They are located in the human abdominal cavity. How are the internal organs of a person in the abdominal cavity and not only? Anatomy of men and women in pictures with captions. Toprover lip-shaped gastrostomy

Perhaps the world would seem more attractive to us if we were able to see what remains hidden from us. Man is the most interesting and complex organism on the planet. It is capable of performing several functions at the same time. Each organ within us has its own responsibilities and works harmoniously with each other. For example: pumps blood, the brain develops a process that allows you to think. In order to understand our body well, we need to know what is the location of the abdominal organs.

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The device of the internal organs of the abdomen

The anatomy of the abdomen is conventionally divided into 2 parts: external and internal.

To external refers to:

head,
breast,
torso,
upper and lower limbs.

To the second:

brain,
lungs,
components of the gastrointestinal tract,

The structure of the abdominal cavity pretty hard e - these are the organs of the abdominal cavity, which are located below the diaphragm and make up such parts of it:

the anterior wall of the peritoneum,
muscle parts
broad abdominal muscles
lumbar part.

Among abdominal organs human include:

stomach,
spleen,
gallbladder
human intestines.

Attention! When a person is born into the world, after the removal of the umbilical cord, a scar remains in the center of the abdomen. It is called the navel.

So, let us consider in detail what is the location of human internal organs in the abdominal cavity, what is their appearance and functionality.

We previously recalled that the stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen and intestinal tract are all constituent organs abdominal cavity. What is each of them?

The stomach is the so-called muscle, which is located on the left under the diaphragm (the diagram of the stomach is shown in the pictures below). This component of the human gastrointestinal tract tends to stretch, in a normal state it size is 15 cm... When filled with food, it can press on the pancreas.

One of the main functions is the digestion of food, for which gastric juice is used. Most people have stomach problems, one of the main diseases is gastritis, in which the following symptoms are observed:

bad breath
heartburn,
bloating in the abdomen
frequent belching.

Important! The lining of the stomach wall is renewed every 3-4 days. The mucous membrane of the stomach wall dissolves quickly under the influence of gastric juice, which is a strong acid.

Pancreas located below the stomach, participates in the production of enzymes, provides protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism. The gland also releases insulin into the bloodstream. If the process of producing this hormone is disrupted, a person develops a disease - diabetes mellitus. The main symptoms of this pathology can be:

constant feeling of thirst
frequent urination
sweat takes on a sweet taste.

If the pancreas malfunctions, the entire human gastrointestinal tract suffers. The dimensions of the gland are in average about 22 cm... Its head is the largest part, the size of which is 5 cm, the thickness is up to 3 cm.

Symptoms of a violation of the correct functioning of the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract of a person can be:

rumbling in the stomach
feeling of nausea
flatulence (gas release),
soreness of the abdomen at the hypochondrium,
decreased appetite.

During the day, the pancreas produces 2 liters of pancreatic juice(this is 10 times more than is required for normal digestion of food).

The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ that is located in a person in the area of the right hypochondrium (the lower edge of the costal arch on the right). It is located below the liver.

It is in the bile that bile accumulates, which, in appearance, resembles a viscous liquid of a green hue. At the bubble thin wall.

Despite the fact that the size of the bladder is very small, it plays a very important role in the body. When there is a violation of his work, a person has a feeling of nausea, vomiting and pain on the right side. These symptoms can also indicate the progression of a disease such as an ulcer.

Also in the peritoneal region are the kidneys - a paired organ. In humans, they are located in the lower back of the peritoneum. The left kidney is slightly larger in size and is located higher than the right one, which is considered the norm.

What does an organ look like? The kidneys look like beans. On average, they have parameters of 12 cm, their weight is about 160 g. For the body, they play a very significant role - help to challenge urine. In a healthy state, a person can excrete from one to two liters of urine per day.

When a person notices changes in the color of urine, this may be a signal that there is a problem with this organ. Also, soreness in the lower back appears, body temperature rises, and swelling appears. The so-called "bags under the eyes" are observed.

In the event that the above symptoms were found, you should immediately contact a specialist so that avoid salt accumulation and the formation of kidney stones, as well as other complications in the form of inflammatory processes. The kidneys require tremendous attention!

The adrenal glands in humans, like the kidneys, are located on both sides at the back wall of the abdominal cavity. How the organs are located, the name speaks for itself - above the kidneys. Their functionality consists in the production of most hormones, including adrenaline. They regulate metabolism and help the body feel comfortable. in stressful situations.

Disruption of the adrenal glands may be excessive or insufficient secretion of hormones. At the same time, blood pressure rises, potassium levels decrease, which can result in acute renal failure. With such symptoms, it is worth visiting an endocrinologist.

The spleen is shaped like a bean. Its location is behind the stomach in the upper left lobe. Its parameters: length - 16 cm, width - 6 cm, weight - about 200 g.

The main function is to protect against infections, control metabolism, filter damaged platelets and red blood cells. Due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the human abdomen, a diseased spleen does not always make itself felt. It often happens that when a person runs, pain appears on the left side, under the rib. This means that the blood has entered the general blood stream. This problem is not terrible.

Important! If the pain has moved to the chest area, this indicates that an abscess is developing. In this case, the organ increases, which only a doctor can determine.

The aching and pulling pain, which radiates to the lumbar region, makes it clear that the person may have had a heart attack.

The location of the organs in the peritoneum is such that when the spleen reaches a very large size, it felt on the right in the area of the womb on palpation. Such signs can accompany tuberculosis. It becomes impossible to endure pain. Dull pain can warn of the appearance of a neoplasm.

Gastrointestinal tract

Probably everyone asked himself the question: "What does the digestive tract consist of?" In order for us to feel good, we need energy. For this, there is the gastrointestinal tract, which includes many organs. Improper operation of one of them can harm your health.

The gastrointestinal tract includes:

throat
esophagus,
stomach,
intestines.

Initially, food is sent to the mouth, where it is chewed, mixed with saliva. Chewed food takes on a mushy consistency, with the help of the tongue it is swallowed. The food then goes down the throat.

Pharynx externally funnel-like, has a mouth and nose connection. From it, food components are sent to the esophagus.

The esophagus is the muscular tube. Its location is between the pharynx and the stomach. The esophagus is covered with a mucus membrane, which contains many glands that saturate and soften food, due to which it easily penetrates the stomach.

Processed food from the stomach moves to the intestines. And where the intestines are located in humans and what functions are assigned to it, we will tell further.

Intestines

The intestine is a special organ that forms 2/3 of the immune system, converts the received food into energy and simultaneously produces more than twenty of its own hormones. Located in the abdominal cavity, common length is 4 meters... Its shape and structure changes with age. Anatomically, this organ is divided into small and large intestines.

The diameter of the small intestine is 6 cm, gradually decreasing to 3 cm.On average, the size of the large intestine reaches 8 cm.

Anatomically, the small intestine is divided into three sections:

duodenum,
skinny
iliac.

The duodenum 12 originates from the stomach and ends in the jejunum. Bile flows from the gallbladder, juice from the pancreas. It produces a large number of glands that help to process food and protect it from damage and irritation. acidic.

Skinny - makes up about 2/5 of the entire length of the intestine. Its size is about 1.5 meters. For the fair sex, it is shorter than that of the stronger half. When a person dies, it stretches and is about 2.5 meters.

Iliac - located in the lower part of the small intestine, she is much thicker and has a more developed vascular system.

Painful symptoms of the small intestine include:

weight loss;
feeling of heaviness in the abdomen;
flatulence;
disorder (loose stools);
soreness in the navel.

