Project development in 2nd grade

"Folklore"
The projects were worked on by Pupils of the 2nd grade MBOU Secondary School No. 40 in Lipetsk. Project leader OV Ponomareva. teacher of the highest category
From desire to fulfillment

apply skill.

PROJECT METHODOLOGY PASSPORT

Target:
Formation of an idea of ​​the diversity of the nationalities of Russia; acquaintance with the genres of oral folk art; fostering a sense of belonging with the life of their people and homeland, awareness of ethnicity, understanding the feelings of other people and empathy with them.
Tasks:
-determination of a common goal and ways to achieve it; - acquaintance with the variety of genres of oral folk art; -expansion of ideas about the history of the origin of folklore; - to show the importance of folklore in the life of not only the Russian people, but also the nationalities inhabiting Russia; -development of attention to the emotional coloring of the work; - the ability to analyze, build logical statements, draw conclusions, correctly build speech when solving communication problems; -implementation of mutual control; -to teach to use various sources of information; - continue to develop creativity, including them in project activities; - instilling a patriotic feeling to the heritage of not only one's own people, but also other peoples of the world.
Project type:
research.

Project type:
- by the scope of the results: social; - by the breadth of the content girth: intersubject and non-subject; -by working time: a week; -by the nature of contacts: within the region.
Working hours:
work-out-of-class.
Project organization form:
individual.
The form

products

project

activities:
report, exhibition, individual presentation albums.
Stages of project protection:
1
.
Topic message. 2. The choice by the class of the schedule of projects according to their content. 3.Presentation. 4. Discussion and evaluation of the results obtained.
Project Defense Schedule:
1. The concept of "Oral folk art". 2. Songs. 3. Sayings and sayings. 4. Fairy tales. 5. Game minute 6. Riddles. Readers. Tongue Twisters. 7. Effectiveness and assessment of project protection. For a long time, the younger generation learned from the oral folk art of their ancestors. Drew from him knowledge about morality, relationships between people, spirituality. The legacy of generations has survived to this day. Of course, it has undergone many changes, but the essence has not been distorted by this.
Fundamental question:
-Oral folk art - what is it? What is its significance in human life?
Oral folk art is a generalized and systematized experience of previous generations, reflecting the essence of their life. It arose long before people mastered written speech. They passed on their creativity to the next generation by word of mouth. This is where the name comes from. In another way, oral folklore is called folklore.
Problematic issues:
- What genres of folklore are there? Folklore consists of many genres. Folklore includes folk songs, fairy tales, epics, parables, anecdotes, tongue twisters, riddles, ditties and much more. Oral folk art gives the language brightness and expressiveness. For example, with the help of proverbs, phraseological units, you can tactfully hint to a person about his mistakes, without offending him. People encounter oral folk art every day. To make speech brighter and more expressive, proverbs and sayings are used. In a circle of friends they tell each other jokes, children are told fairy tales at night. -Who is the author of the folklore? Folklore works are anonymous. They don't have a specific author. This is what is created by a collective of people. Oral folk art reflects their way of life, traditions, customs, customs, ideas about life. Each nationality has its own folklore, which has its own characteristics and character. -How did oral folk art come about? Folklore originated in very ancient times, when people did not yet have a written language. But the work that forced people to think, act, caused the first songs and fairy tales. People have long noticed that songs make work easier, make it clearer (with a song it is easier to row, cut trees). Unable to explain natural phenomena, people believed in the existence of good and evil spirits, which they sought to appease with the help of spells and ritual songs that were performed during plowing, weddings, and funerals. Heroic songs told about the exploits of warriors. They reflect the struggle between man and nature, the legends about how man learned to make fire, build housing, and cultivate the land. -How has oral folklore influenced the literary activities of famous authors? Oral folk art has influenced the activities of many poets, writers and other artists. For example, some experts believe that some of Charles Perrault's fairy tales published in the collection "The Tales of My Mother Goose" are folklore. And the writer simply processed them and presented them to the reader in a new light. Therefore, they are literary tales. In Russian literature, the folklore of A.S. Pushkin, N.A. N. V. Nekrasov Gogol, A.N. Tolstoy, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Folk art served as the source for the entire world culture. -What is the role of folklore in human life? People encounter oral folk art every day. To make speech brighter and more expressive, proverbs and sayings are used. In a circle of friends they tell each other jokes, children are told fairy tales at night. The roots of folk art are especially strong in children. They know like no one else that
such oral folk art. Children's folklore is the richest: riddles, games, songs, jerseys, name-calling, scary stories and much more. Today old genres of folklore can only be found in villages. And bylinas, for example, only in the north. This is due to the fact that people are moving away from their roots. Oral folk art is the best way to reveal your identity. Of course, folklore works have survived to this day, to a certain extent, having lost their primordiality. But the meaning remained the same - to convey to the next generation the traditions and customs of your people.
Songs.

-
What is a song? Song is the most popular genre of vocal and instrumental music. The songs are divided into two categories: folk songs and composer songs. The main difference between these two types is that in a composer's song we can name the authors of poetic and musical texts. There is no folk song of the personified author. Its creator is the collective creator - the people. Folk songs have been composed for centuries, they helped the peasants in their work, they were sung during ceremonies, holidays and mourning days. Initially, songs were used to accompany weddings, funerals, childbirth, and harvesting. Over time, the purpose of the song has changed. People composed and sang songs when they were happy or sad, when they were working or relaxing. Anyone could change the words or the melody of the song, depending on his desire. The folk song was passed down from generation to generation, transferred from city to city by itinerant musicians, so it could change several times over the course of several years. Ordinary peasants could not write down words or music, so they memorized the songs. Folk songs are divided into two groups. They are ritual and non-ritual. Ritual songs accompany certain rituals: wedding songs, songs performed at the birth of a child, songs accompanying agricultural rituals. Non-ritual songs are songs that are sung at evenings, at conversations, lullabies. They do not accompany the rituals. The main purpose of a folk song is to express various emotions and experiences of the people. Folk songs have a wide variety of themes. There are songs about love, about a hard peasant lot. There is a whole cycle of songs about recruitment (soldier's songs). Historical songs occupy a special place in song folklore, where important historical events are narrated and real historical characters act. TO
folk songwriting also includes the genre of ditties, which appeared relatively recently. The ditty was formed in the countryside on the basis of a lyric song a little over 100 years ago. Before that, there were no ditties. It is interesting that the first ditties were performed exclusively by guys. They were, of course, about love. Who doesn't know lullabies? They are familiar to everyone from childhood. From a musical point of view, folk songwriting is characterized by strict canonicity and isolation. There are examples of folk music that have been passed down from generation to generation. Folk songs are performed both solo and in chorus. The polyphony of each nation, the harmony of folk songs is unique.
Proverbs and sayings.

