Real abstract collective noun. Concrete, collective, abstract, material. Animated and inanimate

Real nouns

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M .: Education. Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A.. 1976 .

See what "real nouns" are in other dictionaries:

real nouns- The lexico-grammatical category of nouns, which are non-discrete (indivisible) quantities, therefore real nouns do not change in numbers: they have only the singular form. or just the plural form: milk, sour cream, ... ...

REAL, oh, oh; veins, venna. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

A noun (noun) is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the question "who" / "what". One of the main lexical categories; in sentences, the noun, as a rule, acts as a subject or object. ... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Morphology. ... Wikipedia

The part of speech characterized by; a) the meaning of objectivity (semantic feature); b) the expression of this meaning with the help of the categories of gender, number and case, as well as animate and inanimate (morphological sign); c) use in ... ...

- (lat. "plural only", singular plurale tantum) the category of nouns used only in the plural. The traditional notation used in dictionaries to indicate this type of word is pl. Contents 1 The grammatical nature ... ... Wikipedia

The use of abstract, real and proper nouns in the plural- 1. Some isolated nouns used in a specific meaning are put in the plural form, for example: ... They talked about the joys of labor (Chekhov) (cf .: to hide their joy); ... He began to list beauties ... ... Spelling and Styling Reference

The category of nouns used only in the plural (about 600 words in modern Russian). These include; 1) some abstract nouns denoting complex actions (elections, farewell), natural phenomena ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

lexico-grammatical categories of nouns- 1) specific nouns; 2) real nouns; 3) abstract nouns; 4) collective nouns ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

By meaning and grammatical features, specific, abstract, real and collective nouns are distinguished. This division is not entirely accurate, since both the material and the collective, together with the concrete, are opposed to the abstract, primarily in their ability to display materially represented objects, their totality, substances - to abstract concepts, properties, states. Therefore, at the first stage of the division, it is logical to oppose concrete and abstract nouns, at the second, to single out concrete, material and collective nouns as part of concrete ones. Let's consider each of the categories.

Specific nouns proper ... The nouns that name materially presented objects, limited in space (sometimes in time), should be attributed to the concrete ones. The core of this group is made up of countable nouns. Their grammatical characteristics are as follows: the number paradigm for most words ( notebook - notebooks, owner - owners), compatibility with cardinal numbers ( two light bulbs, ten students, ninety-nine pages). The singular number in them, as a rule, denotes one object, the plural - two or more objects. The exception is the cases of using such nouns in generalizing meanings ( A dog is a friend of man). On the periphery of this group, nouns are placed that name units of space, time, etc. ( minute, hour, day, meter , kilometer, ampere, kilowatt etc.).

Real nouns ... Real nouns denote substances of a homogeneous composition that can be measured, but not counted. They can be divided into parts, each of which has the properties of the whole. These are the names of food and chemical products, minerals, plants, tissues, waste, medicines, etc. ( soup, oil, gold, silk, cement, millet, oil, cleaning, tea, cream etc.).

Unlike actually concrete nouns, real ones, as a rule, are used in one number, more often only in a single number ( milk, vodka, copper etc.), less often - only in the plural ( trimming, whitewash etc.). They are not combined with whole cardinal numbers, but since they can be measured, they are combined with nouns that name units of measure and fractional numbers: a glass of tea, a liter of milk, a ton of gasoline, a gram of platinum etc. In this case, real nouns are used in the form gender. n. pl. h; Wed: a kilogram of raspberries, but: a kilogram of peaches; a lot of currants, but: a lot of cucumbers.

Real nouns can in some cases have a full numerical paradigm; plural form h. are used in cases where they designate 1) species, varieties, brands: essential oils, Bulgarian tobaccos, Crimean wines, mineral waters, alloyed steels, woolen fabrics; 2) large spaces, masses of something: Dnieper waters, Caucasus snows, Arctic ice, desert sands etc.

Collective nouns ... Collective nouns denote the totality of persons, living beings or objects in the form of a certain whole, for example: peasantry, students, headman, children, foliage.

From the point of view of morphemic structure, collective nouns are most often represented by words with suffixes -st-(nobility, bosses, teachers), -estv-(merchants, humanity), -from-(poor), -v-(foliage), -hedgehog-(young people), -ur-(equipment, agents), -Nick-(spruce forest), -j-(crows, rags, officers), -n-(soldiers, guys), -thief- (kids).