As for the large intestine, it includes the blind, colon, sigmoid and rectum. This part of the body has a grayish tint, length - 2 meters, width -7 cm. Its main functions are: fluid absorption, regular withdrawal of feces.

Blind - the widest part of the intestine is called the appendix. It is home to organisms that help the intestines. The bag-like area reaches 8 cm in length.

The colon is divided into: descending, transverse and ascending. Its diameter is 5 cm, length is 1.5 meters.

Sigmoid - originates at the beginning of the small pelvis and guided transversely- to the right. In a fully formed person, it reaches about 55 cm.

The straight line is the final link in the process of food processing by the body. It has this name because it does not bend. Its functionality is the accumulation and removal of food waste. The rectum reaches 15 cm in length.

In the rectum accumulate defecation products, which are brought out through the anus.

If painful sensations are observed during bowel movements, there are blood impurities in the feces, frequent diarrhea is replaced by constipation, weight loss is observed - this is a reason to contact a specialist.

Where is which organ located in a person

Abdominal anatomy

In our body, organs are specialized to perform specific functional duties. Thus, they ensure the well-coordinated work of the whole organism. You will learn about the location of the organs from the pictures and descriptions in this article.

Digestive system

Good digestion: what is it? Why is it important? How do I get it?
Our digestive system is probably one of the most important. It plays a critical role in our health and we really need to take care of it.

What is good digestion?

Food processing begins in the mouth. Our saliva contains enzymes that start breaking down some carbohydrates and act as a food moisturizer to make swallowing easier.

In the stomach, food is digested by enzymes and stomach acid. The acid activates pepsin, which breaks down protein and kills most bacteria.
The small intestine is a place for the absorption of nutrients and enzymes, but here the food has not yet been digested.
The large intestine contains high levels of various digestive bacteria, which help in the digestion of food debris. Fatty acids are some of the by-products of digestion that provide energy for our intestinal cells.
Trillions of bacteria live in our guts. They are critical for proper digestion.
So why is good digestion so important?
We now know what Hippocrates meant so many years ago that "the disease begins in the intestines." Research into our microbiome shows that having too few bacteria (in terms of quantity and variety) can not only affect digestion, but can also cause cancer, diabetes, heart disease, autism, depression and obesity.

These diseases were rare many years ago, but now they are becoming more common.

Typical food now consists of highly processed foods: refined flour, white sugar and animal protein from milk and meat, loaded with antibiotics. These foods are not only low in nutrients but also low in fiber.

These foods cause the intestines to lack the germs necessary for proper digestion and prevention of disease. Even in situations where you feel like you're eating a lot of nutrients, an imbalanced gut flora can mean that you are not absorbing all the nutrients your body needs.

In the modern world, food consists of highly processed ingredients: refined flour, white sugar, and animal protein packed with antibiotics. These foods are low in fiber and make digestion difficult. Therefore, you need to add plant fiber to the diet - fiber.

Other lifestyle factors that can interfere with proper digestion are oral antibiotic use, chronic stress, lack of sleep, nutritional deficiencies (well-nourished but malnourished), certain medications, food allergies, and infections.

3 Things You Can Do Today To Start The Path To Optimal Gut Health

1 Eat a variety of fiber (40-60 grams per day). Different microbes like to feed on different fibers.

2 Include prebiotic foods in your diet every day. Prebiotics are slow-digesting fibers that ferment in the colon (where most bacteria live). They act as food for microbes, and all life on Earth needs food to survive, including microbes. Dr. Michael Plann suggests for their nutrition: “Resistant starch (found in bananas, oats, legumes); (in onions and other root crops, nuts); and insoluble fiber (in whole grains, especially bran and avocado). "

3 Avoid unnecessary antibiotics. Talk with your doctor to find out how to take an antibiotic for your situation. Eat fermented foods. Raw sauerkraut, kefir, kombucha, miso, tempeh, and beets are all high in probiotic bacteria. So the next time you sit down to eat, think about how your lifestyle affects your digestion.

Intestines

The ancient physician Galen described the intestines as a tube, the length of which varies with the age of the patient. In the Middle Ages, the intestines were considered the "residence" of digestion. But there was no information about the digestion process. According to Leonardo da Vinci, the intestines were associated with the breathing process. English scientist William Harvey, described the intestines as a tube, which is made up of fibers, blood vessels, mesentery, mucus and fats, which have an effect on the digestion process.

Intestine through the prism

The layers of the walls of the small and large intestine are the same: the mucous membrane forms from the inside of the intestine, the middle layer forms the musculature, and the intestinal surface is covered with connective tissue.

The main difference is observed in the structure of the mucous membrane. The mucous membrane of the small intestine consists of a huge number of small villi, and its cells produce gastric juice. After processing of food gruel created by gastric juices by the small intestine, all useful substances and elements are absorbed by the lymphatic and blood capillaries.

Comparative anatomy

The length of the intestines depends on the composition of the food. Therefore, ruminants, which have to process complex plant foods, have much larger intestines than carnivores. For example, a bull's intestines are about 20 times longer than its body, while a dog's intestines are only 5 times longer.

Anatomy

The intestine fills the entire abdominal cavity. The small intestine starts from the stomach and connects to the large intestine. At the point of transition to the large intestine, the small intestine has a bauginine valve.

The upper part of the intestine starts from the stomach, then the loop goes around the two main organs, the liver and the bile duct. On the right side of the peritoneum, the intestine goes down, surrounding the liver and kidney. At the site of the lumbar vertebra, the jejunum begins, which is located in the upper left side of the abdominal cavity. At the bottom right, the jejunum adjoins the ileum, the loops of which descend into the small pelvis, adjoining the bladder, uterus and rectum.

Functions

The intestine produces a certain amount of hormones and endocrine cells, which affect the transport - motor and digestive activity.

When the intestines are not working ...

The most common disease is inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Inflammation or necrosis of the intestines can cause severe inflammation and requires immediate medical attention. In this case, small ulcers on the membrane may occur, as well as diarrhea, stool disturbance - retention of feces and gas formation. With prolonged discomfort, improper processing and assimilation of food, there are consequences in the form of hair loss, weight loss, dry skin, swelling of the extremities.

If the blood flow in the intestine is disturbed, a blockage of blood vessels can occur, which will lead to a small intestine infarction. Intestinal tumors are often benign but may not appear immediately. In the presence of a tumor, bloody discharge appears along with feces, alternating with diarrhea. Treatment of tumor formations occurs only by surgery, and ignoring such symptoms can lead to life-threatening inflammation.

Pancreas

It produces enzymes that break down all nutrients: trypsin affects the breakdown of proteins into amino acids.

Gall bladder

The gallbladder is small in size, about the size of a hen's egg, and outwardly has a bag-like shape. It is located in the cavity between the lobes of the liver.

Based on the name, it will not be difficult to guess what is inside the bubble. It is filled with bile, which is produced by the liver and is needed for better assimilation of food.

Since it is not always required during digestion, the body has a special reservoir that only releases a sufficient amount when necessary. To enter the stomach, ducts with peculiar valves go from the bladder.
Bile is secreted from liver cells. The main functions of secretion are:

improving the process of assimilating food;
increased enzyme activity;
improving the breakdown and absorption of fats;
termination of the action of the digestive juice.

Also, bile has bactericidal properties. In 24 hours, the body produces from a liter of bile to two.

Ailments of the gallbladder can be the result of severe complications. Excessive consumption of foods that promote bile secretion can lead to bladder stones.