Proverbs are not said for nothing -

You can't live without them.

They are great helpers

And true friends in life.

Sometimes they instruct us

The wise give advice.

Sometimes they teach something

And they take care of us from trouble.
-What is a proverb? A proverb, a genre of folklore, aphoristically concise, figurative, grammatically and logically complete dictum with an instructive meaning in a rhythmically organized form ("What you sow, so you reap"). Proverb, -y, well. A short folk saying with edifying content, folk aphorism. Folk wisdom is the experience accumulated over hundreds of years of human development. Every people on planet Earth is characterized by certain behaviors, communication features, mentality. Besides everything else, each nation has its own set of proverbs and sayings. It is the proverbs and sayings that have become the true embodiment of folk wisdom. Thanks to proverbs, you can easily decide what to do in a difficult situation. Guided by proverbs, you can be sure that you are doing the right thing. Proverbs and sayings were invented
a very long time and also have long been tested by time, therefore, acting as folk wisdom tells it is difficult to make a mistake. The main thing in this matter is to understand what a proverb or a saying says. The basis of a proverb or saying is an example of a life situation and sometimes a hint, sometimes a direct indication of the correct decision. Proverbs and sayings have been compiled for many centuries and embody the entire history of the development of the people. ... Russian proverbs carry the very essence of the life of the Russian people, which has developed over its entire history of existence and development. With a detailed examination of Russian proverbs, one can understand how and how the Russian people live. Why does it act this way and not otherwise. Where did the basic principles and manners of behavior come from, and much more. They are similar in semantic content to Russian sayings and proverbs and sayings of other peoples of the world. Sayings of peoples:  Middle East  Transcaucasia  India and Nepal  Caucasus  China and Mongolia  Volga Region and the Urals  Central Asia  Southeast Asia and the Far East National folklore:  English proverbs Kyrgyz proverbs  Abkhazian sayings Chinese proverbs  Arabic Korean proverbs Proverbs  Armenian Proverbs German Proverbs  Assyrian Sayings Persian Sayings  Vietnamese Proverbs Turkish Sayings  Georgian Proverbs Sumerian Proverbs  Ancient Egyptian Sayings Japanese Proverbs
 Ancient Indian sayings The value of folk
proverbs and sayings
undeniable: "
Proverb
he does not say to the wind. "
Proverb
The proverb calls, the proverb colors the conversation, and in general: the proverb cannot be bypassed, not bypassed, because it expresses the meaning and essence of human life: "Life is measured not by years, but by work", "To live life is not to cross a field."
Proverb
teaches a person from an early age: "There is no friend more reliable than a mother." "Whoever does not listen to his mother will get into trouble." Wise thoughts about work and study, which constitute the main parting words to the young generation, will never grow old: "Human labor feeds, but laziness spoils." "Where there is work, there is happiness." "Learning is light and ignorance is darkness". "Learning and work lead to happiness." "Live and learn". Folk wisdom teaches us to overcome difficulties: “Grieve in sorrow, but fight with your hands” (that is, work). "In trouble, do not give up - overcome difficulties." A significant part of the proverbs contains advice and wishes: "Not knowing the ford, do not go into the water." "Don't cut the branch you're sitting on." “It’s not a problem to be mistaken, it’s not a problem to improve”. In a word, if the matter does not argue, seek advice from
proverb and saying
.
Fairy tales.

“A fairy tale is a great spiritual culture of the people,

which we collect bit by bit

and through a fairy tale is revealed

before us is a thousand-year history of the people "

(Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy
). Absolutely every person, every one of us being in early childhood, listened to fairy tales. They are most often told now (in the last century) to children. Almost all fairy tales arose a very long time ago (more than a thousand years ago) - this is so long ago that now no one can even find out exactly when. For many centuries, folk tales have played the same role in human life as books, magazines, newspapers, television, radio, Internet and other common sources of information do in our time.
Fairy tales are a real household encyclopedia of the past, present, and even, perhaps, the future. A fairy tale is a lie. but there is a hint in it - a lesson for good fellows. Russian folk tales are very diverse, each fairy tale stands out for its special content, style and images presented in it. There are fairy tales in which we are talking about animals, there are entertaining magical stories about the amazing adventures of the hero, be it an animal (black grouse, rooster, crane, hare, bear, fox, wolf, mouse, many other animals, fictional characters - Baba Yaga, Koschey Immortal, the Many-headed Serpent, the Sea Tsar, Morozko, Kolobok ... or a quite ordinary person serves as a fabulous prototype: Ivan the Tsarevich, Khavroshechka, Elena the Wise, a soldier, a tsar, children, parents, husbands and wives) - all characters, heroes and not list. There are also short stories about lazy, stupid and stubborn people, telling about everyday life and are often called everyday tales. Folk Tales  Belarusian  Ukrainian  Chinese  Gypsy
 Madagascar  Russians  Moldavian  Japanese The wisest teacher and educator is the people. He created fairy tales that develop imagination, educate and enrich the child's inner world. A children's fairy tale is presented at an accessible level and language, it is figurative and perceived much easier than the mentor tone of dry adult speech.
Game minute.
Funny tests - proverbs: 1. It is not easy to pull out and ... a) the chewing gum from the hair. b) a fish from a pond. c) me from the Internet. 2. One in the field ... a) does not howl. b) his own master. c) not a warrior. 3. Do not have one hundred rubles, but have ... a) one hundred friends.
b) one hundred million. c) good grades. 4. Love to ride, love and ... a) somersault. b) to carry sledges. c) braid braids. Make up proverbs: 1. In training, in battle, difficult, easy. 2. No, take care, so, look, so, a friend, but found. 3. One, measure, one, seven, cut, one. 4. Deeds, words, more, less. Add the proverbs: 1. Don't wake up the sleeping ... (Bear). 2. Don’t look in the teeth. (To the horse.) 3.… will always find dirt. (Pig). 4.… is learned in trouble. (Friend). Guess the proverbs: 1. Who must whistle for the unrealizable to come true? (Cancer). 2. Who pays twice? (Stingy). 3. What flies when the forest is cut down? (Slivers). 4. What does a penny do with the ruble? (Protects). Mischievous letters: 1. They carry soda to the offended. (c) 2. Hunger is not a brush. (t) 3. We ourselves have ears. (c) 4. Runs to the catcher and the door. (h) 5. Spins like a roll in a wheel. (f) 6. Worms are found in a still pool. (r) 7. Without moths, bread cannot be eaten. (c) 8. Cleanliness is a health tax. (h) 9. Two boots - container. (NS)
Riddles.

