(main campus)
Forlì, Cesena, Ravenna, Rimini Site unibo.it/en/homepage

University of Bologna is the oldest continuously existing university in Europe. Located in the Italian city of Bologna. In the Arab world, Bologna's rival is Al-Karaouine University, the oldest continuously existing university in the world, however, unlike in Europe, Arab religious schools did not issue diplomas on behalf of the institution itself. It is a member of the European university associations Utrecht Network, Coimbra Group and Europaeum. The University of Bologna laid the foundation for European education.

Story

The emergence of the Bologna School of Law

Bologna students of the German "nation" (community). 15th century miniature

According to an Italian jurist of the 13th century odofred, Bologna became the location of the school of law, which was previously based in Ravenna, and even earlier in Rome. In the treatise of 964, which was concluded between Emperor Otto I the Great and Pope Leo VIII, doctors of law living in Rome were named. It is also known that in 1055 Dominicum legis Doctorem issued diplomas to teachers and students of law in Ravenna. In Bologna, Pepo was the first to teach jurisprudence, receiving a doctorate in law in 1075.

However, the real foundation of the Bologna School of Law is associated with the name of Irneria. Initially, he was magister artium liberalium, but then he began to specialize in jurisprudence. According to Hermann Fitting, the reason for the change of interests of Irnerius was the desire of the Margravine Matilda of Tuscany to create a rival to the Ravenna School of Law. During the struggle for the investiture, the Countess actively supported Pope Gregory VII, while the jurists from Ravenna were notable for their hostility towards the papacy. According to legend, Irnerius began teaching law in Bologna in 1088.

The rise of fame

Near Irnerius, a circle of disciples soon formed, the most famous of which were four (Quatuor Doctores): Bulgar, Martin Gosia, Jacob de Boragine and Hugo de Porta Revennate. They started the school of glossators.

At the beginning of the twelfth century, the school of law in Bologna was already more popular than that of Ravenna. However, even in the middle of this century, the school of liberal arts enjoyed greater fame outside of Italy. But by the end of the 12th century, the Bologna professors of law received a noticeable advantage over other scientists of Bologna and gained European fame. This was due, firstly, to the scientific advantages of the teaching method and, secondly, to the patronage of the German emperor (1152-1190) Frederick I Barbarossa, who was also the king of Lombardy and was interested in maintaining the authority of Roman law, which could be relied upon during crown harassment. After the Diet in Roncalle (Piacenza) in 1158, which was attended by Bolognese professors and where legal relations between the emperor and the Italian cities were settled, Frederick gave the obligation to provide all students studying Roman law in Bologna with the following benefits: firstly, to travel freely in all countries under the auspices of his authority (which helped to avoid the troubles usually experienced by foreigners), and secondly, to be subject to the court only of professors or a bishop in the city.

The development of the city and its wonderful climate also contributed to the popularity of the university. Not only young men came to study, but also adults, family people. Nicolaus Copernicus, Ulrich von Hutten, Oloander studied in Bologna. Crowned heads also sent their children to Bologna to study law and the liberal arts. Surprising features of the university for that time were the impossibility to enter only due to their position (knowledge was required equally from the son of an artisan and from the son of the king), and also the fact that women were allowed both as students and as teachers.

Spanish Collegium (1360s)

The students who flocked from all over Europe were not slow to form real corporations in their midst, modeled on the various craft and art workshops of that time. By the end of the twelfth century, the collection of all student corporations under a common statute constituted the University of Bologna.

Features of the University of Bologna

This university, which, along with the Parisian, founded in the same era (1200), is the oldest in Europe, from the day of its formation, had two features arising from the very conditions under which it was formed. First, it was not an association of professors (universitas magistrorum), to whose authority the students attending their lectures had to submit exclusively, but an association of students (universitas scholarium), which itself chooses the leaders to whom the professors were subordinate. The Bolognese students were divided into two main parts, "ultramontanes" (from beyond the mountains, that is, from countries outside Italy, beyond the Alps) and "citramontanes" (from Italy, on this side of the Alps), of which each annually elected a rector and a council from of various nationalities, who together with him was in charge of administration and university jurisdiction. Professors (doctores legentes) were chosen by students for a certain time, received a fee according to the condition and were obliged not to teach anywhere except Bologna. Being according to the statute, thus, depending on the university and being free only in the direction of the students' studies, they could gain authority and influence on the students solely by their knowledge, personal qualities and pedagogical talent.

