Hungary. Hungarian tank TURAN. Magyarskaya attempt to catch up with the Soviet Tank Building Stage of the War against the USSR

The average tank "Turan"

In early 1940, Hungarian specialists became interested in an experienced Middle Tank go2c (T-21) by the Czechoslovak firm Jlkoda. The latter was the development of a well-known light tank of the same company 1 y2a (LT-35), with which Hungarians were able to get acquainted in March 1939. In favor of T-21, the specialists of the Institute of Military Technology were spoken, they found it the best average tank. Identally affordable. The Germans did not attract the Germans at all, and they did not mind the transfer of her Higgles. On June 3, 1940, T-21 was sent to Budapest, and on June 10, he arrived at the Central Test Polygon Hondeschega in Highimashkery. After the test, during which the T-21 passed without breakdowns 800 km, on August 7, 1940, the parties signed a license contract. On September 3, the car was adopted by the Hungarian army called "Turan" (Turan). Turan - Mythological Praodina Magyar, who was in Central Asia, from where in the 6th century they began their relocation to Europe. Soon the tank received the army index of 40m.

Middle Tank T-21

In preparation for serial production, the initial Czech construction was subjected to some modernization and changes. Hungarian cannon and engine have been installed, reservations have strengthened, replaced instruments of observation and communications. This work was carried out under the leadership of the engineer of Manfred WEISS. First order for 230

martial vehicles issued by the Ministry of Defense on September 19, 1940 were divided between four firms: Manfred Weiss (70 units), Magyar Vagon (70), Mavag (40) and Ganz (50). However, from issuing an order to its real fulfillment was still far away. The beginning of production prevented the absence of a complete set of technical documentation, as the latest drawings from Jlkoda were obtained only in March 1941. The drawings of modernization drawings were also delayed. As a result, the first prototype of Turana, made from non-terrain steel, left the factory workshop on July 8. In the troops, new tanks began to come only in May 1942. In total, 285 tanks 40m "Turan 40" were released, in domestic literature they are sometimes designated as "Turan I".

The layout and design of the housing and the tower, which were collected using a riveting on the frame from the corners, mainly corresponded to the Czech prototype. The thickness of the rolled armor sheets of the frontal part of the housing and the tower was 50 - 60 mm, sides and feed - 25 mm, roofs and bottoms - 8 - 25 mm.

The average tank T-21 in the yard of the Skoda plant. Czechoslovak armament is installed on the car: 47-mm gun Vz.38 and two 7.92-machine ZB VZ.37 machine gun. MTO roof is dismantled

40-mm tool 41m 40/51 was developed by MAVAG based on 37-mm gun 37m, intended for Tank V-4, anti-tank gun of the same caliber and "Skodovskaya" 37-mm A7 guns. One 8-mm Machine gun 34 / 40am Gebauer was installed in the tower in a ball unit, the other in the front sheet of the body to the left together with the optical sight, protected, as well as the trunks of both machine guns, a massive armor casing. The gun amplifier included 101 shot, and machine guns - 3000 cartridges.

TURAN I.

The tank was equipped with six periscopic observation devices and a viewing slit with a triplex in the front sheet of the case opposite the driver's mechanic. Next to the Radar Arrow, R / 5A radio station was installed.

8-cylinder carburetor V-circular engine Manfred Weiss-Z with a capacity of 265 hp At 2200 rpm allowed a tank with a mass of 18.2 tons accelerate to the maximum speed of 47 km / h. The fuel tank capacity is 265 liters, the stroke reserve is 165 km.

The average tank "Turan I" during the crossing. 2nd Tank Division. Poland, 1944

Transmission "Turana" consisted of a multidiscory main friction of dry friction, a planetary 6-speed transmission, a planetary mechanism of rotation and side gear. Transmission aggregates management was carried out using a pneumatic servo. Provided and duplicate mechanical drive.

It should be noted that, having a specific power of 14.5 hp / t, "Turan" possessed good mobility and maneuverability. They were provided, among other things, convenient and not requiring great physical efforts by the controls.

TURAN I with armored screens

Lengthwise cut

Cross-section

Layout tank "Turan I": 1 - installation of a course machine gun and an optical sight; 2 - observation devices; 3 - fuel tank; 4 - engine; 5 - gearbox; 6 - turning mechanism; 7 - mechanical lever (duplicating) rotation mechanism drive; 8 - gear shift lever; 9 - pneumatic cylinder tank control system; 10 - lever drive mechanism with a pneumotor; 11 - ambrusura machine gun; 12 - driver-driver's surveying hatch; 13 - accelerator pedal; 14 - brake pedal; 15 - Pedal of the main friction; 16 - Tower rotation mechanism; 17 - Ambrusura Cannon

The chassis was generally similar to the chassis of the lightweight Czechoslovak tank LT-35 and in relation to oneboard consisted of eight cut-off dual support rollers of small diameter, salted pairwise and collected in two trolleys, each of which was suspended on two semi-elliptic leaf springs. There was one dual skating rink between the front trolley and the guide wheel, which facilitated the tank overcoming vertical obstacles. The driving wheel was located behind. The upper branch of the caterpillar relied on five dual cut-off supporting rollers. The design of the chassis provided the tank with a soft course without strong vertical oscillations and swinging.

In addition to the linear tank, the Turan RK commander option was also developed, intended for commander of the mouth, battalions and regiments. This car did not only have a regular radio station R / 5A, but also the R / 4T radio station, the antenna of which was attached to the forage sheet of the tower.

In May 1941, that is, even before the receipt of new tanks in the troops, the Hungarian General Staff raised the question of the modernization of Turan in order to change its weapons, apparently, under the impression of the German tank Pz.iv. On the machine that received the designation 41m "Turan 75" ("Turan II"), installed 75-mm gun 41m with a length of a barrel of 25 calibers and a horizontal wedge shutter. The tower had to remake, increasing its height of 45 mm and changed the shape and dimensions of the stationary commander's turret. The ammunition declined to 52 artvistra-fish. The rest of the nodes and tank aggregates are not subject to change. The mass of the machine has increased to 19.2 tons, the speed and reserve of the stroke decreased slightly. In May 1942, Turan II was adopted, in 1943 launched into mass production; Until June 1944, 139 units were issued.

"Turan I" from the composition of the 2nd Tank Division. Eastern Front, April 1944

Commander Turan II. The characteristic external difference of this car from the linear tank was the presence of three radio antenna on the tower. From weapons, only a course machine gun is stored; The tower machine gun and the gun is absent (instead of the gun installed its wooden imitation)

Along with linear tanks, commander cars 43M Turan II were produced. The arms consisted of only one 8-mm machine gun in the windshield sheet of the case. The tower machine gun and the gun was absent, and a wooden imitation was installed instead of the latter. There were three radio stations in the tower - R / 4T, R / 5A and German FUG 16.

Since the short-barreled gun was not suitable for fighting tanks, the Institute of Military Technology was instructed to work out the question of armed with "Turan" with a long-term 75-mm gender of 43m. In parallel, it was planned to increase the thickness of the front armor of the body up to 80 mm. The mass was to grow up to 23 tons.

In December 1943, a sample of Tan 44m "Turan III" was made, but the serial release was not expanded due to the lack of a sufficient amount of guns.

In 1944, the "Turanans", following the example of German tanks pz.Ni and Pz.IV, began to inspire screens that were protected from cumulative shells. A set of such screens for "Turan" weighed 635 kg.

As already mentioned, in the troops "Turana" began to come in May 1942, when the first 12 cars arrived at the Tank School in Estergome. As of October 30, 1943, Hongvedscheg had 242 tanks of this type. The 3rd tank regiment was fully equipped with the 3rd tank regiment.

the Tank Division - there were 120 cars in it, and in the 1st tank shelf of the 1st Tank Division - 61 "Turan 40", another 56 units were part of the 1st Cavalry Division. In addition, two "Turan" was in the 1st company of self-propelled guns and three were used as training.

Tan Tanks "Turan 75" began to enter the Hungarian troops in May 1943; By the end of August there were already 49, and by March 1944 - 107.

In the photo at the top - massive armor-mask of the anti-digit device 75-mm gun.
In the center - an autonomous installation of a coursework machine gun, the trunk of which is closed by armored casing. Pulent heads of bolts are clearly visible. On the side of the tower of this tank, in addition to the screens, tracts of caterpillars are placed.
Below - armor casing sight and exchange machine gun

In April of the same year, the 2nd tank division was sent to the front, having in its composition 120 "Turan 40" and 55 "Turan 75". The combat baptism of Hungarian average tanks took on April 17, when the Division counterattacked the advancing Soviet parts under Kolomyy. The tank attack on the difficult farm forest and mountainous terrain was not crowned with success. By April 26, the promotion of the Hungarian troops was stopped. In this case, losses amounted to 30 tanks. In August - September, the division participated in the battles from Stanislav (now Ivano-Frankivsk) suffered great losses, and she was taken out to the rear.

The 1st Cavalry Division in the summer of 1944 participated in heavy battles in Eastern Poland, retreating to Warsaw. Having lost all his tanks, she was in September withdrawal in Hungary.

Since September 1944, 124 "Turana" of the 1st Tank Division fought in Tran-Silivania. In December, the battles were already in Hungary, near Debrecen and Nyireh-Shl. In addition to the 1st, both other specified divisions participated in them. October 30 began fighting for Budapest, the last four months. The 2nd tank division was surrounded in the city itself, and the 1st tank and 1st cavalry divisions fought north of the capital. As a result of brutal battles at Lake Balaton in March - April 1945, Hungarian tank troops ceased to exist. Then they were destroyed or captured by the Red Army and the last "Turanans".

"Turan II" with mesh screens made according to the sample of German "Tom types"

The Red Army fighter examines Turan II trophy tank, equipped with mesh screens. 1944

As mentioned, the Hungarian average tank was created on the basis of the Czechoslovak design of the mid-1930s. Do not tighten the preparation for its serial production and managed to be the release of 1941 - "Turan" could be a formidable opponent for Soviet BT and T-26. But in April 1944, this angular rivet car was already complete anachronism. It should be noted that the Hungarians adopted the German experience with a significant delay: "Turan II" received a short-barreled 75-mm gun by analogy with pz.iv. At the time when the German tanks have already rearmed with long-balan implements.

In 1942, again, taking into account German experience, the Hungarians decided to create their assault tool. The only suitable base for it was "Turan", whose body width increased by 450 mm. In a 75-mm frontal sheet of low-profile riveting armor-cutting in the frame, a conveyed 105-mm infantry ward of 40m MAVAG firm with a length of a barrel of 20.5 caliber was installed. Horizontal horizons of the guideline guide ± 11 °, elevation angle - + 25 °. SAU amplifier consisted of 52 seats of separate charge. Machine gun machine did not have. The engine, transmission and chassis remained the same as the base tank. The combat mass was 21.6 tons. The crew consisted of four people. This most successful Hungarian armored battle car of the period of the Second World War, who received the designation 40 / 43m "Zriny 105" ("Zrigni II"), named after the National Hero of Hungary Miklos Zriny, was adopted in January 1943 and released in minor quantities - Total 66 units.

From October 1, 1943, in the Hungarian army, the battalions of assault artillery of 30 SAUs have begun to be formed in each, which, along with the German combat machines, began to act as the storm instruments of Zrinyi. By 1945, all the remaining Saoups of this type were part of the 20th Eger and 24th Koshitsky battalions. The latest parts armed with these self-propellas were capitulated in Czechoslovakia.

Zrinyi I.

Zrinyi II.

Armed 105-mm GABICS SAU "Zriny" was a powerful assault tool

Battery Self-propelled guns "Zrigni II" during tactical classes. 1943.

Zrinyi was typical assault tools. They successfully accompanied the attacking infantry with fire and maneuver, but they could not fight with Soviet tanks in 1944. In such a situation, the Germans rearmed their Stug III long-life cannons, turning them into fighters of tanks. Hungary, with their more retarded economy, such an event was not able to.

Only two combat vehicles from the Hungarian Middle Tanks are preserved to this day. "Turan 75" (number 2N423) and "Zriny 105" (number ZN022) can be seen in the exposition of the Museum of Armored Arms and Technology in Cuba near Moscow.

Another member of Hungary, like Germany, a trianon peace treaty was forbidden to have, create and buy heavy armored equipment. But in the spring of 1920, the Hungarians were secretly taken out of 12 LKII tanks from Germany.

Specially created commissions did not find any traces in any of the countries. After 8 years, two English tantes "Carden-Loyd" Mark VI, 1931 5 pieces of Italian "FIAT-3000" have already acquired.

The first numerous party was purchased in Italy in August 1935. Under the Hungarian designation "35m" in the troops received 25 tankets "CV 3/33", and the next year another 125 wedges "CV 3/35" (37m).

After the well-known Spanish events of 1936, the Government of Hungary adopted an emergency plan for the development and modernization of the Armed Forces. Organizations of tank troops assigned an important role. It was planned to equip the army with light and medium tanks. Although the Hungarian industry and designers were able to create and produce their own tanks, the government felt the approach of the "big" war in Europe, they could not have time with his tank. In order to accelerate the process, the production was chosen under license.

Tanks of Hungary Times of World War II

To select the manufactured tank in March 1938, they decided to test the tests between the Swedish Landsverk "L60B" and German PZ.LA. (Please note that actually chose between the German and German tank). Whatever it was, but for its own mass production, "L60B" was chosen, which is quite natural, because the Swedish tank on technical and combat characteristics was put on the order of magnitude superior German. Hungarian tank was called 38m "Toaldi". On the basis of "Toaldi" in 1941 - 1942, the anti-aircraft installation "Nemrod" was produced.

For the Middle Tank in 1940, Hungary acquired in Czechoslovakia (read in Germany) a license for the production of the underdeveloped T-21 tank. After a series of refinement, such as a new tower under a new gun, from April 1942, under the designation of 40m Turan, the tank began serially produced. To fulfill the first order for 230 cars, it took two years. In 1943 - 1944, on the basis of Turan Tank, 66 fully armored Self-propelled "Zrinyi" were released.

There were attempts to create a heavy tank, the result of which was built in 1944 an experienced sample of a heavy tank called Tash. It was planned at its base to also produce anti-tank self-propeller with an 88-mm German gun.

Over the years, the Hungarian industry has released only about 700 tanks and self-propelled lines, for the country that takes an active part in hostilities, it is clearly not enough.

Fans rewrite the story should be familiar with dry numbers of a brief description of the Hungarian army and its actions in the second world. Which almost fully fought with the anti-Hitler coalition until the last day.

The main purpose of the foreign policy of Hungary was the return of the territories lost after the First World War. In 1939, Hungary began to reform his armed forces (Honvedscheg - Honvédség). The brigades were deployed to army corps, a mechanized case and air force were created, prohibited by the Trianon Treaty of 1920.

In August 1940, in accordance with the decision of the Vienna Arbitration of Romania, Hungary returned North Transylvania. The Eastern Hungarian border passed on a strategically important line - Carpathians. Hungary focused on her 9th ("Karpatsky") body.

On April 11, 1941, the Hungarian troops occupied a number of areas of Northern Yugoslavia. Thus, Hungary returned part of its lost in 1918 - 1920. Territories, but it became completely dependent on the support of Germany. The Hungarian army almost did not meet resistance from the Yugoslav troops (except for plates on April 8, Yugoslav aviation for the German military bases in Hungary) and took the main city of Yugoslav Level Bank Danube G. Novi-Garden. Where mass Jewish pogroms occurred.