Riddle - exercise for the mind.
Riddles appeared a long time ago and have always been a test not only of human knowledge - they demanded observation, the ability to see their similarities and differences in the most ordinary objects, demanded the ability to perceive the world around us figuratively, poetically. - Try to remember riddles by rhyming. And don't forget to guess them.
- Maybe you will remember a few more riddles and ask your friends?

Tongue Twisters.
They have always loved tongue twisters in Russia. Sometimes the people called them pure phrases or linguists. Indeed, sometimes it is not easy to just pronounce some Russian tongue twisters, and even to pronounce a tongue twister quickly several times - you can break your tongue. That is why, for a long time, "quick-talk" is an exciting game in which the ability to deftly, clearly and quickly pronounce difficult-to-combine and difficult-to-pronounce words and sounds is appreciated. However, sometimes exercise with
tongue twisters are not a game, but serious activities. With the help of tongue twisters, artists, TV presenters, radio announcers work out their pronunciation. But, of course, it is important not only for people of these professions to be able to pronounce the sounds of their native language correctly. That is why Russian tongue twisters are still not forgotten and even new ones are being born, on modern topics.
Readers.
A lot of folk fiction is included in the counting rhymes. Their other names are: counting, abacus, recounting, counters, fortune-tellers. The counting room is a rhymed rhyme, consisting mostly of invented words and consonances. With the help of counters, roles are divided, the order of the game is established. This funny little poem is often built on onomatopoeia.

This is oral folk art. Its genres are very diverse and specific. These works were invented by representatives of the people and passed on to each other orally. There were singers and storytellers, and everyone could become a co-creator.

What are the features of folklore works?

The peculiarity of the oral is its ancient origin, because such works were created at a time when there was still no written language. Often many people participated in the creation of one work, each adding something of his own when retelling. This is another feature - variability, because even one storyteller or singer could not repeat the works many times without changes.

Everyone knows what its genres are, almost all have survived to this day. Each of them reflects the thoughts and aspirations of the people, their attitude to the events taking place. Ritual folklore takes an important place in oral folk art. Although this layer of folk culture is almost unknown now.

What genres is folklore divided into?

How is folklore used in raising children?

What genres of folklore have long been used by parents in raising a child? In addition to fairy tales and epics, from birth the kids were accompanied by nursery rhymes, jokes and songs. They were used not only to calm down and attract the attention of the child. These works are the best way to develop early thinking in toddlers.

Until now, all mothers sing folk lullabies to children, most of them use nursery rhymes and sentences when dressing, bathing and the first games of babies. Rhymes, riddles and tongue twisters are very important for the development of a child's thinking. Teasers, sayings and ditties are common in the children's environment.

Currently, many young people do not know what oral folk art is. His genres, even the most widespread, began to be forgotten. And the task of parents, educators and teachers is to instill in children a love for folklore as an integral part of folk culture.

Oral folk art is immense. It has been created for centuries, there are many varieties of it. Translated from English, "folklore" is "folk meaning, wisdom". That is, oral folk art is everything that is created by the spiritual culture of the population over the centuries of its historical life.

Features of Russian folklore

If you carefully read the works of Russian folklore, you will notice that it actually reflects a lot: the play of the people's fantasy, and the history of the country, and laughter, and serious thoughts about human life. Listening to the songs and tales of their ancestors, people thought about many difficult questions of their family, social and work life, pondered how to fight for happiness, improve their lives, what a person should be like, what should be ridiculed and condemned.

Varieties of folklore

Varieties of folklore include fairy tales, epics, songs, proverbs, riddles, calendar choruses, dignity, sayings - everything that was repeated passed from generation to generation. At the same time, the performers often added something of their own to the text they liked, changing individual details, images, expressions, imperceptibly improving and honing the work.

Oral folk art for the most part exists in a poetic (poetic) form, since it was she who made it possible to memorize and pass from mouth to mouth these works over the centuries.

Songs

The song is a special verbal and musical genre. It is a small-scale lyric-narrative or lyrical work that was created specifically for singing. Their types are as follows: lyric, dance, ritual, historical. The feelings of one person, but at the same time of many people, are expressed in folk songs. They reflected love experiences, events of social and family life, reflections on a difficult fate. In folk songs, the so-called parallelism technique is often used, when the mood of a given lyrical hero is transferred to the nature.

Historical songs are dedicated to various famous personalities and events: the conquest of Siberia by Yermak, the uprising of Stepan Razin, the peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev, the battle with the Swedes near Poltava, etc. The narrative in historical folk songs about some events is combined with the emotional sound of these works.

Epics

The term "epic" was introduced by I. P. Sakharov in the 19th century. It is an oral folklore in the form of a song, a heroic, epic character. An epic arose in the 9th century, it was an expression of the historical consciousness of the people of our country. Bogatyrs are the main characters of this kind of folklore. They embody the people's ideal of courage, strength and patriotism. Examples of heroes who were portrayed by works of oral folk art: Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets, Mikula Selyaninovich, Alyosha Popovich, as well as the merchant Sadko, the giant Svyatogor, Vasily Buslaev and others. The life basis, at the same time enriched with some fantastic fiction, constitutes the plot of these works. In them, the heroes single-handedly overcome entire hordes of enemies, fight monsters, and instantly overcome huge distances. This folklore is very interesting.

Fairy tales

Epics must be distinguished from fairy tales. These works of oral folk art are based on invented events. Fairy tales can be magical (in which fantastic forces are involved), as well as everyday ones, where people are depicted - soldiers, peasants, kings, workers, princesses and princes - in an everyday setting. This type of folklore differs from other works by its optimistic plot: in it, good always triumphs over evil, and the latter either suffers a defeat or is ridiculed.