Because of this, fat metabolism is disrupted and body weight increases. But, in some cases, the effect may be different. By eating foods that do not contribute to the secretion of bile, a lack of acids, vitamins and fats is formed, and pathology of the lower intestines is also possible. To avoid these health problems, it is necessary to periodically adhere to a diet that a doctor may prescribe.

Foods that strongly stimulate bile secretion

Dairy products, meat products, both vegetable and animal fats, meat, and egg yolks.
If there are liver problems, then the use of this range of foods should be reduced to a minimum.
If everything is in order with health, then it will never be superfluous to arrange fasting days for yourself. And also during the unloading of the body, it is worth giving up berries, fruits, pickled vegetables and cold drinks.
Foods that weakly stimulate bile secretion.
Have a positive effect on the functioning of the bladder - vegetarian food. If there is no desire or ability to comply with it, then you can eat meat. It is allowed to eat only boiled chicken or beef. The use of lean, boiled fish is allowed. At the same time, drink a lot of water, at least three liters per day, you can also drink weak tea.

Allocation system

All unnecessary and wasted substances leave the body with the help of various organs, such as the respiratory and digestive organs. Also, the so-called waste substances can leave the body through the pores on the surface of the skin. These organs are the aforementioned excretion system.

As you know, our body must get rid of all that is superfluous, and the kidneys help it in this.

The weight of each of the kidneys is one hundred and fifty grams. Outside, this organ is securely wrapped in connective tissue.

In shape, the kidney is somewhat reminiscent of a bean. With its inner concave side, it faces the spine. On the inside of each kidney there is a notch called the kidney gate that connects the means of transportation such as arteries and nerves to the kidneys.

On a longitudinal section of the kidney, there is a surface coating and a brighter inner medulla. The deeper layer is an accumulation of renal pyramids. The bases of the pyramids are connected to the surface coating, and the tops grow in the direction of the so-called renal pelvis.

The renal pelvis is nothing more than a staging post for urine before its final entry into the ureter.

Heart

The heart pumps blood, the kidneys cleanse it of unnecessary substances, the liver takes part in digestion and metabolic processes. There is a job for each organ.

It must be remembered that significant changes in the heart are not always accompanied by pain.

If, during the exercise of ordinary physical activity, shortness of breath began to occur or intensify, a loss of strength is also a serious signal and a reason to immediately consult a doctor.

Remember the risk factors! Strongly forbid yourself to smoke, even occasionally at parties for the company of old friends, and it is also very important to check your cholesterol level. Be very attentive to yourself and listen to your heart! Go to your cardiologist's appointment without hesitation if something is troubling. This is not suspiciousness, but reasonable caution and attention to your health.

The heart contracts as a whole with a clear sequence: first the atria, and then the ventricles.

In the atria, blood is collected from the veins. The heart has four valves: two cusps and two crescents. The valves are placed between the atria and ventricles.

The movement of blood through the vessels is a prerequisite for maintaining the vital functions of the body. The heart and blood vessels form the circulatory system. The heart is a hollow muscular organ whose main function is to pump blood through the vessels. The heart muscle is able to excite, conduct excitement and contract. The heart contracts under the influence of impulses that arise in the heart itself. This property is called the automaticity of the heart.

The human abdominal cavity has a special structure that significantly distinguishes us from other mammals. What is the abdominal cavity? This term refers to a part of the space in the human body, which is separated from the top by the diaphragm from the chest and contains the internal organs of the peritoneum. For the most part, these are the organs of the digestive and genitourinary systems.

Abdominal organs in the diagram

The topography of the abdominal cavity is as follows:

The abdominal muscles (three wide and straight) act as its front wall.
The side walls form some of the broad abdominal muscles.
At the back, the space is limited by the lumbar spine with adjacent muscle fibers.
The lower part of this anatomical structure is bordered by the pelvic region.
The upper floor of the abdominal cavity is "covered" by the muscles of the diaphragm.

What is the structure of the abdominal cavity

The peritoneum is a thin structure consisting of connective tissue, a large number of strong fibers and an epithelial layer - the mesothelium. It lines the inner wall of the structure.

Mesothelium performs an important function - its cells synthesize serous secretions, which lubricate the outer walls of all internal organs in the abdomen. Since the organs and glands are quite tightly adjacent to each other, the mesothelial secretion reduces the area of their friction. Such a unique structure of the abdominal cavity in humans normally contributes to the absence of discomfort with minor changes in the abdomen.

But if a focus of inflammation occurs in this zone when an infectious agent enters, the person feels a sharp pain syndrome. At the first signs of inflammation in the peritoneal space, numerous adhesions are formed, which do not allow the infectious process to spread to the entire abdomen.

The peritoneal space is usually divided into the peritoneum itself and the retroperitoneal zone.

The organs of the abdominal cavity develop between the wall and the peritoneum. Growing up, they move away from the back wall, merging with the peritoneum and pulling it out. This leads to the formation of a new structural unit - the serous fold, which consists of 2 sheets. Such abdominal folds, originating from the inner walls of the abdomen, reach the intestines or other organs of the human abdominal cavity. The first are called the mesentery, the second ligaments.

Topographic anatomy

The upper floor of the abdominal region contains elements of the digestive tract. Conditionally, you can divide the abdominal zone of the body with a pair of vertical and a pair of horizontal lines that delimit the sections of the peritoneum. The topographic anatomy of the abdominal cavity is conventionally divided into 9 zones.

The location of the abdominal organs in its upper part (its other name is the omental opening) is as follows: in the right hypochondrium there is a liver with a gallbladder, in the epigastric (median) zone there is a stomach, in the left hypochondrium the spleen.

The middle row is conventionally divided into 4 areas of the abdominal cavity: right lateral, mesogastric (umbilical), umbilical and left lateral. The following internal organs are located in these zones: small intestine, ascending and descending colon, kidneys, pancreas and some others.

In the lower row, the right and left iliac regions are distinguished, between which the hypogastric zone is located. In them lie part of the colon and cecum, the bladder, in women - the uterus with ovaries.

Depending on the degree of peritoneal coverage, the organs that enter the abdominal cavity can be located in it intraperitoneally, mesoperitoneally or extraperitoneally. The intraperitoneal position suggests that this internal organ is surrounded by the peritoneum on all sides. An example of such an arrangement is the small intestine. In the mesoperitoneal position, the organ is surrounded by the peritoneum only from 3 sides, as in the case of the liver. The extraperitoneal position of the organ implies its covering by the peritoneum only from the front side. The kidneys have this arrangement.

Anatomical differences between the male and female peritoneum

The structure of the abdominal cavity in all people is identical. Exceptions are congenital developmental anomalies, transposition (mirror location) of internal organs. But this case is very rare.

Due to the biological ability to bear and give birth to children in the female body, the structure of the abdominal organs is arranged somewhat differently than in the male. The abdominal space in men is closed in the lower part, while in women the fallopian tubes communicate with the uterus. Through the vagina, the peritoneum in women is indirectly connected with the environment. In a man, the reproductive system is outside, therefore there is no communication with the peritoneal region.

Serous fluid in the abdomen in men immediately covers 2 walls of the rectum - the front and back. The membrane of the peritoneum also envelops the upper part of the bladder and the anterior wall of the cavity. As a result of these anatomical features, there is a small depression in the man's body between the bladder and rectum.

In the female body, the serous layer of the peritoneum partially covers the rectum, and then the outer surface of the uterus and part of the vagina. This forms a depression between the rectum and the uterus, which is limited by folds on both sides.

