Number value numeral, its morphological signs and syntactic function

Numeral - This is an independent part of speech, which means the number and order of items with the score and answers questions how much? which the?

Initial form numbered name - form of a nominative case.

According to the expressed value and grammatical features nUMBER divided into two groups: 1) quantitative (two, twelve, twenty two),2) ordinal (second, twelfth, twenty-second).Quantitative nUMBER divided by three grammatical discharges: 1) nUMBERdenoting integers, 2) nUMBERDignifying fractional numbers, 3) collective.

numbers stand out: 1) simple (five, fifth, fifteen, twenty),2) Sophisticated (fifty, fifty),3) Composite (One hundred fifteen, two hundred fifty second, two fifths).

Numbered nameschanges on cases, and ordinal also in numbers and childbirth.

In a sentence names nUMBER More often in the role of the subject, the definition, less often - in the role of the nominal part of the composite and circumstances. For example:

We - two Thunderstorms lit. stem,

Two flames Midnight boron!

We - two In the night of flying meteora,

One fate bike arrow!

We - two horseswhose holds in Life

One hand, - one Izvit them spur;

Two obs we are the only sight

Dreams one two treppet wing.

We are two shades

Above the marble of the Divine Coffin,

Where the ancient will be very beauty.

Single secrets two-headed mouths

We yourself - Sphinx Single both.

We - two arms Single Cross.

(Vyach. Ivanov)

Quantitative nUMBER In combinations with names, nouns are one member of the supply in forms I.P. and V.P. In the rest of the case, they are different members of the sentence. Wed: On the table stood three cups. - On the table lacked three cups. The combination of the sequence is not a noun is one member of the sentence. For example: I love the evening light, and the first lights, and the sky is pale, where the stars are not yet visible (V. Bryusov).

Lexico-grammatical discharges of numeral names

The value and grammatical features are allocated several types of numerical. The system of numeral can be represented as a scheme:

Types of numeral structures

According to the features of word formation in the composition numbers stand out: 1) simple (seven, seven, seventeen, twenty), 2)sophisticated (seventy, seventy),3) Composite (one hundred and twenty, three hundred fifty-third, six fifths).

NUMBER From "eleven" to "nineteen", as well as "twenty", "thirty" in modern Russian are simple: pyat-sense, Pyat-Titsat-and, twenty, twenty.

Composite may be quantitative nUMBERdenoting integers (thirty six, a thousand twenty five),fractional numbers (five seventh, three eighth),mixed number (five integer one second, seven whole three eighth)and ordinal nUMBER (one hundred sixteenth, one thousand twenty fifth).

Cardinal numbers

Cardinal numbers denote the number of entire units of considered objects or a distracted number (Two, twenty three, three seventh, six).

Cardinal numbers are divided into three grammatical discharges: 1) numeric, denoting integers (five, twenty four),2) Numerals denoting fractional numbers, or fractional numeral (one second, three whole five six),3) collective numeral (Two, three).

Numerals denoting integers

Quantitative numeral denoting integersThe following grammatical features are peculiar.

1. All numeral changes are changed; This is a common sign of numeral names: five, five, five, (o) five; One hundred twelve, one hundred twelve, one hundred twelve, (o) one hundred twelve.

2. Some numerals (one two)have form of kind. Numeral oneit has forms of male, female and medium kind: one table, one window, one book.Numeral twoposses in the nominative case in two forms: form twofor male and medium kind (two houses, two windows)and form twofor female kind (two hands, two candles).

3. The forms of the only and plural number has only numerical one: one table, one window, one book, alone scissors.In this case, the shape of the plural number of numeral onedo not express the values \u200b\u200bof the set. When combined with noun having a multiple form form (Sani, scissors, pants),the idea of \u200b\u200bsingle objects is passed (Some Sani, some scissors, one pants),and when combined with noun having both forms of numbers (table, friend, girl),- the idea of \u200b\u200blimited objects (Some tables, some friends, alone girls).The form aloneis in such combinations not a numeral, but by a restrictive particle: some \u003d only only.

4. Quantitative numerals do not have an indisputability of inanimateness, but some numeral (one two three four)when combined with noun male genus in the vinegenial case, the corresponding endings of nominative or genitive cases are taken. For example: i see one table- i see one rider, I see four tables- i see four riders.

5. Quantitative numerals can be harmonized and managed words. Numeral oneconsistent with nouns in kind, number and case (one book, one book, one book).All other numerical, except for numeral thousand, Million, Billion,in the nominative case, manage the parental case of the noun (two friends, eight tables),and in indirect cases become a dependent word and are consistent with the relevant nouns in the case (two friends, eight tables).

6. With a combination with numerical two three fournouns Nouns Get the form of a single number of the only number (two tables, three doors),and when combined with numerical five sixet al. Nouns get the form of a major case of a plural (five tables, six doors).

7. Numbers thousand, Million, Billionpossess the grammatical properties of nouns (that is, they have the form of the genus, change in numbers and cases) and in phrases behave like nouns: million residents- millions of residents; Million residents, a million inhabitants, a million inhabitants, about the whole million inhabitants.