Legends

We continue to describe the genres of oral folk art. A legend, in contrast to a fairy tale, is a folk oral story. Its basis is an incredible event, a fantastic image, a miracle, which are perceived by the listener or the narrator as authentic. There are legends about the origin of peoples, countries, seas, about the sufferings and exploits of fictional or really existing heroes.

Riddles

Oral folk art is represented by many riddles. They are an allegorical depiction of an object, usually based on a metaphorical rapprochement with it. Riddles are very small in volume, have a certain rhythmic structure, often emphasized by the presence of rhyme. They are created in order to develop quick-wittedness, quick-wittedness. Riddles are varied in content and topics. There may be several of their options about the same phenomenon, animal, object, each of which characterizes it from a certain side.

Proverbs and sayings

Oral folklore genres also include sayings and proverbs. A proverb is a rhythmically organized, short, figurative saying, aphoristic folk saying. It usually has a two-part structure, which is supported by rhyme, rhythm, alliteration and assonance.

A proverb is a figurative expression that evaluates a certain phenomenon of life. She, in contrast to the proverb, is not a whole sentence, but only a part of a statement that is part of oral folk art.

Proverbs, sayings and riddles are included in the so-called small genres of folklore. What is it? In addition to the above types, they also include other oral folk art. The types of small genres are complemented by the following: lullabies, pestushki, nursery rhymes, jokes, game choruses, chants, sentences, riddles. Let's dwell a little more on each of them.

Lullabies

Small genres of oral folklore include lullabies. People call them bikes. This name comes from the verb "bayat" ("bayat") - "to speak". This word has the following ancient meaning: "to speak, whisper". Lullabies received this name for a reason: the oldest of them are directly related to conspiracy poetry. Struggling with sleep, for example, the peasants said: "Slumber, get away from me."

Pestushki and nursery rhymes

Russian oral folk art is also represented by pestushki and nursery rhymes. In their center is the image of a growing child. The name "pestushki" comes from the word "foster", that is, "to follow someone, raise, nurse, carry, educate." They are short sentences with which in the first months of a baby's life they comment on his movements.

Imperceptibly pestushki turn into nursery rhymes - songs accompanying the kid's games with the fingers of legs and pens. This oral folklore is very diverse. Examples of nursery rhymes: "Magpie", "Ladushki". They often already have a "lesson", an instruction. For example, in "Magpie" the white-sided woman fed everyone with porridge, except for one lazy person, albeit the smallest one (it corresponds to the little finger).

Jokes

In the first years of the children's lives, the nanny and the mother sang them songs of more complex content, not related to the game. All of them can be designated by a single term "jokes". In content, they resemble small fairy tales in verse. For example, about a cockerel - a golden scallop that flew to the Kulikovo field for oats; about a chicken ryab, which "breathed peas" and "sowed millet."

In a joke, as a rule, a picture of some bright event is given, or it depicts some swift action that corresponds to the active nature of the baby. They have a plot, but the child is not capable of long-term attention, so they are limited to only one episode.

Sentences, calls

We continue to consider oral folk art. Its forms are complemented by chants and sentences. Children on the street very early learn from their peers a variety of calls, which represent an appeal to birds, rain, rainbow, sun. Children, on occasion, shout words in chant. In addition to shouts, any child in a peasant family knew sentences. They are most often pronounced singly. Sentences - appeal to a mouse, small bugs, a snail. This can be an imitation of various bird voices. Verbal sentences and song calls are filled with faith in the powers of water, heaven, earth (now beneficial, now destructive). Their pronunciation introduced adult peasant children to the work and life. Sentences and chants are combined into a special section called "calendar children's folklore". This term emphasizes the existing connection between them and the season, holiday, weather, all the way of life and the way of life in the village.

Game sentences and choruses

The genres of folklore works include play sentences and choruses. They are no less ancient than chants and sentences. They either bind the parts of a game, or start it. They can also play the role of endings, determine the consequences that exist when conditions are violated.

The games are striking by their resemblance to serious peasant occupations: harvesting, hunting, sowing flax. Reproduction of these cases in strict sequence with the help of repeated repetition made it possible to instill in the child from an early age respect for customs and the existing order, to teach the rules of behavior accepted in society. The titles of the games - "Bear in the Forest", "Wolf and Geese", "Kite", "Wolf and Sheep" - speak of the connection with the life and everyday life of the rural population.

Conclusion

In folk epics, fairy tales, legends, songs live no less exciting colorful images than in the works of art by classical authors. Peculiar and surprisingly accurate rhymes and sounds, bizarre, beautiful poetic rhythms - as if lace are intertwined in the texts of ditties, nursery rhymes, jokes, riddles. And what vivid poetic comparisons we can find in lyric songs! All this could be created only by the people - the great master of the word.

Irina Khoreva
Article "The history of the emergence of oral folk art."

Education and upbringing of children historically arose with the development of humanity. In order to preserve themselves as a species on Earth, already primitive people were interested in passing on to the young generation the experience of foraging, weather protection, etc. These initial types of training and education, when a child mastered knowledge, skills, and activities with adults, imitating them. The new generation, having adopted the experience of their ancestors, used it, making improvements. Together with the experience of work, the experience of communicating with other people was also passed on. These relations from generation to generation were consolidated, developed and improved in language and symbols.

With the development of Russian folk culture, there were rules for the education and upbringing of children, advice and instructions, prohibitions and permissions. Already in the most ancient Russian annals, in oral folk art, especially in fairy tales and proverbs, the idea is affirmed that a person is educated and taught, that the most valuable human quality is virtue and it must be instilled, it must be taught, because the cause of many human vices is ignorance, ignorance. Virtue is the ability to do well, and to act well, in our case, possess communication skills.

One of the most effective means of educating a person, in the family and not only, is folklore how inexhaustible source of art, the foundation folk culture, an effective means of aesthetic education of children, the proven experience of everyone the people... The power of folklore as a means of family education lies in the fact that its content teaches children to distinguish between good and evil, as well as behavior "it's possible", "It is impossible", "this is good", "this is bad", teaches children to give answers to different life questions.

Listening to works oral folk art, the child, with the help of his parents, draws conclusions about his behavior, trying to avoid the mistakes of the heroes. Children perceive folklore works well due to their humor, unobtrusiveness, familiar life situations.

Folklore- invaluable wealth the people, developed over the centuries view of life, society and the rules of behavior and communication in it.

