The type and rank of the sacrament of lovers. Morphological and syntactic features of participles. Real and Passive Past Participants Suffixes

The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function

Participle - a special (non-conjugated) form of the verb, which denotes a feature of an object by action, answers the question what? (what?) and combines the signs of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle can be a definition or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted at night by poisonous, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of a shining window, opened in the fog (G. Ivanov); Gloriously started glorious business ... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, the participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of the sentence: tortured by the poisonous night; into the fog by a shining window.)

Signs of the verb and adjective in the participle

Note . Real / passive meaning and tense are expressed in participles using special suffixes.

Participle grades

Communion are divided into real and passive.

Valid participles denote a feature of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy himself does.

Passionate participles denote the sign of one object by the action that another object performs (i.e. the sign of the object on which the action is performed or is being performed): broken (boy) glass- sign glasses by action break, which makes boy.

AND valid, and passive participles can be present and past tense (participles have no future tense).

Forming participles

1. Communion present tense (both real and passive) are formed only from imperfective verbs (perfective verbs do not participles present tense).

2. Passionate participles are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).

3. Communion present tense (both real and passive) are formed from the base of the present tense.

4. Communion of the past tense (both real and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.

5. Passionate participles of the past tense are mainly formed from the perfective verbs.

Valid participles present time -usch - / - yusch-(from verbs I conjugation), and -shch - / - box-(from verbs II conjugation): write -ut - writing, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs I conjugation); screaming - screaming, they say - talking(from verbs II conjugation).

Valid participles past tense formed by suffixes -wsh-, -sh-: write- writing, screaming- shouted, to carry - carried.

Passionate participles present time formed by suffixes -em-, -om-(from verbs I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs II conjugation): chita jNS- readable (read), ved-ut- driven, love - loved.

Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.

Passionate participles past tense formed by suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.

Suffix -enn- joins stems with a consonant (NS rines ti- brought) or on -i (note - noticed).

Note... Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive form. participles past tense.

Short form of participles

Passive participles may have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)

V short form participles (like short adjectives) change only in numbers and in the singular by gender (in cases, short forms do not change).

Short form of participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the stem of the full participle forms using endings: zero - masculine form, a- female, about - average, NS- plural: we solve, we solve, we can solve, we can solve; built, built, built, built.

In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat was lit by a copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Short participle can sometimes fulfill the role of definition, but only detached and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatiana is waiting: when is the answer? (A. Pushkin)

Participles and verbal adjectives

Communion differ from adjectives not only in the presence of morphological signs of the verb, but also in their meaning. Adjectives denote constant features of objects, and participles- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: Red- blushing, reddened; old- aging, aged.

Communion can lose the meaning and features of the verb and pass into adjectives. In this case participle denotes an already constant feature of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to carry subordinate (dependent) words, to control nouns: an upset piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Tit Nikonych ... beloved by everyone(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) and When she played the piano my beloved(adjective) plays ... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).

Passive adjectives most easily participles: restrained character, high spirits, strained relations, confused look.

Communion are used mainly in the styles of book speech and are almost never found in colloquial everyday life.

Morphological analysis of the participle includes the allocation of three permanent signs (real or passive, type, time) and four non-permanent (full or short form, gender, number and case). The participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransition, recurrence - irreversibility. These permanent features are not included in the generally accepted analysis scheme, but can be noted.

The Russian language has several varieties of participles. Transitive verbs have active and passive participles. The active participles denote a sign of an object created by the activity of the object itself: a student reading a poem. The passive participle denotes a sign that is created by an action on an object on the part of another agent: a poem read by a student. Passive participles characterize the object of action, which explains that they are formed from transitive verbs that have an object. Only a few verbs governing other cases, with a meaning close to the object, have a passive participle: to fly an airplane - an airplane controlled by an experienced pilot; to lead an institution - an institution headed by Nikolayev; words such as dependent, threatened, have passed into adjectives and are not used as passive participles. Intransitive verbs without a particle form participles that are morphologically homogeneous with real ones: growing, growing, running. escaped. These participles do not have the correlative passive participles. Usually, according to their morphological structure, they are attached to real participles in the broad sense of this term, sometimes both of these groups are called non-passive participles, highlighting among them the actual participles of the active voice (washing the floor, returning the book). Verbs with the -cy particle form participles with the same particle, otherwise they coincide in morphological terms with the group of non-suffering participles: washing, lying down, laughing. As in other verb forms, the inflection of these participles is in front of the particle -s: circled, circled, circled, circled, circled, etc., in contrast to verbal particle forms - sya in all forms (and after vowels) preserves the vowel. In terms of their meaning, these participles fully correspond to all categories of verbs with a particle - sya. In connection with the category of tense they have, the participles are divided into present participles: singing, meeting, read - and past participles: sung, met, read. Present participles are found only in imperfective verbs and absent in perfective verbs that do not have a present tense. The meaning of the tense of the present participle basically corresponds to the meaning of the forms of the present tense of the indicative mood; so, they express specific actions that occur at the time of speech: children drawing (children draw); actions usually or always occurring: student reading expressively (student reads expressively). Past participles denote actions attributed to the past, with shades introduced by belonging to an imperfect and perfect species: the class welcomes a comrade who has spoken (spoke) at the Olympiad. There are no future participles in the Russian language, as a result of which the attributive clauses have participial expressions parallel to them only in the past and present: the lecturer who made the report (= did). Lecturer who will deliver the lecture (= presenter), but only: the lecturer who will deliver the lecture. Individual verbs have an unequal number of participles. Limitations in the formation of participles are associated with differences in verbs in terms of transitivity and type. Intransitive verbs, having no object of action, do not form passive participles; perfective verbs, having no object of action, do not form the passive participles of the present tense. Thus, from one verb at most four participles are formed, but both two and one can be formed. From verbs of all categories, only the non-painful past participle is formed. So, Academician V.V. Vinogradov distinguishes 2 types of participles: passive and non-suffering. There are different views on the classification of participles.