Hungary's armed forces by mid-1941 counted 216 thousand people. They were led by the head of state with the help of the Supreme Military Council, the General Staff and the Military Ministry.

Military parade in Budapest.

Ground troops had three field army in three army corps each (the country was divided into nine districts on the responsibility zones of army corps) and a separate moving corps. The Army Corps on the state consisted of three infantry brigades (Dandar), a cavalry squadron, a warm battery on a mechanized traction, an anti-aircraft-artillery division, a link of reconnaissance aircraft, a sapper battalion, communication battalion and rear units.

The infantry brigade, created according to the model of the Italian bipoon-cap division, in the state of the peacetime, had one infantry regiment of the first stage and one backup infantry regiment (both three-bedtopic composition), two field artillery divisions (24 guns), equestrian detachment, air defense companies and Communication, 139 manual and machine machine guns. The shelf plats and rods of heavy weapons had 38 anti-tank guns and 40 anti-tank guns (mainly 37 mm caliber).

Standard infantry armament consisted of an upgraded 8-millimeter mannicher rifle (MANNlicher) and Soloturn (Solothurn) and Schwarzlose. In 1943, during the unification of weapons, the Allies of Germany, the caliber was changed to the standard German 7.92 mm. In the course of hostilities, anti-tank guns of the caliber of 37 mm German production and 47 mm of Belgian production gave way to more severe German tools. Artillery used the mountain and field weapons of Czech production of the Skoda system (Skoda), the "Skoda" systems, "Beaufort" and Ranemetall (RheinMetall).

The mechanized corps consisted of Italian fans of CV 3/35, Hungarian armored cars "Chap" systems (CSABA) and light tanks of the TOLDI system (Toldi).

Each housing had an infantry battalion (in practice cycling), as well as anti-sophisticated and engineering battalions, a communications battalion.

In addition, two mining brigades and 11 border brigades were part of the Hungarian Armed Forces; numerous labor battalions (formed, as a rule, from representatives of national minorities); Small divisions of the Life Guard, the Royal Guard and the Parliamentary Guard in the capital of the country - Budapest.

By the summer of 1941, the battalions were equipped with tanks by about 50%.

In total, there were 27 infantry (in most cadried) brigades in the Hungarian land forces, as well as two motorized, two border huntors, two cavalry, one mining brigade.

Hungary's military air forces numbered five aviation regiments, one distortion division and one parachute battalion. The number of airport fleet of the Hungarian Air Force amounted to 536 cars, of which 363 combat.

1st stage of war against the USSR

On June 26, 1941, unidentified planes were racing at the Hungarian city of Kashche (now Kosice in Slovakia). Hungary announced these aircraft by Soviet. Currently, there is an opinion that this bloom was a German provocation.

On June 27, 1941, Hungary declared the War of the USSR. The so-called "Carpathian Group" was exhibited on the Eastern Front:

First mining brigade;
- the eighth border brigade;
- mechanized case (without a second equestrian brigade).

On July 1, these forces were invaded to Ukrainian Parquarentia and, tolding the fighting with the Soviet 12th army, forced the Dniester. Hungarian troops occupied Kolomyu. Then the mechanized case (40 thousand people) joined the territory of the Right Bank of Ukraine and continued military actions in the 17th German army. In the Uman district, as a result of joint actions with the German troops, 20 Soviet divisions were captured or destroyed.

Hungarian soldier with anti-tank gun. Eastern front.

In October 1941, the corps after a rapid 950-kilometer throw reached Donetsk, losing 80% of the technique. In November, the corps recalled in Hungary, where they disbanded.

From October 1941, the first mining and eighth border brigade in Ukrainian Vicarpathia was changed to recent security brigades with numbers 102, 105, 108, 121 and 124. These brigades included two reserve infantry shelf armed with light weapons, an artillery battery and a squadron cavalry (only 6 thousand people).

In February 1942, the Germans nominated the 108th team of security forces to the forefront in the Kharkov area where it suffered significant losses.

2nd stage of war against the USSR

In the spring of 1942, Germany's need for greater number of soldiers on the Soviet-German front forced Hungarians to mobilize their second army with a number of 200 thousand people. It included:

3rd Corps: 6th Brigade (22nd, 52nd Infantry Shelves), 7th Brigade (4th, 35th Infantry Shelves), 9th Brigade (17th, 47th Infantry shelves);

4th Corps: 10th Brigade (6th, 36th Infantry Shelves), 12th Brigade (18th, 48th Infantry Shelves), 13th Brigade (7th, 37th Infantry shelves); 7th Corps: 19th Brigade (13th, 43rd Infantry Shelves), 20th Brigade (14th, 23rd Infantry Shelves), 23rd Brigade (21st, 51st Infantry shelves).

In addition, in submission of the headquarters of the army were: 1st armored brigade (30th tank and 1st motorway shelves, 1st reconnaissance and 51st anti-tank battalions), 101th Division of heavy artillery, 150th Motorized artillery Division, 101th motorized anti-aircraft division and 151th engineering battalion.

Each brigade had an artillery regiment and support divisions, the number of which was identical to the team number. After October 1942, each of the brigades were added according to the battalion of intelligence, formed from the newly created mobile parts (which were combined with the Connection, motorized rifles, cyclists and armored parts). The armored team was formed in the spring of 1942. Of the two existing mechanized brigades and equipped with tanks 38 (T) (former Czechoslovak LT-38), T-III and T-IV, as well as the Hungarian light tanks "Tatsti", Chaba armored personnel carriers ( CSABA) and self-propelled guns "Nimrod).

Germany suggested awarding the largest land plots in Russia distinguished on the eastern front of Hungarian soldiers.

Under the command of General-Colonel Gustav, Yani, the second army arrived in June 1942 to the Kursk area and put forward to the advanced positions on Don south of Voronezh. She had to defend this direction in case of a possible counter-offering of Soviet troops. The Hungarian army in the period from August to December 1942 led prolonged exhausting battles with Soviet troops in the area of \u200b\u200bUreva and Shodlyakaya (near Voronezh). The Hungarians never managed to eliminate the Soviet bridgehead on the right bank of the Don and develop an offensive on seraphimovichi. At the end of December 1942, the Hungarian Second Army moved to passive defense.

During this period, the territory of Hungary began to undergo aviation raids. On September 5 and 10, the Soviet long-range aviation inflicted Budapest strikes.

Hungarian troops in the Don steppes. Summer 1942

At the beginning of the winter of 1942, the Hungarian command has repeatedly appealed to the German command with a request to provide Hungarian troops with modern anti-tank guns - shells of outdated 20-millimeter and 37-millimeter guns did not pierce the Soviet T-34 tanks.

On January 12, 1943, the Soviet troops forced the Don River on the ice and broke through the defense at the junction of the 7th and 12th brigades. The 1st armored brigade, which was subordinate to the German command, was launched back and did not receive the order of counteratactics. The disorderly retreat of the Hungarian army was covered by parts of the 3rd case. The losses of the 2nd army amounted to about 30 thousand soldiers and officers killed, and the army lost almost all tanks and heavy weapons. Among the fallen son of the Rental of the Kingdom - Miklos Hortie. The remaining 50 thousand soldiers and officers were captured. It was the biggest defeat of the Hungarian army in the entire history of its existence.

Hungarian soldiers who died near Stalingrad. Winter 1942 - 1943

3rd stage of war against the USSR

In March 1943, Admiral Horti, striving to strengthen the troops within the country, withdrew the second army back, in Hungary. Most of the spare regiments of the army were transferred to the "dead army", which was the only union of the Hungarian troops, actively fought on the Soviet-German front. Her military connections were reformed and received new numbers, although this process was rather designed for a German ally than in Russians. Now the 8th Corps (5th, 9th, 12th, and 23rd Brigades) and the 7th Corps remained in Belarus, the 7th Corps remained in Belarus (1st, 18th, 19- I, 21st and 201st brigades).

This army was primarily to fight the guerrillas. In 1943, artillery and intelligence units were deployed to battalions. Subsequently, these Hungarian parts were combined into the 8th Corps (soon he had fame in his homeland as a "dead army"). The corps was formed in Kiev, and he was instructed to protect communications from Polish, Soviet and Ukrainian partisans in the northeast of Ukraine and in the Bryansk forests.

In mid-1943, the Hungarians decided to reorganize their infantry brigades in German sample: three infantry regiments, 3-4 artillery divisions, as well as engineering and intelligence battalions. Regular infantry shelves of each of the buildings were combined into "mixed divisions", reserve shelves - to "Reserve Divisions"; The first corpus was reconnected by all mechanized parts, its base was recreated 1st armored division, the newly formed 2nd armored division and the 1st Cavalry Division, formed in 1942 from the former cavalry brigades.

The group of border guards of the 27th Easy Division acted as the third regiment during the entire 1944 campaign, the mining and border battalions were not reorganized, but in Transylvania 27 CEclerian (Szekler) battalions of the police were reinforced. The lack of weapons seriously detained this reorganization, but eight mixed divisions were ready by the end of 1943, and the Spare Division - by the spring of 1944, most of them were transferred to the "dead army", which the German command refused to send to Hungary and which now consisted From the 2nd Backup Corps (the former 8th, 5th, 9th, 12th and 23rd reserve divisions) and the 7th Corps (18th and 19th reserve divisions).

Armored divisions were stationed at the forefront of the Soviet-German front. Tank battalions were equipped with Hungarian medium tanks "Turan" (TURN) I and II. The shootings of the crews after several years of war was at a high level.

In addition, they added eight lodges of assault guns. At first, it was assumed to equip them with new assault implements of the Zrini system (Zrinyi), but the guns had enough only to two battalions, the remaining were armed with 50 German "Stug III" (Stug III). Initially, the divisions had numbers from 1 to 8, but later they were assigned the numbers of the corresponding mixed divisions to which they were supposed to be attached.

4th stage of war against the USSR

In March - April 1944, German troops entered the territory of Hungary to guarantee its further loyalty. The Hungarian army was ordered not to resist.

After that, for the first time mobilization was fully carried out. In May 1944, the 1st Army (2nd armored, 7th, 16th, 20th, 24th and 25th mixed and 27th Easy Division, 1st and 2nd Mornetold Brigades) sent to Ukrainian Parkatina. She was also transferred to the 7th Corps of the Dead Army, which already conducted the fighting in this direction.

The 1st Hungarian Tank Division attempted to counterattack Soviet tank corps under Kolomyy - this attempt ended in the death of 38 Turan tanks (TURN) and the rapid departure of the 2nd armored division of Hungarians to the state border.

By August 1944, the army was strengthened by the remaining regular divisions (6th, 10th and 13th mixed). However, soon the army had to retreat on the Hunyadi line in the north of the Carpathian region of the border, where she ranked defense. Meanwhile, the elite 1st Cavalry division was connected to the 2nd reserve corps in the Pripyat area. The division was distinguished in the retreat to Warsaw and was awarded the right to be called the 1st Hussar Division. Shortly after that, the entire body was repatriated.

Romania's transition to the USSR in August 1944 exposed the southern borders of Hungary. On September 4, the Hungarian government declared war on Romania. To get new compounds, training units of infantry, armored, cavalry divisions and mining brigades, united in the depot-division or Scythian Division (Scythian). Despite the loud name "Division", they usually consisted of no more than a pair of battalions and batteries of artillery and soon, together with some compounds from the 1st Army were transferred to the 2nd Army (2nd armored, 25th mixed, 27th Easy, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 7th and 9th "Scythian" divisions; 1st and 2nd mining brigades, divisions of the Cecclerian militia), which quickly moved to Eastern Transylvania .

The newly created 3rd Army (1st armored, "Scythian" cavalry, 20th mixed, 23rd reserve, 4th, 5th and 8th "Scythian" divisions) were transferred to Western Transylvania. She had to stop the Romanian and Soviet troops who began the transition through South Carpathian passages. The 3rd Army managed to create a border of defense on the Hungarian Romanian border. In the area of \u200b\u200bArad, the 7th Storm Artillery Division destroyed 67 Soviet T-34 tanks.

The Soviet command tried to convince the commander of the 1st Army of Colonel-General Belo Miklos von Dalnoki (Miklys von Dalnoky) against the Germans, but he eventually decided to retreat to the West. The 2nd army who fell into hopeless position also retreated.

On September 23, 1944, Soviet troops entered the territory of Hungary in the Battoni region. On October 14, 1944, the Soviet ultimatum of Hungary was followed at a request for 48 hours to declare a truce, to break any relations with Germany, to start active hostilities against German troops, as well as start the discharge of their troops with the pre-war territory of Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia.

On October 15, 1944, M. Horti adopted an ultimatum, but Hungarian troops did not stop hostilities. The Germans immediately arrested him and put the leader of the Ultranationalist party "Crossed arrows" of Ferenc Salashi (Ferenc Szálasi) at the head of the Arrows (Ferenc Szálasi), looked at the war to the victorious end. The Hungarian army more and more passed under the control of German generals. The corpus structure of the army was destroyed, and three active armies are reinforced by Germanic military compounds.

Otto Smeal (1st Right) in Budapest after the completion of the Faustpatron operation. October 20, 1944

The German command agreed to the creation of several Hungarian infantry divisions of the SS troops: the 22nd Volunteer Division of the SS "Mary Teresia", the 25th "Hunyadi" (HUNYADI), the 26th Hembes (Gombos) and the other two (which are not were formed). During the years of World War II, the greatest number of volunteers in the SS troops gave Hungary. In March 1945, the XVII military army corps of the SS, named "Hungarian", was created, since most of the Most of the Hungarian formations of the SS was included. The last fight (with American troops) of the building took place on May 3, 1945

Agitational poster "Contrary to everything!"

In addition, the Germans decided to equip four new Hungarian divisions with modern weapons: "Kosut" (Kossuth), "Görgey" (Görgey), "Peterfi" (Retöfi) and "Klapka" (Klapka), from which only "Kosuth" was formed. The most effective new military formation was the elite parachute division "Saint Laszlo" (Szent Laszlo), created on the basis of the parachute battalion.

The composition of the formed divisions was as follows:

"Koshat": 101th, 102th, 103rd infantry, 101th artillery shelves.

"Saint Laslo": 1st parachute battalion, 1st, 2nd elite infantry shelves, 1st, 2nd armored shelves, 1st, 2nd reconnaissance battalions, two river security battalions, anti-aircraft division.

The Hungarian armored troops were transferred modern at the time German tanks and self-propelled artillery settings: 13 "Tiger", 5 Panther, 74 T-IV and 75 Hetzer tank fighters.

5th stage of war against the USSR

On November 4, 1944, Soviet troops approached Budapest, but already on November 11, their offensive was choked as a result of the fierce resistance of the German and Hungarian troops.

At the end of December 1944, the 1st Hungarian army retreated to Slovakia, the 2nd Army was disbanded, and its parts were transferred to the 3rd army, deployed to the south of Lake Balaton, and the 6th and 8th German armies, We occupied position in Northern Hungary.

On December 26, the Soviet troops of the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian fronts completed the environment of the Budapest grouping of German and Hungarian troops. Budapest turned out to be cut off, his mixed German Hungarian garrison was defended, which consisted of the 1st armored vehicle, the 10th mixed and 12th reserve divisions, the Bilnizer assault artillery group (1st armorAutomobile, 6th, 8th , 9th and 10th artillery assault divisions), anti-aircraft parts and volunteers of the "Iron Guard".