Many centuries ago, when there was still no written language, oral folk art arose, fulfilling the same role that literature later performed.

For kids people created wonderful tales, songs, nursery rhymes, riddles, sayings, jokes, etc. oral folk art has not lost its impact on the child today. These works reflect deep moral ideas, dreams and beliefs. the people... Simple and convincing "is talking" the tale of the victory of good over evil, of truth over lies, of the triumph of justice. The positive hero of a fairy tale always wins. The tale shows labor as the basis of life - the hardworking hero is rewarded, the lazy is punished. In the tale, reason, resourcefulness, courage, and wisdom are glorified.

Most of the songs, nursery rhymes, jokes were created in the process of working in nature in everyday life, in the family. Hence their clarity, rhythm, brevity and expressiveness. Over the centuries people selected and kept passing from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation, these little masterpieces, full of deep wisdom, lyricism, humor. Due to the simplicity and melodiousness of the sound, children, while playing, easily remember them, acquiring a taste for a figurative, apt word, learning to use it in their speech. This draws on the depth of the impact on the child of small poetic forms. oral folk art... They also have a moral influence - they awaken in the child a feeling of sympathy, love for the people around him, for all living things, interest and respect for work.

With amazing teaching talent "Leads" people a child from simple play nursery rhymes to complex poetic images of fairy tales; from lines amusing, soothing to situations that require the little listener to exert all his mental strength.

Related publications:

The use of oral folklore in the mathematical development of preschoolers Introduction Learning mathematics should not be boring for a child, as children's memory is selective. The child learns only.

The task of the educator is to plant in children the seeds of love and respect for books, artistic words, and folklore. I came to the conclusion.

Influence of oral folk art on the moral education of children Municipal autonomous preschool educational institution - kindergarten №141 "Teremok" Consultation "Influence of oral folk art.

Influence of oral folk art on the development of speech in children 4-5 years old Educator: Nikolayenko ON Topic: "Influence of oral folk art on the development of speech in children 4-5 years old" Purpose of work: unification of efforts.

Children of the junior group "Teremok" and the teacher Yarovenko TV took part in a regional seminar on the development of speech of preschoolers using.

The use of oral folk art in working with young children The development of a child at an early age, in many respects, determines his personal development, in general. Because of this, it is very important to use.


Songs Fairy Games
Not fabulous

Small folklore rites

forms (genres) Folk songs

Lyrics. Small folklore genres

The poetry of nurturing
Lullabies Pestushki - sentences, the first conscious movements of the child, often a kind of exercise with sentences Byu-bye! Byu-bye! Go to sleep soon. Otherwise I'll take it out of the shake, I'll throw a fish in the sea, Eat, fish, Lilenka, Naughty! Pryagunyushki, pryagunyushki Across the fat girl, And in the hands - grabbing, And in the legs - walkers, And in the mouth - talk, And in the head - the mind.
Nursery rhymes - songs and rhymes accompanying the first conscious games with fingers, hands, feet Magpie is a crow, Ladushki, There is a horned goat ...
Jokes - plot entertaining songs not related to the game Vanya, Vanya, simplicity I bought a horse without a tail, I sat backwards and went to the garden.

Russian children's literature is closely connected with the world of folk art. At the same time, the folklorism of children's literature differs from the folklorism of adults. And the first thing here is the great, if I may say so, "seriousness" of the folklore elements. Where the adult reader, perhaps with an understanding smile, discerns borrowing, processing or stylization, the child will see and feel the drama of real life.

Another characteristic feature of the folklorism of children's literature is the influence of children's folklore, not only classical, peasant, but also modern, urban, which, in turn, is strongly influenced by children's literature.

Proverbs - a short, stable utterance in speech use, which has the ability to use multiple meanings in speech. Further into the forest - more firewood. The forest is being cut down - the chips are flying. A wife is not a mitten - you can't throw off your hand ..

Sayings - a figurative saying that defines a life phenomenon and evaluates it. It fell like snow on your head. Tired like a bitter radish ..

They are important as expressive, well-aimed in their very form, the least susceptible to distortion samples of oral speech and as monuments of long-established views on life and its conditions.

Proverbs and sayings merge with all other short sayings of folk experience or superstition: somehow: oaths, omens, interpretation of dreams and medical instructions.

Proverbs and sayings are signs of situations or certain relationships between things. By the nature of situations, everything that exists in nature can be divided into four large groups.


1. The relationship between a thing and its properties is modeled (All living is mortal).

2. Relationships between things are modeled (if there is water, there will be fish).

3. Relationships between the properties of different things are modeled (From a large mountain and a large shadow).

4. Relationships between things are modeled depending on the presence of certain properties: if one thing has some property, and another thing does not have this property, then the first is better than the second (Your harrow is better than someone else's plow)

Mystery - type of oral creativity, an intricate allegorical description of an object or phenomenon, offered as a question for guessing; given in order to test ingenuity, develops the ability to poetic invention.

The people captured their ancient views on the world of God in riddles: the bold questions asked by the inquisitive mind of man about the mighty forces of nature were expressed in just such a form. Such a close relation of the riddle to the myth gave it the meaning of a mysterious vision, sacred wisdom, accessible mainly to divine beings. Among the Greeks, the monstrous sphinx asks riddles, Slavic legends attribute riddles to Baba Yaga, the mermaids.

The answers of the ancient oracles, the teachings of the Celtic druids, the predictions of prophetic people were usually clothed in this mysterious language and in short sayings circulated among the people, as an expression of a higher reason and a truthful view of life and nature.

In the riddles, many attributes of peasant life (for example, utensils, livestock, tools, occupations) are touched upon, and therefore, from them, one can get an idea of ​​the historical specific time. From the riddles, one can draw conclusions about the worldview of the people, about their attitude to nature, to other people, to religion, etc. The riddle testifies to a certain psychological level of development of a given people, to the logic characteristic of this people.

The people themselves aptly defined the riddle: without a face in disguise... The object that is hidden is hidden under the "mask" - an allegory or a hint, devious speech, bluntly. The enigmatic objects are depicted by means of others that have a certain similarity with those that are not mentioned. The main poetic device in the riddle is metaphor (assimilation, animation).

Sign - a distinctive property, a sign by which to recognize someone or something. In superstitious beliefs: a harbinger of something . Always indicates some relationship.

