s; Strong-8-12m / s.

The wind corrections are installed according to the table of corrections on the side moderate wind, blowing at an angle of 90 ° to the fifth plane. In this table, as accepted in all firing tables in world practice, the correction data is installed on the side moderate wind - 4-6 m / s. These are standard tabular data, and in all ballistic calculations, it is necessary to focus on such a wind speed.

All table correction data with strong wind is multiplied by half, and with weak - they are divided in half.

With wind, which blows under any sharp angle (60 °, 45 °, 30 °) to the firing plane, the amendment should be twice as much as with lateral (at an angle of 90 °) wind.

Example. Install the side shift of the bullet with strictly lateral temperate wind at a distance of 300 meters. We look at the side amendment tab. 23. Find: Footing a range of 300 meters, next to find a bullet offset from the target - 26 cm. If the wind is weak, table data divided in half - the offset will be equal to 13 cm. If this weak wind blows under a sharp angle of 45-35 °, offset It will be 13 cm: 2 \u003d 6 cm. This should also add or subtract 1-2 cm amendments to the derivation of the bullet, which, when shooting from a RVD rifle, 300 meters can be neglected. When you enter the wind amendments to be guided by Table. 23-25.

Table 23.

Amendments to the lateral temperate wind (speed 4-6 m / s) at an angle of 90 ° for a 2.62 mm caliber rifle

Table 24.

Amendments to the side moderate wind (speed 4-6 m / s) at an angle of 90 ° for a small-caliber rifle 5.6 mm

Table 25.

Amendments to the wind for a rifle of SVD (from the instruction on the rifle of SVD) (full table)

ATTENTION! With a strong lateral wind (8-12 m / s), without an acute need from shooting, it is better to refrain and once again not demiss yourself. On distances of 300 meters and a stronger wind blows unevenly, gusts therefore the quality of shooting in such conditions will be low-consumably.

The gusts of the wind have an unequal rate also depending on the terrain relief, and the accurate calculation of the amendments to the wind in a strong rough terrain cannot be made or unlikely. If you really need to shoot with strong wind or at a very rough area, shoot the tracer bullet, although the accuracy of the latter leaves much better. Shoot, but not in the target, but in some item located at one distance with the goal and aside from it, so as not to scare an important goal. In the optical sight of the PSO-1 (it is good) can be seen as the divisions of the side amendment delivered a luminous bullet, and then aim in the right goal, "putting" her to the division of the scale, where the glowing trassser fell

The removal of aiming point is made from the middle of the target. When amendments to the installation of the side handwheel aim in its middle

To determine the wind force, the following features can serve (scheme 78).

Weak wind

The flag is slightly deviated from the tree.

Smoke from the pipe is weakly deviated.

The handkerchief sways and flies slightly.

Grass pegs.

On the bushes hesitate branches and leaves.

On the trees they swing branches and rustle leaves.

Moderate wind

The flag keeps the deployed and fluttering.

Smoke from the pipe deviates and stretches without breaking.

The scarf flies.

Grass leans to the ground.

Bushes are swinging.

Thin branches deviate on the trees and the leaves are strongly peashed.

Strong wind

The flag with noise is deployed and keeps horizontally.

Smoke from the pipe is dramatically deflected and bursts.

The handkerchief rushes out of the hands.

The grass is stele on the ground.

Bushes are held inclined.

Brown branches are swinging on the trees and large branches are rejected.

Scheme 78. Wind speed

It is very important to correctly determine the distance to the goal but to correctly determine the wind power even more important. At a proper distance, you can not doubt the fact that the shooting will be labeled and the shooter will enter the center with minor deviations of the bullet up-down, for its trajectory is quite accurately subordinated to the table of exceeding average trajectories wind blowing with unpredictable, and at different distances before the target, force. Therefore, to train the shooting taking into account the wind, even at the standard training distance of 300 meters, the knowledgeable instructor will surely set the pulwer near the target - sticking a stick with a cape-tied in the ground (this is the most sensitive material material). Another same fluger instructor will put in the middle of the rifle distance. In combat conditions, the sniper puts such a fluger himself or they are doing the scouts at his request. To make amend to the wind, use the table. 26, 27, 28.

Table 26.

Simplified method for determining the magnitude of the corrections for the side of the lateral wind, which blows at an angle of 90 °, when shooting from a 2.62 mm caliber rifle (only on moderate wind and only on the specified distances)

Table 27.

Amendments to the wind for firing from a small-caliber rifle (full table)

The aiming point is taken away from where the wind blows.

The countdown of the aiming point can be done not necessarily in centimeters. It's easier and more practical to produce such a countdown in Figures (thousandth), producing such a countdown from the middle of the figure

When amending the side wind to more distant (over 400 meters), the distance should be taken into account.

ExampleDetermine the side amendment for firing from the RVD rifle at a distance of 500 meters in the wind by the force of 4 m / s blowing on the right at an angle of 45 °.

Decision A table correction to the wind is 72 cm Veveo oblique consequently, 722 \u003d 36 cm. Amendment for derivation - 7 cm. Therefore, 36 cm (left) - 7 cm (right) \u003d 29 cm. To the left rounded 30 cm at a distance of 600 meters equal to half a thousand. This is a haul or one click drum to move the STP to the right. At the same time, we go to the enemy in his right eye - get into the bridge.

Simplified way to memorize the amendments to the wind (from the instruction on the rifle of SVD)

To facilitate the memorization of the amendments to the side moderate wind, blowing at an angle of 90 °, in the divisions of the scale of the side handwheel (mesh of the sight), you need a digit of the sight, corresponding to the distance to the target, divided when shooting at a distance of up to 500 meters - to a constant number 4, and when shooting over long distances - by 3

Example Determine the amendment on a strong side wind blowing under an acute angle to the direction of shooting, in the division of the scale of the side handwheel, if the distance to the target is 600 meters (Sight "6")

Decision 6 (Sight) / 3 (constant number) \u003d 2

The longitudinal wind is speedy or slows down the bullet flight, and therefore it falls or higher, or below the target but this phenomenon practically manifests itself on distances 400 meters and further and noticeably only with strong wind - 10 m / s with a moderate and low longitudinal wind tabular data ( cm Summary ballistic table 16, Count "Longitudinal Wind"), respectively, are divided into 2 and 4 if the wind blows to meet, the tabular data is deducted from the trajectory height if the wind is appropriate - add to the height of the trajectory

Table 28.

Simplified Amendments to the Wind 4 m / s when shooting ammunitions of editions of the previous years of manufacture (from SVD rifle)

From table. 28 It can be seen that heavy bullets with greater transverse load and more perfect ballistic forms are much less demolished with wind and less susceptible to derivation (corrections are rounded to 1/2 thousand).

Archery for moving goals

This is the most difficult element of sniper practice. In addition to the ability to conduct accurate ballistic calculations, for a successful shooting it is necessary to have solid firing skills with a movable rifle. When shooting at a moving target, the shots must be directed not to the target, but ahead of its movement with the calculation of time, for which the goal will move forward, and the bullet will declare the goal, where they will meet. Such a removal of the direction of shooting is called progress.

The shooting, taking the required improvement, moves the weapon (aiming line) in the direction of movement of the target and in front of it, respectively, its speed and produces a shot without stopping the leashes of the weapon (Scheme 79).