January 2 - 26, 1945, the counterdasters of German and Hungarian troops followed, trying to discharge surrounded by grouping in Budapest. In particular, on January 18, the Hungarian troops began the offensive between Lakes Balaton and Velenze and January 22 were taken by G. Shakesfeher.

February 13, 1945 Budapest capitulated. Meanwhile, the burden of the 1st Army retreated to Moravia, where she took the border of defense, which existed until the end of the war.

On March 6, 1945, the Hungarian and German troops began an offensive in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Balaton, but on March 15, the Soviet troops stopped him.

In mid-March 1945, after the head of German counteroffensive in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Balaton, the remains of the 3rd army turned to the West, and the 1st Gusar division was destroyed under Budapest. By March 25, most of the remnants of the 3rd Hungarian army were destroyed 50 kilometers west of Budapest. The remains of the 2nd armored, the 27th light, 9th and 23rd reserve divisions, as well as the 7th and 8th Scythian Division surrendered to Americans in North Austria, while the rest of the parts (including the division " Saint Laslo ") fought at the Austrian-Yugoslav border and only in May 1945 surrendered to the British troops.

In the period of battles for Budapest in the winter of 1945, Hungarian formations appeared as part of the Soviet army.

During the Second World War, Hungary lost about 300 thousand soldiers killed, 513,766 people were captured.

After the occupation of Czechoslovakia, German troops in 1939, the Germans conducted a thorough account of all Czech tanks, both serial and experienced, in order to decide which on the Wehrmacht in the future. The variants of the medium tanks developed by Czechs (including the most "brought" T-21) were not interested, since they were less perfect than PZ. III or PZ. IV. Nevertheless, the T-21 tank was destined for a long life in the Hungarian service. Hungarians, in 1939, received information about Czech tanks, were very interested in them, as they planned to supplement their armored forces more protected and armed with the light Toldi tanks. With the permission of Germans, the Hungarians acquired a license for the production of a modified T-21 tank, which received the name of 40m TURAN. From the prototype, he was distinguished by installing a Hungarian engine, a radio station, a somewhat modified tower and the installation of semi-automatic 40mm 41m tank gun (instead of 47mm Czech guns).

Taking into account the fact of the inconsistency of Turan tanks in the spring of 1941, several projects of their modernization appeared in the spring of 1941. An option considered in May 1941, provided for the installation of 75-mm gun 41m with a length of 25 caliber barrels and a horizontal wedge shutter. For this, it was necessary to increase the height of the tower of 45 mm and resizing the commander turret.

The tank upgraded in this way was visually different from the original reservation of the anti-digit device of the gun. After the protracted period of design and testing, the tank was adopted in May 1942 under the designation of TURAN II. His mass production was deployed in 1943.

The latest modification of the 44m TURAN III appeared in December 1943 and was associated with an attempt to install a long-life 75-mm cannon by analogy with the German tank pz.iv ausf.f2 \\ ausf.g. In parallel, it was supposed to enhance the armor of the frontal part of the body and the tower up to 80 mm, as well as to finalize the tower by installing the superstructure with a beveled front-borne armorist and the commander turret. Accordingly, the mass of TURAN III tank has increased to 23 tons, which at the same power of the TURAN-Z engine reduced the specific power from 13.5 to 11.3 hp. \\ T.

In 1943, another SAU project was developed based on TURAN tank - 105 mm long-life warmness for shooting from closed positions - close by design to German SAU GRILLE and HUMMEL. However, the project did not come out of the design stage.

Since the tank of 40m by 1942 is clearly outdated, and, on the other hand, he was already well developed by the industry, it was decided to create a saau on its basis in two versions: anti-tank and assault. Artillery installation, in accordance with the Hungarian tradition, received its own name - Zrinyi.

It was originally considered an option to create an open assault saau with a 105mm game, close by type to the German Sturmpanzer.

But he was not implemented - the Military decided that the SAU, acting in direct contact with the enemy, should have a fully reserved combat department.

The first prototype of SAU 44M Zrinyi I began to build in May 1943 and ended up by January 1944. It was chosen for a tank chassis without any improvements. Instead of the tower, a low armored logging was installed (the frontal armor was increased to 100mm, the onboard and aft is similar to Turan tank), fully closed on all sides, in which 75-mm long-term MAVAG 43.m cannon (stem length 43 caliber) with Boezapace 80 shells. In total, 6 units of anti-tank sau were built.

The second version of SAU - 43M Zrinyi II, entered the tests earlier - in December 1942, a 105-mm gun 40 \\ 43 was installed on it (the length of the barrel of 20 calibers), effective not only against fortifications, but also against light and medium tanks . The thickness of the frontal armor was slightly less - 75 mm, but otherwise this modification was not inferior to 43m Zrinyi I. This option became the most popular type of Hungarian SAU - more than 100 cars were produced. As an SAU support for infantry, the car showed itself not bad, but as an anti-tank agent (and in this, the role unusual for it, SAU also had to speak) in general.

The last tank created during the Second World War in Hungary was the experienced heavy tank TAS.
The tank began to be designed in 1943, and in August have already begun to create a prototype without a tower. The housing of the tank and the tower were welded, the housing forehead had a thickness from 100 to 120 mm, the side of 50mm. The tank was supposed to arm 75mm with a long-term Hungarian gun 43m, later it was decided to dwell on the German 75mm guns, similar to what was installed on the PZ tank. V Panther. Hungarians acquired a license for the production of these guns. With a gun, a 8mm machine gun had to be spawned, and the second was supposed to be located in the housing. A new powerful engine for this tank was only in the development stage, so the prototype was installed asserts of 260 hp engines, which provided a tank weighing 38 tons. Speed \u200b\u200bup to 45 km / h. An experienced sample with the tower was preparing for testing, but was destroyed during one of the bombings in 1944.

There was an option layout Tas tank with a tower similar to the tower on PZ. VI Tiger, to install 88mm implements in it, but no more details about this project are unknown.

Together with Tas Tas, the anti-tank SAU at its base was designed, to arm the 88 mm to the KWK 36 or KWK 43 gun (stood on Pz. VI AUSF. B "Tiger II") on another project. The frontal booking mounted under good angles was 120 mm according to plan. However, the failure of the TAS tank creation program buried and this very interesting on the concept of SAU.