For example, signs derived from actual observations... These signs are more or less correct, depending on the degree of fidelity of the observations themselves, and many of them perfectly describe the life of a peasant. If during the time when the land is plowed, dust rises and sits on the shoulders of the plowman, then one should expect a fruitful year, that is, the land is loose and the grain will be at ease in a soft bed. The moon is pale - to rain, light - to good weather, reddish - to the wind, if smoke spreads along the ground, then there will be a thaw in winter, rain in summer, and if it rises in a column - this is a sign of clear weather in summer and frost in winter.

Many signs, apparently, are caused by observation of the morals, habits and properties of domestic and other animals. Before a thunderstorm and a storm, cattle moo dully, frogs begin to croak, sparrows bathe in the dust, swallows fly low in the air.

The language and inclination of the people's mind had an important influence on the creation of omens, fortune-telling, dream interpretations and, in general, beliefs.

· Should not feed a child with fish - before he is a year old; otherwise he will not speak for a long time: as a fish is mute.

· Should not eat with a knife, so as not to become angry - due to the connection between the concepts of murder, massacre and bloodshed with a sharp knife

· Eggs should not be boiled where the hen sits, otherwise the embryos in the eggs laid under it will also freeze, as in those that are boiled.

Conspiracies (from the word "speak") - in the early stages of social development, a verbal formula that supposedly had supernatural power. According to superstitious ideas: magic words with witchcraft or healing powers.

Conspiracies are fragments of ancient pagan prayers and spells, therefore, they represent one of the most important and interesting materials for a researcher of prehistoric antiquity. Along with other oral monuments, they have undergone significant distortions - partly due to the crushing influence of time, partly due to the gap that the adoption of Christianity produced in the consistent development of popular beliefs. Despite this, the conspiracies have preserved precious testimonies for us.

The conspiracies had different purposes: love spells, lapels, slander, amulets ...

Songs - a musical and poetic art form. Poetic works for singing.

Ritual. These are wedding songs, funeral songs, lamentation and lamentations, carols, vesnyanka, Trinity, Kupala, etc.

They serve as a necessary explanation of the various ceremonies and games performed in one case or another, and retain curious indications of ancient beliefs and a long-obsolete way of life.

Calendar-ritual poetry. Ritual folklore includes works of folk art that are performed during any rite, they accompany this rite and are an integral part of it.

The rituals are based on the real concerns of the peasants about the great productivity of their labor, good harvest, harmonious family life, etc.

At the same time, it should be noted that rituals are one of the oldest types of folk culture. Their origin dates back to ancient times.

The circle of annual (calendar) rituals was opened with New Year's (Christmastide) rituals. Christmastide celebrated during the winter solstice (from December 24 to January 6). At the heart of the Christmastide rituals is the magic of the first day of the year: the rituals performed at this time of the year, according to the performers, had to act in a certain direction throughout the year.

During Christmas time, various games, dressing up and other actions with magical meaning were carried out. One of the most remarkable phenomena of Christmas holidays was caroling - walking around the courtyards singing New Year's songs, which were called carols. For these song congratulations, the carolers were rewarded with gifts - holiday treats.

Kolyada, kolyada "

Give me some pie

Or a slice of bread

Or a chicken with a crest!

Cockerel with a comb ...

The next big annual holiday after Christmas was Shrovetide.

Pancake week- the funniest, most riotous folk holiday, lasting a whole week (from Monday to Sunday).

Moreover, this celebration included both community and family motives and was performed according to a strictly scheduled order, which was reflected in the names of the days of Maslenitsa week. Monday was called "met" - this is the beginning of the holiday. Tuesday - "flirting". From that day on, all sorts of entertainment, dressing up, skating began. Wednesday - "Lakomka" she opened treats in all houses with pancakes and other delicacies. Thursday - called "revelry", "break", "broad Thursday", this day was the middle of fun and fuss. Friday - "mother-in-law of the evening", sons-in-law treated mother-in-law. Saturday- "sister-in-law's gatherings", young daughters-in-law received relatives on a visit. Resurrection is the "farewell", "tselovnik", "farewell day" of the horses of Shrovetide fun.

Pancakes were a compulsory subject of Shrovetide treats. Shrovetide food had a ceremonial ritual character: it was assumed that the more abundant the treat on this holiday, the richer the whole year would be.

The ceremony of meeting Maslenitsa was as follows. They made a stuffed animal out of straw, made it look like a woman with the help of old clothes, put it on a pole and, singing songs, drove on a sleigh through the village. Then a scarecrow - Maslenitsa was put on a snowy mountain and where games and sledding took place.

The ceremony of seeing off Maslenitsa and the accompanying songs are distinguished by a completely different, minor key. If the songs with which Maslenitsa were greeted resembled wedding songs - magnifying ones, then the songs accompanying the ceremony of seeing off Maslenitsa were similar to "cornicious" (from the word reproach - to reproach) songs. In them, Shrovetide is reproached for the fact that she deceived people: she ruined them, ate everything and put them on a great post.

A meeting

Oh, yes, here is Shrovetide, oh, it enters the yard,

Yes, wide, enters the yard.

Yes, Shrovetide, go quickly

Yes, wide, oh, go quickly.

Seeing off

Yes, here is Shrovetide, oh, it moves out of the yard,

Yes, kurguzaya, oh, she is moving out of the wide courtyard ...

Yes, here, Shrovetide, post on a steep hill,

Yes, kurguzaya, on a steep hill ...

After Shrovetide, there was a seven-week "great fast", so at this time, of course, there were no celebrations.

Spring meeting

They were waiting for the coming of spring and actively influenced its quickest arrival. Larks were baked from the dough and children ran from niches down the street and celebrated Spring. The girls sang special “spring songs”. In the freckles, the girls turned to the larks (and sometimes to the waders and bees) so that they would fly as quickly as possible and bring Spring with them. ("Red spring", "warm summer").

Spring Egoriev day celebrated on April 23rd. On this day, the herd was driven out to the field for the first time. This important event of the peasants was hedged with rituals. On the eve of Yegoryev's day, young people, like during Christmas caroling, walked around the yards, sang songs in which the wishes of the owner and his cattle were reflected. These songs, like carols, usually ended with a demand for a gift. If the owners gave the performers of the Yegoryevsky "carols" well, then the best wishes were expressed to them, for example: "hundreds of cows, bulls, seventy heifers" ".