In the Russian literary language, as you know, the following groups of participles are distinguished:

1) an active pledge of the present tense (presenter, sleeping);

2) the actual pledge of the past tense (who gave, left);

3) the passive voice of the present tense (given, bearable);

4) the passive voice of the past tense (removed, hammered, it is necessary).

The participles of these groups have different uses in different styles of the literary language. The participles of the first three groups are characteristic for the codified literary language, written speech, the participles of the fourth group are also used in the spoken language.

The participles of the present tense, both the active and the passive voice, are generally not characteristic of dialects. The corresponding formations used here are, as a rule, forms either substantiated (manager, manager) or adjectivized (cf .: native land, i.e. ‘fertile’, unknown person, i.e. ‘unfamiliar’). The past participles of the active voice in general across dialects are used relatively rarely. Thus, this category of verb forms is represented in dialects almost exclusively by the passive participles of the past tense.

For a general description of participles in dialects, two features of their functioning are essential, one of which applies to all dialects, the other - only to a certain part of them:

1) unlike the literary language, where the full forms of all participles usually appear in the attributive function, dialects are characterized by the predicative use of the past participles in full form: he was recently buried; he was taken into the army; husband and son are both lost;

2) in part of the North Russian and Central Russian dialects, short passive participles are characterized by a tendency to turn into unchangeable forms (raspberries are collected; holes are dug).

Russian dialectology / Ed. Kasatkina L.L. - M., 2005

Communion is one of the most important topics in a basic Russian language course. Her knowledge is also tested in exams, so it is simply necessary to master it well. In this article we will analyze what a participle is, why you need to use it, and also find out what types of participles exist in Russian.

Definition of the participle

What is the sacrament? First of all, this is a special form of the verb, denoting the sign of an object by action. The participle answers the questions of the adjective, can have gender, number and case. From the verb, it received the following features: type, voice, tense. Participles can be formed exclusively from verbs. Examples: running - running, lying down - lying down, reading - reading, reading - reading, etc.

How to distinguish a participle from an adjective?

The biggest challenge for many students is the ability to see the difference between an adjective and a participle. Both answer the question "what?", "What?" and so on. So how can you tell them apart?

It is worth remembering that a participle can only be formed from a verb. Other parts of speech cannot take part in its formation. Adjectives are most often derived from nouns and adverbs. Examples: speed is fast, fast is fast.

However, there are also verbal adjectives. They can easily be mistaken for the sacraments if you do not know what the differences are. First of all, an adjective cannot have the features of a verb, that is, it has no collateral meaning and temporal. Also, a participle can have dependent words, as opposed to a verbal adjective. This possibility for this part of speech is called verb control.

Why use the participles?

Of course, in everyday speech and simple communication on everyday topics, we are unlikely to use participial phrases. They will be too bulky, long, difficult to understand. However, in written speech and in a variety of works of authorship, they will be quite appropriate.

The participles add more expressiveness to the text, help in describing various phenomena and events. Schoolchildren often have to write various essays and essays. There, participial phrases will also be needed.

Participle grades

But before you start actively introducing participial phrases into your speech, you need to figure out what they are. There are two types of participles: real and passive. What is the difference? To understand how to determine the order of the sacrament, we will consider them separately.

Valid participles

Examples of

The cat independently performed a certain action (ran), therefore, the participle "running" is valid.

The girl walking in the park was pretty.

The girl independently performs the action (walk), therefore, the participle belongs to the category of valid ones.

Passive participles

If the participle indicates a sign of an object over which someone performs certain actions, then it will be passive. That is, if the object does not itself perform the action, then the dependent participle will be passive.

Examples of

Scattered beads lay on the table.

Someone scattered the beads, that is, an action was performed on this object. The participle "scattered" will be classified as passive.

The flowers he had placed on the windowsill remained.

The flowers did not arrange themselves, that is, someone performed this action on them. From this we can conclude that the participle "set apart" is passive.

How are valid participles formed?