We categorically welcome you! I am with you, Egor Yakovlev, and Bair Irincons. Good evening, Egor. Hello, dear viewers. According to the results of the last video about the Soviet-Finnish relations from 1918 to 1943, I and Bair and I received a number of questions and today we will try to answer them. Bair here leads questions, and I will join the play. Yes. Dear viewers, thank you very much to everyone who commented on and everyone who sent questions, comments and so on. There are many questions, we are now brief with Egor, we will try to comment on them. The first substantive question: "Good afternoon, Bair and Egor. Hiking to Soviet Karelia in the 20s can be lit? " Yes, you can. This is a separate video, this is a big topic, because the campaigns of Finnish volunteers, nationalists, Karelian separatists and others in Soviet Karelia had a lot. He was not alone, and they were all different. There, in addition to military operations, which, by virtue of the few of both sides, were not very large, i.e. There is not the assault on the Mannerheim line and not a Kursk battle, and there was an interesting political component, as in the occupied territories arranged referendums and how the local population voted in order to join Finland and not to join Finland and so on. Those. This is a separate absolute topic Plus, we also have remarkable specialists from academic life in Petrozavodsk State University, this is Professor Verigin and Kilin, who, I hope, can be in paints and in all details it is all described, i.e. We also tell about it, but we are planned, in my opinion, departure to Petrozavodsk for shooting attendance precisely in those places. So yes, it will be illuminated, but it is an absolutely separate topic. The next question is: "A can in more detail to highlight the joint actions of the Soviet and Finnish armies against fascist Germany, the attitude of the fighters to each other in such compounds. Well, maybe how did the third Reich watched it? Although this is less interesting than the first two questions. Thanks in advance". If you mean that in 44, the Soviet Union and Finland concluded a truce and then Finns, turning the weapons against their former allies, began to fight against the Germans, this is the so-called Lapland War, this is the name of her in Finnish historiography. There was no situation when the Red Army and the Finnish army planned some kind of military operation together and together it was carried out. Those. We were engaged in Pasmo-Kirkinesk operation, it was our operation, the Finns also conducted their hostilities. There were no joint actions of the Soviet and Finnish armies. If you mean about the Finnish fighters in the Red Army, most of them were fighting in the ranks of the 71 rifle division. Moreover, the division was recruited from Ingermanland Finns, from Karelov, from Episses, and fought, actually, in Karelia and passed from Karelia to the Volkhov front and to Poland. Here it is necessary to clarify that these are Soviet citizens. Yes, it is the Soviet citizens, of course. Is this part of this division defeated the Germans? Yes, this is a fight, 41 years old, the fight at Tholnyarvi, there is 163 division German, Potsdam, just 71 Division Karelskaya very much worried, and it was from this division a single hero of the Soviet Union - Finn Ingermanland Peter Abramovich Tikilainen from the Volosovsky district of the Leningrad region. The next question is: "Dear Egor and Bair, as you think, how harder Leningrad would have to if the border was not pushed in 1940? And there was a theoretical opportunity that Belofinnes abandoned the attack in 1941 to the Soviet Union, do not be winter war? " Egor, maybe you please it? Yes. I think that such an opportunity did not exist, because small countries, they do not have the opportunity to remain neutral in such a grand salary, which was the Second World War. The example of Switzerland, which was the banking capital of Europe and this, in fact, was valuable, thanks to which its neutrality was preserved, it does not fit in the same way as the example of Sweden, which in fact, of course, was although not the warring party, but She was a raw material appendage in Germany. Nickel was exported from Sweden, which was vital for the actions of the Wehrmacht, therefore, about the neutrality of Finland, thanks to its geographical position, speeches, most likely, does not go. In the most extreme case, Finland would be captured by the German troops by force, as it happened with Norway and Denmark. However, it must be said that the history of the relationship between Germany and Finland tells us that the Finnish elites were deeply Russophobic, and it brought together a priori brought them with the elites of Hitlerovsky. Therefore, we know that for a long time, the overwhelming part of the Finnish elitariev was tuned to rejection of Soviet Karelia in its favor, the Kola Peninsula, and if lucky, then and other lands. Therefore, alone, naturally, Finland could not do this and could only take advantage of the favorable situation in Europe, which will result in a big war between large, great powers. Under these conditions, it is inevitably, here is this logic of annexation, the logic of the Great Finland, she inevitably dictated the accession to the powerful opponent of the Soviet Union. Therefore, the USSR quite had the foundation to fear of this kind of alliance, and the actions on adjustment, diplomatic activity in order to push the border from Leningrad, were quite logical and moreover, they repeated the age-old policy of Russian kings, which, in fact, starting with Peter I, and were engaged in To ensure the safety of St. Petersburg. Therefore, in my opinion, the position of Leningrad would be even more severe if the border was not pushed. My comment is the next thing I agree with Yegor. If we return to the past roller and to the conformable film of the channel "Russia", where it was said that winter stormed Finnish huntsman from the 27 Hansky battalion of the Kaiser Army, then by 39 most of these former mergers, they have already become the middle and senior team formulation of Finnish general . Those. It is generals, and colonels, and majors, there are 700 people there. As you understand, they all were tuned sharply properly and indeed, probably, it is difficult to imagine the situation with Norway, when Norway was captured by force. Rather, the Finnish army would really meet them as allies if there was some landing in Finland. There would be a coup and, for example, Talvel, General Talvel, who was set up 100% properly, would become a dictator so Finnish. There were many of them there, such figures. Talwela - he was a yarn such a supporter of the importance of the seizure of Soviet Karelia. Actually, he headed Olonets, i.e. One of the regiments in Olonetsk hike he headed in 1919, i.e. He was so radical. As far as I remember, Talvel was suspected of preparing the pronocyst rebellion in 44 years. There were several people there. Indeed, there were such suspicions, and now there are conspiracy theories that indeed part of the general student believed that it was necessary to remain on the side of Nazi Germany in order to remain on the side of Nazi Germany and continue the war. Yes. In any case, the Mannerheim line is such a pragmatic to exit from the war, to exit the coalition with Germany, it was not supported by all general generals, on the contrary, fierce supporters of the coalition with the Nazis. Just they Germanophiles are very big and indeed they worshiped from all the power of Germany Nazi and non-priced. This is all about the fact that they are already, sorry, in 1914 he entered into the German army by volunteers. Those., From my point of view, if the border did not move away, the situation is quite possible that German troops appear under the Streetsky, the Germans receive the opportunity from Finnish territory to install Kronstadt, i.e. Most likely it would be harder. Again, let's say, independent Finland invites the German troops to its territory, which, in fact, and by the way, were under the pretext that they make transit to Norway. Yes. Well, in fact, Sweden provided the right of transit, they quietly rode in Northern Europe. Yes, well, Sweden in this case, we just talk about Finland, yes, i.e. German troops were completely legally in Finland, the Soviet Union could not do anything about it. Therefore, there would be a Soviet-Finnish war in 39-40, there would be no, Norway would still be seized and Germany would have been captured, respectively, would have received legal reasons to be in Finnish territory. Here the German troops stood in Finnish territory, the Soviet Union what could do? He can either disappearly observe how the Germans are mastered there, more openly or hidden. Or the Soviet Union can start war against Finland, but later, and already in conditions, maybe a German attack. Politically, this is unprofitable, because the Soviet Union will be exposed by the aggressor. So, the second part of the question - "did the theoretical opportunity existed that Belofinnes refused to attack in 41 to the Soviet Union, do not be winter war?" From a military point of view, how Egor absolutely said correctly, the Finnish military developed 2 plans of war against the USSR. Option 1 is what we had in fact during the Soviet-Finnish war, when Finland really was alone, Western aid was most likely to help moral and rhetoric in favor of Finland. And indeed, this military plan meant that for a while it would be possible to keep, but no offensive actions, only limited confruders can be applied, which, in fact, they did during the Soviet-Finnish war with a different degree of success. On the Karelian Isthmus, all the counterdasters did not work, north of the Ladoga - there were already reconciliation about this and there will be more, the Finns were much more successful there. But the Option 2 of the fighting against the Soviet Union meant that situation that Egor described that in Europe there was a big war and the Soviet Union could not be very distracted by Finland. And in this situation, Finnov has a plan, he was not defensive, he rather wore such a character - first we defeat, then we apply the counterdasters, throwing off the Soviet parts somewhere where it turns out. Those. The second plan, which was realized in 41, they really realized him, he meant just the situation when it is possible not only to conduct a successful defense of its territory, but also to grab something from a neighbor. Therefore, it is difficult to imagine that in 41, in the conditions of war between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, Finland would remain aside and could safely watched. Obviously, they most likely would be on the side of the Germans and this is a deep distrust between the USSR and Finland and served as the cause of diplomatic efforts to push the border. When diplomatic efforts failed, a military operation was carried out, which we now disassemble with Dmitry Yurevich. I will repeat, once again I would like the attention of the audience to saccenate on the simple truth that they usually say that the "war-continuation" is called her Finns, was the consequence of the Soviet-Finnish war of 39-40 years. But if it were only so, it was probably Finland stopped at the old border, taking exclusively its territory. But Finland hatched explicit annexionist plans and, in fact, exactly what she did not stop on the old border, it became the reason for which the UK declared War Finland, because England, Churchill made it clear that if Finland takes out what belonged to her , All right, this will be enough and England will remain aside. But since Finland made his choice in favor of annexionist military policy, the England declared her war. Accordingly, such plans were in advance. Moreover, they announced the war on December 6, 41. UK Skop announced War of Finland, Bulgaria and Romania, but remind you that December 6 is the Finnish Independence Day, i.e. So, it was also very successful. We will talk about it, it is about the peripeties of 41 years. I would also like to emphasize for the respected spectators, the fact that the Finnish term "war-continuation" appeared not immediately. He appeared much later than the war himself began. As we know, the Soviet-Finnish war, the Finns called Talvisota, i.e. Talvi - Earth, Sota - War, and 41 years old, i.e. Finnish offensive, they called first Kesäsota, i.e. Summer war, because it was planned that in the summer everything will end that Germany defeats and destroy the Soviet Union, Finland will return its territory plus what has long wanted to pick themselves and even for Christmas. There was such a clear mood in the Finnish army that the guys, war only for the summer, now everything will be fine. And then, when all this did not succeed, after the battle, near Moscow, it was the term of this sharply redo the propagandist, I had to invent this logic of war-continuation, and the logic is that the Soviet-Finnish war was only 1 round, and after This 1 Round Finland takes revenge, i.e. The logic here is the Finnish next that if there were no Finnish war, i.e. And there would be no second war, in short, the Soviet Union is to blame. This is their point of view official, which they are moving in every way, but, again, this is what they have the right, but in the same way we can challenge it. From my point of view, if there were no Soviet-Finnish war, then all the same in 41, after the Germans, the Finns would find a reason to participate in all this. The next question is: "Lapland war. How actively did the Finns fought against their recent German allies? Interesting the topic of pilot-Asov Finnov, well, or even disassemble the actions of the Finnish Air Force. " The Lapland War, by the way, is also an interesting moment that in the conditions of the truce, which was signed by the USSR and Finland on September 19, 1944, there was a certain period of Germans in order to get out of Finland. And in the truce, in the contract it was written that Finland undertakes if the Germans did not leave after a certain date, Finland is obliged to begin fighting. These are their commitment under the contract. And the fact that now in the Finnish press is very often, by the way, they write, and in popular science books, in the press that "the damned Stalin made us fight against the Germans, they would have left so, and here, in short, forced in October Start fighting against the Germans in Lapland, and so on, so what is generally damned Stalin. " Comrades, they themselves signed, this is one of the terms of the contract. That Finland did not really want to perform it, it is understandable. Of course, I did not want to fight my soldiers once again, but this is one of the terms of the contract, so modern this Finnish rhetoric, it is more like such advocacy. That I will explain why. In fact, this rhetoric translates into Russian as "Damned Stalin won the war with us." Because an alternative to this agreement was only the passage of the Red Army in Finland with its subsequent involvement in the Soviet bloc. Thus, Finland, I suppose the Germans from our territory, Finland bought independence and good-neighborly relations with the Soviet Union. That's all. And so to speak, those who are so written - this is a grief about the fact that they failed to win the war, failed to capture Karelia, failed to capture the Kola Peninsula and were forced to act as a loser side. Yes. So, about the intensity of combat operations. At first, it is clear that I didn't really want, because it seemed about the officers just yesterday, cognac, coffee and cute drank each other. Suddenly everything changed sharply and, sorry, dear Germans, but you have 2 weeks to get out of here. If anything, we open fire. Those, of course, the Germans were regarded as a betrayal and, in fact, some maybe local agreements between the German and Finnish officers, which we will peacefully disperse, broke the first Germans. But then, when the Germans began to retreat to the north of the areas of Lapland, they absolutely began to apply the tactics of the scorched land, i.e. All the roads are mined, the whole connection is destroyed, all the bridges are blown up, all the houses are burned, all the boats, they don't break the bottom, they do not leave the Finns, since they were so betrayed. And, of course, after that, the fighting has become more intense, but it ended it all on April 28, 1945, when the last German soldier left the Finnish territory and now in Finland, there is a day of memory of veterans, i.e. The end of the war. But the Lapland War is a separate topic in general. I will tell you one case from my life. I was in Rovaniemi and talked there with one of the locals, who told me for a cup of coffee - "We had very heavy battles here, the Germans just leucted." It sounded unexpected for me. I say - the Germans leucted you here? Well, Rovaniemi they just burned. Insert a couple of pictures when the Finns come in Rovaniemi, it's just like Stalingrad, everything is destroyed. Such a hatred of it is just Pearla. Yes, i.e. In the north in the 70s, when German tourists came to ski, they watched the local space there, because everything was very lively. There really, the Germans in leaving loudly slammed the door and all rovaniemi were simply destroyed. So, the theme of pilot-Asov Finns and generally the analysis of the actions of the Finnish Air Force. Not my topics, yes, there are several Finnish shells-Asov, heroes that left memories. Their combat score needs to be seriously checked and there are specially trained professionals for this business. If we talk about the actions of the Finnish Air Force as a whole during the Soviet-Finnish Great Patriotic War, then it is necessary, of course, note that the nature of their actions was dictated by the extreme smallness of the Finnish Air Force. Those. They tried to take care of their pilots in the maximum, especially the bombers. Fighters, it was clear, worked to the best of their strength and opportunities, yes, they defeated victories, especially at the first stage of the Soviet-Finnish war, when our Commanders of the Air Force considered that the SB bombers in a dense rank could be repeated attack fighters. It turned out that this is not so, unfortunately, to very important regret. But it must be said that truly Finnish fighters and Finnish anti-aircraft people, they could not break down any of the Soviet Air Force on any Finnish city, despite all their efforts. But, again, this is a separate topic. So further. "How was the fate of ethnic finnons in the entire USSR? Were there any relocation of the territory, did they serve in parts of the Red Army? How was the diplomatic relations of Finland with other states - Norway, Estonia, Sweden, Denmark and others? " Ethnic Finns who lived on the territory of the border, were evicted in the 30s. And, again, it may look like absolutely unmotivated evil repression of the evil Stalinist regime, but there is a large number of reports along the NKVD line that in Karelia, on the Karelian Isthmus, in all border areas, ethnic Finns living in these areas, they, The first thing they are associated with smugglers is understandable. When there is a border, there will always be smuggling. The second thing is that they absolutely calmly cover Finnish intelligence workers who pass illegally through the line of the border, they are not issued by the Soviet authorities and in general, they rather than for Finland than the Soviet power. And there were not one of these reports, there were quite a lot of them. As a result, Stalinist, the Soviet leadership of that period decided that if there is a lousy sheep in this herd, then the whole flock is removed from here. They were evicted as disloyal Soviet power, and, in general, they were scattered across the territory of the USSR, most part were taken out just in the Vologda region, if I know correctly, and here to the Urals were taken out. "Are they served in parts of the Red Army?" Yes, 71 Rifle division, they really were numerous there, but rather were Karelians and Ingermanland Finns. In 42, there was an order in the Red Army - all military personnel of German and Finnish nationalities with advanced to remove as too unrealized, because the war is conducted against Germany and Finland. I met veterans who fell under it and they got into Tpearmia, i.e. Actually, the labor army is the same work camp, i.e. Something to the Urals pour the forest. Someone managed to avoid it. Not that everyone, who in the passport was recorded Finn, that they were plunged by the squash and sent to the Urals somewhere. But I met testimonies and such Finns, and others. "Finnish diplomatic relations with other states - Norway, Estonia, Sweden, Denmark, etc.". Well, Norway is occupied by the Germans in 40, Estonia part of the Soviet Union, Sweden allegedly neutrals, but in fact, in the Soviet-Finnish war, Sweden was a warring Arsenal of Finland, i.e. She led a normal hybrid war. During the Great Patriotic War, yes, Sweden, despite the fact that she stated neutrality, she traded with the Germans, and allowed them to pass, well, and, in fact, for Finland, Sweden is always the elder brother. Those. With a formal neutrality, there was enough serious help from Sweden against Finland and in the Soviet-Finnish war, and in the second war too. If we talk about the Soviet-Finland war, then Sweden really immediately announced all the Finnish requests "King, bring troops", they, of course, immediately answered that this would not be, we were neutral, but the Swedish Volunteer Corps was