The second feature of the University of Bologna was that it was legal (universitas legum) as opposed to Paris, which at first was devoted solely to theology. The study of Roman law, which laid the foundation for the university itself, and canon law, introduced into the university curriculum in the 12th century, remained the main subjects of university teaching. Medicine and the liberal arts were taught there during the thirteenth century by eminent professors; but their listeners were nevertheless considered to belong to a law university, and it was only in the fourteenth century that two other universities were formed along with it: 1) medicine and philosophy, and 2) theology. A remarkable consequence of the legal nature of the University of Bologna was that it was not subject to the pope, like that of Paris, since there was no need for ecclesiastical permission to teach Roman law, which was required for theology. However, starting from the 13th century, the popes, who supported the university in its disputes with city governments, and approved its statutes in 1253, in turn wielded some power over the university, and ensured that the Bolognese archdeacon was the inspector at examinations and when issuing diplomas from their names, "to make sure they are correct."

heyday

The most brilliant period of the Bologna school of law was the interval between the beginning of the twelfth century and the second half of the thirteenth century, which included the lectures of Irnerius and the teaching of glossary by Accursius. During this period, their new teaching method found the widest and most fruitful application both in oral presentation and in the writings of glossators. During this long period, the most famous of the glossators, after the four doctors mentioned above, were: Placentinus, who worked mainly on the code of Justinian and founded the school of law at Montpellier, where he died in 1192; Burgundio is one of the few glossators who knew Greek, and a translator of the Greek texts of the pandectes; Roger, Jean Bassien, Pillius, Azo - whose works enjoyed such authority that there was even a saying: “Chi non ha Azo, non vado a palazzo”; Gougolin, who continued the work of Azo Jacques Balduini; Rofroy, and finally Accursius (1182-1258), the most famous of the glossators, chiefly famous for his enormous compilation in which he summarized the works of his predecessors.

Accursius also passed on his love for practicing law to his children, and his daughter, Dota d'Accorso, who was awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws by the university and admitted to public teaching, was the first woman mentioned in the annals of the university. She was followed by other female lawyers: Bitgisia, Gozzatsini, Novella d'Andrea, and others. Simultaneously with Roman law at the University of Bologna, the teaching of canon law was successfully taught by professors who, in their lectures and writings, directly followed the method of Irnerius. Starting from the second half of the 12th century, in acts relating to the University of Bologna, there are names of professors of canon law (doctores decretorum). Around 1148, Gratian, a monk and author of the famous decretals, lived in Bologna. After him, his students Pokapaliya, Rufin, Roland Bandinelli (who later became Pope under the name of Alexander III), Guguccio, and in the XIII century. - Richard of England, Damas, Tancred, famous for his "Ordo judiciarius", Bernard of Parma, Raymond of Peñafor - became the main representatives of the university teaching of canon law in Bologna. For some time the professors of Roman law (legum doctores) and the canonists (decretistae) constituted two distinct classes; but little by little the canonists began to consider Roman law as an integral part of their subject, and vice versa, the novelists had to make references in their works to church canons; the same scholars were often professors of both law (doctores utriusque juris) and taught both these branches of law, which are closely related to each other.

During the period of the highest flowering at the University of Bologna, the school of law, along with jurisprudence, other sciences began to flourish: philosophy, Latin and Greek literature, and then medicine. Of the professors-philosophers, one can name Alberigo, who read in the XII century, the Florentine Lot, who taught simultaneously with philosophy and physics, the monk Moneto. Among the philologists of the University of Bologna were Gaufrido di Vinisauf, an Englishman by birth, who taught and wrote in verse and prose, Boncompagno, an excellent connoisseur of the Latin language. The study of the Greek language, which marked the beginning of the era of the humanists, took root here earlier than in other Italian universities, and since the 15th century it has firmly established itself in Bologna, which can be proud of the fact that Erasmus of Rotterdam lived among its philosophers. In Bologna, medicine also made a significant step forward thanks to the method of teaching the anatomy of the human body and animals on corpses, pioneered by Lucin di Luzzi. In the field of medicine, and then the natural sciences, the women professors of the University of Bologna were especially distinguished. Among them are the names of Dorothea Bucchi (XIV-XV centuries), who, after the death of her father Giovanni Bucchi, occupied the chair of practical medicine and moral philosophy, and the famous Bolognese lecturers of the 18th century, closer to our time, Laura Bassi, who occupied the chair of experimental physics and philosophy, the pride of the women of Bologna, who built by subscription in honor of their illustrious compatriot, a monument that adorns the stairs leading to the museum and library of the university, Gaetana Agnesi, who taught analytical geometry, Anna Morandi, after the husband of Manzolini, known for her work on anatomy, Maria dalle Donna, who won self-respect of Napoleon I.

Decline in popularity

The spiritual and moral authority enjoyed by the professors of the Bologna school was reflected not only in the success that their lectures and writings had, but also in the high position that they occupied both in Bologna itself and beyond its borders. They were exempted from taxes and military service and received all the rights of citizens of Bologna, even if they were not born in this city. They were titled dominus(possessing lord), in contrast to the name master, which was worn by professors of the school of liberal arts, and they were listed as knights. Many of them took an active part in public affairs as judges, rulers of the city or envoys, such as Azo, Hugolin and Accursius - in Bologna, Burgundio - in Pisa, Baldina - Genoa, Rofrua - Benevenge. But Bologna often forgot that it owed its brilliance to the university, and joined with it during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. into violent disputes that often threatened to destroy the rights and privileges of the university and interrupted studies in it. The struggle between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines, which divided Italy into two hostile parts, was waged with particular force in Bologna, and the university could not remain indifferent to it. Despite, however, these disputes and party strife, the Bologna school by the middle of the 13th century. reached the pinnacle of prosperity. Since that time, the direction in the former system of glossators begins to change little by little. Instead of taking exclusively texts from the primary sources of Roman law as the subject of their interpretations, the present professors set about interpreting the glosses of their predecessors: in the school, as well as in the courts, the glossa magistralis Accursius took the place of Corpus juris.