Now let's look at ways to form valid participles. First of all, you need to determine the type of the verb and its conjugation. Further, the formation of real participles occurs by adding certain suffixes. They are formed from the infinitive. In the past tense, the suffixes -vsh / sh must be added to the stem of the verb. Examples: shouting - shouting, standing - standing, reading - reading, etc.

In the present tense, the participle is formed using the suffixes -usch / yusch, if the basis was the verb of the first conjugation. Examples: drawing - painting, moaning - moaning, drowning - drowning, etc.

From the verbs of the second conjugation, the participle will be formed using the suffixes -asch / yasch. Examples: flying - flying, circling - circling, ringing - ringing, etc.

How are passive forms formed?

When forming passive participles, as in the case of real ones, it is necessary to pay attention to the form of the verb and its conjugation.

Past participles are also formed from the infinitive with the following suffixes: -nn / enn / enn / t. Examples: draw - drawn, teach - taught, surround - surrounded, open - open, etc.

In order to form the present participle from the first conjugation, the suffixes -em / ohm must be used. Examples: cover - lockable, reflect - reflective, etc.

From verbs of the second conjugation, the present participle will be formed using the suffix -im. Example: store - stored.

table

To make all of the above data easy to assimilate and turn into a kind of system, we present the participle categories in the table. Examples of participle formation have been given above.

This participle table will help you determine which suffix to use when in doubt.

Brief participles

Since the participles can answer the question "which?", "Which?" etc., then they also have some signs of an adjective. Therefore, like them, participles can be short. Moreover, it must be remembered that only passive participles can take this type.

The short form is formed from the complete one using the following endings: -a, -o, -y or zero.

Examples: drawn - drawn, drawn, drawn, drawn.

The short form, like the full one, can vary by gender and number. In sentences, short participles play the role of a predicate. It should also be remembered that "not" with the short form is written separately: not drawn.

In order to confidently use participial turns in oral and written speech, it is necessary to distinguish between the categories of participles, as well as to understand from which verb they are conjugated.

The form of the verb will directly affect the choice of suffixes. It should also be remembered that only passive participles take the short form.

Communion in Russian to this day it is the subject of discussion of linguists: some believe that the sacrament is special verb form, others believe that the sacrament is a separate independent part of speech.

Based on this, participle- this is a special form of a verb (or an independent part of speech), which indicates a sign of an object relative to an action, combines the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective, and answers a question "which?" (what? what? what?)... Like an adjective participle agrees with a noun in number, gender (singular) and case.

Initial participle(like the adjective) - this is the singular, masculine in the nominative case: flying, standing, running.

Morphological signs of the participle.

1. The participle is inextricably linked with the verb, since it is formed from it, therefore it takes over from the verb such signs:

Transitivity;

Recoverability.

2. Despite the similarity in features with the verb, participles do not have a future tense. Only participles, which are formed from imperfective verbs, have the present tense form: read (imperfect) - reading (present tense), reading (past tense); read (perfect) - read (past tense).

3. On behalf of the adjective, the participle has the following signs:

The ability to change by gender (in singular hours), numbers and cases: flying, flying, flying, flying;

The ability to agree with a noun in number, gender and case: a thinking old man, a used opportunity, boiled milk;

Like quality adjectives, passive participles have not only full, but also short form: NS read - read, completed - completed.

Places of participles.

On the lexical basis, two categories of participles are distinguished: valid participles and passive participles.

• Valid participles- participles, which denote a sign of an action performed by an object, object or person referred to in the sentence (text):

The reader will always be one step ahead of what he does not like to read.

• Passive participles- these are participles that indicate a sign that appears on an object, person or object under the influence of another object:

The song sung by the artist is a song that the artist sang, a tree cut down by lumberjacks - a tree that was cut down by lumberjacks.

Features of the passive participles.

1. Passive participles have a full and short form: read book - the book has been read; viewed film - the film has been viewed.
2. Passive participles can only be formed from transitive verbs: watch a movie - a watched movie; listen to music - listened to music.
3. Phrases with passive participles can be spread by a pronoun or noun, which are the subject of the action: an abstract written (by whom?) by a student; lasagna cooked (by whom?)

The syntactic role of a participle in a sentence.

Communion like adjectives, can act in a sentence as a definition or :

Nature looked asleep until spring (compound nominal predicate). I have taken from the shelf more than once read book (definition).

Short participles also act as compound nominal predicate:

I read the book in 3 hours.

Outline and sample of morphological analysis of the participle.

Morphological analysis of the participle are carried out according to the following plan:

1) Part of speech;

2) Initial form;

3) Discharge of the participle;

4) Signs of the verb: type, recurrence, tense;

5) Adjectives: full or short form (for passive participles), number, gender, case;

6) Which member of the proposal is?

Example. Our house was built in just six months.

Built - participle, indicates a sign of an object in action, answers the question "what?"; n.f. - built; passive, perfect look, irrevocable, past tense; short form, singular, masculine; acts as a predicate in a sentence.