Trinity

The seventh week after Easter was called Semites. Thursday of this week was called Semik, and her last day was a holiday Trinity.

The main rite of the week of Semytsia was the rite of "curling wreaths"

The girls “curled wreaths”. At the ends of individual birch branches, without breaking them off, they weaved wreaths, singing a song in which there were the words: "Curl you, birch, curl you curly."

Let's go girls

Curl wreaths!

Let's wind the wreaths

We will curl the green ones.

Stand my wreath

Green all week

And I, young,

Weigh up the year of the youth.

A few days after the "curling" the girls went to the forest, separated these wreaths from the birches and went with them to the river, where they wondered about the suitors. They threw wreaths into the water: wherever the wreath floats, the groom will also be there.

These songs, accompanying divination on wreaths, are distinguished by sincerity, lyricism, and sometimes genuine drama.

Kupala holiday

The holiday of Ivan Kupala was celebrated on the day of the summer solstice, on the night of June 23-24. On this night, herbs (especially ferns) were collected, which supposedly possessed healing powers. At the same time, they lit fires and jumped over them, poured water over each other, and swam. All this, according to popular belief, had a cleansing meaning.

The ritual songs are based on the spontaneously materialistic worldview of the people. The leading images of these songs are taken from the surrounding peasant reality.

Christmas story... In stories of this genre, writers embody the main ideas, themes, motives, images rooted in the plots of the Bible.

In their works, the writers realize the religious and moral content of the "Christmas kind of literature" and its main plots: about spiritual penetration, human redemption.

Charles Dickens was one of the first in literature to begin the “great campaign in defense of Christmas” and regarded his stories as a “Christmas mission”.

Thanks to N.S. Leskov, the genre of the Yuletide story received a "rebirth" in Russian literature.

In the Christmastide narration, there is necessarily an image of a child who is most often disadvantaged, lonely, and unhappy. The joyful atmosphere of Christmas fun is invaded by the motive of suffering, crying, rooted in the Gospel: “Christmas is the threshold of the“ passion of the Lord ”that was prepared for the baby Jesus in the future. Also during the Christmas week, the Church remembers the fourteen thousand babies killed by order of King Herod in Bethlehem when Christ was born.

The happy ending is traditional and convincingly touching.

Heroic songs consist in the closest connection with folk legends and legends. Their basis is an ancient lyrical legend. The influence of Christianity and further historical life affected only names and settings: instead of lyrical heroes, historical figures or saints were substituted, instead of demonic forces - the name of hostile peoples. But the very course of the story, its plot and denouement, its miraculous, remained intact.

The main characters of the Russian epic are Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich.

Spiritual Poems – a collective concept adopted to designate folklore and literary musical-poetic works of various genres, united by a common Christian religious content. In terms of their content, spiritual verses go back to book sources (the Bible, the lives of the saints, legends, apocrypha).

Spiritual poetry is an integral part of the Russian folk epic. The heroes of spiritual poetry are Yegor the Brave, Dmitry Solunsky, Anika the warrior, Alexy the man of God. These are also heroes, but special - spiritual heroes, each of whom realizes the deepest moral ideas.

The creators of the spiritual poems of kaliki are perekhozhny. Epic kaliks also beg for alms. But at the same time it is emphasized everywhere that not in strength, not in prowess, they are not inferior to the heroes, and often even surpass them.

These kaliki heal and empower Ilya of Muromets. Among the epic heroes there is Kalika the hero, beating the silushka, which has no estimate, and not just anywhere, but in those fields and on the Kulikovs. No less significant is the image of another epic Kalika - the strong wise Ivanishcho, with whom even Ilya Muromets does not dare to engage in single combat.

The famous "Pigeon Book" (wise, deep) testifies to the significance of the poetic creativity of the kaliks of the passing ones.

Children's folklore

This concept fully applies to those works that are created by adults for children. In addition, this includes works written by the children themselves, as well as those transferred to children from the oral folk art of adults. That is, the structure of children's folklore is no different from the structure of children's literature.

Studying children's folklore, one can understand a lot in the psychology of children of a particular age, as well as reveal their artistic preferences and the level of creative possibilities. Many genres are associated with the game, in which the life and work of elders are reproduced, therefore, the moral attitudes of the people, its national features, and the peculiarities of economic activity are reflected here.

V.I. Dahl, K. D. Ushinsky, A.N. Afanasyev, K.I. Chukovsky and others.

In the system of genres of children's folklore, a special place is occupied by "nurturing poetry" or "mother poetry". These include lullabies, little dogs, nursery rhymes, jokes, fairy tales and songs created for the little ones.

Lullabies... At the center of all "maternal poetry" is the child. He is admired, he is cared for and cherished, adorned and amused. Essentially, it is the aesthetic object of poetry. The kid is surrounded by a bright, almost ideal world in which love, goodness, and universal consent reign and prevail.

Gentle monotonous songs are necessary for the transition of the child from wakefulness to sleep. In her songs for the baby, the mother includes what is understandable and pleasant to him. These are "gray cat", "red shirt", "a piece of cake and a glass of milk", "crane" ... there are usually few words-concepts. The rhythm and melody of the song was obviously born from the rhythm of the cradle swing.

Fable – fiction, and a living message.

Shifters – from flip (flip, flip).

Absurd – the same as absurdity.

Fables, shape-shifters, absurdities is a kind of joke genre. Thanks to the “shifters”, children develop a sense of humor, precisely as an aesthetic category. This kind of joke is also called "the poetry of the paradox". The pedagogical value lies in the fact that, laughing at the absurdity of fiction, the child is strengthened in the correct idea of ​​the world that he has already received.

K.I. Chukovsky dedicated a special work to this type of folklore, calling it "Stupid absurdities." He considered this genre extremely important for stimulating a child's cognitive attitude to the world and very well substantiated why the absurdity is so popular with children. The child constantly has to systematize the phenomena of reality. Hence the increased interest in games and experiments, where the process of systematization and classification is put forward in the first place. “Chaps” in a playful way help the child to establish himself in the already acquired knowledge, when familiar images are combined, familiar pictures are presented in a funny confusion.

Researchers believe that fables-shifters moved into children's folklore from buffoonery, fairground folklore, in which an oxymoron was a favorite artistic technique. This is a stylistic device consisting in combining logically unconnected, opposite in meaning concepts, words, phrases, as a result of which a new semantic quality arises.