formed, 8000 The man who absolutely did not hide. Those. Everywhere there were posters about the set in this case. He went on the front against the Red Army 2 weeks in the north. Those. They came to the front quickly enough. Sweden put a large amount of artillery and ammunition Finland, and this is the number of guns that they put Finns immediately it was compensated for them to supply from Germany. Those. The Swedes were not just so taken and gave 200 guns to Finns, because from a military point of view, understand that you are sitting in Stockholm, in the Swedish General Staff, the war begins between Finland and the Soviet Union, and, of course, you immediately think that Finland will be Locked and the following in the queue you and you need to fix the defense of your power, and not to distribute the weapon even to your neighbor, which is now fighting. Therefore, Germany indirectly, it can be said, helped Finland. The only thing that is associated with an aggregate agreement, it did not particularly advertise in any way, but so indirectly, through third countries, it was all. About the iron ore must be said about Swedish. Yes, of course, Swedish ore, rare earth metals, all this went to Germany and landing allies, which was so impressed by the Soviet leadership, the possibility of landing allies in the north of Sweden and Norway, and the emergence of the Anglo-French corps in the north of Finland, on the Finnish side, It was all connected with the wishes of allies, thus, hybridity also to pump Nazi Germany. Those. occupy the Rudnik district and fully stop supplying resources for the economy of Nazi Germany, i.e. Again, this help, which Western powers promised Finland, she was not just like that. Just so there is nothing in politics, only in human relationship happens, and it is not always. And the allies pursued their goals, absolutely their goals, but the result was that the world was concluded. During. Yes, the world concluded on time. "Will there be a detailed analysis of the war of war with Belofinnam in 40?" Yes, already done. "Dear Bair Climetyevich and Egor Nikolayevich, could you tell me where you can familiarize yourself with the text of the appeal of the Senate (Government and Parliament of Finland), with whom they appealed to the Council of People's Commissar, about recognizing the independence of Finland? We turned on December 18 (according to the old style) of 1917. I can not find his text either in the literature or on the Internet. Perhaps I was looking for bad. " According to the official data, which are written on the website of the Finnish Parliament, they have, in the Finnish Parliament there is a whole section dedicated to historical materials and in historical materials, there is 1 section - it is the recognition of the independence of Finland. It is described in them so that at first a delegation went there, talked informally with Lenin, Lenin said that he would please somehow paper, we will consider it and, accordingly, after that we recognize your independence. This paper was written, therefore, apparently, it has been preserved somewhere in our archives, but this, again, is a bit not my period, so I did not dig and anywhere did not see this text, unfortunately. I do not know either. "Tell me about Toyvo Antikainen, in Karelia in the times of the USSR, regular skiing competitions" skiing Antikainen "were held, I wanted to find out the truth about it." Toyvo Antikainen is a radical red Finnish commander who participated in the Finnish Civil War. After defeating the working guard, fled to the USSR, i.e. Even then to Soviet Russia, actively took part in just a reflection of Finnish treasures in Karelia. Actually, the school of Finnish red commanders took revenge there, on the Soviet side against his Finns. Antikainen, he just was the hero of these battles. If my memory does not change, in 42 he crashed in a car accident. In Arkhangelsk, he has a monument. The "skiing of anti-pee" is dedicated to the young years of the Soviet Republic and all these combat actions in Karelia. Antikainen was very radical red, so, of course, the events of 44 years would perceive, of course, in the bayonets, i.e. In time, he left this world. "In your opinion, does it make sense on the shelves to disassemble those theses that are voiced in the film on the channel" Russia "?" Yes Yes. We will remove in the genre of blue phila analysis of this and other documentaries of the TV channel "Russia". Many discoveries there are wonderful preparing us the scenario of these paintings. Yes. The next question is: "Why, telling about the White Terror in Tampere, did not mention the destruction of 200 Russian military servicemen 106 of the Infantry Division headed by Lieutenant Colonel Bulazozh G.V.? White terror against the Russians in Tampere was no less bloody than in Vyborg. " Yes, you are absolutely right, but ... it is impossible to tell everything about everything. Tampere is a separate story and simply see, there is not enough that, see, the difference between Vyborg is that it was still a massive execution of Russians in Vyborg, and in Tampere, there, unfortunately, put on the wall of all in a row, those. It's just that Mannerheim in Tampere is very loved, because Mannerheim, before storming from a plane with a blue swastika, I spread leaflets, not he personally, but from his behalf, a leaflet was spread, that giving up, you were deceived by the Red Russ, Russian pigs or Muscovites As you like to translate them. You, honest Finns, give up, I promise - there will be no executions. Well, then, when a tampere stripping began after 2 days, there was such that ... killed Russians, non-Russian, everyone who could. Logic was like this: Russian means red. Red means to wall. There was a goal. Well, his red forced to be their military adviser, red in Tampere - they did not know how to fight, it was workers who saw a rifle for the first time in his life at all. Therefore, there was a goal, just came and said - Mr. Lieutenant Colonel, a citizen Bulatsel, everything, you advise us how to fight, and if you refuse, then we just shoot you right now. And this is exactly the case? There are evidence yes? Well, this is at least what is voiced in Finnish sources that he was shot precisely for his red. Those. He was shot by white when they took Tampere, for being a military adviser to the Red. But again, it emphasizes that it is not in his will. The fact is that 106 infantry division, it was generally left. This is a unique compound that, on the one hand, was completely in revolutionary positions, and on the other hand it maintained its combat capability. There, part 106 of the infantry division was inclined to the Socialist Program, and the part was at the Bolshevik positions. And how much I can judge, according to the logic of 17 years, what is the complexity of the position of officers at this point - in the fact that they became hostages of the soldiers' mass. Those. On the one hand, some were really forced, and on the other hand, some officers just walked for their soldiers purely psychologically, because they saw all the soldiers, the whole mass is configured in this way. And it is very unclear what you do. Those. You are the best scenario, if you do not agree with them, it's just to escape from there, because they are clearly hostile to you. And some officers quite walked for this soldier's mass and many famous Soviet military leaders later, for example, Marshal Shaposhnikov, or A.M.Vasilevsky, they all were chosen at this moment by commanders after the order number 1 in their compounds. Although Shaposhnikov was a personnel officer, he was a colonel already. In March, he was a lieutenant colonel, and by October Colonel. And Vasilevsky was a headquarters. And they walked behind this soldier. I think quite sincerely. Here is an interesting position at Bulatsel. It is still necessary to see, but the fact remains a fact, because really Bulatsel was shot despite the fact that, in my opinion, they were even personally familiar with Mannerheim in general, to all these events, even for imperial times. So the Finnish Civil War is an absolutely separate topic, which has little studied, because things are long, affairs are connected not only with Russia, but also with Finland. But we would suggest the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to discuss the possibility of installing a memorable sign or plates dedicated to the victims of the White Terror in Tampere during the Finnish Civil War. The next question is: "There is ambiguity in the following issues. Did the Soviet Union considered the possibility of a purely diplomatic way to ensure the safety of Leningrad without the exchange of territories? A non-aggression agreement or in some other way to buy the neutrality of Finland. If not, why? If so, why not happen? How favorable exchange was offered and why did Finns rushed so in the territory? " We had a nonsense agreement with Finland. We had it concluded and it did not help, it did not solve the situation in no way, unfortunately. Buy neutrality of Finland, again, in connection with the extremely hostile attitude of the Finnish elites of the time, in the 30s, it was simply impossible. I will explain. Here, firstly, the Soviet Union had an aggression agreement with Germany. Helped? It seems to be no, this is the first. The second: for example, with Finland is another additional act, in which all guarantees are prescribed. The existing government of Finland, let's say, configured to adhere to the provisions of this contract. However, I repeat, this contract does not insure the placement on the territory of Finland of German troops, does not insure. In fact, in the presence of all contracts, there was a contract concluded and after 1940, and the Soviet Union, as we discussed last time, really sought to maintain good-neighborly relations with Finland. In any case, set it up for neutrality. Nevertheless, under these conditions, Finland allowed Germans to place their contingents on their territory. Yes, it was masked by a transit into the territory of Norway, but, nevertheless, the German troops were standing there. Actually, from the territory of Finland, the Germans began an attack on Murmansk. Therefore, there, the army of Norway was partially located in Finland under the command of Nicholas, the background of Falkenhorst, as far as I remember. Yes, I think so. It means that, accordingly, no agreement guarantees that the German troops will not stand up and in one fine moment will not stand on the territory of Finland, at one fine moment the state coup will not lead to power, which will terminate this agreement, and, accordingly, not Attacks Finland. A strong, real guarantee that the safety of Leningrad will be provided, there was only a deduction of the territory, which was just going to carry out the exchange. And it brings us to the next question: "How profitable exchange was offered and why did Finns rushed so in the territory?" Difficult question. From a modern point of view, if you really rely on the ride and look at the fact that we as a result turned out to be a post-war operation, when the situation was permitted by the military way in the Soviet-Finnish war, the exchange was more profitable than what Finns as a result were obtained Because the Soviet Union did not require Vyborg, the Soviet Union did not require the Siemena channel, an extremely important for Finland, the Soviet Union did not require the entire northern liking. They asked to push the border to the present line. Well, even silence about Pechengu with its nickel deposits. Yes. The situation is next that if you look at the Soviet requirements, the question was only to part of the border in the center and in the western part of the Karelian Isthmus. Those. The distance is 80 km, now the Orekhovo district on the Priozersk highway, this Soviet Union has completely satisfied, i.e. They asked in the central and western part to move away the border of kilometers to 50. In the exchange of Finns, the very territories were offered to which they claimed during their campaigns, just that the reballs were offered. Part. Part of them, it is clear that not all. But, nevertheless, Stalin believed that these are normal conditions, this is a normal exchange, let's change the whole situation. If there was a discussion about the contract in the previous question, the Soviet Union offered a contract not only about nonsense, but also friendship and mutual assistance with Finland. Those. If Finland is subjected to a third power attack, the Soviet Union is obliged to introduce troops to the territory of Finland and the military way of Finland. That's just the proposal. Finns refused. They said that "We are a neutral country, we do not have the right to conclude such contracts if we conclude such a contract, we are no longer neutral." Formally they are right. Why did Finns rushed in the territory? It was the position of the Finnish Minister of Foreign Affairs of the time, his name was Elias Erkko, it was a newspaper magnate and also an ardent Russophobe. He said so that these Russians give a finger, and they will bite your hands on the elbow to you, so there can be no foys of the native land, there can be no compromise. And, in fact, he really managed to sell in the government to the Government and this asked such a line an uncompromising in the negotiations. Although we note that there were forces, more adequately looked at the question - and Mannerheim, and Paasikivi. Pasikivi, who headed the delegation. Once again a small detail, which will also allow you to understand the set of the Finnish side at the negotiations, October-November 39 years. On the first round of negotiations from the Soviet side, Molotov and Stalin were present in person - the first 2 persons of the state. The Finns were sent by Paasikivi to the negotiations, which at that time was ambassador in Stockholm, this is a story with the rank of accurately lower, if not 2 ranks below. Those. I sent, the Minister of Foreign Affairs simply did not go, the Prime Minister did not go. A man was sent at all, yes, Paasikivi, he knew Russian well, he led the negotiations with Soviet Russia back to Tartu, about the previous peace treaty of 1920. Nowadays, it would look just like a spit in the face of the Soviet Union in general, that a person is clearly not high rank. In principle, yes, the Soviet Union was not lucky for negotiators, the only power that sent a serious man to the Soviet Union was Nazi Germany. She sent the Minister of Foreign Affairs, because you know that it was chronologically at the same time held negotiations with England and France, they represented it, England was represented by the half-china admiral Drax and the exact same half-china general Dumeng, and Drax also had no authority To conclude a contract. He just came to hang out in Moscow. I think that in our literature, in our historiography, and even more so in journalism, very often do, pay special attention to this fact, I thought that there was some reverse assessment in England. But quite unexpectedly, I looked here a wonderful series called "Up and down the stairs", where the main character is a diplomat, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Great Britain. And there it is just played by this plot. There is a melodrama, but this plot also beats. He is an anti-fascist and he sees what the crazy policy of Chamberlain behaves. And now he condemns the Munich collusion and when he is reported that Admiral Drax sent to negotiations with the Soviet Union, he talks to the royal blood prince, and when he hears that they sent Draks, he says "with the same success they could Send the waiter. " In general, in modern Great Britain, apparently, there is also a critical attitude to these people, well, and, in fact, with Pasikivi, it was about the same. Yes, it means that the next question is: "How bad the pre-war Soviet-Finnish negotiations were? Not in the sense of diplomatic secrecy, but in the sense of their lighting in the then media and public discussion on both sides. " Finnish press wrote a lot and at the same time, in fact, it is not very, i.e. Parliament did not know much, and the public did not really know that they generally demand, but it is clear that all this was filed from a very patriotic point of view. This picture is 3 that we do not sell this land and do not rent out, such posters have been postponed, actually some Finnish merchants are in stores. I understand that the newspaper Erkko played the first violin in the lighting. In general, who owes newspapers, he highlights. Therefore, yes, in fact, the requirements from the Soviet side were highlighted quite hostile. We, on the contrary, as you understand, the Soviet requirements were depicted as adequate, generous and so on. And on the contrary, they recalled Finns all their antics in the early 20s. And the defeat of the labor movement in the Finnish Civil War, and the expedition to Soviet Karelia, and the back of the scouts, and the support of separatists in Karelia. And support, by the way, the Belarusigrant terrorist cells that were sitting in Zelenogorsk, they took several terrorist attacks in Petrograd in the 20s, and then in Leningrad. Those. Finns recalled, the whole list was revealed that the hostile neighbor with us, and probably, if we do not agree, then it will be necessary to punish it. And this rhetoric was only intensified after the failure of the negotiations and after the decision was made to the military operation. There was simply a direct processing of public opinion on the fact that it would be time for a neighbor to teach. Those. Again, dear viewers and listeners, do not think that the Soviet people were some kind of a herd that did not follow the news, to which nothing had to be clarified. Whatever the Soviet government did, all this immediately took under the visor and went to do. No, absolutely not so. The government made great efforts to explain why we do that. Before Finnish War, it is clear that 2 weeks were repeatedly pumped, the editors of the "truth" - they are all about the fact that Finns and here they behave badly, and here it is disassemble. We made them a good offer, they refused. So they are still hostile and so on and so on. Those. It all covered on both sides really. "Egor, and in future transmissions it is planned to pay attention to Kronstadt rebellion?" Yes, necessarily, of course. There is a huge question about the loss of the USSR in the war to you, Egor, but I think it's better not here. Yes, dear friends. Let's write a separate program on this topic. "Tell me, please, the participation of the UK in the war of 1939 gave any obligations of Finland, could she fulfill them? What are the timing of their execution, if any, she put in front of them, and did they have (timing) from reality? Well, they had no union contract, i.e. Finns - neutrals. And it is clear that the rhetoric was profino. Indeed, the West World regarded the actions of the Soviet Union as aggression. There were volunteers who were going to take part from the UK. 50 people. One of them was the famous actor Christopher Lee. Those who visit my page know that I really love "Star Wars". Christopher Lee, who played the graph of the coup in the new trilogy, as well as Saruman in the "Lord of the Rings", was going to take part in this war on the FINLAND side. He then served in the royal army during the Second World War. If we speak further, it means that there were really no obligations, there was no promise to send the Anglo-French Expeditionary Corps, but again, with its tasks. Frightening bombing Baku. Yes, frightening bombardment Baku, but in fact it all remains rhetoric. Although, indeed, these actions of the UK were tracked by our intelligence and, indeed, the reports that the United Kingdom and France intervene on the FINLAND side, served why the Soviet Union in March was also ready to conclude a peace treaty with Finland on the terms of much more severe For Finland than what was offered in October. Regarding the supply of weapons, I will not remember the Offhdka now. Immediately after the beginning of the war, the main inspector of the artillery of the Finnish army General Wilo Nenonen, headquarters-captain of the Russian Imperial Army, an artillery who studied with us, in St. Petersburg, in the Mikhaille Academy immediately went to buy artillery in Europe. And he just ordered a large number of heavy Gaubitz, six-inch and eighty-cheese Gaubice "Vickers" of the First World War. They did not have time to Finnish and spoke only in 1941. In particular, the picture 4 is that such a warmness produces a shot in Mainel, and if you remember, Minyl is a reason for launching military operations against Finland. Finns, when they came to Majanil and immediately moved the border in Mainel, they defiantly put this Gaubitz, they wrote "Maineel" on the shell, and shot in the direction of Leningrad, so saying that we were now produced by the real Maineel shots. In World War II, again, now we will finish answering questions, in fact, there are only 1 question left here and then let's turn to 41-44, to diplomatic all sorts of collisions. In the second war, Great Britain declared war on December 6, 1941 and when we signed with Finns first a truce, and then the world, then the UK also subscribed to Finland as one of the participants in this conflict. And, in fact, the last question, he was, in my opinion, not to this roller, but to the previous one. I do not see him here. There was a question, why on June 22, on June 22, Finland declares neutrality, then ... Hitler first allegedly said that Finland is our ally, then somehow went ... set. Subscribe, and it was very strong. All hostile actions of the then Finland are the back of the saboteurs, and the placement of German aircraft on the territory of Finland, and so on, and so on, which was undertaken by Finns, this did not lead to the fact that the Soviet Union took and did not declare war on Finland. Those. How so that the Finns are trying to attack us already in a military way, harmful, and the Soviet Union does nothing. Those. Stalin merged or molot merges? Here, dear viewers, we are talking about the military component. Let's remember that we have now the border between Russia and Finland is the longest border in Europe, it is more than 1000 km long. And when the Great Patriotic War has already begun, when the fight is not on life, but to death against Nazi Germany, to get one more front in 1000 km, even against Finland, it is necessary to be, in fact, a traitor for his country and very close military. Indeed, all the efforts of the Soviet Union from 41 years to 44, so that Finland, without losing the face, may have come out of the war. There is in this connection a private letter of Churchill Mannerheim, secret, and there is a response Mannerheim Churchill, this is the famous story. An extensive letter, telegram, cited on the Internet, i.e. The fact that the Soviet Union has not been answered by the provocations of Finland is clear that we were at that time, the Soviet Union was simply more profitable that Finland would not enter the war. Because if it comes into war, then we have a huge front, which must be kept, and there you need to keep troops. It seems to me the following, as the understanding of the situation in the Soviet leaders has developed. I think that the Soviet leadership understood well that Finland encourages Germany anyway. Maybe not fully understood the extent to which, but, in any case, the vector of her policies was understandable. But in a situation of June 22-23, it seemed less evil compared with participation, with the full entry of Finland in the war. Especially since, despite this substation by Hitler, Finland sama said his neutrality and diplomatic contacts began, because the Soviet embassy worked in Finland, in Helsinki, and the Soviet diplomacy immediately began to request the position of Finland, Finland responded that she adheres to Neutrality and for a while, short, maybe, in the Soviet leadership, the illusion remained that it is so, or in any case, in the Finnish elites there is a struggle for what position in this situation to occupy. If I remember correctly, Molotov called immediately the Finnish ambassador to himself and asked what the position of Finland, you are neutral, and if I remember correctly, the ambassador replied that Finland would act as it would consider it necessary for himself. Those. The answer was already so sufficiently sufficient. But there was a statement about neutrality. Yes it was. But 26, respectively, Finns declare war against Soviet peoples. It is literally a few days. Those. 