Moreover, various circumstances influenced the change for the worse of the high position enjoyed by the Bologna professors. Taking part in public affairs, they involuntarily intervened in party feuds and due to this they lost a significant share of their moral influence. By the end of the XIII century. the city founded several chairs for public lectures, and assigned to the professors who occupied these chairs a certain fee in place of the fees paid by the students themselves, and little by little most of the professors found themselves on the salary of the city; they thus fell under the authority of the city municipality, which claimed to regulate the teaching of professors, regardless of the personal abilities of teachers and the interests of science. And in the next century, another new measure dealt a mortal blow to the Bologna school: the political party, more and more seizing power in the city, showed a desire to give the right to teach only to the citizens of Bologna and, moreover, only to members of famous families, very few. The University of Bologna thus gradually lost its preeminence in the study of Roman law, as the most famous legalists of that time went to teach in Pisa, Perugia, Padua and Pavia, which challenged each other's palm.

The fall of the Bologna school caused during the XIV century. the birth of the school of commentators (in the person of Bartolo), which dominated during the XIV and XV centuries. But in the 16th century the historical school took the matter of the glossators into its own hands, expanding and supplementing it with the help of all the means that history and philology brought to it, updated by the works of the humanists of the Renaissance.

University influence

During its existence, the Bologna school had a huge impact not only on Italy, but throughout Western Europe. Due to the reputation of its professors, Bologna was regarded as the center of Roman law: by all accounts, only here could one find a deep knowledge of Roman laws and ecclesiastical rules. That is why young people from all over Europe aspired to hear the science of law from the lips of the professors themselves; upon returning back to their homeland, former students of the University of Bologna propagated the method and doctrine of the glossators. In France

Prerequisites to form a university in Italy

In 476, under the blows of the barbarian tribes of the Germans, the Western Roman Empire fell - the center of not only the political, but also the intellectual life of the world in the era of antiquity. Actually, the history of antiquity ends with this event - a new era begins, which has received the name "Middle Ages" in historical literature. The British call the Middle Ages nothing more than dark ages, that is, "dark ages". Indeed, as the great Soviet historian Yevgeny Tarle wrote, “700-800 years separating the Western Roman Empire from the Renaissance are very meager with luminous dots, beacons and centers of Enlightenment.” These words fully apply to the whole of Europe and to Italy.

It is wrong to think that Italy has completely lost the traditions of Cicero and Virgil. Of the figures of the 6th-10th centuries, one can recall Cassidor, Boethius, Pope Sylvester, who, before taking such a high rank, was the brilliant mathematician Herbert. A certain rise in cultural life was caused by the so-called "Carolingian Renaissance". However, practically nothing remained of the former glory of science and belles-lettres.

The beginning of the 11th century radically changed this state of affairs. This is explained by the fact that at that time Italy became the scene of an irreconcilable struggle between the parties of the Guelphs and the Ghibellines - the parties of the Pope and the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. To confirm their positions, both sides actively used works of journalistic genres. Such controversy led to a revival of the country's intellectual activity. This, and the position of the church (the clerics discovered a shortage of powerful intellectuals in their ranks and also contributed to the university boom) led to the emergence of a number of higher educational institutions in Italy.

University of Bologna

The University of Bologna is officially considered the first university not only in Italy, but also in Europe. Bologna is located in the region of Lombardy. Lombard trading cities have long been distinguished by the desire of noble and wealthy citizens, not quite typical for the Middle Ages, to give their children a good (at that time) education. According to ancient legend, already in 433, Emperor Theodosius founded a higher law school in Bologna. True, this legend is not trusted by scientists: most likely it was invented in the 13th century by those lawyers who wanted part of the university founded by that time to belong to the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire.

Therefore, Pepo, the doctor of law, known in the annals as the legis doctor, is considered to be truly the first who took up teaching in Bologna. His lectures, however, were not very popular. But great heights were achieved by his follower Irnerius, who opened a special Bologna law school in 1088.

Irneria's lectures were not slow to bring quick popularity to the school. He had many students, among whom four doctors of law stand out in particular: Bulgar Martin, Gozia, Goog and Jacques de la Porte Revenante. Very soon the Bolognese professors became widely known and gained an advantage over other learned cities. There are several reasons for this success. First, the scientific advantages of the teaching method. Bologna jurists made a revolution in the study of Roman law: they studied and taught it not as an appendage to rhetoric, but as an independent subject, and, moreover, not in fragments, but in full. And secondly, the patronage of the German Emperor Frederick I, who was at the same time the king of Lombardy. The emperor was very interested in encouraging the study of Roman law, whose authority could always be relied upon in the event of various harassment by the crown.