The installation is taken into account by the removal of the point of aiming in the goal figures, in meters, in the thousandth or installation of the side flywheel according to the table. 29.

Table 29.

Calculation table for amending the target or progress of the target moving in the flank frontal direction (according to SVD rifles, SVT and three-line)

With the flank (front) movement of the target in meters equal to the speed of movement of the target multiplied by the flight time of the bullet to the target in seconds (see the main sniper table).

Example. Determine the rate at a distance of 400 meters by a goal moving along the front (motorcycle with a carriage) at a speed of 25 km / h.

Decision. Table 30 we find the time of the focused bullets to the target at a distance of 400 meters - 0.59 p. During this time, the motorcycle passes 4 meters. 400 meters 4 meters are closed along the front of 10 thousands, that is, 10 divisions of the side amendment scale. Consequently, you can or introduce a correction to the rotation of the side flywheel, turning it on 10 divisions (as remember, 1 full division of the flywheel scale is 1 thousandth, or 40 cm on the front at such a distance), or simply aim for the purpose of an extreme side risk scale of lateral amendments (It will be just 10 divisions or 4 meters on the front at a distance of 400 meters).

For convenience, the protection can also be taken in the quantities of figures. The width of the Figure of the Running Beginned Infantryman is accepted in 0.5 meters. At the same time, it should be remembered that the reinforcement point in the figures, centimeters or thousands is counted from the middle of the goal figure, that is, these tall 0.5 meters are counted not from the edge of the figure, but from "buckle on the stomach".

Example. Shooting range 600 meters. The target speed is 3 m / s (running in the attack infantryman). Flange movement. Standard 50 cm shape width. Find protection.

Decision. 3 m / s \u003d 300 cm

300 ± 50 \u003d 6 figures (scheme 80, 81).

Scheme 81. The same picture in the optical sight

The author of this manual forever remembered the practical method of shooting on the running goals, once shown by the old front-line sniper. When shooting on a "runner", which moved with a standard 3 m / s running infantryman at a standard distance of combat shooting 300 meters, the old instructor put the sight "5" and tied to the lower front edge of the target of the leveling thread (2 in Scheme 82 ). The bullet hit at the level of the target belt, at an altitude of 70 cm. There was no misses. Later, the author calculated the ballistics according to the above method - all coincided! Tied to the center of the running figure is not easy, but because it is tilted forward, it is not necessary. The old instructor was tied to a target point by the horizon on which the target was moving, and it was easier for it to do it all. Of course, he shot with a leash, driving a rifle continuously along the line of movement of the target, and produced a shot, without stopping the leashes of the weapon. As the old front-line told, this reception was worked out for decades, and in the combat atmosphere of the moving battle, it would be better for nothing.

The most common error when the arrows, withdrawing the rifle in the extreme reinforcement point, switches attention to the smoking of the smoke and unnoticed for itself, stops the weapon. Naturally, it turns out to be missed, since the shot is made from a weapon that was in a fixed state. In this case, it is necessary to take the estimate of 2-4 times more calculated. If you are not confident in yourself, if possible, learn the moment when the goal goes on you or from you and relative to your position will be on the front at some point fixed, then shoot. The shooting of the tracing bullet with this form of shooting is excluded - the traceser is visible not only to you, he sees his opponent. Another thing is a parachutist. While he is in the air, he has nowhere to go. To progress on moving goals, follow Table. 30, 31, 32.

Scheme 82. Practical "Binding" to a moving target:

2 - "Binding" to the horizon of the goal movement;

3 - the movement of the rifle. Distance 300 m, Sight "5"

Table 30.

Shooting on moving goals. The time of the bullets to the goal, with

Table 31.

Shooting from a small-caliber rifle for moving targets. Move the goal during the flight when driving at an angle of 90 °

Table 32.

The shooting of the rifle of the SVD on moving targets (from the instruction on the Rifle SVD) (full table)

The removal of the point of aiming or the setting of the whole (a bomber, the side flywheel of the optical sight) to obtain the necessary premium is determined depending on the angle of movement of the target: when the target is moving at an angle of 90 ° - the full progress value; at an angle of 60 ° - 0.9 absorption, at an angle of 45 ° - 0.7 proximity; At an angle of 30 ° - 0.5 proximity.

With a combat shooting in a maneuverable mobile battle, it is impossible to determine the point of movement of the goal; Therefore, the improvement is almost taken fully when the target moves at an angle close to direct (90 ° -60 °) (Scheme 83), and half - with more acute corners (oblique motion) (Scheme 84).

The removal of the point of aiming on moving running purposes is usually produced in visible sizes (figures, goals).

Example. To obtain an absorption in 2 m when shooting 500 meters on running goals aiming point to endure: when driving

Goals at an angle, close to direct - on 4 figures, when the target is moving at a sharp angle - on 2 shapes, taking the width of the figure for 0.5 m.

To preempt the protection of the whole linear progress, the impeller is translated into the angular value over the distance to the target.

Example. To obtain an absorption in 2 m during shooting from a distance of 500 meters by a target, moving at an angle, close to direct, setting the whole "4" (2 / 0.5); For the purpose, running under an acute angle, - "2".

Simplified method of progress (from retortment of SVD rifle)

When the target is moving at a speed other than those specified in the table, the improvement is to increase (decrease) in proportion to the change in the speed of movement of the target.

Remove pointing point from the middle of the target. When amendments to install the side handwheel aim in the middle of the target. To facilitate the memorization of prison divisions of the side handwheel (mesh) on the flank movement of the target with a speed of 3 m / s at a distance of up to 600 meters, it is assumed that the prevention is 4.5 thousandths, at shorter distances (about 300 meters) - 2, on Large (800 meters) - 6 thousandths.

Below is a simplified method of firing on moving targets from machine guns and rifles by ammunition of the previous years of release (combat charter of infantry).

To defeat hiking and horseback targets, moving at an angle to the plane of shooting, you should take the side control towards the movement of the target, guided by the table. 33.

Table 33.

Side absorption in thousandths when the target is at an angle of 90 °

Notes. 1. The corrections are rounded to 1/2 thousandth.

2. When walking goal moves a step in order to take half less than when driving traveling; When driving an equestrian target, a step to take half the order, and when moving the gallop is twice as much as when driving is driving.

3. When the target is moving at an acute angle to the direction of shooting, the control is twice as smaller than when driving at an angle of 90 °.

For the speed of movement of targets in combat conditions, adopted:

Running in the attack infantryman - 3 m / s, 10 km / h;

Sharply running infantryman - 4 m / s, 13 km / h;

Running from all the forces Infantryman - 4.5 m / s, 15 km / h;

Cyclist - 4.5 m / s, 15 km / h;

Motorcycle on rough terrain - 6 m / s, 20 km / h;

Starting car - 6 m / s, 20 km / h;

Marshamic vehicle speed on the highway - 18 m / s, 60 km / h;

Parachutist - 6 m / s, 20 km / h

Aircraft shooting

Shooting from small arms for air targets - aircraft, helicopters and parachutes (without anti-aircraft guns) - is carried out at a distance of 500 meters (no more) with a "3" sight. Installation of the sight "3" at large corners of the target place (a parachuteist, as is known, is high) provides at these distances to obtain a medium trajectory that is not over the height of vertical limits.