A.A. Reformed and other linguists distinguish as collective nouns only those nouns that have a triple relational series of single-root words, consisting of singular. h. and many. h. actually specific nouns and the collective noun formed from them [Reformatsky A.A. Number and grammar // Questions of grammar. - M., 1960. - S. 393–394].

In this case, semantic correlation is most often supported, and the meaning of a collective noun additionally includes only the seme of the aggregate, the unification of persons, living beings, objects, for example: peasant - peasants - peasantry... But in some cases, there is a semantic increment, for example: dean's office - it is not a set of deans, but the dean and employees of the dean's office (deputies, secretaries, etc.).

A number of linguists note that collective nouns, through their formal (derivational) signs, "delimit" the classes of people, animals, plants and things that have historical roots (VI Degtyarev, DI Rudenko, etc.).

Suffixes - j (o) -, -nya- in words, officers, crows, rags, soldiers, transferring negative characteristics, as it were, destroying the integrity of units, likening them to a solid mass.

Collective nouns can only convey ‘many’: foliage, cherry.

The assessment ‘important’ is expressed by collective nouns with suffixes - st-: students, officers.

"Type names kids can, without feeling as neutral, can be used with almost equal success in both “positive” and “negative” (however, moderately negative) contexts ( I love kids. Annoying kids crowded in the yard) [Rudenko D.I. Name in paradigms of philosophy of language. - Kharkov: Osnova, 1990. - S. 177–178].

Collective nouns, being used in the form of one number, are not subject to counting, therefore they cannot have quantitative determinants expressed in whole numbers with them.

The above point of view gives a narrow understanding of the term "collective nouns". In the broad sense of this term, in addition to those listed, they include nouns in which collectiveness is presented as a meaning that has not received an appropriate grammatical design. Such nouns are not included in the triple series; they can have a numerical paradigm and can be defined by numerals. These include:

1) nouns singular. h. (predominantly feminine, less often - masculine and Wed. crowd, flock, game, fraction, rags, greens, evil spirits, dishes, trifles, junk, army, detachment, regiment, garbage etc.). There are no words of the same root naming individual representatives of this group;

2) nouns with the meaning of collectiveness, having a plural form only. h .: finance, cereal etc.;

3) some nouns with a prefix co-: constellation(like a collection of stars) meeting(meaning ‘collection’), inflorescence etc.

Some linguists do not distinguish collective nouns as a lexical and grammatical category in the same row with real, abstract nouns: "... collective nouns in Russian refer to grammatical phenomena that are not on a par with lexical and morphological groupings of words" [Grammatical categories of nouns of modern of the Russian language: Methodological instructions for second-year students of philological faculties / Compiled by A.A. Kolesnikov. - Odessa, 1982. - S. 24]. Therefore, the collective nature is considered by A.A. Kolesnikov not as a lexico-morphological category, but as the meaning of a number.

While agreeing with the characteristics of the semantic specifics of these nouns in relation to the category of number, we at the same time see the one-sidedness of this point of view, first of all, in the incomplete coverage and consideration of all the features that make up the content of the lexical-semantic category, in hypertrophied attention to one side of this phenomenon - the method number expressions. Moreover, in this we observe contradictions.

According to this point of view, a characteristic difference between collective forms and lexico-morphological categories of nouns is the absence of the possibility for collective nouns to be used in the plural form. h. At the same time, among the collective ones, the author names the noun agents, included in the "ternary opposition of the paradigms of the grammatical category of number": agent - agents - agents[WITH. 22-23]. We'll add nouns to them dean's office, administration, spruce and under. The specificity of this group of collective nouns is the possibility of forming plural forms in them. h. ( agents of the two countries, deans of the philological and romance-Germanic faculties).

Thus, the argument in favor of not separating collective nouns into the lexico-semantic category of nouns looks, in our opinion, unconvincing.

Abstract (abstract) nouns . Actually concrete, real and collective nouns are included in one large group of concrete. Ontologically, they all usually denote objects that are represented materially, “physically”, possessing extension, that is, limited in space. They are contrasted with abstract nouns.

Abstract nouns denote objectified qualities, properties, actions, for example: joy, creativity, cheapness, vegetation, diligence etc. Most of these nouns are motivated by adjectives and verbs, less often by nouns. Grammatical signs of abstract nouns: they are used in the form of only one number (mostly - the only one); not defined by numerals (not combined with them).

An exception is made for cases of concretization of abstract nouns and the emergence of a plural form. h. in the occasional use of the word; Wed: beauty - beauties of Crimea, joy - little joys.