In 1158, Frederick I solemnly agreed to grant from now on to everyone who came to Bologna the following benefits:

1. To travel freely throughout all countries under the auspices of his authority, without having therefore to be subjected to all sorts of troubles experienced by foreigners;

2. To be subject in the city exclusively to the court of professors or the bishop.

Bologna's location, its healthy climate, the wealth of the city, its very status thanks to its recent autonomy, all explain the reason for the extreme popularity of the law school. Along with the youth, people of mature age, often leaving their family, occupation, honorary position in their homeland, strive to Bologna to become scolarii. Children of crowned persons, and they were sent to this city to study law and fine arts. The popularity of the school is also explained by the fact that women were allowed into the bowels of the “Felzin Temple of Wisdom”, as the University of Bologna was called in the times of Irnerius and Accursius, and, most importantly, not only to listen to lectures, but also as teachers (lectresses).

The main feature that distinguishes the entire medieval university history has also been outlined: the corporate, guild principle was so strong in those days that the university, in essence, was two combined guilds. Both of these workshops, "learning" and "teaching", depending on the nation and the specialty of the persons included in them, were divided into smaller categories. In Bologna, in particular, there were four nations: Campanian, Tuscan, Lombard and Roman. The meeting of all student corporations under a common statute constituted the university in Bologna by the end of the 12th century. This university, which is (along with Paris, founded in the same era - 1200), the oldest in Europe, from the day of its formation had two special features arising from the very conditions of its formation:

1. It was not an association of professors (universitas magistrorum), to whose authority the students were to be exclusively subject. On the contrary, it was an association of students (universitas scholarium), which itself chooses leaders, to whom, in turn, professors report. Bologna students were divided into two parts: ultramontane and citramontane, each of which annually elected a rector; both parts participated in the administration of the university. Professors were chosen by students for a certain period of time, received a fee according to the condition, and were obliged not to teach anywhere except in Bologna. Being according to the statute, thus, depending on the university and being free only in the direction of the students' studies, they could gain authority and influence on the students solely by their personal qualities and pedagogical talents.

2. In contrast to the Parisian, which was originally devoted solely to theology, Bologna was legal. The study of Roman law, which laid the foundation for the university, as well as canonical law, introduced into the program from the 12th century, remained the main, if not exclusive, subjects of university teaching.

Medicine and liberal arts were taught there, indeed, during the 13th century. famous professors, but their students, nevertheless, were considered to belong to the Faculty of Law, and only in the fourteenth century. along with them, two other faculties were formed: medicine and philosophy, as well as theology.

The most brilliant period of the Bologna school of law was the period between the beginning of the 12th century. and the second half of the 12th century, covering the lectures of Irnerius and the teaching of glossing by Akcursius. During this period, a new method of teaching found the widest and most fruitful application, both in oral presentation and in the writings of glossators. During this long period the most famous of the glossators, after the four doctors mentioned earlier, were: Placentinos, who worked chiefly on the Justinian code and founded the Montpellier school; Burgundio is one of the few glossators who knew Greek; Roger, Jean Bassien, Pillius, Azo (whose works were so popular that there was even a saying: "Chi non ha Azo, non vado a palazzo"; and, finally, Accursius, the most famous of the glossators.

Accursius passed on his love of practicing law to his children, and his daughter Dota d'Accorso, awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws by the university and admitted to public teaching, was the first of the women mentioned in the annals of the university.

During the period of the highest prosperity at the University of Bologna, law, along with jurisprudence, other sciences begin to flourish. So, to the trivium, the complex of sciences of the early Middle Ages, which consisted of grammar, rhetoric and dialectics, a quadrium was added in this era of the late Middle Ages: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music plus (a little later) logic and mathematics. Other sciences also flourish here: philosophy, Latin and Greek literature and medicine.

However, after the rise comes the fall. Much contributed to this: the struggle of the Guelphs and Ghibellines and, as a result, the participation of university professors themselves in party strife; the gradual falling of professors under the influence of the city municipality, which claimed to regulate professorial teaching, regardless of the personal abilities of the teacher and the interests of science. Thus, the University of Bologna gradually lost its primacy in the teaching of law. To top it off, the most famous legalists gradually began to teach law already in Pisa, Perusa, Padua and Pavia.

During its existence, the Bologna school had a huge impact not only on Italy, but also on Western Europe. Through her methods and doctrine, she greatly updated the science of law, and exercised upon the legislation, institutions, and very ideas of European society a great influence which was felt throughout the Middle Ages.

The University of Bologna became the prototype for many other similar institutions in Europe. Moreover, he became the "initiator" of the formation of many law faculties (universities), both in Italy and abroad. The professors and students of Bologna scattered throughout Europe, spreading the science that they themselves had received there. So, in Italy, universities were formed in: Vicenza (1203), Arezzo (1215), Padua (1222). In France, the University of Montpellier was founded (1137).

Education of the University of Bologna 1158

Limarev V.N.