When shooting on the arrow, the aircraft or helicopter coming on the target when the aiming line and the direction of the flight flight coincide with the course of the aircraft (helicopter), the proof is not required.

For all other directions of flight of the aircraft (helicopter), it is necessary to take control depending on the speed of its flight and the flight time of the bullet.

The linear validity of the probe is indicated in Table. 34.

When shooting on aircraft (helicopters), the protection is usually taken in the visible sizes of the fuselage (body) target. Protects in the fuselages are taken regardless of the direction of flight goal.

To determine the probe, a table linear validity is divided into a known target length.

Table 34.

Example. Determine the control in the fuselages by a helicopter having a length of 12 m and a speed of 150 km / h. Decision control (rounded) is:

For 100 m - 1 fuselage (16,5 12);

For 200 m - 3 fuselages (37.5 12);

For 300 m - 5 fuselages (60.12), for 400 m - 7 fuselages (85-12);

For 500 m - 10 fuselages (114: 12).

Decisions of declining parachutists are determined on the general reasons for firing on moving purposes, depending on the rate of decline in the target (6 m / s) and the flight time of the bullet.

When shooting, the protection is taken in the direction of a parachute reduction in its visible sizes (vertical figures) in height (1.5 m).

Sight on the range up to 500 meters is installed "3". Aiming point - on the legs.

The practical way to determine the prevention of parachutists in the field of parachutists is equal to the number of hundreds of meters to the target without two.

Example. The range to the parachutist is 400 meters. The prevention is 4 - 2 \u003d 2 figures.

Consequently (see schemes 85, 86).

For 100 m - 1/2 Figures;

For 200 m - 1 figure.

For 300 m - 1 1/2 Figures;

For 400 m - 2 figures;

For 500 m - 3 figures.

Air target shooting is carried out only with a moving rifle! The shot is produced without stopping the leashes of weapons!

As already mentioned, there is nowhere to go to the parachutist in the air. Therefore, to shoot on it by tracing bullets and take care of the actual number of figures - an elementary business. At how many paratrooper housings, the trassser will pass above it and to the side (if the parachutist hesitates the wind), to the same amount and you need to take care of the parachute and, if necessary. Sniper tracing ammunition must always be.

Sniper Fire Maintenance in Special Conditions

Shooting at dusk, at night, in conditions of limited visibility on fixed, emerging and moving purposes is carried out at distances of no more than 450 meters and, as a rule, with the sight "3".

At the same time, aiming is performed at a distance of up to 300 meters in the middle of the target (scheme 87), and at large distances - to the upper part of it.

With short-term illumination of the target (terrain), the fire must be conducted with the sight "4", aiming for the bottom edge of the target (scheme 88).

If the range before the target is more than 400 meters, the aiming point should be chosen at the top of the target.

The largest range of flights of stars of the lighting cartridge (rocket traces) is obtained at the corner of throwing about 50 ° (scheme 89).

Shooting at night for the purpose that detects itself with infrared radiation is carried out with the installation of the sight "4" and with the enabled fluorescent screen.

When observed in the sight of infrared spotlights of the enemy on the screen there is a glow in the form of a round greenish stain. The fire opens at the moment when the stain is located above the carbon mesh tar (scheme 90).

Shooting for the purpose that detects itself with flashes of shots is carried out with the installation of the sight "4" and with the lighting of the mesh of the sight (Scheme 91).

Adjusting fire at night

To adjust the fire at night and target designation, cartridges with tracing bullets are used. The highest results are achieved with the sights of night vision and the Sight of the PSO-1. They not only allow to see the goal, but also increase the accuracy of the aiming and defeat of the target.

When shooting with night sight and tracing bullets, it is necessary to change the firing place more often and less frequently include infrared highlighting equipment. Aim at a distance of 300 meters with an eye "3" under the target (Scheme 87); At large distances - 450 meters (with the same sight "3") - in the upper part of the target.

Attention! Night Sniper Fire on unsuitable inequalous purposes at distances over 450 meters is ineffective. The above values \u200b\u200bof the sights "3" and "4" are applied with the calculation of the lesion of the target in height in conditions of its non-obviousness and simply visibility (to cope on the table exceeding the average trajectories).

Attention! At night, you should not look at the devices (sights) night vision continuously. Continuous observation in the device (sight) of night vision for 2-3 minutes sharply and long reduces visual sharpness if necessary, it is necessary to do 30-40 s, no more, with an interval of 1-2 minutes.

Attention! When working with a nightmare (device), before tearing it off the eye, the sight (device) must be turned off. If you don't do that, the inner light of the device will light up the face of the arrow with yellow-green light, and in the dark it will look very bright and clearly for enemy sniper from the adjacent side. This moment destroyed not one serviceman. On the sights of the night vision of the latest models, it is specifically for this, rubber bars have been provided, which, when you press them with a wrist "open", and when removing the eyeliner (pressed), "closes".

With good, acute and trained night vision, the goal is clearly visible in ordinary optical sights in deep twilight and even in the dark. Especially for this it is good PSO-1 sight with enlightened optics and a highlighted by aiming grid. The shooting on highlighted targets is burning cigarettes, headlights, lights lanterns, etc. - Very good and easy to do in those cases when the day is clearly known and the distances to the main landmarks are close to which these goals may appear at night: dudes, duty nests machine gunners, "oblique" moves of the message, etc.

Drawing up fire card

Sniper tables for their personal weapons Sniper should be remembered if possible. It is also necessary to remember the methods of calculations. They must be able to do in the mind and very quickly, without tearing away from the goal. The goal will not wait until the sniper produces all the necessary calculations, makes amendments to the sight, will install targeted flywheels and will be thoroughly aiming. The goal will make its business and hits.

Therefore, the sniper should go to a position with a pre-prepared shot.

This means that even before entering the position, the sniper is obliged to deeply think over the scenario of the upcoming sniper work and possible options for developing events, determine and know the following:

The distance from its positions (the main, spare and positions of "sweat" to the main landmarks on the opponent's side and the distance between these landmarks);

Terrain on the map in comparison with visual perception;

Direction and speed of the wind prevailing in this area;

Places of possible appearance of goals and distances to them;

Possible directions and speed of movement of the intended goals;

Derivation at various distances with reference to any visible landmarks of a particular area;

Angle of place of purpose;

Meteo conditions (air temperature, height above sea level, etc.);

If it is planned to fire soon at the end of the preparation of data, the amendments to the effect of side wind include in the original installations of the side amendment flywheel scale, writing these installations in the fire card with the amendments to the existing strength and focus of the wind;

If the opening time is unknown, then in the card to make initial amendments to the installation of the side of the side amendment on the side moderate wind (4 m / s), blowing at an angle of 90 ° to the direction of firing, to be able to quickly use them when amendments to the wind of any power and directions with a suddenly appearing and quickly disappearing purpose (data on a moderate wind can be quickly multiplied or divided into 2);

The initial amendments of the sight will be recorded with amendments to the temperature, and in the mountains - and on the density of air and the corners of the target place;

Fire on the target moving in the sefing plane, to carry out the setting of the sight, corresponding to the wrong distance on which the target was detected, and to which the goal may be at the time of the opening of the fire (immediately take a range of range). To do this, when running fire on the foot of the side, the side sight is set less (more) by 1-2 divisions, and when the fire is carried out on the motorcycle, 2 to 3 divisions, depending on the speed of its movement. As the target progresses, the installation of the sight is corrected in accordance with the change in distance to the target.