There are also certain age differences in the structure of the peritoneum and the location of the internal organs of a person in it. For example, in young children, the thickness of the abdominal layer is much less than in adults. The reason for this is the poor development of the subperitoneal fatty tissue layer, which is typical for babies. In newborn babies, the omentum is short and thin, pits and folds are almost invisible on it. With age, these formations increase and deepen.

The human body is a complex mechanism, all the elements of which are in close interaction and occupy a certain place in it. The study of the location of the internal organs of a person allows us to understand the basics of the functioning of the body, to establish its vulnerable and important areas, to diagnose the disease by localizing its manifestations, in an emergency, to provide first aid.

Human anatomy: photo with captions

Anatomy, a branch of biology, deals with the study of the structure and functions of the human body. The sciences of the viscera of the body and their placement are splanchnology and topography.

It is customary to highlight the structure of the body:

External- accessible to visual observation. It includes the head, neck, torso, legs, arms, and so on;
Internal- hidden from view. This structure includes the stomach, brain, liver, intestines and others.

The main organs are shown in the figure. Each of them occupies a certain place and performs its functions.

It is advisable to study the structure of a person in different projections. Below is a photo with a detailed list of organs with signatures in Russian for viewing from the front and from the back.

The liver, stomach, intestines, bladder, and thyroid gland are better visualized in the front of the body. The kidneys, pelvic bones, shoulder blades, spine must be viewed from the back. This is taken into account when conducting diagnostic studies.

The structure of the internal organs of the body is usually divided into cavities:

chest, including the pleural and pericardial regions;
abdominal;
pelvic.

The first is separated from the second by the diaphragm, which performs respiratory and support functions. The organs of the head are located in the cranial cavity. The spinal canal contains the spinal cord and sections of the nerve roots.

Depending on the purpose, the totality of human organs forms systems. The main ones are presented in the table, each is responsible for a specific function, and also interacts with others.

The system is distinguished in the body:

System	Bodies included in the system	Main functions
Cardiovascular	Heart and blood vessels	Carries out a transport task, supplying blood to tissues and organs
Musculoskeletal	Skeleton and muscles	Provides support and movement
Respiratory	Nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs	Saturates blood with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide
Nervous	Brain and spinal cord, nerves	Due to the transmission of impulses, it regulates the activity of the body
Endocrine	Endocrine glands, single hormone-synthesizing cells, parts of non-endocrine organs	Responsible for metabolic processes
Digestive	Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, gallbladder and ducts, salivary glands	Recycles food
Reproductive	Genital tract and glands (in women - ovaries, in men - testes)	Carries out the function of reproduction
Urinary	Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra	Removes waste substances from the body
Skin integument	Skin, mucous membranes	Protects the body from external factors

Live study of the location of organs during anatomy - cutting a dead body.

What organs are on the right

To determine how the body works, what and where it is, it is recommended to use the anatomical atlas.

On the right side of the body are located:

part of the diaphragm;
right lung;
liver - its right lobe and part of the left, lying "under the cover" of the diaphragm;
gallbladder and ducts;
right kidney with adrenal gland;
part of the intestine - duodenum, ileum and cecum with appendix;
bladder - located closer to the center of the lower abdomen;
pancreas - its head is located on the right;
right ovary and fallopian tube in women.

What organs are on the left

On the anatomical map, you can see which parts of the body are on the left side, and how they are located relative to each other.

This area contains:

left lung;
part of the diaphragm;
the heart is tilted back and to the left, the position of the organ is behind the lungs;
stomach;
spleen;
pancreas;
left kidney with adrenal gland;
intestine - part of the small, transverse and descending colon, sigmoid colon;
ureter;
left ovary and fallopian tube in women.

Skeleton

The musculoskeletal system acts as a support and protection for soft tissues, provides movement. The skeleton is its passive part, an element of muscle application, while each bone is considered a separate organ. It includes the skull, chest, spinal column, the girdle of the upper and lower extremities, and directly the arms and legs.

The picture shows a full-length skeleton with the names of the main bones. There are up to 207 of them in the body of adults.

Bones unite and gain mobility through joints, ligaments, and other connections.

The purpose of the skeleton in support, movement and protection, in participation in hematopoietic processes and metabolism. The latter is due to the content of bone marrow in the bones.

The bone structure is shown in the figure.

Bone tissue is formed from compact and spongy substances. The ratio of their content varies. The predominantly compact substance makes up 80% of the bone mass. This outer layer is dense and includes nerves, blood vessels, and bone cells.

The spongy substance makes up 20% of the mass of the skeleton. The porous layer forms a lattice structure, which is necessary for the storage of bone marrow and fat stores.

Bones unite and gain mobility with the help of joints, ligaments, cartilage.

The location of the main joints is shown in the figure.

These elements are comparable to hinges that ensure smooth sliding of bones due to the content of a specific lubricant - synovial fluid, which prevents their destruction. Joints can be motionless (fixed), partially mobile (semi-joints) and mobile (true), have the shape of an ellipse, cylinder, ball.

The joints ensure the movement of the body in space and its individual parts relative to each other, maintaining a stable posture.

The knee joint with an indication of the location of the ligaments and cartilage is shown in the picture.

Cartilage acts as a shock absorber, prevents abrasion of bone tissue. Ligaments connect bones, support muscles, fascia, they are elastic and flexible.

Head

This part of the body is recognized as the main one, since it contains the control center of the body - the brain. The skull serves as his protection. The main sense organs are located in the front part of the head: sight, hearing, smell, taste.

Scull

The figure shows the bones that form the human skull.

The body consists of 2 sections:

Mozgovoy formed by 8 bones. The upper region is called the vault, the lower one is the base of the skull, which are separated by a conditional line from the occipital part towards the frontal part above the ear and along the infraorbital border;
Facial formed from 15 paired and unpaired bones. In this area, the eye sockets, oral, nasal, and tympanic cavities are located (the organ of hearing is located here). The only movable bone is the mandibular, to which the chewing muscles are attached.

Ears

The paired organ of hearing is located in the temporal part of the head, is attached to it with the help of rudimentary muscles and is responsible for the transmission of sound waves, regulates the balance and coordination of human movements.

The picture shows a schematic structure of its main departments:

Outside, which includes the auricle, which catches sound, and the external auditory canal, which contains the sebaceous and sulfur glands.
Middle, represented by the tympanic cavity and the Eustachian tube connecting the department with the nasopharynx.
Inner ear (membranous labyrinth)- includes the vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals filled with fluid. This section contains the vestibular system, which is responsible for balance and acceleration.

The device of the organ of hearing begins with an externally visible shell and ends in the cranium. A person hears at the moment the sound reaches the eardrum, the vibrations of which set in motion small bones - the anvil, malleus and stapes. Further, the waves are transmitted to a special fluid in the inner ear, which the auditory nerve signals to the brain.

Eyes

The visual drawing depicts the physiological structure of the organ of vision - a kind of optical apparatus of the body.

The eyes are located in the anterior region of the head in the eye sockets of the skull and, together with the eyelids, eyebrows, eyelashes, are part of the facial region.

The organ has the main components: the eyeball and the optic nerve, as well as auxiliary ones: the eyelids, the lacrimal apparatus, the muscles that provide rotation. The back region of the eyelids and the front apple is covered by a mucous membrane - the conjunctiva.

The detailed structure of the eye is shown in the picture.

Light from an object that a person sees passes through the cornea and pupil into the lens. In this case, the rays are refracted, and an inverted image appears on the retina. Further, impulses along the optic nerve enter the brain, as a result, the appearance of the normal position of the object is restored.