24 It was decided to bombing, because it became clear that the attack was attentive from the territory of Finland. It became clear that it was simply regardless of whether Finland is fighting or fighting, its territory is a bridgehead to attack Leningrad. Therefore, the Soviet Union made a bombing of airfields ... and other purposes. Other military goals in Finland. As a result, the tax was extremely unsuccessful, were victims among the civilian population of Finland, which was really given to the Finnish government simply card blanche. It was immediately stated that they were attacked by us, we again the victim of aggression, so we declare war. Those. On June 26, Finland officially announced the war to the Soviet Union. And I emphasize another interesting point that in July there was absolutely the same situation with Pesma, because the British, our allies, were adjusted by the aircraft carrier and bombed in Pasamo, also absolutely speaking the same surgery. Those. The task was also to beat the Germans who are sitting in Petsamo. Also, in my opinion, the victims and destruction, fortunately, not so significant, as in the Soviet bending (fortunately for Finns), but Finland, she did not yet declare the war of Great Britain, she only stated the protest and asked compensation for monetary Destroyed property for damaged property and so on. Very interesting detail, by the way. Yes. But everyone forgot about it, yes. Absolutely the same situation, i.e. In one situation, Finns "Yeah, attacked us and therefore we declare war," and in another situation "Well, you have been afraid of us, so let's pay compensation." Finland, of course, lavished very much. It is necessary to clarify for our spectators about what Finland has achieved, what goals, she put in war in war after completed its main offensive actions in January 42. And the vision of the Finnish leadership is at the time when the Finnish leadership seems to be the Nazi Germany and the European Union, headed by Nazi Germany, version 2.0, wins. November 29, 41, Prime Minister of Finland Yucca Rangel, a close friend and supporter of President Finland Rosto Ryuti, also a lawyer, also from the University of Helsinki, i.e. A member of the Finnish Elite, very properly configured, acts before the Finnish Parliament with an extensive government report on the state of affairs and, accordingly, makes a presentation to Parliament, i.e. He is so, can be said, well, as usual, the Prime Minister does in parliament, reports per year about the work carried out and so on. This document lies on the website of the Finnish parliament, unfortunately, I transferred only part of it, because it is very extensive. It must be said that in this document the Finnish Prime Minister, it is clear, accuses the Soviet Union in all sins, accuses the Soviet Union, starting from 20 years, that constantly all the agreements were broken, and here they attacked us, and attacked again And the third time they attacked. What it concludes that since we have such a terrible oriental neighbor, then for these reasons, the only guarantee for security remains territorial acquisitions. "Our foreign areas occupied by us, of which the opponent threatened us, must be left under the military occupation of Finnish forces. How far does our occupation of the security zone spread, this is a question that is not worth responding during the battle, because It is determined by strategic views. However, it is clear that these military tasks have their borders. We do not pretend in the territory just for the sake of territories. We have an extensive country and places for the labor of our people for the extraction of food and raising the standard of living. But the peaceful work of the people is impossible if our current opponent can begin to build their goats from those areas, of which his attack will be impossible for us next time. We live in the risk area. The effective international security system has failed. Our only opportunity for effective defense is to reduce and hide the lines of combat contact. It should not be forgotten that in those areas that we are talking about, part of the People of Finland lives. Finland for its period of independence has already tried to improve the position of the Finnish population in these areas. So was due to the conclusion of the Tartu peace treaty. After the guarantees on this peace treaty were insignificant, Finland tried to promote the benefit of Eastern Karel, contacting international organizations. All measures were, nevertheless, empty, and the Finnish population of East Karelia continued to ruthlessly inhibition and destroy. As for the current situation, the Government of Finland pointed out in its recent US response to a miserable position in which the population of the occupied Eastern Karelia fell, if it were forced to live under the fifth of the Bolshevik power. " Space in quote. "The fact that above has been said about the guarantees of the security of Finland, fully applies to the situation of Eastern Karel. The only satisfactory decision on these issues is that the area of \u200b\u200btheir residence will remain under the occupation of Finnish forces. Debt of Finland is to do everything possible to ensure their safety. " Well, further report on the international situation. "Relationship between Finland and Germany is clear and smooth. They are based on the general military benefits and fraternity on arms. They are also based on sincere friendship and mutual respect. Finland is grateful for the fact that this time she is not alone fighting against the enemy. The Great Armed Forces of Germany, who fight in the giant Russian front for the destruction of Bolshevism, threatening the security and well-being of all countries of the world, so tied the strength of the Red Army, which Finland is fighting on its fronts in much more equal conditions, rather than in the war 2 years ago . German troops also provided direct military support to our country, closing the northern part of the front between Finland and the Soviet Union. In terms of economics, relations with Germany have become very valuable for us. After our ocean routes were cut in mid-June, our international trade - both imports and exports are directed mainly to Germany, and through Germany to the countries of Central and Southern Europe. It is especially necessary to emphasize that we constantly receive significant amounts of grain and other vital goods from Germany, and it is crucial for our country. " Let's interrupt. There is a comment on the grain that Finland received from Germany. The fact is that in the same way as in the case of Finland, and in the case of Germany, its imports were blocked by the British fleet. And then the grain that Germany sent to Finland to support its allies, she could only forward for the simple reason that it made this grain from the occupied territories from the occupied territory of Ukraine and the south of Russia. Thus, Finland, although indirectly, but, nevertheless, transferred the war in the same way at the expense of the Soviet Union, as Germany did. I did my remark, but in my opinion it is very important. Yes. Further, there are diffilaments to other countries - Romania, Hungary, Slovakia and all other allies of Nazi Germany. And then the Finnish Prime Minister continues. "The struggle against the general enemy, thus gave rise to mutual respect and confidence between the peoples, fighting the shoulder to the shoulder. As I spoke in the previously mentioned report to the Government on June 25, - i.e. The day before the start of the war, then the struggle began for the sake of all mankind against Bolshevism, who seeks to the world revolution, universal destruction and terror. " Well, again, the report must be translated completely, he is there Pottit, in general, with such strong statements that clearly make skews. The position of his prime minister identified very clearly. Even the last 3 lines. It would only like to emphasize that in my opinion, all the questions of relationships and contradictions between states would be easier to solve if the harmful effect of the USSR, based on Bolshevism, would be determinedly liquidated in international politics. " Those. Everything will be fine if there is no Soviet Union. This is a report on November 9, 41. Indeed, the Germans near Moscow, in fact, stand, Leningrad is blocked, to the Soviet counteroffensive near Moscow there is still something about a week. Actually, the German and Finnish newspapers are fierced by the headlines that the Kremlin towers are already visible with the Kremlin stars, so the report is so optimistic. But this is the question that we still have to say that Finland stopped on the old border. No, she also took Eastern Karelia, and here the Prime Minister emphasizes, i.e. He argues from his point of view the need for why we need eastern Karelia. Those. This is a buffer against Russia, well, plus, again, the child Finns of Eastern Karela live there and it is necessary to defend them, it is the holy debt of Finland. Indeed, ideologically, he justifies the appearance of the Great Finland. About the Great Finland will be generally a separate transmission. On November 6, 1941, the Finnish Parliament, a week after these hearings, he approves the border of 1920 as a state. It thus resets the Moscow peace treaty. It is also good that they still have enough mind not to include Petrozavodsk and all these occupied territories, to attach specially to their power. But, nevertheless, December 6, 41, indeed, Finland officially abandoned the Moscow peaceful agreement of 1940 and on the same day it was synchronously declared by the announcement of the war of Great Britain. Again, there are Oktyabrsky documents, it's not what the battle goes for Moscow and Stalin begins to panic and demands something to do something urgently. No, Soviet diplomacy in September and October, in fact, asked, more precisely, did not ask - hinting Britain, which would be nice to declare war on this to all comrades who fight against us because we are allies. Again, the difference between the nonsense and allied contract is clearly visible here. Those. If a non-reliance agreement, we declare the neutrality, and the Union Agreement, it already implies a much greater degree of integration and much more interaction in the decision-making plan. Without the consent of the allies, in fact, the USSR tried to do nothing. All 3 powers of the anti-Hitler coalition, they tried after all the actions to somehow coordinate and at least report to the allies, which generally occurs. Those. This is much more serious interaction. And on December 6, 1941, the United Kingdom announces Finland, Romania and Bulgaria War. But as British diplomats have already discussed, they said that there was no practical meaning, in general, does not. But it is ideological meaning. Ideologically, it was really very important that ... frightened seriously, because one thing is to fight against the Soviet Union, which, so to speak, is delivered outside of civilization, as they consider the state-of-theest, it seems like everyone else converge. It turns out that there is no, the Soviet Union is a normal European power, which has alliance with the UK, and now they are fighting not with the Soviet Union, but with the anti-Hitler coalition. Yes. Let me remind you, dear spectators, in fact, the anti-Hitler coalition in 43 was called United Nations, i.e. United Nations. It was already the foundation of the post-war security system already then laid. Well, of course, in Finland, all this was perceived very, really, negatively, a caricature appeared, the picture 1, where Stalin rides on Churchill riding, saddled him. It was about it. But it is 41 years old, indeed, all Western Pronsocyt forces seems to be close to. It seems to me that they ride with Roosevelt. This is yes. Regarding Roosevelt, by the way, to be honest, this is a good question, because I do not know cartoons on Roosevelt. Well, where did the caricatures on Roosevelt? In Germany they were. In Germany, it is understandable. But Finns. Finnam why? There was also an interesting conflict, of course, that the UK announced the war, and the United States did not declare war, they only withdrawn their ambassador and kicked the Finnish after Washington, and so they had diplomatic relations. Despite the fact that the Soviet diplomacy also pressed on them very much, said - listen, look, the UK already Finland announced the war, they are the same ally as you. And why are you not declare war on Finland? To which Americans with their pragmatism answered - yes, but we are allies, let's declare Japan's war, please right now, because with Japan there was an aggression agreement from the Soviet Union. Announce Japan's war and we will declare war on Finland. Well, we discussed with you already last time this story, but it seems to me that this was a practical meaning, because through the United States it was possible to put on Finland. Yes, as well as through Sweden. As with Sweden, yes, i.e. These were pressure channels. This was its own logic. Yes. But 43, Stalingrad, then, as Egor said fairly, Kursk, then Sicily, i.e. Really, the position of Germany changes dramatically. I think the breakthrough blockade hinted. And breakthrough blockages, Finnish military seriously worried in January-February 44 years, when the blockade was removed. Those. They saw the Martial defeat of the Germans and some Finnish generals, they first did not even believe their eyes that the Germans are so bad that they really thought that the German army was very strong. A very important point is the Tehran Conference, when the leaders of 3 powers of the anti-Hitler coalition were gathered and discussed, in addition to the total military campaign in the summer of 44, remind, respected spectators, that June 44 years is a coordinated attack, these are coordinated operations and on the East and Western Front. On the Western Front, this Overlord is a landing in Normandy, and we have "10 Stalinist blows." Just a Soviet offensive on the Karelian Isthmus, the Soviet attack on Sviri and the Bagration Operation, they were largely synchronized with Overlord in order to truly break the front, i.e. Broken the German reserves and beat the Nazi Germany and their allies on all fronts. So, in Tehran, the Finland was discussed for a long time, what to do with them as a result. And Roosevelt in his such typical American manner said that there "Mr. Marshal, that the US government can do to bring Finland from the war?" And Stalin immediately identified the conditions of the USSR, indeed, under what conditions we can make up. Because this is Finnish's discrimination - it was really the goal of Soviet diplomacy in 41, and in 42, and in 43, i.e. The efforts were attached, but, unfortunately, there was no result. So, the position of the Soviet Union, dear spectators, this is not the occupation of Finland and the inclusion of it in the Soviet Union, and this is a refund to the 1940 Public Agreement, a public and full break of relations with Nazi Germany from Finland and compensation. Compensation for the fact that the Finns arranged in Karelia, took a piece of Soviet territory, which they never belonged. Based bargain. Churchill says that damage is easy to apply, but it is difficult to compensate. Finland is a poor country, they will not pay you. Churchill says that they may be able to cut down several trees, you put them, but no more. Stalin replies that they will pay, I know how to make them pay. Churchill rests in the sense that they will never pay you, it is a poor country, it is not Germany and some major European countries. Stalin says - Well, we just do some part of Finland for troops and leave there only when they pay off on debts. Churchill, he does not retreat, also a politician is very experienced, he says - listen, but what about your slogan "world without annexes and contributions"? So you declared him in 18th, if I'm not mistaken. To which Stalin smiled widespread, I appreciated Yusus and said that you know, I get a conservative, so they will still pay. After that, there really is a barg for where the border will be held, I don't give Petsamo, but the Soviet Union said so that our conditions are fundamental - this is a break with Germany, this is the border of 40 years, about some kind of movements, maybe To be, you can still bargain, where there will be a border, well, the third is compensation, i.e. You are obliged to compensate for the damage that was caused. Those. Let's fix that in 1943 the Soviet Union was absolutely accomplished on the preservation of independent Finland when performing certain and sufficiently moderate conditions. Yes, Egor, thank you very much that you stressed. Churchill asked this question directly to Stalin, i.e. He said so that we understand that the Soviet Union has its own sphere of influence, there are questions of the security of Leningrad, Baltic States, the Baltic Sea, we all understand this. But the UK would be unpleasant if you were included in the Finnish part of your power against the desire of the population of this country. What Stalin replied that no, let them live, as they want, in these very uncomfortable areas, but I will teach them a lesson. Those. Return by 40, gap with Germany and most importantly - cash compensation. Those. Not money, namely, the goods, industrial goods that the Soviet Union are needed to restore the economy of the people's and economy, destroyed precisely by the fact that the Finns and the Germans arranged, and all the other allies of Nazi Germany arranged in the occupied territories. And the main bargaining, the main dispute came precisely because of compensation? About money, yes. All other conditions somehow did not cause questions. Clear. As Dmitry Yuryevich says - first, of course, about money. Yes, about money. And Roosevelt, and Churchill tried to somehow pull out from Stalin or in general the complete cancellation of compensation, or its decline. Protocols from 3 sides, British vision is very well reflected in Churchill's memoirs, and not in this thick book, where Churchill compressed all his memories of World War II, he also wrote a five metal, dear viewers, there are 5 volumes. In 4 Tome TriUmph and Tragedy, i.e. "Triumph and Tragedy", there it has it well everything is painted. And if you take the usual monuarons of Churchill, there is somehow very casual about it, or, in my opinion, it is generally absent. At least in the English version. American vision is on the site of some