All the necessary calculations on identified and alleged purposes are manufactured before entering position. This allows with sharp changes in the situation of combat and the sudden appearance of targets near well-known and already calculated landmarks to quickly introduce corrections along the shooting.

All this setting is a sniper must be roughly and primitively draw on a piece of paper (and even better cardboard - it does not occur) (Scheme 92). This is called - make a fire card. On this card, next to measurements of distances to goals and landmarks, the sniper immediately stifles the number of sights - the result of ready-made calculations. If you have the need to shoot at a particular purpose, the sniper sets the sight according to these numbers, pre-calculated. It saves time on the battlefield.

Scheme 92. Approximate fire card.

Legend: 1 - the main position of the sniper on the neutral strip; 2, 3 - spare positions; 4 - position for waste- 5 perhaps the position of the enemy snipers; 6 - linear enemy productions

ATTENTION! For his back, on its territory, it is prohibited to lift any symbols!

German snipers accounted for similar fire cards, but with more accurate reference to shooting distances (scheme 93).

Scheme 93. German Sniper Fire Card with Distance Circles printed on it to alleged purposes and landmarks

Neutral strip, as well as the front edge of the enemy - the zone of the interests of the sniper, its work economy, and he is obliged to know where and what a "nail" here "scored". A real sniper uses any opportunity to determine the distance to possible purposes before possible and make the necessary calculations. In the preparation of baseline data for shooting, the sniper is necessarily consulting with observers, intelligence and direct commander, necessarily informing them the results of their own observations and tactical conclusions. The process must be accepted on the map. But even with the existing fire card without paying in sniper practices, it is still not to do. They are produced for each specific case, according to different tables, often overlapping each other.

Why and why all this you need, very clearly and intellectively outlined the writer V. Kozhevnikov in the story "Higher Rifle Education" (reduced).

"... I wanted to smoke, but there was no match. Staying near the soldier, with the light of the moon anxiously interrupted rifle cartridges, asked fire.

What are you doing with cartridges?

I sort, "said the fighter and bringing his fist with a squeezed cartridge to his ear, he shook them. Postponed the cartridge to the side.

Is that spoiled?

There is such a suspicion. I am a picky man, a little dent or bullet sits poorly, I can not accept ...

Well, why do not you relax?

There is no calm. After all, I will be the first time in the storm in your specialty. Previously, all of the ambushes beat, with an assistant.

What assistant?

With a student. He was observed. And at this time I rested my eyes. I used to worked alone, so the eye fatigue by the end of the watch came, although I was ate carrot. In it, in carrots, the vitamin for eyes is useful. He experienced on himself.

Are you sniper?

Exactly. Fighter with higher rifle education. Others think like this: he was aiming, pressed on the trigger - and the fascist is ready. No, here a cultural approach is required. Sorry, you can remove the eight hundred fascist meters between your eyes? Science for this imagine? So I will tell you. The first - Says to determine that it is from you on eight hundred meters, and not six hundred or seven hundred fifty. For this, the captured eyemeter is required. At the corners, the range is calculated - geometry is needed.

The bullet, when flies, rotates from left to right and gives a deviation to the right. For six hundred meters, it deviates 12 centimeters, and on eight hundred - already on 29. knowing this figure, and keep the fly in line. And if a strong side wind, how is it? Remove the point of aiming into two pieces. But different circumstances can be. And the wind, and Fritz runs - and even in different directions ... here is such an addition and subtraction - the head will swell. And the time you have been released just three seconds. Professor, and that stands up.

Did you read the divisional newspaper how I with the famous German sniper duel led? How was the horse in the carcass and as an assistant at the same time with me in German, to attract fire on fire? And the main thing is not said why I fascied the fascist.

And I dumped because it turned out to be a culture, in the second arithmetic surpassed it, even though he finally cumshot in Berlin with honors.

On Musa, I sat in the ambush. Through the river behind Fricami hunted. And it was not a hunt, it was, and the stamp: for three days it did not reduce one, shame! I know, and a rifle shot a re-shot, and I drove carrots around Polonovka, and I addressed the captain for the consultation. All in vain - inlet! Night Naked over the river with a rope was swimming, to make sure the distance. Did not help. Then I wrote a letter to Snieper to Chekulaev. And what do you think? Telegram: "Through a water barrier, you need to take a greater angle of elevation, as the cold air and humidity reduce the trajectory."

"... Thank you talking to Snayper, who accompanied us. Colls I am to Dotom. And ahead of me a trench with German machine gunners. They burned the heads and lead a fire. blind fire I'm not an obstacle. That's if some of them boasts my head, then I, of course, the end.

And here it raised one, the machine raised, looked straight into the eyes and Batz - sat down. Next to the creep. Another jumped out, but he splashed out of his head. And it became clear to me how Kondratyuk (sniper) I was saved with my label. Then Kondratyuk other demolitioners are lent. Right guardian angel, not a man. But we did not leave him too unattended. The car gun followed him as the general. And the gunners were formed - in the case of what to cover. "

"... he stayed on the mountain. I explained to us that in the mountains the air is special, transparent. They say when the fire is leading through the gorge, deception is in the distance to the point of aimization takes place. He is now checking how the sight has established: right or not. His digits We need. Guys of a sniper case teaches. All explanation is required. Here it is for a mental report and examines. "

Practical shooting sniper rifle

The shooting of the weapon under an optical sight is the process of painstaking, requiring time and patience. In any case, the rifle first has to target under an open sight. To immediately "catch" for the target and save time, ammunition and nervous energy, use the next practical way.

The rifle is clamping in a target machine (or simply clamps are fixed on something massive) and with the extracted gate, it is added along the barrel channel to the target, located at a distance of 100 meters from the arrow. If the design of the receiver does not allow you to look inside the trunk, the oblong fragment of the mirror is used for this purpose. The target should be seen strictly in the middle of the round field of the barrel channel, along its axis (1 in Scheme 94). Without knocking down this tip and constantly turning with it, install an open sight, picking up the height of the fly (unscrewing or screwing it, or by changing the flies by numbers, or by treating them with the napil) and shifting it along the horizon. The opening sight is installed so that its target point is in the center of the same target with the installation of the sight "1" (2 in Scheme 94). Constantly referring to these two tips, the threads or a targeted mesh of the optical sight is removed into the same aiming point in the center of the target (3 in Scheme 94). At the end of this process, the STP will be near this point of aiming, common and for open, and for optical sights. For hunting purposes, this is quite enough.

But for the sniper practice of this little. For Sniper, such a shooting is only a preliminary "binding" of weapons to the target. Why? Because as a result of such a "binding", an optical sight may be focused on the target not the center of the visual field, but its edge (scheme 95). On the above scheme 94, the targeting the final result was ideally presented when the goal was in the middle of the visual field a sight and the center of the aiming crosshair was there.