Medieval quarter of Bologna. University of Bologna.

In the center of the Italian Bologna, the spirit of the Middle Ages has been preserved, against the backdrop of early and late architectural heaps.

The ancient Roman aqueduct and modern new buildings are not the face of the city, they are interspersed in the architectural ensemble of the ancient city center.

History of Bologna:

From the end of the 6th century BC, Bologna, which was then called Felsina, was the capital of the Etruscan state. Numerous Etruscan necropolises (VI-IV centuries BC) have survived from this era in the city and its environs. From 189 BC, Bologna was under the rule of Rome. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Ostrogoths, Lombards, Byzantines, Franks visited the city. The Frankish Emperor Charlemagne granted Bologna the rights of a free city. Since the 11th century, Bologna has been a self-governing city commune. In the XIII-XIV centuries in Bologna, as in many other cities of Northern Italy, a bloody struggle unfolded between the Guelphs (supporters of the Pope) and the Ghibellines (supporters of the emperor). As a result, in 1511 Bologna was incorporated into the Papal States, a theocratic state headed by the Pope.

The city was under the rule of the popes until 1797, when Napoleon's troops occupied Bologna. In the same year, it became part of the Cisalpine Republic, dependent on France, and in 1805, it became part of the Italian Kingdom. By decision of the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815, Bologna was returned to the papal throne.

In 1860, the city became the capital of the Romagna region as part of a united Italy.

If you came to Bologna with the aim of getting to know the city by train, then you do not need to spend time looking for transport to get to the city center, since ancient Bologna is located next to the station, you only need to focus on the medieval gate of Galliera, which was the entrance to the medieval city. Having passed through the gate, you will run into Montagnola park.

Go to the park, there are sculptural compositions with mermaids, these sculptures became the source of a romantic mood for me, before I plunged into the atmosphere of medieval Bologna. And then, moving along the famous portico galleries (antique wooden porticos in houses of the Roman era, Gothic arcades, Renaissance and Baroque arcades, almost all central streets are covered with porticoes, the total length of the porticoes is 38 km.), You will reach the city center.

For me personally, the city center is two medieval towers to the sky, one of them is almost 100 meters high. In the 12th century, the wealthy families of Bologna competed to see who could build the tallest tower. The Asinelli family built a tower of 97.2 meters, the tower deviated from the vertical by 2.2 meters.

This is the second unforgettable experience in Bologna, after the sculptures of Montagnola Park.

Third, the huge Catholic Cathedral Church of St. Petronius is the largest Christian basilica, built at the end of the 14th century.

But these sights of Bologna are mentioned less often in reference books, focusing the attention of visitors to Bologna on the fountain of Neptune; funny fountain, but didn't impress me. They also write a lot about the University of Bologna, the oldest university in the world that is still active.

The University of Bologna became the center of my attention.

The University of Bologna arose at the turn of the 10th-11th century. In Bologna in the 11th century there was a "school of liberal arts". (Seven liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric (the ability to compose letters, legal documents), dialectics, arithmetic, astronomy (astrology), music, geometry (actually geography)

Later, under the auspices of Frederick 1 Barbarossa (1152-1190), the “emperor of the sacred risk of the empire of the German nation,” the university became an educational institution that emphasized the study of law, including rhetoric and Roman law, i.e. the University of Bologna became a law school.

Medicine and the liberal arts were taught there during the 13th century, but their listeners were nevertheless considered to belong to the law university, and only in the 14th century. along with them, two other universities were formed: 1) medicine and philosophy and 2) theology. A remarkable consequence of the purely juridical character of the University of Bologna was that it was not subject, like Paris, to the supreme administration of the popes, since there was no need for ecclesiastical permission to teach Roman law, which was required for theology.

Many students from Germany, the Czech Republic came to study at the University of Bologna ...

Students flocked from all over Europe to create corporations on the model of various craft and art workshops of that time. Corporations of students chose their leaders, to whom the professors were subordinate. Every year, a meeting of the corporations chose a rector and a council from various nationalities.

The teachers of the university occupied a high position in the city of Bologna. They were exempted from taxes and military service and, although not born in Bologna, received all the rights of citizens of this city.

A picture hangs at the university: Irnerius (1055-1130), professor of law, founder of the Bologna school of jurists. (see photo)

The University of Bologna has preserved medieval architecture in its external appearance and internal interiors. Inside the museum there are museum halls, which contain masterpieces of the Italian Renaissance.

The special design of the library of the University of Bologna, the entrance to which and the galleries are decorated with knightly coats of arms of the students of the university, with special reverence are kept the rarities of the university.

The University of Bologna is a museum - a museum of the history of the university and a museum of memory of prominent personalities who once studied here.

Europe. Located in the Italian city of Bologna. Historically, the university was founded to study Roman law, but today it has 23 faculties. According to the QS World University Rankings, the Faculty of Law of the University of Bologna ranked 32nd. For foreign students, the University of Bologna offers programs in both Italian and English.