A three-dimensional 3D image is provided by the interaction of both eyes. They transmit the view of their half of the object to the brain, which connects the received parts.

Nose

The olfactory organ is located in the front of the head, its anatomy includes the components: the outer section and the nasal cavity. The outer visible part consists of 2 bones that form the bridge of the nose and cartilage that forms its wings and tip.

The nasal cavity has an upper, middle and lower passages.

It is symmetrically divided by a partition into 2 halves. In front, through the external nose, it communicates with the atmosphere, behind - with the pharynx.

The purpose of the organ is to deliver purified, warmed and humidified air to the lungs, as well as in the perception and recognition of odors.

The mucous membrane is intended for mechanical treatment of the air flow. Its ciliated epithelium has a cleansing effect, trapping and expelling dust particles. The mucous glands help to humidify the air, the rich venous network has a warming effect.

Additional ventilation is provided by the paranasal sinuses located around the cavity of the olfactory organ. They are also covered with mucous membranes. 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses are shown schematically in the figure.

Aromatic particles enter the nose and irritate the olfactory nerves. Through them, signals are sent to the brain, which recognizes smells - this is how the olfactory function is carried out.

Mouth

The oral cavity is considered the beginning of the digestive tract.

Its structure includes the gums, teeth, palate, salivary glands and tongue. The lips, formed by the skin and muscle folds, are considered to be a kind of entrance. Their increased sensitivity is due to an extensive network of nerves.

The salivary glands of the oral cavity are:

sublingual;
submandibular;
parotid.

Due to the production of mucus, they provide a constant humidity of the environment. Saliva has an antiseptic effect, promotes the sense of taste by wetting the kidneys of the tongue.

The oral cavity is involved in 2 functions of the body: digestive and respiratory, and is also associated with human speech. The teeth mechanically process the incoming food, the hard palate promotes its softening and mixing, the soft palate prevents it from entering the nasal cavity.

From the center of the latter comes the so-called "third amygdala", the purpose of which is unknown. However, it is believed that it acts as a kind of flap of the respiratory tract, preventing a person from suffocating when swallowing.

The tongue is an organ of taste with many receptor papillae. The figure shows its structure with a description and indication of the areas responsible for taste and temperature perception.

Leather

The outer cover is considered the most extensive organ of the human body. The structure of the skin in section is shown in the figure.

The cover consists of the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis (subcutaneous fat).

Sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and nails are considered appendages. Blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers are also found in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.

The main function of the skin is considered to be protective. It resists the harmful effects of the environment, protects the body from pathogenic microflora, damage.

The skin is involved in metabolic processes, removes unnecessary substances from the body, and regulates body temperature. The dermis carries out about 2% of gas exchange in tissues.

The skin is an organ of touch, through nerve endings, impulses are transmitted to the brain, forming the perception of an object when touched.

Nervous system

The figure shows a structured description of the components of the human nervous system, which regulates the functioning of all organs of the human body. It combines sensitivity, motor activity, the activity of other regulatory mechanisms (immune, endocrine).

It is classified into:

Central including the brain and spinal cord. It is the basis that has the main function - the implementation of reflexes. The brain controls the work of individual organs, systems, ensures their connection with each other and well-coordinated work. The upper section - the cerebral cortex and subcortical formations - carry out a holistic interaction of the body with the outside world.
Peripheral, which includes the cranial and spinal nerves and nerve nodes. Connects the central system to the organs. It is not protected by bone tissue, therefore it is prone to damage. Functionally, the peripheral system is divided into somatic, which regulates the muscular activity of the skeleton, and the vegetative, which is responsible for the functioning of organs. The latter is classified into sympathetic, which forms a response to stress, causing tachycardia, an increase in pressure, and so on, and parasympathetic, which controls the mechanisms of relaxation, a state of rest.

Brain

The organ is located in the cranium and is the body's control center. The brain is made up of many nerve cells and processes that are connected to each other.

The structure of the organ has 5 sections:

medulla;
average;
intermediate;
posterior - unites the cerebellum and the bridge;
large hemispheres (forebrain).

The cerebral cortex, which occupies an area of about 4 square meters, is responsible for the higher nervous activity.

In this case, the grooves and convolutions divide the organ into lobes, shown in the figure:

frontal- determines the control of human behavior, movement, speech;
parietal- forms the majority of sensations, analyzes information, is responsible for the ability to read, write, count;
temporal- carries out the perception of sounds;
occipital- is responsible for visual function.

The surface of the brain is covered with 3 types of membranes:

Soft (vascular)- adjoins the medulla, enveloping the convolutions and entering the grooves. The vascular network feeds the organ.
Cobweb- does not have blood vessels. Does not go into the grooves, these areas between the meninges and the arachnoid are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Solid- periosteum for the inner surface of the skull. The shell has a high concentration of pain receptors.

Spinal cord

The organ of the central nervous system is located in the spinal canal. What the spinal cord looks like, its location and structure are shown in the figure.

It is divided into right and left parts and has a hard, soft and arachnoid shell. Between the latter two, there is a space filled from the inside with cerebrospinal fluid.

In the central part of the organ, a gray matter is found, formed from neurons and surrounded by white. Its length is 50 centimeters, width is no more than 10 millimeters. Sectional structure of the organ is shown in the picture.

The spinal cord is characterized by direct communication and interaction with organs, skin, muscles.

There are reflex functions of the organ, which are responsible for motor activity, and conductive, which consist in the transmission of impulses.

Nerves

Nerves are structural units of the nervous system, formed from a plexus of bundles of nerve fibers (long processes of neurons). The picture shows the structure of the organ and its purpose is determined.

Nerves transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to organs. Their combination forms the peripheral system.

Nerves are of varying thickness. This is due to the number and caliber of the beams that formed it. Large ones are called trunks. Departing from the brain, they form a branched network, in organs and tissues they are represented by separate fibers, the ends of which are nerve endings. The map shows the location of the nerves in the human body.

As you can see, they permeate almost the entire body and connect organs and parts into a single mechanism.

Chest cavity

In the chest area there are organs:

breathing (lungs, trachea, bronchi);
heart;
esophagus;
diaphragm;
thymus gland (thymus).

Heart

The main organ of the circulatory system is located between the lungs to the left of the central line of the chest. Oblique presentation of the heart is noted - the wide part is located higher, deviated back and to the right, the narrow part is directed to the left and down.

The heart contains 4 chambers, separated by septa and valves. Due to constant rhythmic contractions, the organ pumps blood and participates in its processing, contributes to the spread of biological fluid throughout the body.

Venous blood from the superior and inferior vena cava enters the right atrium, then the right ventricle. Further, through the pulmonary trunk, it enters the lungs, where it is converted into an arterial one. Then the blood returns to the heart, left atrium and ventricle, enters the aorta and is carried throughout the body.

The regulation of the work of the heart is produced by receptors presented in its cavity and large vessels. Impulses from the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord cause reflex activity of the organ, taking into account the needs of the body. In this case, the parasympathetic nerves transmit signals that reduce the number of heart contractions, sympathetic - increase.

Lungs

The most voluminous organ of the respiratory system, which occupies 2/3 of the chest. The lungs rest on the diaphragm and are directed towards the area above the collarbone. Their surface facing the ribs is convex, towards the heart it is concave.

The sizes of paired organs are constantly changing and depend on the depth and phase of respiration.

The left and right lungs differ in structure. The first contains 2 lobes: upper and lower. The right one has an additional third, middle one. The shares are divided into segments and labules. The serous membrane - the pleura - covers the respiratory organ and the wall of the chest cavity.