Scheme 94. Binding to the Optic Target:

1 - purpose in the lumen of the channel of the barrel;

2 - the same goal in the open pit;

3 - the same goal in the optical sight;

4 - optical sight bracket

Why is it necessary that the center of the sight crossing is in the center of the visual field, and not somewhere with the edge? Because, firstly, the clarity of the image of the target in the center of the visual field will be much higher than at the edges. Secondly, if the crosshair is located in the center of the field, you can turn amendments to any side and move the targeted crosshair where it is necessary. To illustrate, look at the schema 95. When shooting for a moving target for the probe, it is necessary to amend (in this case) to the right "2" so that the trunk of the weapon also go to the right and the bullet with the probe met the goal. For this, the threads should be moved to the left, but because they are already there, they have nowhere to move left.

Therefore, in the sniper version, the sight at the necessary point of aimization in the targeting is guided with the sighting threads (grid), already exposed to the center of the visual field.

The shooting rifles with an optical sight for purely sniper purposes is made according to the statutory position, namely

I Stage Snacking - After the "coarse" binding of weapons to the target, the rifle shoots over a black target square of 25x35 cm in the open sight "3" in such a way that the average point of hitting was above a 14 cm pointing point - for a 2-cm rifle and 17 cm for a three-line rifle ( see the table exceeding the average trajectories and schema 96). The weapon, which comes in this way with the sight "I" at a distance of 100 meters, will fall strictly in the center to the point of aiming, and at a distance of 300 meters with a gun "3" will also fall strictly to the point of aiming "center".

Stage II Stacking - The rifle is fixed in a target machine or in any way to give it immobility. According to an open sight in a fixed state, the weapon is aimed at the lower cut of the target square (see the schema 96, I stage of the shooting). An optical sight with an aiming cross-sealing mechanism in advance to the center of the visual field is set up so that he is invisible to the aiming coal and hemp to the point of aiming of the open sight (Scheme 97). We repeat the optical sight is displayed on the purpose of the optical carbon (hemp), which is in the center of the visual field, that is, the target "turns" the casing itself, not the torn flywheels. This process is painstaking, since when driving, the weapon is moving, albeit slightly, with an open sight. Therefore, the target cycle periodically looks into an open sight and corrects the correctness of its tip.

If on a well-tired open sight with a point of aiming under the crop rifle falls above 14 cm from the point of aiming, then with aimed at the same point of aiming at the same distance of the optical target, the result of hits will be the same.

After visually combined the point of the aiming of open and optical sights at one and the same aiming - under the edge of a sight square, the shooting is checking the execution of the three combat shots described above, aiming under the crumb of a rising square with an optical sight.

As a rule, at the same time, at a distance of 100 meters, the average point of hit is obtained in the desired height of 14 cm (along the rifle of SVD) from the point of aimization sometimes, very rarely, you have to make minor adjustments to the flywheels. If everything turned out correctly, with or without correctives, after checking, the correct position of the side amendments of the side amendments and remote flywheel is set. In combat atmosphere, flywheels of the sight you have to twist constantly, making various corrections in height, on the wind, on a running goal, etc. And every time this or that division of the flywheel scale should indicate the correct magnitude of the amendment, so, trying not to move the flywheel, The screwdriver turns away the locking locking screws (7, 2 in the photo 152) of the remote vertical flywheel, with the scale (Limb) of the flywheel of the vertical amendment "is released" and can rotate independently of the flywheel. Do not shift the flywheel, the scale rotate and install the digit "3" opposite the control risks. By this you install the sight "3" why exactly? Remember - with the gun "3" at a distance of 100 meters, you fell with exceeding (on the table of exceeding average trajectories) 14x above the aiming point, therefore, with the same sight "3" at a distance of 300 meters, you will fall strictly in the center - to that point where they aim. The ballistics of the target process is presented in Scheme 96.

After the scope is set "3", slowly, carefully and carefully "tighten" fixing locking screws. Now, if you need to shoot 100 meters, put the sight "1" and melt in the center - there and fall. If you need to shoot 400 meters - put the sight "4" and also melt in the center. Similarly, on other distances.

With satisfying the position of the point of entering the horizon (not right, not left, and there, where it is necessary), let go of the lock fixing screws of the side amendments and exhibit the scale (Limb) of this flywheel against the check side risks on "0". Then the locking screws carefully "tighten". It will be better and more convenient for you if these screws you let go in advance before the shooting.

The above-described process of targeting Rifle rifles is the same for all types of optical sights. When shooting other rifles or carbines, it should be borne in mind that exceeding average trajectories at a distance of 100 meters different for different weapons systems. Therefore, in this manual and the tables of excess of average trajectories are given for systems of long-life small arms allowed to the population in free sale.

For the targeting, squares are used (rectangles of black paper with a size of 25x35 cm), standard general-time target targets, on which flexion lines (shortening) of the lower cut for specific samples of weapons - automata, machine guns, sniper rifles are applied. With the specified fold line of the target target for a sniper rifle, the distance from the lower cutting to the center and will be 14 cm. More or less prepared arrows are used for shooting black round pistol sports targets No. 4 with a black circle diameter of 25 cm. In any case, the shooting is made on the initial Distance is 100 meters with aiming "under the edge" and the sight "3".

ATTENTION! Cartridges for the same weapon of unequal. Made at different factories, at different times, from different materials, they, albeit slightly, but differ from each other in the height of the trajectory. Therefore, the rifle needs to target one party of absolutely identical cartridges. It gives a teapacum, stable, and most importantly, monotonous in height of battle. Under different batches of cartridges, weapons need to shoot a re-cartridges of the cartridges differ in the height of the trajectory.

It is impossible to target the weapon of the "scream" random cartridges of various parties, marking, years of manufacture and various purposes. Even when shooting from the machine gun "Rady" randomly selected cartridges, an unpredictable increased dispersion is observed.

Tables exceeding the average trajectories are compiled with the calculation of the averaged ballistic qualities of ammunition and are given for the overall orientational "binding". The trunks of the weapons of the same systems with all the thoroughness of manufacture are also different: one barrel will "take" above, the other below.

Therefore, do not be surprised if you find discrepancies between actual ranges and digits of the remote flywheel scale. Such things give themselves to know in the distances of over 400 meters, and this is not scary at a brunch. Make the appropriate marks on the remote scale and shoot on.

Even very prepared and trained arrows have a different weight, growth, the length of the hands, and most importantly, the perception of reality. Therefore, shooting from the same rifle will noticeably differ from the shooting of the same rifle. If you in the hands hit the rifle of SVD, earlier someone already targeted, it is very easy for you and quickly to shoot her "for yourself" to say, when shooting at a distance of 100 meters in three cartridges, you fell to the left and above 5 cm from the desired point. Knowing that at this distance, one click (hauling) of the side flywheel is 0.5 thousandth, or 5 cm, turn the flywheel clockwise by half the following (one click) - "pull" bullet to my hand in the sought 5 cm. Vertical remote flywheel Turn counterclockwise for half an end - "lower" a bullet from the palm of 5 cm down. If a ratchet is provided on this target, it will be one click. Check out three shots what happened. If necessary, add something in the sight or reduce. And now, when the rifle is targeted under you, put the scale according to the results of your shooting.

DO NOT FORGET! Limb (scale) of the flywheel is closed on the ratchet. With its free rotation (with the fixed screws, fixing clicks will be observed. They do not affect the process of proper installation of the scale, and it should not be afraid. The flywheel on the ratchet is not closed and with the fixed locking screws rotated without clicks. With clicks, it rotates only with tightened locking screws.