Directions of study:

  • Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine;
  • Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Cultural Heritage;
  • Faculty of Economics, Management and Statistics;
  • Faculty of Engineering and Architecture;
  • Faculty of Foreign Languages, Literature and Translation Studies;
  • Faculty of Law;
  • Faculty of Medicine;
  • Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology;
  • Faculty of Political Science;
  • Faculty of Psychology and Education;
  • Faculty of Sciences.

In accordance with the Student Exchange Agreement, the University of Bologna is ready to accept up to 2 KFU students for a period of one semester to a year. Students are exempt from tuition fees. Expenses for accommodation, travel to and from the university, consular fees, etc. students carry on their own.

To participate in the exchange program, you must submit the following documents to the Department of External Relations:

  1. (to be completed only in printed form);
  2. An extract from the record book, certified by the dean's office. If the student has a personal account, then you can download it from the site, and then certify it in the dean's office;
  3. in Italian or English;
  4. Motivation letter in English or Italian;
  5. List of courses for the study program (when choosing subjects, applicants should be guided by the content of their study program at KFU);
  6. A copy of the language test / certificate, if not, then you must provide
  7. A copy of a foreign passport valid longer than the internship period.

Additional Information:

Dates of study at the university: autumn semester: mid-September - end of January

spring semester: mid-January-late July

The university provides accommodation in case the participant registers on the university website in time, the cost of living: 350 euros, and also the registration to the university is about 220 euros.

The approximate amount of money needed per month is 600 euros.

Founded in 1088, it is the oldest university in the world that has never stopped teaching. Copernicus, Petrarch and Dante studied here, according to the apt expression of the latter, Bologna is still called la grassa, la rossa and la dotta, which means fat, red, learned.
Thanks to the University, the city in the Middle Ages was unusually developed and had, as we now say, excellent infrastructure. Bologna owes almost all its virtues to students, and now I'm not even talking about the atmosphere of youth and joy that reigns in the city, but about such banal and well-known sights as covered galleries and excellent cuisine.
The galleries were born out of the desire of homeowners to get more income from renting out their homes. Expanding the upper floors, they increased the area of ​​​​the house, propping up the excess with columns. The construction of galleries was at first illegal, but then the mood of the authorities changed and a rule was even introduced on the minimum span height - 2 m 66 cm, which is enough for a rider on a horse. The first galleries were, of course, wooden, some of them have survived to this day. From the same historical period comes the law that still exists today that the owner of the house is responsible for the space under the galleries, namely, that he must keep it clean and leave it free for the movement of people. However, I already wrote about it.
Cooking also developed under the influence of students. It should be noted that among the students there were people not so much young as experienced, not so much poor as wealthy, so that their tastes and demands were appropriate. It is interesting that at first the university was managed not by teachers, but by students - they themselves chose what, how and when to study, and teachers were in a subordinate position. Henry Morton writes about this in his Walks in the North of Italy. From Milan to Rome”, aptly characterizing the relationship between students and teachers as a “master-servant” relationship. Chefs also tried to meet the needs of students, inventing new dishes for everyday meals and various feasts.
All this cheerful student life for a long time took place outside the walls of the University simply because it did not have any walls. Classes were held in the squares, in cafes, in temples, at teachers' houses, and in the end it was decided to allocate a separate building to the Alma Mater Studiorum. This is palazzo dell "Archiginnasio, located next to piazza Maggiore. I was told that the university premises were supposed to adjoin the Cathedral of San Petronio on piazza Maggiore, but Pope Pius IV stopped construction so that the cathedral would not outgrow St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, but students and teachers allocated a separate building.The university was located there from 1563 to 1805. The courtyard of the palazzo is an example of typical Bolognese architecture with its recognizable columns and vaulted ceilings of galleries.The vaults are decorated with the coats of arms of students and teachers, there are about 700 of them.If you go up to the second floor (the entrance here, by the way, is free), then you can see not only coats of arms, but also cute signs of ancient times - benches, carved doors, sculptural groups... The building now houses a library; university students who study in such not just wonderful, but outstanding conditions.
In the same building there is an amazingly beautiful auditorium, just like one imagines at the thought of a medieval university - the Teatro Anatomico, a wooden amphitheater with a marble table for dissecting corpses in the middle. The theater worked only in the cold months, anyone could watch the process. After Bologna came under the authority of the pope, the dissection of corpses was prohibited and operations were demonstrated on models made of wax and wood. The audience is decorated with the same (or similar) figures. What particularly surprised me was that the reference information attached to the auditorium doors was also available in Russian. Let me remind you that the entrance to the Teatro Anatomico, like most of the city's municipal museums, is free.
Now the University is located in a dozen different buildings, concentrated mainly on via Zamboni, starting near the Two Towers (Due Torri). The street begins with an excellent gelateria (gelateria, from gelato - ice cream) “Gianni”, which is always crowded with people. I really like the Funivia gelateria at piazza Cavour, and especially the combination of yoghurt and strawberry ice cream. Girls, even those who are on a diet, definitely need to go to the gelateria, this source of beautiful plastic ice cream scoops, which are so convenient to get all sorts of cosmetic things out of cans. Personally, I brought a dozen of these multi-colored spatulas from Italy.
If you walk a little along via Zamboni, then on the left side there will be a cafe of the same name, where we often went for an aperitif with the school. Unlike many other cafes in the city, they do not serve tasteless sausages here, offering rather tolerable variations on the theme of Italian cuisine for a snack. In general, the entire via Zamboni is full of different restaurants, bars and clubs, so life here is in full swing around the clock. If you walk down the street to piazza Verdi and turn left again, then literally after 15 meters there will be a Punto gusto establishment opened by the boyfriend of my teacher Lucia. Nicola is Sicilian, so his arancini are real. If you are in Bologna - say hello to him!
To see the buildings in which the faculties are located, you need to carefully look at the nameplates attached to them. It is a little pity that the University does not have a single architectural symbol, like, for example, Moscow State University, for replication on T-shirts and mugs. They are usually printed with the round emblem of the University, and you can buy these souvenirs in a shop on piazza Maggiore.