Trachea

The organ is located between the bronchi and the larynx, and acts as a continuation of the latter. Through it, air enters the lungs.

It is a semicircular formations of cartilage tissue, formed in the form of a tube, originating at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra. One third of the organ lies in the region of the cervical spine, the rest - in the chest cavity. The trachea is also called the "windpipe".

The organ is covered with a mucous membrane, the back wall is formed of connective tissue with a smooth muscle structure. This helps the passage of food through the esophagus, which is located behind the trachea. A part of the thyroid gland is located in front.

Bronchi

Paired respiratory organ in the form of tubular processes of the trachea, which branch out in the lungs, forming their skeleton or bronchial tree.

The functions of the bronchi are to conduct air, warm it, humidify and cleanse it from dust, microorganisms, and harmful substances. Each of them enters the lungs with blood vessels and passes into the bronchioles. These terminal branches end with alveoli, in which gas exchange takes place.

The bronchi are covered with a mucous membrane from the inside, their walls have a cartilaginous structure. A branched tree is supplied with lymph nodes and nerves.

Abdomen

The placement of organs in the peritoneal cavity is shown in the figure.

This area includes:

stomach;
pancreas;
liver;
gallbladder and ducts;
intestines;
spleen;
kidneys and adrenal glands.

Stomach

The organ of the gastrointestinal tract is a continuation of the esophagus, from which it is separated by a valve. The stomach is located under the diaphragm and is displaced to the left side, to the hypochondrium.

It has a bag-like appearance, the shape of the organ depends on the physique of a particular person.

The size of the stomach is constantly changing, as it fills with food, it stretches and presses on the diaphragm and pancreas.

The purpose of the organ is to process food, absorb some components (sugar, water, and others) and move it further into the intestinal tract. The chemical effect on food is carried out due to the juice secreted by the walls. The hydrochloric acid it contains has an antiseptic effect. The endocrine function of the stomach is noted, which consists in the production of hormones and biologically active substances.

Liver

It is considered the largest internal glandular organ in the human body. The liver lies on the right just below the diaphragm. The organ consists of the right and left lobes.

The main cleansing function is due to the peculiarities of the blood circulation in it: blood from the intestinal tract, containing toxins, decay products, the vital activity of microflora is supplied through the portal vein to the liver, where detoxification takes place.

Further, the vessel branches out. The oxygen-rich blood enters the liver through the hepatic artery, which also branches. As a result, blood flows through the interlobular veins and arteries into the sinusoids, while the mixed biological fluid flows into the central vein, then into the hepatic and inferior vena cava.

The functions of the organ include cleansing the body of toxins, excess bioactive substances (hormones, vitamins), regulation of metabolic processes, including lipid, synthesis of bile acids, bilirubin, hormones. The liver is a depot for blood, replenishing in the event of blood loss.

Gallbladder and ducts

The organ is located in the lower part of the liver along the right sulcus and acts as a reservoir for incoming bile.

It consists of the neck, bottom and body. The bubble is shaped like a pear the size of a chicken egg. The organ has upper and lower walls, one of them is adjacent to the liver, the other looks into the abdominal cavity. The bottom communicates with the duodenum and the transverse colon. The fluid accumulated in the organ enters the intestines through the bile ducts.

The bladder is mobile and capable of twisting, as a result, its necrosis is possible. There is a doubling of the organ, an abnormal position in the abdominal cavity, including intrahepatic.

Pancreas

A full description of the structure and location of the organ is shown in the figure.

It has the functions of internal and external secretion. The gland releases hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. It participates in the production of enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase) for the digestion of food and in the metabolism: carbohydrate, protein, fat.

Pancreatic juice is stored in the interlobular ducts, which join with the main excretory duct that exits into the duodenum.

Spleen

The oval-shaped organ lies on the left side next to the stomach. It touches the colon, pancreas, left kidney, and diaphragm. Sometimes there is an additional lobule of the organ, not showing itself in any way. The spleen is able to change, depending on the accumulated blood.

The picture shows the structure and functions of the organ.

The spleen is responsible for the processes of hematopoiesis and immune defense in the body: it accumulates blood, destroys damaged cells of the biological fluid (erythrocytes, platelets) and foreign agents, and deposits iron.

Intestines

It is recognized as the longest organ, consisting of the small and large intestines. Located in the lower abdomen.

The tubular organ, in which the necessary substances are absorbed and the unnecessary and harmful ones are removed, gradually passes from right to left from its thin part to the thick one and ends with the anus.

The main purpose of the intestines is the processing and assimilation of nutrients, since it is the final destination of the digestive system.

The excretory, immune, secretory functions are also indicated. The intestine prevents the development of pathogenic microflora, produces immunoglobulins, T-lymphocytes, hormones and vitamins.

Appendix

It is a process of the cecum, located on the right side in the ileum, going down to the entrance to the small pelvis. An organ opening with a mucous flap opens into the cecum. In this case, partial or complete overgrowth of the lumen is characteristic.

It is not considered a vital organ, but it carries out a protective function, preserves useful microflora, is considered an incubator for E. coli, contains clusters of lymphoid follicles, is part of the immune system.

In case of inflammation, the appendix must be urgently removed.

Kidney

Paired organs of the excretory system are located in the lumbar region behind the peritoneum at the level of the 12th rib. In this case, the right kidney is located slightly below the left. The organs are covered with a fibrous membrane.

The anatomy of the kidneys is shown in the figure.

The inner part of the organ forms a kind of gate through which the vessels, nerves, and the ureter pass. The latter leaves the pelvis and is directed to the bladder with its distal end. The organs regulate chemical homeostasis, are responsible for urinary excretion, and regulate blood pressure. Like the liver, the kidneys are considered a kind of filter of the body.

Adrenal glands

Paired glands of the endocrine system are located in the upper part of the kidneys and consist of cortex and medulla.

Organs regulate metabolism, produce hormones (adrenaline, norepinephrine, aldosterone, corticosterone, and so on), help the body to adapt to unfavorable living conditions and stress.

Organ dysfunctions lead to severe pathologies.

The adrenal glands are able to increase in size during prolonged stressful situations, depletion is possible when they become unable to produce hormones.

Organs of the large and small pelvis

The pelvis refers to the lower torso. This area is formed by 2 pelvic bones, the sacrum and the coccyx. The large pelvis is bounded from the front by the septum of the peritoneum, from the back by the spine, and from the side by parts of the ilium. The small one passes from the pubis, ends with the sacrum and coccyx, on the side - with the bones of the seat.

The internal organs of the region include the intestines, bladder, ureter, and genitals.

Bladder

The organ is located in the lower part of the pelvic area behind the pubis.

The figure clearly shows the structure of the bladder, which is a reservoir for the accumulation of urine, which is periodically excreted from the body.

The organ is elastic, capable of contracting or stretching; when filling with fluid, it grows upward, touching the abdominal wall.

The ureters flow into its middle part on both sides, the lower region forms a neck, narrows and passes into the urethra. The internal sphincter is located here, which prevents involuntary urination.

Ureters

The organ is located above the bladder and connects it to the kidney.

The ureter has a tubular structure and is intended for the passage of urine due to the contractile movements of its segments. This is due to the presence of a muscle layer in the outer wall.

From the inside, the organ is covered with a mucous membrane. The ureters have mechanisms that prevent reflux (reverse reflux) of the contents of the bladder.

Rectum

The organ is the end of the large intestine, located downward from the sigmoid to the anus. It is located at the level of the 3rd sacral vertebra.