American university, I will not lie, link below. You can read the American Protocol. The Soviet Protocol, it generally corresponds to, the only one, is undo, they are not included in the transcript. It is all, and this is confirmed by all 3 parties. And I heard that the Finns just ignore these decisions of the Tehran Conference and are trying to submit the case in such a way that the Cusar Soviet Union tried to seize Finland and only from the last forces, expired by blood, they were kept in the last bore and caused the USSR defeat. Yes, i.e. This is the chief postulate. So once again weave their independence. Yes. This is the main postulate of the modern Finnish official state propaganda, that it was already 3 war for the independence of Finland and that the great and terrible Soviet Union headed with no less great and terrible Stalin wanted to occupy all Finland in 44, well, since Stalin's great and terrible It did not succeed, it means that he was defeated, and Finland won a defensive victory. Tehran completely throws out at all from some kind of discussion, it is simply not considered. Similarly, the Finns are not very loved to remember that the UK has declared war on them, i.e. They believe that they fought only against the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom is so there, as if there were no. In fact, actually the very fact of blockade, food blockade, he says a lot. Now it is clear that they discussed, more or less agreed, what practical steps? Roosevelt asks Stalin - and you are ready to take a Finnish delegation in Moscow, if we call them now, say that you arrive in Moscow, talk to the Russians, are you ready to accept them? Stalin said that we were ready to take something, but, in my opinion, now it is absolutely no need, because the Finnish government pronocyst and this Roosevelt says that yes, I know. They will arrive in Moscow, we will talk, do not agree, and this will immediately be filed by Nazi propaganda, German, as the next failure of the allies. And Stalin clearly said that yes, let them come, but my opinion is that they are not ready to conclude the world on any conditions. Then Stalin said such words that let him come at least Ryuti, let even the devil comes, I'm not afraid of the devil. And indeed, at the end of March, the delegation of Finns has arrived in Moscow for 44 years, March 27, they have a meeting, and heads the delegation, as always, Paasikivi is already 10 times from Finns. Familiars all persons, actually, Paasikivi, Enken. From the Soviet side of Molotov, Deanozov, Shemönko and Prya. Long discussing. Molotov immediately, of course, he immediately from his room in a quarry - Do you have authority to conclude a truce or peace? Right. Paasikivi immediately says that no, we just arrived to listen to you again. Moscow see for a long time was not. Have not been long ago. We arrived to get clarifications about your conditions, because the collapse we handed out something that you were ready to talk. But we did not understand, you want to conclude the final world or truce, so you could not explain it. Half an hour, at a minimum, Molotov patiently with Paasikivi and the delegation discusses the world, a truce and all these definitions. Actually, Yandex.Disk with all these files under the transmission, this time, the second - please go to the site of the Russian Foreign Ministry, which all these documents posted in free access to the 70th anniversary of the victory. Link also under the roller. These are stunning documents. Samples of diplomatic skill. At all. There, of course, Molotov scary in generally tapped finnov, i.e. Enkenie he just brought to hysterics. Here I will not retell all this, here the minutes of the meeting for 18 pages. The most important thing is, i.e. It is clear that all each other is remembered for 39 years, and 41 and so on, but Molotov, in fact, at the end of this long conversation with Finnish diplomats, he says that "it's clear that the USSR did not want war from Finland in June 41. However, Finland attacked the Soviet Union, deciding that, together with Germany, she will be able to get something, and that the Soviet Union will not stand on the legs. But the Soviet Union stood on his feet, and Finland should be considered with it. " And then, then Molotov spoke delegations about what ... compared the Soviet Union with the Russian Empire? He said that the Russian Empire was held in Finland in its composition, carried out Russification, and the Bolsheviks gave her independence, conduct friendly politics, and the Finns are not loving. Yes. Actually, he just tells them that in fact you do not love us, we, the Bolsheviks, our Soviet government, is your business, but, roughly, the situation is as follows that if it were not the Soviet government, but imperial, Tsarist, then there would be no independence at all. And further, in fact, Molotov raises the question of the blockade of Leningrad, in no way he chips him, he says, "Finns, together with the Germans, they carried out the blockade of Leningrad. In Leningrad, hundreds of thousands of people died from hunger. Now everyone can see that the danger turned out to be exactly as we foresee. The worst of our fears were justified. Finland, although she gained independence from Russia's hands, was among the allies of Germany who had attacked the Soviet Union. " And then the answer of Pasikivi, the fact that we have just discussed in the answers and questions. Paasikivi replies that if there were no war 39-40 years, then the Finns may have fought together with the Soviet Union or would have happened to them the same thing as Norway and Denmark. Let's hear the answer Vyacheslav Mikhailovich. Molotov, responding to this remark, asked: Were there at the time when Germany attacked the USSR, at the Finnish territory of German troops? Resolving the affirmative, Paasiki says that they will affect an uncomfortable subject for conversation. Excellent. Molotov says that he was not the initiator of this conversation. Enkel spoke about feelings, so he, Molotov, decided to speak out about the feelings of his people. The fact is that Enkenel, when there was a speech about the border of 40 years, then Enkenel said that you are understanding, please, feelings of our people, we were fought here and we believe that you did the unfairly, the Soviet Union with us. And then the Molotov very sharply breaks him down and says - and what our feelings can be, sorry, if we just had a blockade of Leningrad, there were 100 thousand people, and as we, the leadership of the USSR, explain to the Soviet people that we return to border 39 years. Finns, by the way, immediately they went with the trumps and said - and let's come back by 39, i.e. Border on Beloostrov. This, sorry, March 44, how so? But Molotov immediately said that there could be no speech about it, we had a 40 year agreement, which you were broken. And indeed, just read completely, there are those who call the hammer as a stone ass and believe that he was a nearby person, this is a brilliant diplomat, in fact. As far as I remember, Churchill wrote that Talleyran, mettric and someone else with pleasure in the afterlife, in paradise will take him to his company if the Bolsheviks are allowed to get to heaven. But, as a result, once we talked, broke up, did not agree to anything. Indeed, Enkenel had almost a hysterical, in general. It is not clear what they were hoping, in fact. The bottom line is that in April, the response of the Finnish government comes, very polite, in French, through our embassy in Sweden, about what is sorry, but these conditions are unacceptable. Those. From these conditions, Finns refuse. As a result, we have a Vyborg offensive operation, this is a topic for a separate book that I have written. I am now preparing her second edition, extended and corrected, because Finnish historians pointed several errors that I made it. But the point is that indeed on June 9-10, our offensive begins under Beloostrov, on June 20, after a short battle, our parts come already in Vyborg and raise the Red Flag over the Tower of St. Ulof. And at that moment Finns are again associated with our in Stockholm, with Alexandra Kollondtai. They say, listen, could you once again voice your conditions? What was there? What was there? Could you repeat, please maybe we will now somehow agree. The response note is a very serious stumbling block in the study of our relationship, because I personally did not see the text of this note, the only place where she quoted is Mimoirs Mannerheim. And there is written in the interpretation of Mannerheim, that since Finns were deceived by many times, write, please write a warranty letter signed by the President and Foreign Minister of Finland, that Finland is ready to surrender, and send a delegation to Moscow. And this formulation, i.e. At least as it is provided in the memoirs of Mannerheim, that Finland is ready to surrender, the Finnish leadership was perceived as a requirement for unconditional surrender. But these are their perception, yes, i.e. What if the capitulation, then why send a delegation to Moscow at all? We ourselves then come to the Helsinki on the tanks if you surrender. Those. Obviously, either the wording was unsuccessful, again, once again it emphasizes that I have not seen the original. It should be really digging in the archives, because the Finns actually lead to the formulation of Mannerheim and, of course, immediately declare the Soviet Union guilty of continuing the fighting, which flared up with a new force on June 25 in the battle of Tali-Ighantala. If you were now somehow more conditioned conditions formulated softer, then maybe we would agree. But, again, here we see only the Finnish interpretation of these events. I have not seen full text of this note, i.e. This, by the way, such an interesting, very exciting study need to be held, what we really wrote that the Finns are so interpreted. We must look in the archive of foreign policy. Yes. It is the authentic text itself, and which there was a discussion with the allies, for example. Those. What was the position of the UK on this all the case, what were the manuals of the Molotov, Alexandra Kollontai, for example. What really was the position of the Soviet Union at that moment. But on this intrigue does not end, because the first - on the front of the Finns are doing, to put it mildly, not very, the second is that Germany knows, of course, about these all movements that Finland explicitly explicitly produces behind the backs of Nazi Germany . And the arrival of the delegation of Paasikivi in \u200b\u200bMarch, he was secret? He, in my opinion, was somehow lit in the press, but I will not lie. Of course, I think that the Germans knew about it. And as a result of all this, as a result of the cunning gestures of the Finns, as a result of the fact that on the front at the Finns, the case at that moment go bad, on June 23, 44, without protocols, without warning in Helsinki, Ioachim von Ribbentrop, Foreign Minister arrive Affairs of Nazi Germany. He is straightforward to President Ryuti and says. Well, he is very diplomatic, of course, said, but the point was that we supply you weapons, we supply you grain. And we are very afraid that it will not get into those hands. To the enemy. Not in those hands will fall. And plus we also see that you already somehow begin to take actions related to the separation world with someone with the Soviet Union, we do not like it very much. Therefore, write a guarantee letter as the President of the Finnish Republic, that you will not conclude a separate world will remain an ally of Nazi Germany. And I wrote such a letter to the Runt. Warranty letter as president of the republic. After that, the Germans resumed the supply of weapons. The key was that they from Estonia were very quickly transferred about 10,000 pantsfausts, and this gave Finnish infantry the opportunity to effectively deal with our armored vehicles, unfortunately. And thanks to the very active support of the German Air Force, if someone does not know, but again, we are a little from diplomacy to military affairs. The Germans were transferred from the Baltic States in Finland a whole wing of dive bombers and bombers fighters, and they from those the most airfields where they were sitting in 41, i.e. Utti and Lappeenranta airfields, they flew and bombed our parts at the front 3 times a day, i.e. They had a huge support at all from the air of the Finnish land forces, and they actually doubled the impact potential of the Finnish Air Force. Those. They are, German pilots helped the Finns very, very much. But time goes, all our military efforts after Vyborg were not crowded in complete success, but about it separately, because it, too, from a military point of view, an interesting operation and a forgotten operation with us, you need to remember our heroes who fought there after taking Vyborg . And in mid-July 44, the fighting on the Karelian Isthmus quietly calm and go into a positional war. And the main, the best parts of the Leningrad Front are relocated to Narva bridgeheads. On July 26, 1944, our after the hardest battles take Narva and begin the storms of the heights of Lynaei, the hardest battles, of course, were for our guard. But on August 4, the Finnish leadership finally matured for the fact that it was time to do something. It's time to put up with the Soviet Union, because clearly now the Germans will expire from Estonia in the next few weeks. Germany suffers defeat. Germany suffers defeat, yes, i.e. Again, let's remember that the Army Center "Center" in Belarus has already been destroyed, 50,000 prisoners in Moscow have already been driven. Our allies in La Mans The Germans did not lose, i.e. Both bridgeheads clearly will already live and the operations of our allies in the West are also developing enough, but the Finns understand that now, if the Russians still liberate Estonia and take themselves Tallinn, then no deliveries of any weapons will simply have nothing. Therefore, August 4, Ryto Ryuti speaks in front of parliament and says - you know, I have signed the letter here, sorry, I did not say anything to the people's chosen on this occasion, I'm still resigning. I'm tired, I'm leaving, sorry, it turned out ugly. Then it turned out ugly already with the Germans, because the parliament immediately voted for Mannerheim as a new president of Finland and Mannerheim immediately contacted the Soviet Union, said that everything, I myself was the first one, the second - Hitler wrote such a farewell letter, which He leads in his memoirs, and there he is generally justifying what he violates all promises and is really ready to fulfill all the requirements of the Soviet Union. Motivation Mannerheim is formulated very beautifully, whatever happened to Germany in this war, the German nation will continue to exist, and if Finland loses in this war, i.e. He will go with Germany to the end, it is not a fact that it will continue to exist as an independent state. Therefore, as the President of the Finnish Republic, he writes Mannerheim, I have no right to risk your people, my country that the Parliament me was heard. So sorry, you all are kind. And indeed on September 4, an agreement on the cease-fire comes into force, on September 19, after a long and painful talks with the Finnish delegation, i.e., in fact, even Molotov began to lose patience, because the Finns came to Moscow and again in their typical Finnish manner, By the way, dear guests, if you deal with Finns in business negotiations, I hope not for military matters. Finns have a characteristic feature that they take some small detail, which from their point of view is very important, and they cling to it scary, and around this little detail negotiations can walk for several days without any visible progress and just in some kind That time ... From our point of view, it is very tiring and looks like incomprehensible urgentness and stubbornness. Similarly, they entered the negotiations on the truce in September 44, they began to cling to the wording, for some small details, and Molotov said to them directly - listen, and I agreed with Romania for 1 evening, I have already encountered progress 4 times not. You're long planning to sit here for a long time, let's already finalize the contract and subscribe. The contract was finalized, from the UK, which also participated in this, correctly, because the war was between Finland on the one hand, the USSR and the United Kingdom on the other. The British ambassador was so tired that he did not come to sign a treaty, he gave a power of attorney for signing the contract Guess who? Molotov. Not. Zhdanov. There is a power of attorney in English and in Russian, that the government of Her Majesty, more precisely, His Majesty then authorizes Lieutenant-General Zhdanov to sign an agreement on truce with Finland, i.e. This, of course, was also a terrible trolling on the part of the British, that you are so unimportant that such as Zhdanov is signed for us. Those. The document also lies on the site of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the reference below, Yandex.Disk, there all these negotiations, is the power of attorney. Foreign Foreign Thank you for being posted, because there is really very interesting to read it all. Listen, but for sure there was some resistance at the Finnish elites, i.e. Surely there were forces that did not want this gap with the Germans? Well, Mannerheim still enjoyed such an authority that it was all and somehow did not play a role very played, because why not Paasiki, for example, became president. Because Paasikivi, yes, he is a respected person, but he is civil, he is very soft, he was all believed in Finland, that such an agreement with the Soviet Union, and Mannerheim he and a military, military hero, authority. Well, it's like that, I would say, Marshal Peten on the contrary. Yes exactly. Marshal Petin was put in order to get sick with the Germans, and Mannerheim was set for him to get silent in the Russians. And so that the army goes after him, because again, if Paasikivi was put, then the brave and his comrades, other officers could easily arrange a pronocyst military coup. It is rumored that there was some kind of preparation of the pronocyst military coup, that the Finns write about it? Rather, it was not preparation. I do not say about the coup, because I did not study, but they prepared for the partisan war, i.e. They have already made a gloss of weapons, it is these right Finnish officers. And they did them, these scrons, already in 44 and only in 46, it was actually revealed, and they began to plant them for this matter. Those. The part believed that indeed a truce on September 19, it would not end, that the Soviet Union of Finland would shoot something and introduce troops. The troops of the Soviet Union really introduced, but not on the entire territory of Finland, but only on the database of Poklovaya-Ud. So, dear guests, if you are going to Finland, Poklokala-Ud is the current Kirkkonummi, it is 40 km from Parliament and the Presidential Palace. Those. When the negotiations were discussed, the Finns said - well, the border is 40 years old, Pechenga is losing, but, probably, Hanko wants again? Molotov said that no, Hanko does not need, let's wondering. After that, the Finns were shocked because it was about the Soviet base of Poklokalo-UD and was the expression of the Oscar of Haikel, in my opinion ... Oscar of Enkel, if I correctly remember, General who said that this is a gun directed in the heart of Finland, the capital needs Transfer to Tampere and in general to us the end. He had a nervous breakdown, the Finnish delegation said she fell ill and left. Those. Here, Stalin and the Soviet leadership, it simply put a tank regiment in 40 km from the vital centers of the political life of the Finnish Republic in case there again will begin some embodiments from the Finns. And the most interesting thing is that they, our troops unloaded not in Pokhkala-Ud, and they fought at the Central Station in Helsinki and marched there. Those. In 44, residents of the Finnish capital, they first saw the German troops in June 44 years old, who came from Estonia and headed for help to the Finns for the Vyborg, this is 122 Infantry Division. And then, in September, the Soviet troops have already seen, who headed to build their military base in Independent Finland. It is important to emphasize that it was a truce, it was not the final world, because the Soviet Union, seeing these Finnish attempts to overcome, said that there are conditions, and only after the fulfillment of all these conditions of Finland, we conclude with you the final world. Therefore, a truce, a check commission, headed by Zhdanov, arrives in Helsinki, and strictly ensures that the Finns perform all these conditions. And only in 47 in Paris, the Finnish Republic, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom entered into a peace treaty, which we still have between our countries. I remember Zhdanov came up with a story in order to establish a business relationship with Mannerheim. There is a legend, dear guests, that Zhdanov is when ... Zhdanov was radically set up, he generally planned to arrange a court over the war criminals of Finnish, there is a military criminal number 1 - this is Ryto Ryuti, and there is a military criminal number 13 - this is Marshal Mannerheim. The court makes in Petrozavodsk and after that both of these figures hinder near the monument to Lenin during the coating of the local population, which fell to the finnas very unkind