According to all the above reasons - the difference in ammunition, the irritability of the trunks, the individual peculiarities of perception - the sniper weapons of accurate and especially accurate battle is shot by a permanent "master", fixed behind it, with reference to specific shooting range - from 100 to 700 meters, and as needed - And on more distant specific distances.

SVD rifle, having a barrel of normal cuminess with a good sight, does not represent a special difficulty because it is made as one integer with the landing place ("Lastochkin Tail") for an optical sight, and this landing place is very accurately oriented strictly parallel to the axis of the barrel channel . Therefore, when laying the PSO-1 to this weapon, the goal is in the middle of the optical field of the sight and the targeting of the target square is close and convenient to it. It is very good when an optical sight when installing on weapons immediately turns out to be a focused optical axis on the target and it is in the middle of the visual field. First, the resolution (clarity) of any optical instrument in the center of the field is significantly higher than in its edges. Secondly, it is very inconvenient when the optical axis of the sight, and, accordingly, the center of the visual field is not oriented towards the target. Look again on the 95 scheme, the rifle is clearly incorrectly and uncomfortable. For shooting at a fixed goal, it is still suitable, and for shooting at a moving target - no longer.

Such a disadvantage is completely different, equipped with the optics of Hunting Carabins SCS, "Saiga, Caban" and other systems, on which the planting place of the optical sight is not provided by the manufacturer.

On three-line rifles of the sample 1891-1930. The formulation of the optical sight was initially also not provided. Therefore, the system of performing this weapon of optical sights provides for the correction of their direction. Guidance center of the visual field on target (target) is made vertically (up-down) upper and lower micrometric screws of the bracket (photo 94).

For this, slightly "release" the main clamping screw and the alternate rotation of the micrometric screws are output to the desired position. At the same time, the shank bracket (in photo 94) moves up and down, respectively moves and sight. Horizontal guidance is made by lining between the bracket shank and its base of the tone "of their brass or steel strips made at least from cans. Sometimes such gaskets have to be installed in the joints of the bracket of the PSO-1 when it is horizontal residual displacements from deformations due to impacts.

After the center of the visual field of sight is derived to the target, micrometric screws are clamped to each other in order to avoid vertical backlash. The clamping screw after that is delayed with an effort 10-15 kg on the screwdriver. PU sights on three-line rifles described above, "tight" and with carrying (transportation) of weapons from the rifle are not removed.

On the sights of PB (photo 90, 91), the horizontal removal of the center of the visual field on the target is made by rotating the screw 2 (Photo 90) and 3 (photo 91), moving the horizontal guide bracket. Vertically, the visual field in this sight is not guided due to a very accurate fit in a wedge-shaped "swallow tail", and only a slight adjustment by remote flywheel up-down in the process of shooting.

The method of targeting the best than the above-described statutory, no one invented. The question arises: why is it necessary? Answer: going to inspect the targets 100 meters all the same closer than 300. In addition, bullet holes in the pylon pipe 20x at a distance of 100 meters are clearly visible, and for 300 meters it is already not visible in any way in any way due to atmospheric haze.

Another question arises: why it is impossible to put an eye on "1" from the very beginning and immediately shoot in the center of the target 100 meters of distance. Answer: Black Mushkush will merge with a black square, and you never "fasten" a flyer of the center of the target. And then a small point, even if the bright, the target to "take" is much more difficult in the open sight than to aim a rectangular flour with a lumen under the edges of a target square, which in a real sighting projection is the same with a flour (scheme 98). A small "enlightenment" between the fluff and the lower cut of the square (2 in Scheme 98) will help to control their mutual position and will not allow "crash" with a black foam in a black square. Firing on a target square for these reasons will always be better than when shooting for other purposes. This is noticed by practice.

1 - target square;

2 - clearance

DO NOT FORGET! One turn of the rifle of the SVD rifle increases or lowers aiming point by 16 cm. One risk on the horizontal base of the fly of the fly is 10 cm (one thousandth). All this helps very quickly shoot a rifle with a minimum number of cartridges. Suppose the first three shots are dugged into the right lower corner of the target square (or even the breast target) below the calculated point (we denote it "x") to 8 cm and the right to 10 cm. "Watch" the fly on the floor turns down, the trunk will rise Up, and on the target we will get the rise of STP 8 cm. Shoot for this is not necessary. Next, we move the muzhkovod or cautious blows of the copper hammer to the "swallow tail" to the right on one division of the scale - the trunk will go left and STP will move to the left by 10 cm. Now three shots check what they have achieved. As a rule, in the overwhelming majority of cases, STP becomes where the target is necessary.

There is a practical target formula:

D \u003d (a x b) / 100000

where D is a correction value;

A - the length of the aiming line of a particular weapon (from the murling of the whole to the fly);

B - the deviation of the bullet from the desired point of hitting.

Example. Determine the magnitude of the movement of the karabin Carabin, if the average point of the hit dismisted from the desired by 10 cm (100 mm).

Decision:

D \u003d (480 mm (the length of the aiming line SCS) x 100 mm) / 100000 \u003d 0.48 mm.

Sometimes (very rare) have to make additional adjustment.

The above-described adhesive technique saves ammunition. So make military breasts of centuries. The men who bought the cutting barrel begin to shoot it "in a simple way", shooting in the newspaper from a distance of ten steps and gradually retarding it farther and farther. In this case, the monstrous number of cartridges is obtained, and the desired result is still not achieved.

ATTENTION! The shooting with an optical sight is only a gun-tonic weapon, appropriate instructions on this weapon system. Rifle or carabiner, not having enough battle, shoot with optics meaningless.

When you shot a rifle 100 meters with a gun "3", aiming under the edge, with an exceeding 14 cm in height (available in view of SVD), then be sure: with the sight "1" on the same 100 meters it will fall strictly in the center , 200 - with the sight of "2" - strictly in the center, by 300 - with a gun "3" - strictly centered. At 400, 500, 600 meters and further with the sights, respectively, "4", "5", "6" The rifle will also fall strictly in the center.

Contrary to extensive opinions among snipers that the rifle is not necessary to target the rifle, bitter combat experience points to the opposite. In war frequent fall. According to the law of the meanness, the rifle hits about something solid is the optical sight. A crazy bullet or shard can be hit on an optical sight. Sights begin to "breathe" by correction devices (all sights are the weakest places) at the most inopportune moment. Yes, and you never know what can happen to optics - the accurate device requires careful circulation. A well-developed and verified open sight in such cases and when optics fails to be necessary.

The movement of the middle point of the hit (STP) when working with the aiming devices of small-caliber rifles with a barrel length of 65 cm is presented in Table. 35 and 36.

Table 35.

Moving STP, cm, when changing the height of the open sight

Table 36.

Moving STP when moving flies

The process of shooting three-line sniper rifles of the sample 1891-1930. Very well and in detail in the target instruction § 16.

Features of bringing to normal battle of a sniper rifle with an optical sight of the Times of the Great Patriotic War

The sniper rifle is pre-triggered to normal battle with an open sight according to the rules of bringing the caliber of 7.62 mm of the sample rifle of 1891-1930. (without a bayonet and with a fortified optical sight). After that, an optical sight is evaporated. For this, the rifle is strengthened in the aiming machine and on an open sight with a clamp installation for division "3" is replaced under the lower edge of the target target (Scheme 99). The remote scale of the optical sight is set on the division of "3", and the side amendment scale is to divide "0". If, with these installations, the aiming line of the optical sight will be directed to the center of the white circle of the target, the optical sight is considered verified.