In addition to the lexical and grammatical categories listed above, some linguists distinguish the category of single nouns, or singulatives (from lat. singularis- separate). These include: a) proper names, naming objects that exist in one copy or in several, assigned to an individual on the basis of his naming rights, for example: Simferopol, Yalta, Dnipro, Volga, Andrey, Natalia and etc.; b) common nouns that name individual objects that are isolated from the totality and all together make it up. They have their own singularity suffixes - in-, -ink-: zest, piece of ice, straw, pearl, speck, grape, speck of dust. As a rule, they are formed from real nouns, less often from collective ones (by meaning), have lexical and grammatical features of specific nouns (limited in space; they name specific objects subject to counting; have a numerical paradigm; can be determined by numeral names) and only in within the category of actually specific nouns can be allocated, taking into account the specifics of the lexical meaning, into a special subgroup.

Some linguists call another category - quality nouns. M.F. Lukin attributes the following to them: activist, libertine, fan, rebel, nobleman, bully, bibliophile, flirt, moralist, mocker, paradox, parody, sybarite, cynic, exploiter, sneak, Englishman, German, French, Russian, beautiful woman and others. Their lexical feature is recognized as "the predominance of any qualitative features in them." The full expression of qualitative features can be represented by the form "most (least) + noun": most moralist, least selfish[Lukin M.F. Morphology of the modern Russian language. - M .: Education, 1973. - S. 27].

In our opinion, the so-called "qualitative nouns" have all the signs of actually concrete and on this basis should be included in this category, and only in their composition, taking into account the specifics of the lexical meaning, they can be considered as a special sub-category of actually concrete.

Thus, nouns by the nature of the reflection of objective reality and the presence of certain grammatical features can be divided into two large groups - concrete and abstract; in the composition of concrete, as independent lexico-grammatical categories, specific, material and collective ones are distinguished.

In language, as in real life, along with clearly opposed phenomena, there are intermediate ones that combine the properties of two adjacent ones. This provision is also very important for understanding the lexical and grammatical categories of nouns.

You can select words that combine some signs of two categories:

a) abstract and actually concrete ( idea, thought, hike, journey and under. denote abstract concepts, but at the same time they have a numerical paradigm, they can be determined by quantitative numerals and ordinal adjectives). This also includes nouns with an occasional (derivational-correlating) plural meaning. h (like beauty Crimea,joy life,income farmer,smells spirits);

b) real and collective (in the lexical meanings of words rags, brushwood and under. materiality and collectiveness are combined). Nouns like rags we qualify as collective with elements of materiality (they are included in their own triple series: rag - rags - rags), and nouns like brushwood- as real ones with the added value of collectiveness. In modern Russian there are many nouns that unite the signs of collectiveness and materiality; their triple row consists of a) a specific noun with the meaning of singularity; b) a specific substance in the form of a plural. h; c) a noun in the singular form. h. with the meaning of collectiveness and materiality. The latter, as a rule, are not affixed, for example:

bead - beads -beads ,

grape - grapes -grape ,

pea - pea -peas ,

pearl - pearls -pearl ,

roe - roe -caviar ,

potatoes - potatoes -potato ,

grain - grains -groats ,

marmalade - marmalade -marmalade ,

grain of sand - grains of sand -sand ,

fluff - fluff -fluff ,

speck of dust - specks of dust -dust ,

snowflake - snowflakes - withneg ,

straw - straws -straw ,

currant - currants -currant .

They designate matter as a unified set consisting of single objects;

c) actually specific and collective (in the lexical meaning of words crowd, flock, people, regiment, platoon etc., there is a collective meaning, but they have grammatical characteristics of concrete nouns proper). Apparently, words like furniture, dishes, which denote a set of objects represented by different names; for example, furniture includes tables, chairs, cabinets, etc., dishes - plates, tureens, forks, spoons, etc.

L.L. Bulanin and L.D. Chesnokova speak about the presence of collective semantics in nouns curls, finances, flakes, thickets, ruins, ruins and under. [Bulanin L.L. Difficult questions of morphology. - M .: Education, 1976. - 208 p .; Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Difficult cases of morphological parsing. - M .: Higher school, 1991. - S. 30].

Other cases of combining in one word signs of two lexico-semantic categories of nouns are also possible. Therefore, in the practical consideration of such examples, one should take into account the presence of these signs and not try to subjectively attribute the noun to any one "pure", non-hybrid category.

Inanimate and inanimate nouns . The division of nouns in modern Russian into animate and inanimate does not completely coincide with the existing scientific concept of animate and inanimate nature.