Inner courtyard of the palazzo dell"Archiginnasi...

and its embossed ceiling.

There.

Inside.

Teatro Anatomico.

Creepy figures...


Marble table.

One of the oldest buildings in the city. This is what the extended upper floors looked like.

Another old building.

Another example of wooden columns.

On Via Rizzoli.

Intermediate option.

This is how it looks now.


In the student quarter.

It is rightfully considered the "university center" of the country. There is also a more amusing characteristic of the province - Smart, Red, Fat.

This is how the city was characterized because of the considerable number of educational institutions on the territory, for the color of the roofs of buildings, and finally, for the delicious food prepared in local restaurants.

Italy is a country with a centuries-old culture, rich nature, developed architectural skills, so almost every city in the country is famous for its sights. And our province is no exception! In the city of Bologna, the tourist will see the following sights.

The history of the University of Bologna dates back to the 2nd century. it was founded in 1088. It is considered one of the largest and most famous European universities since the Middle Ages. The University of Bologna in the Middle Ages was called Studium, the offspring of influential families from all over the globe aspired to study here. The university gave education to such scientific luminaries as Erasmus of Rotterdam, Paracelsus, Albrecht Dürer, Dante Alighieri, Salimbene of Parma who later became famous.

The University of Bologna is considered one of the largest and most famous European universities since the Middle Ages.

Gradually, the faculty of the university, among whom was Irnerius, began to specialize in law, and as a result, the legal theories cultivated here began to be accepted and used throughout the country.

From the 14th century The higher educational institution of the city of Bologna - a local university, in addition to jurisprudence, organized the following faculties on its territory: astronomy, philosophy, medicine, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, grammar.

A little later, theology was included in the list of disciplines. Currently, the university consists of five institutions located in different parts of Italy. Therefore, there is no unequivocal answer to the question of where the University of Bologna is located. The faculties of the higher institution teach students a total of about 85 thousand people, in the following cities: Bologna, Rimini, Cesena, and Forlì.

You can take a virtual tour of the campus by watching the video:

Students are trained in such areas as law, agriculture, cultural heritage conservation, psychology, communications, politics, etc. The main building of the university is located on the street. Dzamboni, 33, tel. +39 051.209.91.11 / 93.70. You can find out the details about the University of Bologna that interest you by visiting the official website: www.unibo.it.

temples

What else can you see in Bologna? In the Middle Ages, a considerable number of temples were erected on the territory of the city, each of which can rightly be called an object of the country's cultural heritage.

Basilica of Saint Petronius

One of the largest temples in the world, located in the central square of Bologna - Maggiore. The basilica was erected for a long time, for more than one century.

The construction of an original temple in the Gothic style began in the 14th century, and the construction and decoration was completed only in the 17th century.

Interestingly, the church was built in the form of an ancient Latin cross, among its founders such famous architects as Andre Palladio, Giacomo Barozzi di Vignola, Antonio di Vicenza.

The Basilica of Saint Petronius is located on Piazza Maggiore

The exterior of the walls of the church is also made in the Gothic style, famous for the strict geometry of the pattern. From the inside, the cathedral is decorated with works by famous painters: “The Consecration of Christ with 4 Saints” by A. Aspertini, “The Mysterious Wedding of St. Catherine” by F. Lippi, “Madonna with Saints” by L. Costa Jr. other.

An ancient relic of the 15th century, which has been subjected to assassination attempts, deserves special attention.

This is a fresco with the Islamic saint Magomed, depicted, according to the plot of the picture, among the inhabitants of Hell, which the religious Islamic fans who ended up in Bologna tried to destroy.

What the Basilica of St. Petronius looks like inside - see the video:

After the Middle Ages, the city of Bologna used the building of the Basilica of San Petronio for social and political purposes, both the local court and the city council were located here.

Only by the 20s of the last century prayer chants began to sound again in the church.

You can visit the cathedral daily from 7-30 to 12-45 hours, and in the afternoon from 15 to 18 hours.