The barn is burning in the middle of the sea.

The ship is running across a clear field.

The men beat stabs on the street.

They hit the stabs - they catch fish.

A bear flies across the skies

Waving a long tail.

Ridiculous upside-downs attract with comic assessments, a funny depiction of life's incongruities.

Callouts - from the word "call out" - "to call, ask, invite, apply."

This is an appeal to the sun, rainbow, rain, birds. Children ask the rain to “let it start”, “water it all day”, “pour more rain”, so that the rain streams become equal to the “thick reins”.

The sun is addressed with these words:

The sun is a bucket

Look out, flare up!

Rainbow arc, beat the rain!

Your babies are crying

They want to drink - they want to eat.

Games also belong to children's folklore. "The Wolf and the Sheep"; "Bear in the Forest"; "The Wolf and the Geese"; "Kite" and others.

Tongue Twisters - artificially, for the sake of fun, a reworked phrase with a difficult to pronounce selection of sounds, which must be pronounced quickly, without hesitation.

They gave Klasha porridge with yogurt,

Klasha ate porridge with yogurt.

Little chatterbox

Milk talked, talked

Yes, she didn’t blur it out.

The tree has pins for splitting.

Counting room - in children's games: a rhyme pronounced in chant, which accompanies the distribution of roles in the game.

It is based on the account. And counting rhymes amaze with a heap of meaningless words and consonances. But nonsense could not live long in folklore, and meaningful scattered phrases, separate words began to penetrate into the counting room. Some content was intertwined from the words that make up the counting-ruling, and soon plot provisions appeared:

The apple was rolling The hare was running through the swamp

Past the garden, He was looking for a job

Past the garden, but I couldn't find a job,

Past the hail. I cried myself and went

Who will raise

That will come out.

Rhythms represent a kind of play with words, rhythm, and this is their artistic function. The clear rhythm of the counting-out "Aty - bats, the soldiers were walking" reminds the step of a soldier's company.

Teasers - nicknames and offensive nicknames passed from among adults, but softened. They often appeared as a rhymed addition.

Arkhip is an old mushroom.

Adding a new verse to this nickname turned the nickname into a tease.

Some of the teasers condemn sneaking, gluttony, laziness and theft: sneaking is a misfortune, cockroach food; a thief is a thief, he stole a hatchet.

But in the children's environment, teasers provoked protest: "Teased - a dog's snout."

One of the components of the phenomenon of “culture of childhood”, along with “artistic creativity” in general and “communicative behavior”, is children's folklore as an organic part of the entire folk culture and at the same time a completely special, original area of ​​poetry. One layer of children's folklore is traditional, ancient, based on the child's connection with the adult world and going back to the village tradition with its mythology and imagery. This is a classic children's folklore, addressed either to children of lullaby age, or created by the children themselves up to about 10-11 years old.

School folklore is also directly related to children's folklore. In England, school folklore began to be studied in the 50s of the twentieth century, in the USA and Finland - in the 70s, in our country - in the 80s.

Among the forms and types of school culture, there are quite traditional and non-traditional ones born in our time. Among the traditional forms are improvisation games.

Among the genres of school folklore, "horror stories" or "Horror stories". Children's "horror stories" are a certain derivation of the "horror stories" of adults, they synthesized in themselves the elements of bylich, fairy tales and representations of children of the era of the scientific and technological revolution. An indispensable attribute of horror stories is a radio, TV, tape recorder, computer, robot. Common, real objects and phenomena from the surrounding world have become mythological characters: a glove, a sheet, threads, a stain, curtains, a doll, a fingernail, eyes, a plate, a ribbon, a cookie, a flower, shoes, a piano ...

Another type of traditional culture of adolescents, maiden for the most part, is albums, album poems, stories. The poetic texts in the album (mainly about love), with all their naive innocence, bear the stamp of everyday programming and are a kind of guidance and advice about love. Three types of primitive poems are clearly indicated: poems-instructions; wish poems; dedication poems.

Understand that twice two is four

Understand that the earth is spinning

Understand what love is in the world

Understand that I love you.

If the friendship between us breaks,

If there is no love in the heart,

You don't need to keep my photo:

Look, smile and tear.

Many pages of the album contain phrases, sayings of a proverbial nature, heard, taken from songs, less often from books read. They satisfy the girl's need to experience, to re-suffer the innermost feeling of first love or expectation of it. Their "function" is to serve as an edification: "To love a person for their appearance is like loving a book for a beautiful binding, without knowing its content."

Albums of the 90s differ little in content and structure from the albums of the 40s, but they have other songs, a lot of modern hits, and most importantly, they are not so puritanically designed.

Another traditional genre of school folklore is joke... In recent years, many anecdotes have been recorded about Chapaev, Shtirlitsa, Cheburashka, crocodile Gena, Vovochka, celebrities, etc.

Non-traditional genres and types of “school folklore include "Sadistic verses", who, according to the researchers, occupy a leading position in the school, predominantly boyish environment. However, sadistic poems that cultivate cruelty and sadism should not be published for a wide range of readers.

Folklore and fiction

RESULTS

Oral folk art reflects the entire set of rules of folk life, including the rules of education.

The structure of children's folklore is similar to that of children's literature.

All genres of literature for children and youth have experienced and are experiencing the influence of folklore.

& Tasks

Solve the hardest riddle. Find out who will be the smartest.

Give examples of proverbs about morality.

Compare the proverbs of different nations.

Compare the riddles of different peoples of the world.

MYTHS IN CHILDREN AND YOUTH
READING

Myth and fairy tale. Myth and Legend. Ancient literature. Homeric epic. Pagan myth.

Fairy tale and myth

Fairy tale Myth
DIFFERENCES
Tells about ordinary people ("noble" or "low" origin) Tells about the deeds of gods and heroes
Perceived by listeners as fantasy, fiction; narrated mainly for the purpose of amusement (to a lesser extent - with moralizing) Perceived by listeners as a reflection of the real world order in images; conveys the worldview and attitude of the people, explains the world, its laws
The narrator and listeners do not believe in what is being told The narrator and listener believe in what is being told, perceive it as a revelation
The tale is told by the storyteller to listeners The myth is often played out in front of listeners - spectators or takes on the appearance of a ritual
Publicly available Has a sacred character ("hidden", secret knowledge)