In men, the rectum is adjacent to the bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, in women - to the back wall of the vagina and uterus.

The organ gets food that has not been absorbed in the small intestine and water. There are also fiber, bile, salts, bacteria. In the rectum, the final breakdown of food takes place, the formation of feces with the help of digestive juice and its excretion.

Genitourinary system

This system includes the urinary and reproductive organs of a person.

Common to men and women are:

kidneys;
ureters;
bladder;
urethra.

However, due to the differences in the device of the reproductive system of both sexes, the features of the structure and placement of organs, shown in the pictures below, are distinguished.

Men

The general structure of the genitourinary system is complemented by male organs:

Prostate- the prostate gland, which is located below the bladder, its excretory ducts open into the urethra. The functions of the organ are to produce secretions (a constituent of sperm) containing immunoglobulins, enzymes, vitamins, and so on. It is a valve that blocks the exit from the bladder during erection.
Testicles- Paired organs are presented in the scrotum and may differ in size, placed at different levels. They form sperm - male germ cells and steroid hormones (mainly testosterone).
Vas deferens- a paired organ connecting the duct of the epididymis and the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle.
Penis (penis)- an external organ of a man that performs urinary and reproductive functions.

Women

In this case, female organs additionally belong to the common organs of the urogenital tract:

Uterus with appendages- carry out reproductive function. The uterus is an organ with a smooth muscle structure and is located in the middle of the pelvic cavity. Consists of bottom, body and neck. Designed for bearing the fetus and its subsequent expulsion, participates in menstrual function, the synthesis of prostaglandins, relaxin, sex hormones. The appendages include the fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus.
Ovaries- Paired female organs, are the place of maturation of germ cells and are responsible for the production of hormones. They consist of connective tissue and cortex containing follicles at different stages of development.
Vagina- the internal tubular genital organ in women, is located between the bladder in front and the rectum in the back. They carry out reproductive, protective, generic functions.

Digestive system

Includes organs of the gastrointestinal tract and auxiliary.

The first are:

oral cavity;
pharynx;
esophagus;
stomach;
intestines.

Auxiliary digestive organs that aid in the digestion of food are:

salivary glands;
gallbladder;
liver;
pancreas and so on.

Circulation

Continuous blood flow in the body, providing organs and tissues with food and oxygen and removing processed products from them, is produced through a closed network of vessels.

In the human body, large and small circles of blood circulation are distinguished. Their location, the structure of the arterial and venous systems are shown in the figure.

A small circle comes from the right ventricle: venous blood is ejected during contraction into the pulmonary trunk and follows into the lungs, where gas exchange (oxygen saturation) is carried out. Arterial blood is directed through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, closing the circle.

The systemic circulation originates in the left ventricle. During its contractions, arterial blood enters the aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries of the whole body, giving the tissues nutrients, oxygen and taking away metabolic products, carbon dioxide. Further, venous blood follows the venules and veins into the right atrium, closing the circle of blood circulation.

Lymphatic system

It is considered a component of the cardiovascular system, participates in metabolic processes and cleansing the body. It is not closed and does not have a pump.

The lymphatic system includes:

capillaries;
vessels;
nodes;
trunks and ducts.

Glands

The endocrine system is responsible for the stability of the activity of organs, regulates their work, growth and development.

The location of the main glands in men and women is shown in the figure:

Thyroid produces hormones involved in metabolism, affecting growth, oxygen consumption (calcitonin, thyroxine, triiodothyronine).
Parathyroid are responsible for the level of calcium in the body.
Thymus plays an important role in the immune system, producing T-lymphocytes and hormones (thymalin, thymosin and others).
Adrenal glands synthesize the hormone adrenaline, which triggers a response to external stress.
Pancreas produces insulin, glucagon and enzymes for digesting food.
Sex glands (ovaries, testes) perform the function of reproduction.
Pituitary and hypothalamus form the hypothalamic-pituitary system. The pituitary gland regulates the activity of the entire endocrine system, produces growth hormone.
Epiphysis counteracts growth hormones, slows down the progression of tumors, affects sexual development, controls the water balance in the body and the change in sleep phases, is responsible for muscle contractions.

Muscle

The muscular system of the human body is a component of the musculoskeletal system. It sets in motion its various parts, maintains posture, provides breathing, swallowing, and so on.

Muscles are formed from elastic and resilient tissue containing myocytes. Under the influence of signals given by the nervous system, they contract. However, the muscular system is characterized by fatigue. The most powerful are the gastrocnemius and chewing muscles, the most extensive are the gluteal muscles, which are responsible for the movements of the legs.

Allocate types of muscles:

skeletal - attached to bones;
smooth- presented in the walls of organs and blood vessels;
heart- is in the heart and is constantly contracting throughout life.

Anatomy of children

The structure of the child's body has some peculiarities. The main difference from the adult body is the smaller growth and size of the organs.

In adolescent boys and girls, the structure gradually becomes identical to an adult.

The features of the body of children are shown in the figures below.

The skeleton of a newborn baby has 270 bones, which is more than that of an adult (up to 207 bones). In the future, some of them merge. The muscles are less developed than in adults. They lengthen and thicken with age.

The location of the digestive organs does not differ significantly.

Pregnant woman

The physiology of a girl's body during pregnancy changes significantly with an increase in term. The size of the uterus increases, the main organs rise, and the placental circulatory system is formed.

The mass of the heart muscle, the release of blood and its volume increase. An increase in lung capacity is noted, their work is enhanced. The activity of the kidneys becomes tense, the tone of the bladder decreases. Turning to the right, the uterus can obstruct the flow of urine from the right kidney, increasing the risk of hydronephrosis.

Changes in the structure of the body of a pregnant woman are shown in the figure.

After childbirth, the organs return to their previous position.

Pictures of the human structure for children

There are many ways to show your child what is inside the human body. Beautiful and colorful pictures of the body are suitable for babies.

It is advisable to use puzzles and coloring books.

Older children will be interested in models and mock-ups with organs.

They look like a real human body, while being prefabricated

Useful video

It is important for each person to know the name of the internal organs and their location. This is necessary for the timely detection of a particular disease. The abdominal cavity contains most of the important viscera: the digestive organs and the genitourinary system. The peritoneum is a space in the human body, closed at the top by the diaphragm. The bottom of the cavity falls on the pelvic region. The organs of the abdominal cavity every day ensure the normal functioning of the entire human body.

The peritoneum is a cavity with viscera, the walls of which are covered with a sulfuric membrane, permeated with muscles, adipose tissue and connective tissue formations. Mesothelium (sulfur shell) produces a special lubricant that prevents organs from rubbing against each other. This protects a person from discomfort and pain, provided that the organs are healthy.

The abdominal space contains the stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, abdominal aorta, organs of the digestive tract and the genitourinary system. All organs perform their function, which is important for the vital activity of the organism. Since their main role is digestion, it is customary to call them when speaking about them in general.

Important! The abdomen serves as a protective membrane for the entire internal organ system in front. Behind the protective function is performed by the bones: the pelvis and the spine.

The digestive system does the following job:

digests food;
performs a protective and endocrine function;
helps to absorb nutrients;
manages the process of hematopoiesis;
eliminates toxins and poison entering the body.

The genitourinary system, in turn, performs the reproductive and endocrine function, removes metabolic products from the body.

A distinctive feature of the male and female composition of the abdominal cavity is only the genitals. All organs of the digestive system are identical and are located the same. An exception can only be a congenital pathology of internal organs.

Anatomical structure of the abdominal organs

The study of the structure and location of the viscera in the human body is the science of anatomy. Thanks to her, people can find out the location of the insides and understand what hurts them.