Semantically, animate nouns include nouns that name people and animals, living beings; inanimate characterizes the names of all other objects and phenomena of objective reality. But it should be noted that there is no complete parallelism between the biological concept of living (organic) and inanimate (inorganic) - on the one hand, and the linguistic concept of animate / inanimate - on the other. So, the names of flowers, shrubs, trees and even sets of faces, animals ( crowd, people, regiment, company, group, platoon, flock etc.) do not have the grammatical category of animateness and vice versa - nouns like doll, mermaid, queen, jack, king, ace are grammatically animate.

Grammatically, the category of animate / inanimate is expressed in the coincidence or non-coincidence of the forms of them., Genus. and wines. cases units. and many others. numbers. In the masculine gender, animate nouns have the same wine. and genus. case units and many others. numbers, inanimate - wines. and them. case units and many others. numbers. For example:

For other genera, animate / inanimate should be determined only by plural. number. Inanimate nouns of all three genders have the same nouns. and wines. cases, in animate - wines. and genus. plural cases numbers.

Some nouns have hesitation in classifying them as animate or inanimate. This applies to the names of the simplest organisms: microbes, bacteria et al. Win. in them, in some cases, it may coincide with him., in other cases - with the genus. case.

In the names of microorganisms, the following forms can be used: studybacteria , viruses , microbes , but more preferable are the combinations studybacteria, viruses, microbes .

In modern Russian, there are fluctuations in the use of wine forms. case of nouns face, personality, character and some others.

Nouns that name animate objects, when used to designate inanimate objects, can retain morphological signs of animate: run papersnake , knock downscout, bomber , dancehopaka . And vice versa: some of the polysemous words, usually used as inanimate, in one of the meanings can be used as animate; Wed: In the corner of the barn laymattress stuffed with hay. You have not met such a bum in your life,mattress ?

As grammatically animate words act in one of the meanings when referring to a certain person idol, idol, blockhead, spirit, type, idol, chump and under.

Animated are mostly nouns husband. and wives. kind. Animated neuter nouns are represented by the words child, creature, face, monster, monster, monster, animal, insect, mammal and under. The names of the celestial bodies ( Mars, Jupiter, Saturn) change like inanimate nouns.

Some nouns can be classified as animate on the basis of formal signs, for example, the presence of a face suffix - tel-... A.A. drew attention to this. Shakhmatov: “The category of animation is also associated with the suffix - body; it depends on the fact that this suffix actually forms the names of the male characters ”[Shakhmatov A.A. Syntax of the Russian language. - L., 1941. - S. 446].

On the issue of distinguishing between animate and inanimate nouns in linguistic literature, there is another point of view, according to which, in addition to those listed above, nouns that do not match wines are also classified as animate. and genus. cases in units and many others. number, although these words designate persons, living beings, for example: regiment, people, flock, students and others. Considering that grammar studies the lexical-grammatical, and not the lexical category of animation, that is, a category that has material expression in certain grammatical forms, the first point of view should be accepted.

Most modern linguists believe that all nouns are divided into animate and inanimate. However, there is another, clarifying point of view (A.N. Gvozdev, E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk): only concrete nouns can be divided into animate and inanimate; the abstract always refer to the inanimate.

The value of animate / inanimate is nominative, since it relies on an assessment of the facts of the objective world, takes into account the living and inanimate world of nature. However, there is no complete match here.

The meaning of animate / inanimate is classificatory, constant, present in a word in any form; animate / inanimate is regularly expressed syntactically (coincidence of the wine case with genus or them; the corresponding forms of the agreed adjectives, participles, pronouns, numerals).

In non-declining nouns, the syntactic expression of animate / inanimate is the only one. Nouns pluralia tantum refer to the inanimate: cream, day, gate, trousers, vacation.

Many phenomena associated with the grammatical category of animate / inanimate are explained by the fact that this category took shape in the Russian language in the 16th century, at first in singular. hours, then - in plural. h., and before that, in the Old Russian language, the norm was the coincidence of wines. case with it .. The category of animation first embraced personal and proper names, then spread to nouns calling animals. A relic connecting with the period when the category of animality was not yet grammatically formalized are constructions of the type to become people, to be promoted to officers, to be elected to deputies[Kretova Ts.N., Sobinnikova V.I. Historical commenting on the phonetics and grammar of the Russian language. - Voronezh, 1987. - S. 52-53].

Our observations of the results presented by informants, in the role of which were teachers and students of the philological and natural faculties of the Taurida National University and teachers of Russian studies in schools of the Crimea, confirm the idea of expanding the lexical and grammatical category of animation in the modern Russian language.