feelings after the occupation. But, again, Stalin said that Mannerheim, he is a figure that suits everyone, on the one hand. On the other hand, he is ready to do everything that is necessary, so let Mannerheim do not touch, and Ryuti plant, this is the Rangel, who read a wonderful speech in front of Parliament, and plant the war criminals. It must be said that it is not necessary to compare the international process in Nuremberg over Nazi military criminals and the process over the war criminals of Finland, because in Finland, it was not an international tribunal, the investigation was led by the Finnish Ministry of Internal Affairs under the leadership of Tov. Zhdanov, and the Minister of Internal Affairs was then Jerho Kekkonen, who then became President of Finland, and here this line of Pasyikivi Kekkonny became the basis of good-neighborly relations between the USSR and Finland in the Soviet period. About the story you wanted to tell, and what are Zhdanov? Zhdanov - a man who wanted to hang Mannerheim, at the first meeting with Mannerheim he says - Mr. President, and during the First World War I fought at your beginning, under your command. The conversation occurs in Russian. Mannerheim, maybe Russian chase a little, but spoke. What Mannerheim says - well, then let's go, drink vodka. This flexibility of politicians on both sides, one, Zhdanov, he clearly heard the Stalin's signal that Mannerheim did not touch, Mannerheim ... Clearly heard Zhdanov's signal. Not, well, it is a person, too, he hated the Bolsheviks all his life, etc., but when it comes to life and death - let's go to drink vodka. Here. Indeed, this is the beginning of absolutely new relations between Finland and the USSR. If in 18, Mannerheim writes in its order that "I will not put my sword in the sheath, while East Karelia is not free from the swirls, anyone else." In 41, he writes that "in 18 I promised and in 41 I did, this is a new beginning for Finland, this is a new flourishing for Karelia, the Great Finland, the Great Future", etc., very pompous rhetoric. In 44, the same Mannerheim writes that "the bitter experience of the last 5 years showed us that the key to the safe existence and prosperity of Finland is good, trustful, good-neighborly relations with all our neighbors." And, indeed, Finland unfolds face to the Soviet Union, and a completely different period begins. But on this story with our border ends, because in these protocols you will see that at the very moment of Molotov, there I went a bargaining for Pasamo, as always. This is Pechenga. Petsamo, Pechenga, yes, i.e. There Paasikivi said - Petsamo do you leave us? Molotov said - no, we will not leave, because we were given 2 times with you and 2 times our enemy turned out there, so you will be shifted by you without Pasamo, it was said. Paasiki said - Maybe we somehow compensate for it? Molotov speaks - what do you want to compensate? - Well, maybe some, Symen Canal. Molotov said that there is no. By the way, about the Vyborg interesting moment, it was about the negotiations in Tehran, i.e. There, when Roosevelt said, he can leave them, then Stalin said that he could not have any speech about it. Those. There is simply no vyborg at all, our Vyborg. And Petsamo, Pechenga becomes a Soviet area, i.e. Russia returns him to him. Finland thus loses the output to the ocean, i.e. It was a non-freezing port and also a very important area where nickel mines were. And this Nickel Finland mined in concessions with the British, because his money was disastrously lacked. All this is over, the territory of Soviet, already Soviet engineers and industrialists are beginning to master these mines, and here they understand that the hydroelectric station that has supplied all this, remained on the Finnish side of the border. And there is a tiny piece, literally 5 km to this power plant, so we are asked for our finns, they say - listen, you must have a bunch of money. The fact is that Finland, she purchased self-propelled, airplanes, tanks, bruncers, and all the other, she did not pay in cash, because the sum is huge, she took all this loan. Those. Finland had a very large debt for the supply of arms before Nazi Germany. Nazi Germany lost, and accordingly, all this debt of Finland in front of Germany moved to the Soviet Union. Those. We won Germany, you had to Germans, now you have to us. Well, it is in compensation. Yes Yes. And, accordingly, the Soviet Union of Finns says - Listen, you have a debt there, let's give us this little piece with a hydroelectric station, and we write off part of the debt. Finns agreed. It was the last balance of the border between the USSR and Finland, and if you climb a Russian-speaking in Wikipedia, then you will see it says that the Soviet Union bought this piece. But "bought" and "took a debt" - this is a slightly different formulation, i.e. Here the wording of Wikipedia, they, as a rule, are not in our favor. I think here is not. I think this formulation may have been elected by the Government of Finland just at that time in order not to know the revhangs. By the way, these moods, they were? Or are they to a greater extent now appeared? Then, of course, they were very much extinguished by the entire Soviet period. The entire Soviet period is generally friendship, trade, good relationship. And, rather, Finnish Revenge, what to return to Karelia, he appeared rather after the collapse of the Soviet Union, when the self-censorship was not very strong on the part of the Finnish government, and no pressure on the part of Russia ceased to appear at all. Well, you live in Finland, tell me, exists in modern Finns some kind of complex about what they lost? In some, from my point of view, not all. I think ... Well, that is, this is a noticeable phenomenon or are it any marginals? From my point of view, it is still a lot of officer corps to some extent, this is their professional war. And it is clear that if some kind of war is still, it is clear, against whom it will most likely. Those. Again some ... better against Sweden. Well, against Sweden is unlikely. The officer corps is very right, Mannerheim, of course, this is their hero, this is their commander-in-chief, whom they are very honored. But otherwise, it seems to me that simple people are already so now tortured with all sorts of other problems that this is not particularly interested in someone. Yes, from the territories that have moved away to the Soviet Union, it was forced to leave 40,000 people somewhere, people lost everything, i.e. Real estate, some plants, rural areas, what they built their ancestors for centuries. People were torn off from the roots, for them, of course, was the hardest injury that everything had to start again. A newly rejuvenate life already in another Finland, without Vyborg, without the Saimen Channel, without the entire northern liking, without Priozersk, without cannelyarvi and other things. Of course, they suffered this bitterness to children, and the grandchildren, but there was already a lot of time and it seems to me that there are some such revenge moods, yes, they are, there are radical some groups and here for every elections municipal or Parliamentary elections Some candidate will pull this card on the table and put, let's try to return it all. But the modern Finland has many other worries than the return of Karelia, and now Finland is part of the European Union ... Karelian island. Yes. They call it Karelia, and Karelian's endings, and the northern lump. From their point of view, these were their Karelia once. But now the foreign policy of Finland is determined, of course, the European Union, membership in this organization and some independent sharp movements of Finland will never do, it is understandable. At the government level now there is cooling of relations, as with all of Europe, in general, but rather, this is something already, from my point of view, which goes down in history. Of course, I will, of course, will be interested to listen to how to teach it all at school, because he is studying at the Finnish school, is also very interested in history. Still would. And, accordingly, I will be interested in listening to how it will be taught, I will make it write it to a presentation or essay, where both points of view will be presented - both Russian and Finnish. Please tell me what Finnish war criminals were convicted on the results of these post-war processes? From those known - this Lennart Esch is a famous Finnish General. He was impulsed that he, commanding group "Olonets", i.e. Sat there under Olonets, on the Olonets Isthow, sorry, in the Onega Carce, between the Ladoga and Onega Lake, in 42, orally ordered to arrange a demonstration shot of our prisoners. Those. He simply went there somewhere on some trip inspection, drove into some camp for prisoners of war, there he complained that the prisoners of war almost rebelliously ours, i.e. Refuse to go to work, some more complaints are presented to the Finnish camp administration. And the Ash orally said - yes shoot a man 10 for a coolness, it will solve the problem. And the most interesting thing is that as many Finnish officers, Ash tried to float in Sweden. Those. The distance in the sea is small, very much, and very many dumped. Martinen, Lauri Turney - Diversants These are all Finnish, which came to Soviet territory. In particular, a member of the Finnish DRG - a sabotage intelligence group, which destroyed the camp in the Petrovsky Name. It was possible to find out who just sat on the hemp and single shots from the machine gun shot from the burning building of Medsöster. There is a surname of this person, here he is in 44, understanding that he may be looking for, left and never returned to Finland, died in Florida in 2004. And many Diversants Finnish, who had something in the soul, some kind of such a sin, which is a war crime, they just left. Those. They fled on boats, on yachts, on some schoones in Sweden, and from Sweden somewhere away. Many left America to South America. Those who had had no serious crimes on themselves, in the 60s and 1970s began to return, they were not pursued. And some really remained there. Ash also tried to float, he just began to sink the boat, after which he decided that he was not destiny and returned to the shore and went to the police himself. He, in my opinion, was given only 2 years. Those. There was enough soft everything. But tell me, it is well known that Mannerheim did not give out the Germans of Finnish Jews, and Finnish Jews, respectively, did not become victims of the Holocaust. And how was the case with the Soviet Jews captured in the occupied territories? Soviet prisoners of war ... well, civilians including. Civilians, no data, so that the Finns are given them, but there is evidence that in the north of Finland, where German troops stood and there were Finnish troops nearby, there was a lively trade. Sorry, not trade, exchange of prisoners. Finns were asked for the Germans of Finno-Ugric Soviet prisoners of war, and the Germans, it was clear, they asked Jews, Commissars, Politrans and Commanders. Those. Finns were transferred, Finnish troops were transferred to the Germans of Jews. Yes. And this, of course, became a big scandal in Finland, because before that - the study appeared only in the 2000s - before that it was said that we were only 6 Jews, we were without passports, they had some serious Problems with documents and they were passed, respectively, the Finnish Ministry of Internal Affairs was given to Germany and allegedly one of them even survived after that everything, i.e. Holocaust survived. And here, in the 2000s, Bach, it turns out, we still have been given to the Germans to the Germans, it is also clear with what consequences for our prisoners. But for his Jews, yes, there is the same Yukka Rangel, he in a conversation with Himmler said Wir Haben Keine Judenfrage, i.e. We do not have a Jewish question in Finland. Those. No, all citizens of Finland. And how do you think, in general, in principle, this is the Nazi worldview, mixed on the domination, enslavement of other peoples, as far as it affected Finland, how much such moods were common there? In propaganda, it was completely copied with the Germans, let's say. Those. If you look at how the war was covered, the course of hostilities, Finns completely repeated all the statements and postulates of German Nazi propaganda. In the speech of the Rangela, in my opinion, it is perfectly visible, Bolshevism there ... Bolshevism Yes, but this is not the Nazi story, right? No, it is the idea of \u200b\u200bRussians and about the eastern peoples as defective, it was. They are truly the same as the Nazis, just like the Germans, they went out among our prisoners of war of the most scored, the most ugly, the most wounded, flawed, crumpled, or bright Asians, and with pleasure just as they photographed. But the only thing, again, that they somehow, they did not have this policy of destruction, it was not. They just all right to the concentration camp. Nevertheless, there were concentration camps on a racial basis. It was all. By the way, you have been very grateful for your vocabulary, you said that there are really great Britain, the Nazis build great Germany, and Finns are building the Great Finland, Suur-Suomi, also the idea of \u200b\u200bbuilding their great national state, where the Finns will play a dominant role, t .. They are leaders among Finns, Ingermanland Finns, Eastern Karel, Veps. With Estonians, it was not clear what to do, because it seems like Estonians themselves want their state, but seems to be also our brothers. Those. That, of course, the genocide they did not do, but still, my opinion, that simply, fortunately, quickly quickly military luck turned away. Before that did not come. Yes, just not reached many things. But about the Great Finland and how they really began to build it in 41, it would be generally a separate transmission. It is very interesting how they tried to integrate Karel, as a policy towards the Finno-Ugric population was built, and in relation to the unphinno-Ugric, alien element, so they called it. Terminology is quite Nazi. Again, if you read the Finnish newspapers for 41 years, even headlines, there will be no drop of compassion to Russia and even to some extent to the UK, i.e. There ... about Leningrad too. Yes, an interesting question. Finns were perfectly understood that in Leningrad was going on. Yes, they knew, in the newspapers it wrote. Already in November 41, they write that the city is blocked, horror is going on in the city. If the city does not surrender, it is doomed. We recently talked with Boris Nikolayevich Kovalev, a famous historian who had a lot of Blue Division of Spanish. There were their media, their newspapers, which were published simply mockery caricatures and on the events in the Blocade Leningrad took place, and on the fate of the second shock army. Those. They mocked on the full program. Here the finnov had something like that? Cartoon about Leningrad I, honestly, did not see. I did not exactly see this. Caricatures on Stalin, Churchill - this is understandable. Well, maybe not caricatures, some stern, stingy headlines. No, no, it is, rather, rather that the city is doomed, well, there were headlines in the spirit of Nazi propaganda, i.e. Such a trolling, I did not see bullying. It is actually simply translated reports of the Berlin news agency, one to one. This in the headlines is directly visible. And rhetoric, and headlines, and text of articles. And they even created an absolutely such structure of propaganda as the Germans. At the Finnish war they had nothing particularly, and in the war of 41-44 they had special propaganda companies, they were called, you will now laugh, Roths Para. What are you? Tiedotus. Tiedotus is now PR, Public Relations. Those. Rota Public Relations. That's who came up with PR in fact. The bottom line is that in the same way as the Germans, writers and artists, graphs, designers, photographers, film operators took there. They could not just take a picture of everything, they could create full content, i.e. And photographed, and the article wrote, and the drawing was done, and the chronicle was removed. They are really more like Public Relations, the creators of propaganda content. It is completely copied with the Germans. The Germans also had these. The Germans were called propaganda companies, Propagandakompanie, and Finns TiedotusKompanie, i.e. "Rota bringing information to wide masses." Interesting. The last question that interests me is also very interested. Say, and anti-Nazi, anti-fascist movement in Finland during the war existed? Yes, it was, but it was very small simply because the Communist Party, as we know, were very much, it's time. The second - the Communist Party was at all on an illegal position, so most of the communists sat at this time in prisons. And they could not do anything serious. They really were, in my opinion, one underground group near Tampere, which just like anti-fascists in Europe and anti-fascists in the occupied Soviet territories exploded the German echelons. But they were, in my opinion, 20 people. There was only one such group on all Finland. But, again, their ranks have been replenished there when Finns decided to create their fines and there they called there including political. Have deserted? There's already straight, in my opinion, in the echelon to the front there began to shoot mass, there, in fact, half of the Communists immediately jumped out of the car and left underground simply. Those who arrived to the front, very many at the first opportunity passed on the side of the Red Army. How did their destinies later? What about this, honestly, I do not know. I did not deal with those who ran out of this 20 separate battalion "Black Arrow", so it was called. Those. This is the question of when political was let the front. People who do not share ... They did not change their beliefs? They did not change their beliefs, well, after that ... And someone from these people was subsequently known in the post-war Finland? Here is one of those who drove to the front of the penalty, he later became the minister of internal affairs either with Kekkonen, or Paasikivi. Because then, after the war, it was, by the way, one of the conditions of the truce that the Communist Party is allowed, let's return to a normal parliamentary democracy. How was his name, remember, no? Now I will not remember. I am bad, unfortunately, I remember the names of politicians, unlike the generals. Those. It was, but it was very small. And defeat in the Civil War, and the 30s, and the ban on the Communist Party, all this, of course, are simply ... So you see, what long and difficult path to the world, but fortunately, the world has come. And let's hope that this world will be much longer than the path to it. Yes exactly. Why do we tell all this, well, again, simply because in modern discussion, especially on the Internet, as a rule, the wines are assigned to all this only one way, i.e. to Russia. For all. Not for all this, but in general for everything. On Russia, to the Soviet Union, that only we are to blame, and everyone else is no matter, it's just like that. But this, again, the most, probably, an important postulate in propaganda, and indeed even in foreign policy, who the first crying "they first began, and we are not guilty," he is right. Those. Perception of people. All these speeches of the Prime Minister, the whole propaganda, this is exactly what ... Yucca Rangel, he also says - we are generally a defensive war in relation to the war of 41-44 years, for some reason Petrozavodsk, Olonets, Medvezhegorsk, went to Vologda The area is so good, successfully defended. But the most important lesson, probably, it is still that the struggle and conflicts between Finland and the Soviet Union, they did not wear such a fundamental nature of the struggle not for life, but to death, as with Nazi Germany. With the Finns, we have always been the territorial disputes that were resolved at the moment, and hope that the world will not be interrupted anymore, because there will be nothing good for anyone for anyone. And the second important point I would like to complete our current transmission, that it is absolutely ordinary and normal part of European history, i.e. Our conflicts, friction with Finland about border areas - is an absolutely normal European situation. Please look, Alsace and Lorraine, Sudents and any other border areas in Europe. All the same thing, i.e. Until the Second World War, these borders of Kroili and rebailed as they wanted. This is such a part of the world in which we live with you, Europe. Fortunately, after World War II, it was still able to stop for some time. Those. To say that the borders after the Second World War are fixed, they will not change anymore, but ... they continue to change, over the past 20 years, quite a lot of borders changed. Yes. But let's hope for the best and all these things need to be understood when you talk about all complex relations with neighbors. The same relations were with other countries - with Poland, with Balts, with anyone. With Turkey, there was a lot of relationship with Turkey. By the way, we were asked to talk about relations with all neighbors. This is a very interesting topic, I think somehow we reach it. Extensive, extensive topic. And today everything. Bair, thank you. Thank you. All the best, do not forget, there, under the video, a lot of interesting links Bair left. Yes. All, thanks, all the best. To new meetings. To new meetings.