Scheme 99. Snipers of a sniper rifle with an optical sight

With the deviation of the aiming line of the optical sight from the center of the white circle, it is necessary to rotate the drums to combine it with the center of the circle, without changing the position of the opening point. After that, the range of distances should be put against the pointer to the division "3", and the scale of side amendments - division "0".

For this, the drum screws are released on one or two turnover and after installing divisions "3" and "0" against the corresponding pointers are fixed.

With the optical target of the aiming line in the open and optical target, the range of 300 meters is intersecting with a range of 300 meters, forming an angle of 0-01 ranges, since the difference in the heights of the aiming lines of open and optical sights is 3 cm (scheme 100). The range of 100 meters the aiming line over an optical sight will be held above an open sight line by 2 cm. Therefore, exceeding the control point (CT) above the target point of the optical sight should be not 17 cm, as for an open sight, and 2 cm less, That is, 15 cm.

Scheme 100. Exceeding the trajectory over the aiming lines of optical (AV) and open (SV) sights

Before finalizing the sniper rifle to normal battle, it is necessary to explore it and an optical sight, paying particular attention to the mounting screws of drums, bracket, tail screw and stop screw.

The battle of a sniper rifle with an optical sight is recognized as normal if all 4 holes contain in size with a diameter of 8 cm, superimposed by the center at the checkpoint. If these requirements are not fulfilled, the optical sight is introduced in altitude and lateral direction according to the table. 37.

Table 37.

Values \u200b\u200bof amendments in divisions

Suppose that when bringing a sniper rifle with an optical sight to a normal battle of STPs was 13 cm below and 8 cm left the control point. In order to introduce corrections to the optical sight setting, we find the deviation table equal to or close to the resulting deviations with such deviations will be 12 1/2 cm in height and 7 1/2 cm by side direction. Since the STP in this case is below the control point, then against 12 1/2 in the column "STE below" we have a division of 4 1/4, and against 7 1/2 in the column "STP Left" - division +3/4.

After placing the drums of optical sight against pointers of fission 4 1/4 (upper) and 3/4 (side), it should be discharged by their screws, put the scale of the upper drum against the pointer to the division "3", and the side-division "0" and fasten the screws. At these installations, shooting is repeated. The rest should be guided by the rules of bringing to a normal battle of 7.62 mm sample rifles 1891-1930. The positions of the screws of the bracket, the tail and the harness of the trunks are sketched in the sni-rera rifle book (scheme 101) or on the reverse side of the reporting (targeted) card.

Sketch 101 sketching the position of the screws in the sniper rifle book

Three-line sniper rifles are subject to normal battle by the snipers themselves:

after the production of 150-200 shots, every time the sight was filmed from the rifle; When screwdruting the screws of the base of the bracket or rings of the sight, with rejection of the base screws and the housing of the bracket, the PU was hit when receiving a rifle from another sniper.

The use of the "Thousand" formula in rifle practice

To determine the shooting distance using the "Thousand" formula, it is necessary to accurately know the width or height of the object (target), to which the distance is determined, determine the angular value of this subject in thousandths, after which calculate the distance, using the formula, where:

D - range to the subject in meters;
The corner under which the subject is visible in thousandths;
In - metric (that is, in meters) a well-known width or a target height.

1000 is a constant unchangeable mathematical value present always in this formula.

Determining the distance in this way, you need to know or imagine linear sizes of the target, its width or height. The linear data (sizes) of objects and goals (in meters) in the infantry general-friendly practice are adopted as follows.

	Height, M.	Width, M.
Infantryman: in full growth
Running nagging
Deployed sideways
Telegraph Still: Wooden
Concrete
One-storey house, gray
One floor of a large-passenger house
Four-axle car: commodity
Passenger
Car:
Cargo
Easy
Without helical
Construction brick	thickness 6-7 cm	length 25 cm Taings 12 cm

For example, it is necessary to determine the distance to the target (breast or growth target), which was placed in two small lateral segments of the Optic PSC-1 trash, or equal to the thickness of the aiming hemp sight, or is equal to the thickness of the open rifle flock. The width of the chest or growth target (infantryman in full growth), as can be seen from the table. 6 is 0.5 m. According to all the procedures of the above aiming devices (see below), the goal is closed by an angle of 2 thousandths. Hence:

But the width of a living goal may be different. Therefore, the sniper usually measures the width of the shoulders at different times of the year (by clothing) and only then takes it as a constant value. It is necessary to measure and know the main dimensions of the human figure, linear dimensions of the main military equipment, vehicles and everything that can be "attached" on the side of the opponent. And at the same time, it should be critical. Despite the laser range finders, the definition of the range in the combat practice of the armies of all countries is carried out under the above formula. Everyone knows about her and all use it and therefore try to mislead the enemy. There were repeated cases when telegraph poles at night were hidden at 0.5 m - during the day, it gave an enemy a mistake in the calculations of a distance of 50-70 meters of unpleasant.

Corner values \u200b\u200bin thousands of manifold items and fixtures

To measure the angular magnitudes of the goals in thousands, the most common items are used, which in combat practice often turn out to be at hand. Such objects and means are details of open sights, aqueous threads, brands, nets of optical sights and other optical instruments, as well as objects of everyday use, always available from a serviceman - ammunition, matches, ordinary large-scale metric rules.

As previously mentioned earlier, the flies in width closes in the projection to the target angle in 2 thousandths. In height, the fly closes 3 thousandths. The base of the sight is the width of the slot - it closes 6 thousandths.

As mentioned earlier, the action pennouncement closes in the projection to the target angle in 2 thousandth horizontal threads close the corners in their thickness also on 2 thousandths of sight

A - the distance between the threads - closes 7 thousandths.

For PSO-1:
A - the main coal for shooting up to 1000 m,
B - three additional coal for shooting at a distance of 1100, 1200, 1300 m;
B - the width of the scale of lateral corrections from 10 and to 10 thousands corresponds to 0-20 (twenty thousandth),
R - from the center (main square) to the right to the left to the figure 10 corresponds to 0.10 (ten thousandth) height of extreme vertical risks in the figure 10 is 0.02 (two thousandth);
D - the distance between two small divisions is 0.01-1 (one thousandth), the height of one small risks on the scale of the side amendments is 0.01 (one thousandth);
E-numbers on a rangeflock 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 correspond to distances 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 m;
The Figure 1.7 shows that at this level, the height scale includes average human height 170 cm.

Prombs in thousandth mesh binoculars and periscope:
- from low risks to large risks (small distances) an angle of 0.05 (five thousandths) is covered;
- From great risks to large risks, an angle of 0.10 (ten thousandths) is covered.

The height of low risks is 2.5 thousandths.
The height of great risks - 5 thousandths.
Crosses crossbars - 5 thousandths.

When using undergraduate means to determine the angular values, they are placed at a distance of 50 cm from the eye. This distance is recovered for many decades. At a distance of 50 cm from the eye, the rifle cartridge and matches are closed in the projection on the purpose of the angles specified below.