Read the section carefully and do the exercises in the file,

attached at the bottom of the page. Also, a small test has been developed for you to check the assimilation and consolidation of the material (the link is placed after the paragraph)

what lexico-grammatical category of nouns, as real , has been studied in Russian for a long time. In particular, such researchers as F.I. Buslaev,V. Vinogradov, A. N. Gvozdev, M.V. Lomonosov and others.

"Russian grammar" M.V. Lomonosov, the lexico-grammatical classes of nouns are not given, the researcher singles out only the names "collective".

1974 Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba in the article "On parts of speech in the Russian language" identifies several "categories" of nouns "possessing more or less expressiveness": in their composition, along with their own, common nouns, animate, inanimate, collective, specific, singular and abstract includedrealnouns.

more nouns- lexico-grammatical category of a noun.They are characterized by t eat thatdenote homogeneous composition substances, homogeneous mass of something, materials , which are divided into parts that preserve the properties of the whole, and which can not be counted, but measured: food products (fat, groats, flour, sugar), materials ( gypsum, cement), types of fabrics ( velvet, chintz), fossils, metals (iron, coal, tin, steel, Emerald, jasper), chemical elements, drugs (Uranus, pyramidon, aspirin), crops (oats, potato, wheat), etc. Unlike collective nouns, real nouns, as a rule, do not have suffixes to express real meaning. This value is expressed only lexically.

more nouns are usually used either only in the singular, or only in the plural:honey , tea , flour , tin ; yeast , perfume , cream . In cases where real nouns are used in the plural, they undergo changes in semantics.So, for example, plural real nouns can denote not the substance itself, but itsvarieties, brands( oil - animal oils, vegetable oils, industrial oils, etc. ); squaresoccupied by this substance (sand - sands. Wed: children played in the sand - the expedition got lost in the sands of the desert ).

stand out thematic groupsreal nouns by name:

chemical elements and their compounds: hydrogen, manganese, sulfur, water, salt;

food products, feed: lard, cheese, groats, beef, cream, silage, hay;

plants, fruits, berries: quinoa, moss, rye, figs, cherry plums, currants;

medicines: aspirin, valerian;

raw materials, materials, fabrics: oil, wool, flax, cotton, calico

and etc.

1. Buslaev F.I. A textbook of Russian grammar, close to Church Slavonic, with examples of grammatical analysis. Ed. 3rd. M., 1873.

2. Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. M., 1972.

3. Gvozdev A.N. Modern Russian literary language. Part 1.M., 1967.

4. Lomonosov M.V. Russian grammar// Lomonosov M.V. Complete Works / Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - M .; L., 1950-1983. T. 7: Works on philology 1739-1758. - M .; L., 1952.

5. Russian grammar. Ch. editor N.Yu. Shvedova. In 2 volumes. M., 1980.

6. Modern Russian language. In 3 hours H, 2. Word formation. Morphology: Textbook for ped. in-tov on specials. No. 2101 "Russian language and literature" ./ N.М. Shansky., A.N. Tikhanov. –2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Education., 1987.

7. L.V. Shcherba On parts of speech in Russian // Shcherba L.V. Language system and speech activity. Moscow: Nauka, 1974.

8. Educational program.SITE FOR LIQUIDATORS OF ILLITERACY.[Access:h ttp: //lik-bez.com/]

9. Naumova I.A. Morphology in simple terms. [ Access:http://www.goldrussian.ru/morfologija-prostym-jazykom.html]

10. YACLASS. Skolkovo educational project. [Access:http://www.yaklass.ru/]

The section was prepared by Shcheglova Taisiya,

philological faculty

Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen

Collective nouns ... Collective nouns denote the totality of persons, living beings or objects in the form of a certain whole, for example: peasantry, students, headman, children, foliage.

Suffixes - j (o) -, -nya- in words, officers, crows, rags, soldiers, transferring negative characteristics, as it were, destroying the integrity of units, likening them to a solid mass.

Collective nouns can only convey ‘many’: foliage, cherry.

The assessment ‘important’ is expressed by collective nouns with suffixes - st-: students, officers.

Collective nouns, being used in the form of one number, are not subject to counting, therefore they cannot have quantitative determinants expressed in whole numbers with them.

2) nouns with the meaning of collectiveness, having a plural form only. h .: finance, cereal etc.;

3) some nouns with a prefix co-: constellation(like a collection of stars) meeting(meaning ‘collection’), inflorescence etc.