Stomach

A cavity consisting of muscles that serves as a storage, mixing and digesting function for food. People with food addictions have an enlarged stomach. Located between the esophagus and the duodenum. Thanks to pulsating contractions, which is part of the organ's motor activity, it removes chemicals, poisons and other harmful substances from the body. Thus, a protective (immune) function is carried out.

In the gastric sac, proteins are broken down, water is absorbed. All incoming food is mixed and passed into the intestines. The quality and speed of digestion of food depends on the sex and age of the person, the presence or absence of diseases, the capacity, and the working capacity of the stomach.

The stomach is pear-shaped. Normally, its capacity does not exceed one liter. When overeating or absorbing a large amount of liquid, it increases to 4 liters. Thus, its location also changes. An overcrowded organ is capable of dropping down to the level of the navel.

They can be very painful, so you need to be careful about any unpleasant symptoms that arise in it.

Gall bladder

Serves as a cavity for the accumulation of bile, excreted by the liver. Therefore, it is next to her, in a special hole. Its structure consists of a body, bottom and neck. The walls of the organ include several membranes. It is sulfuric, mucous, muscular and submucous.

Liver

It is an important digestive gland for the functioning of the body. The mass of an organ in an adult often reaches one and a half kilograms. She is able to eliminate poisons, toxins. Participates in many metabolic processes. It is engaged in hematopoiesis in the unborn baby during the period of its gestation by the mother, the assimilation of glucose and cholesterol, and the maintenance of normal lipid levels.

The liver has an amazing ability to regenerate, but can seriously compromise human health.

Spleen

The parenchymal lymphoid organ located behind the stomach, under the diaphragm. This is the upper part of the peritoneum. The composition includes a diaphragmatic and vesceral surface with an anterior and posterior pole. The organ is a capsule filled with red and white pulp inside. It is engaged in protecting the body from harmful microorganisms, creates blood flow in the unborn baby in the womb and in an adult. Has the ability to renew the membranes of erythrocytes and platelets. It is the main source of lymphocyte production. Capable of trapping and purifying microbes.

Pancreas

An organ of the digestive system, second only in size to the liver. Its location is the retroperitoneal space, slightly behind the stomach. The mass reaches 100 grams, and the length is 20 centimeters. The structure of the organ looks like this:

The pancreas has the ability to produce a hormone called insulin. He is involved in the regulation of blood glucose levels. The main function of the organ is the production of gastric juice, without which food cannot be digested.

A person cannot live without a pancreas, therefore one should know for this organ.

Small intestine

There is no longer an organ in the digestive system. It looks like a tangled pipe. Connects the stomach and large intestine. For men it reaches seven meters, for women - 5 meters. The tube consists of a couple of sections: the duodenum, as well as the ileum, the skinny. The structure of the first section is as follows:

The two second sections are called the mesenteric part of the organ. The jejunum is located at the top on the left side, the ileum below in the right peritoneal region.

Colon

The organ is one and a half meters long. Connects the small intestine to the anus. Comprises . Feces accumulate in the rectum, from where they are excreted from the body through the anus.

What is not included in the digestive system

All other organs "living" in the peritoneal zone belong to the genitourinary system. These are the kidneys, adrenal glands, bladder, and also the ureters, female and male genitals.

The kidneys are shaped like beans. They are located in the lumbar region. The right organ is comparatively smaller than the left. Paired organs perform the cleansing and secretory function of urine. They regulate chemical processes. The adrenal glands produce a variety of hormones:

norepinephrine;
adrenalin;
corticosteroids;
androgens;
cortisone and cortisol.

From the name you can understand the location of the glands in the body - above the kidneys. Organs help people to adapt to different living conditions.

Important! Thanks to the adrenal glands, a person remains resistant in stressful situations, which protects the central nervous system from negative influences.

The appendix is a small organ of the peritoneum, an appendage of the cecum. Its size is no more than one centimeter in diameter, and reaches twelve millimeters in length. Protects the gastrointestinal tract from the development of diseases.

How are peritoneal organs checked for pathology?

The main method for diagnosing the health of the abdominal organs is ultrasound. The study does not damage the structural units of tissues, therefore it is safe for the body. The procedure can be carried out repeatedly, if necessary. When the eventration develops, the methods of tapping (percussion), palpation and listening (auscultation) of the peritoneal organs are used. The correct location of the viscera, the presence of foci of infection can be checked by means of MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and CT (computed tomography).

Important! Diseases of the abdominal organs can threaten human life. Therefore, at the first symptoms, pain in the peritoneal zones, immediately seek help from a healthcare professional.

What diseases affect the abdominal cavity?

When a bacterial infection enters the body, appendicitis can develop. Treatment is carried out using a surgical method, that is, the appendix is removed. Organ prolapse is often diagnosed. The stomach usually goes down first. Therapy includes proper nutrition prescribed by a nutritionist, exercise therapy and wearing a special belt - a bandage.

With the development of intestinal obstruction or the appearance of adhesions, an operation is performed. If adhesions have become the cause of obstruction, they are removed, but exclusively for health reasons. In such cases, relapses are possible. With frequent exacerbations of obstruction, doctors recommend a slag-free diet.

When contacting a doctor, it is not necessary if the symptoms disappear within a couple of days. It is important to drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. If the patient does not feel better on the third day, it is necessary to go to the clinic. Doctors will prescribe the necessary tests, complex treatment. In most cases, these are drugs.

The most common disease in the retroperitoneal area is hemorrhoids. Pathology brings a lot of unpleasant sensations. In case of unbearable pain syndrome, doctors carry out surgical treatment. If the progression of the disease is moderate, therapy is carried out with drugs, lotions, compresses and baths using herbal preparations.

An abdominal hernia is a congenital or acquired disease that causes the large or small intestine to protrude through an opening in the abdominal cavity. It occurs during pregnancy, obesity or heavy physical exertion due to constant pressure on a certain point in the peritoneum. Another reason is the strong pressure on the lining of the internal organs. Pathology is treated through surgery.

How and what to eat for healthy digestion?

To make the body feel comfortable, it is worth acquiring several useful habits:

Watch what you eat. Introduce more vegetables, fruits, cereals into the diet. Avoid fatty, salty, and sugary foods.
Chew thoroughly. All products should be eaten slowly and chopped well with the teeth. This will help avoid bloating and gastrointestinal upset.
Have a snack. Instead of three standard meals, switch to 5-6 meals a day. Reduce portions for breakfast, lunch and dinner, and in the meantime, satisfy your hunger with vegetables, fruits, dairy products, nuts.
Eliminate fatty foods. Fats only bring problems with digestion, excess weight and develop pathologies of the heart muscle. Try to steam or bake dishes.
Cook it yourself. Self-prepared food is healthier and more nutritious for the body. Semi-finished products, being high-calorie, salty, harm the digestive system and the body as a whole.

The anatomical structure of the abdominal organs is carefully studied in many laboratories by modern scientists. This will facilitate the possibility of diagnosing the pathologies of this zone in the early stages of the development of diseases. As a result, the preparation and treatment of patients will be carried out faster, preventing the pathology from moving to more severe stages of progression. At the same time, radical methods of solving problems will recede into the background.

Organ health is highly dependent on the individual. Timely diagnostics and therapeutic procedures increase the chances of full restoration of organ function. Therefore, you should seek help at the first symptoms of malaise.

Anton palaznikov

Gastroenterologist, therapist

Work experience over 7 years.

Professional skills: diagnostics and treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and biliary system.