1 centimeter of the usual scale line (better if it is made of transparent material) at a distance of 50 cm from the eye closes the angle of 20 thousands; 1 millimeter, respectively, 2 thousandths.

Promitted arrows in advance determine a 50 cm tall distance for a possible determination of the distances over the angular values \u200b\u200bof the infringement items. Usually, it is measured with 50 cm on the rifle and risk.

Disassemble in detail in the framework of this article, why in shooting you need to know the distance to the goal, I think, do not need: arrows and just readers interested in shooting, perfectly know that the bullet released from firearms is not flying in a straight line, but describes the arc by The nasal trajectory, and its excess depends on the angle of elevation of the weapon specified for different distances. Therefore, let's go right away to the question of interest to us, without climbing the territory of the outer ballistics.

Not every shooter thinks about how to independently determine the distance to the target, and this is quite explained. For example, in such popular rifle discipline as practical shooting, distance to goals, although they can reach several hundred meters or are known in advance, or do not matter. The athletes of the rifles are striking black circles from small-caliber rifles at a distance of 50 m - no more nor less. About the stands and talking not to say: fast, almost intuitive shooting with a fractional sheaf of a flying plate - here not until removing distances. Yes, and in general, in closed ears and on open shooting, as a rule, shields with targets are exhibited at equal intervals on the designated removal. It is convenient and allows you to focus on the production of high-quality shots from a comfortable, familiar distance.

But sooner or later, some shooters have a desire to exit the frame offered by Tiriram and shoot on more distant distances - for example, from. What is needed for this? First of all, of course, a suitable strokes with a length of up to 1000-1200 meters.

And at least such shooting in Russia will fake, let's imagine that you are at such an object.

What do you see? Most likely, the ranks of the shields with targets, and Honeys placed around the floor. And if the first, as a rule, is installed on fixed and designated distances and therefore do not represent interest in this article, then the second - the same small-sized, lined goals, responding to a characteristic ringing - put on an unknown distance, and I suggest talking about them Read more. To hit such a gong you need to know the distance to it. Wind, air temperature, pressure, etc. - This is all secondary. On the first place in importance - the distance to the target for which the amendments must be amended. How to determine it?

Three common ways to determine the distance to the target

Method # 1 - Determination of the "Eye" distance

The first method is the most, in the literal sense, obvious. But it is worth trying, and you will understand that this task is not easy. Features of the vision, the degree of eye training, the conditions of lighting, terrain, and even the color of the goal - all this will make the error of your better guess about the distance too big. What does it mean too big? Let's figure out.

Suppose Gong is actually at a distance of 580 meters, and you made a mistake with your estimate 10 meters in a large or smaller direction, which is very good for measuring with the naked eye. Even with such a small error is the likelihood of misses. Why? Judge for yourself. Honeys for high-precision shooting are rarely the size of more semi-pod, which means that the height of our goal is not more than 30 cm. The flight path of the bullets of one of the most popular rifle gauges - .308 Win - at distances of 570-590 meters will range at height approximately 15 -20 centimeters every 10 meters, and this is equal half of the overall target. Thus, shooting at the center of such a gong 580 meters, after setting an amendment on a target by 570 or 590 meters (depending on which direction you were mistaken with a distance estimate), you are most likely missed because your bullet will pass on 15-20 cm below or above aiming point.

And if the error in determining the distance is not 10, and 20 or 30 meters? Or Hong is extremely long distant? In this case, shooting will take almost random with hope for a random hit.

Method # 2 - according to the known sizes

Immediately make a reservation that in the second way to determine the distance to the target there is one condition: you should know the size of the target - height or width. With the help of the grid of your sight, you measure in thousands of the size known to you, and then calculate the distance to the target in meters, sharing the target size in millimeters on its size in thousands. Let's take our 30-centimeter gong for a visual example. Its height on the grid was a sight amounted to 0.517 thousandth. We divide 300 (the height of the gong in millimeters) by 0.517 and get 580.27 meters, which is very close to the truth.

Does not bother you in this way? No, I do not mean the fission skills in the mind - in the end, it is possible to calculate on the calculator in the phone. This is what embarrassment: in my experience, it is imperative to determine the size of the goal in thousandth mesh, it is extremely difficult - there will be an error. For example, not seeing in a sight of 0.017 thousand and taking half a thousandth, I will receive a distance to the target no longer 580, but 600 meters. What this will lead, I explained above.

Method # 3 - high-precision

His Majesty will help us in it Laser rangefinder. "Their Majesty" are different: from budget hunting for 15 thousand rubles to exclusive tactical for 800 thousand rubles. If no questions arise to the last, except for two - high price and relatively large size, then with the others it is worth to figure out more detail and talk about several, in my opinion, important aspects of their application.

Measurement range

Immediately drop rangefinders with a maximum measurement range less than the effective range of our rifle: why do we need a rangefinder by 500 meters if our rifle can fall, for example, up to 1000 meters? With the maximum range, much more possibilities of our caliber, too, it does not make sense: goals in distances, where "will not be caught" the bullet is guaranteed - this is no longer a goal, but just observation objects. Take better binoculars.

The size

The rangefinder size should be, on the one hand, small to be comfortable to wear it, but on the other hand, it should allow measuring, holding a rangefinder with two hands - so the oscillations of the device will be minimal. But no, even the most confident hands will not replace you for a tripod: Take a rangefinder with a jack of fastening for a tripod.

Built-in ballistic calculator (BC)

Manufacturers of rangefinders of the average price category often supply them with built-in ballistic calculators, promising to prompt the arrow the magnitude of the necessary vertical corrections for the measured distance. It is important to understand that it is not necessary to fully rely on such data: the built-in BC is based on the averaged trajectories for the most popular calibers without binding to atmospheric conditions. If your goal is the facade of the barn, then most likely you will fall; If you need to shoot at a small-sized guma - without a serious and correct ballistic calculator, you can not do, but this is the subject of a separate conversation.

Measurement techniques

Deciding with the rangefinder, let's test it in the case and measure the distance to the target - for example, the distance is vo to that gong. We carry out the rangefinder to the target, hold, press (or press, depending on the instrument model) button. Happened? Not? If the rangefinder is a treacherous "silent", the main reasons may be two:

1. Instability of the device when measuring
   The signal must have time to reflect the goal and be considered a rangefinder detector, so the oscillation of the device must be minimized. Almost I mentioned a tripod. Also as a support, you can use the wall, a pillar, a tree trunk - everything that will allow you to keep the device as motionless as possible. If the situation allows you to lie. Lokia oscillations during shooting and when measuring the distance is less.
2. Small sizes
   The smaller the target size, the smaller its reflective ability. We, as you remember, have not acquired a tactical expensive rangefinder, which is similar to the target point from the laser pointer, and the model is more comprehensive. But in our device there may be such a useful feature as scanning: Hold down the measurement button, move the instrument to the target front and follow its testimony. If it does not help, look at the fact that on the flanks of the goal or immediately behind it. Any reflective surface - a pile of sand, tree, etc. - will allow calculating the distance. Do not see anything next to the gong?

There are no hopeless situations

If circumstances allow you to use the reverse measurement - sit in the car, go to the goal and measure the distance from it to the firing turn. After all, as it is repeatedly established by experienced, the distance to the goal is equal to the distance from the target to the firing turn.

Successful measurements and accurate shots!