Monastery complex of Santo Stefano

St. Stephen's Cathedral consists of 7 buildings that form the temple complex. According to legend, it was Saint Petronius, inspired by holy thoughts, who wished to reproduce the monuments to the seven main Jerusalem shrines.

The monastery complex of Santo Stefano consists of 7 buildings

So, the churches included in the San Stefano complex are named: Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Cathedral of John the Baptist, Church of the Holy Trinity, Cathedral of the Martyrs Agricola and Vitaly, Pilate's courtyard and monastery. The visiting hours of the Basilica, located in St. Stefano's Square, are similar to the opening hours of the Church of St. Petronius.

Temple of the Madonna of Saint Luke

Built on a hill of about 250-300 m, "Sentry Hill". The name of the church was given by the work of art by St. Luke the Evangelist - Madonna and Child, brought to the city by a pilgrim from Greece.

The honorary burden was instructed to be carried to the Guard Hill, whose image is on the icon, which was done.

The basilica was built later, specifically for the storage of the shrine.

The Temple of the Madonna of St. Luke was built on Guard Hill

The church is located outside the city, you can get into the cathedral by making your way through the gallery of 666 arches, with a total length of about 4 meters, leading from the Zaragoza gate. The entrance ticket costs 10 euros.

What else to see in Bologna?

If you are in the province of Bologna for a little more than 1 day, be sure to check out the rest of the city's relics and monuments. What can you see in Bologna in 2 or more days?
These are world-famous museums of the city, towers and palaces.

National Pinakothek

Stores the largest collections of works by Italian painters known throughout the world. The National Pinacoteca of Bologna offers tourists the works of art created by the famous Titian, A. Coracci, L. Costa, G. Reni, Paramigiano, Raphael, whose life was marked by the Italian city of Bologna.

The National Pinakothek houses the largest collections of works by Italian painters

The museum is located on 56 Belle Arti Street and is open from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. daily, except Mondays. The ticket price varies from 2 to 4 euros.

Archaeological Museum

Formed in the 19th century, in 1881. It is famous for its expositions of archaeological origin from the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic eras, as well as historical finds raised from Etruscan and Gallic tombs. A considerable number of archaeological finds were provided to the museum by the University of Bologna and the artist P. Palagi.

Archaeological Museum of Bologna founded in the 19th century

Household items of the ancient Romans, Egyptians, Greeks are collected here, and there are also extensive collections of ancient awards and banknotes. Entrance to the museum is paid, the cost is 5 euros. You can see the local collections every Friday from 9 am to 2.30 pm at the address: Via Arciginassio, 2.

The largest of them is the tower, which once belonged to the Asinelli family and was named after the eminent family. The building was built in defiance of the Garisendi family, who were at enmity with the owners of the tower and built a similar skyscraper directly opposite. It rises above the city to a solid height, created around 1120.

The high-rise tower of Asinelli offers an excellent view of the surroundings of the city of Bologna, so the building was used as an observation tower.

Later, in the 15th century, a fortress building joined the high-rise building, where trade is flourishing today. A characteristic feature of the Tower is not only a height of about 100 meters and a staircase consisting of almost five hundred steps, but also an inclined arrangement.

The famous leaning towers of Bologna

Being one of the "highlights" of the city of Bologna, the falling towers of Asinelli and Garisendi seem to "look" at each other, leaning down. You can visit the high-rise building of the Asinelli clan daily by paying 3 euros, from 9 am to 6 pm in summer, in winter the visiting time ends an hour earlier. And the entrance to the Garisendi Tower for tourists, alas, is closed.

Palaces of Bologna

Bologna is famous for its palaces:


Flea markets

Bologna is famous not only for a huge number of cultural historical sites, but also for a fairly developed trade in the so-called "flea markets". What can you bring with you as a keepsake from Bologna?

Visit local retail outlets and be sure to choose a memorabilia for yourself:

    • Flea market Mercato Antiquario di Santo Stefano in Bologna, Italy, famous for its antiques trade. It sells antique frames for mirrors and photographs, dolls, bags, lamps. The market is open from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. in winter and until 7 p.m. in summer, every 2nd weekend. Located on the square of the same name;
    • Mercado di Collectionismo Market, also offers customers antiques, but these are more printed publications: magazines, newspapers, manuscripts. Open from 9 to 6 pm on Thursdays. Located in Piazza Villa Agosto;

At the flea market in Bologna you can buy antiques as a keepsake

  • flea market Mercato Del Vintage, they sell antique hats, accessories, bijouterie, sunglasses every Tuesday from 9 am to 4 pm;
  • Market La Piazzola. It sells both clothing and a variety of household items, paintings, figurines. Trading is conducted on Fridays and Saturdays throughout the day. Ares: Piazza Vill Agosto.

And this is not an exhaustive list of world-famous sights, cultural, religious, architectural monuments and colorful retail outlets that can be visited by a tourist of Bologna for the benefit of the mind, soul and heart!

If you are planning an Italian trip, be sure to visit this city with its rich cultural, religious, and simply colorful life.