Thus, the argument in favor of not separating collective nouns into the lexico-semantic category of nouns looks, in our opinion, unconvincing.

An exception is made for cases of concretization of abstract nouns and the emergence of a plural form. h. in the occasional use of the word; Wed: beauty - beauties of Crimea, joy - little joys.

You can select words that combine some signs of two categories:

bead - beads -beads ,

grape - grapes -grape ,

pea - pea -peas ,

pearl - pearls -pearl ,

roe - roe -caviar ,

potatoes - potatoes -potato ,

grain - grains -groats ,

marmalade - marmalade -marmalade ,

grain of sand - grains of sand -sand ,

fluff - fluff -fluff ,

speck of dust - specks of dust -dust ,

snowflake - snowflakes - withneg ,

straw - straws -straw ,

currant - currants -currant .

They designate matter as a unified set consisting of single objects;

In the names of microorganisms, the following forms can be used: studybacteria , viruses , microbes , but more preferable are the combinations studybacteria, viruses, microbes .

In modern Russian, there are fluctuations in the use of wine forms. case of nouns face, personality, character and some others.

As grammatically animate words act in one of the meanings when referring to a certain person idol, idol, blockhead, spirit, type, idol, chump and under.

In non-declining nouns, the syntactic expression of animate / inanimate is the only one. Nouns pluralia tantum refer to the inanimate: cream, day, gate, trousers, vacation.

All nouns belong to one of four lexico-grammatical categories: the category of concrete, material, abstract or collective.

Specific - nouns denoting objects of the material world, perceived by the human senses.

The peculiarity of specific nouns is that they can be combined with cardinal numbers (four people, fifteen books).

Specific nouns include:

1) a person according to any of the characteristics (by kinship, nationality, occupation): daughter, grandson, son-in-law, Russian, Tajik.

2) wild and domestic animals (lion, hummingbird, hippo, dog, cat, goose);

3) objects (tools, mechanisms, devices): hammer, plane, scissors.

In the group of specific nouns, a subgroup of so-called single nouns ( singulatives).

They call single objects: a pea, a pearl, a snowflake.

Single nouns can be plural, but not all: iron, lead, oil, meat, wine.

real nouns, they call substances, indivisible quantities, therefore real nouns do not change in numbers (have the form or only singular (wool, copper, dust), or only plural: cream, sawdust, waste).

Real nouns - not combined with cardinal numbers, but combined with units of measure: a kilogram of flour, a hectare of wheat, a liter of milk.

Real nouns include:

1) substances: water, cream, dirt, dust, gunpowder;

2) metals: iron, copper, gold, steel;

3) different types of raw materials: timber, gas, oil;

4) production waste: bran, slag, pomace;

5) fabrics: silk, wool, drape, chintz;

6) the names of fruits and berries: raspberry, mountain ash, cherry;

7) agricultural plants: wheat, rye, corn;

8) names of drugs: aspirin, analgin.

Some real nouns are used in a special meaning, they can receive plural forms. h .: Various mineral waters are on sale. Distinguish between carbon and alloy steel.

Collective - denoting a set (an indefinite number) as one indivisible whole, although this whole consists of countable units: professorship, furniture, dishes.

Collective nouns denote different aggregates:

Persons (youth, professors, generals, proletariat, children);

- animals (animals, livestock);

- plants (spruce, hazel, raspberry);

- items (video equipment, weapons, furniture, rags).

Distracted - denote abstract concepts: qualities, properties, processes, states - struggle, joy, sleep, darkness, majority, minority.

Abstract nouns, acquiring a specific meaning, are used in the plural: cold - winter cold, fate - different fates, trouble - seven troubles - one answer.

Abstract nouns are formed with the help of abstraction suffixes: -stv-, -andj-, -nij-, -in-, -atsij-, -ism, -b-, -ost (riot, anarchy, mood, height, modernization, selfishness, struggle, joy).

When analyzing nouns according to the lexical and grammatical categories of concreteness, materiality, collectiveness and abstraction, difficulties arise, since some nouns in their meaning and grammatical indicators combine features of different LH categories.

1.value systematized in shaping

2. one of the most general properties of linguistic units in general or of some of their class, which has received grammatical expression in the language.

Nouns have three categories, where each is a collection of opposed forms and exists as long as their opposition is maintained.

In these cases, the forms of nouns in these phrases are subordinate to verbs and have the case form that the verb requires from them.

Each of the 3 grammatical categories of a noun is a system of forms and a system of meanings assigned to forms.