The declination of numerals denoting integers

Declining Quantitative numerical is characterized by the variety of forms and types.

1. Nurative oneinclined as pronoun this.

	Male Rod	Neuter gender		Plural
	One (house)	One window)	One (book)	Some (scissors)
	One (at home)	One (windows)	One (books)	Some (scissors)
	One (house)	One (window)	One (book)	One (scissors)
	One (home) one (brother)	One window)	One (book)	Some (scissors) alone (brothers)
	One (house)	One "(window)	One (book)	Alone (scissors)
	(About) one (home)	(About) one (window)	(About) one (book)	(About) alone (scissors)

2. Numbers two three fourforming a special declination.

	Two, three, four (at home)
	Two, Three, Four (Houses)
	Two, three, four (houses)
	Two, three, four (houses) of two, three, four (brothers)
	Two, three, four (houses)
	(0) two, three, four (homes)

3. Nutritive OT fivebefore twentyand numeral thirtyinclinedlike nouns of the third declining Type door, night.

	Seven, Fifteen, thirty (houses)
	Seven, fifteen, thirty (houses)
	Seven, fifteen, thirty (houses)
	Family, Fifteen, thirty (houses)
	(0) seven, fifteen, thirty (houses)

4. Numeric forty, ninety, hundredfor declining There are only two forms: in the nominative and vinegenic case - forty, ninety, hundred,in the rest of the case - forty, ninety, hundred.

	Forty, ninety, hundred (houses)
	Forty, ninety, hundred (houses)
	Forty, ninety, hundred (homes)
	Forty, ninety, hundred (houses)
	Forty, ninety, hundred (houses)
	(0) Forty, ninety, hundred (homes)

5. In complex numerals from fiftybefore eightyfor declining Both parts are changed by the sample of the noun declining.

	Fifty, seventy (houses)
	Fifty, seventy (houses)
	Fifty, seventy (homes)
	Fifty, seventy (houses)
	Fifty, seven-day (houses)
	(O) fifty, seventy (homes)

6. In complex numerals from two hundredbefore nine hundredfor declining Both parts also change, and the first part changes as the corresponding simple numeral, and the second part is as a noun in the plural.

	Two hundred, four hundred, nine hundred (books)
	Two hundred, four, nine students (books)
	Two hundred, four hundred, nine hundred (books)
	Two hundredstairs, four-strokes, ninesties (books)
	(0) two hundred, four hundred, nine students (books)

7. Numeral one thousandvaries like noun i decline million, billion- As nouns II decline.

Wed: one thousand\\- clouds \\ a \\, thousands \\ and \\- clouds \\ and \\, thousands \\ e \\- cloud \\ e \\etc.; million \\ \\ - Bow \\\\, Million \\ a \\- bow \\ a \\andt. d.

6. Ply the declination of compound numbers Each word changes.

	Two thousand five hundred seventy-three (books)
	Two thousand five hundred seventy three (books)
	Two thousand five hundred seventy three (books)
	Two thousand five hundred and seven-day three (books)
	(0) Two thousand five hundred seventy-three (books)

Disposal of numerals denoting integers and nouns

Do not belong to the names nUMBER the words couple, Two, Troika, Five, Ten, Dozen, Sotaand the like. They are nouns names, since they have kind, change in numbers and cases, they cannot be recorded by numbers.

Ambiguously solved in linguistics the question of which part of speech to attract words thousand, Million, Billion, Trillion, Billion,because they have signs numbers, and signs of nouns.

Fractional numerals

Fractional numerals are a type of quantitative and serve as a fractional number designation, for example: two fifth detachments, seven tenths, a half of the group.

In structure fractional numeralsthe first part (numerator) is a quantitative numerical (two, three, seven),and the second (denominator) is the form of a parent case of ordinal number (fifth, tenths, seventh).

Fractional numerals May indicate a mixed number, for example: two integer one second, three as many as five eighth.

The declination of fractional numerical depends on its structure.

Declination of fractional numerals

When declining all words that are parts are changed fractional numeralsAt the same time, the numerator varies as a suitable integer, and the denominator as an adjective plural:

IN fractional numericalwith the first part onethe second part consistent with it in childbirth and the case (one eighth, one eighth, one eighth).

Numeral one and a halfin the nominative and vinegenic cases has two forms: one and a half- for male and medium kind and one and a half- For female. In all other cases, this is numerical shape one and a half.

Numeral one and a halfwhich means an integer, and not fractional The number, but is close in structure, has only two forms: in the nominative and vinegenic case - the specified form, and in all other cases - the form one and a gun.

Collective numerals

Collective numerals - This is a semantic variety of quantitative numerical, used primarily in colloquial speech.

Part collective numerals Includes nine words: two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.

Some scientists consider numerical and refer to a collective word bothand both.Regarding words both, boththere is no consensus in science. Some linguists consider them in indicable pronouns in the meaning "and the other", and others refer to them collective numeral On the grounds that they are close to the numerical "two". For example: We are the only close, we both go to the east (3. Hippius).

Feature collective numerals It is that they can be combined with a rather limited circle of nouns: 1) with noun, denoting the names of male people (Three men, four students, five soldiers);2) with nouns children, people,as well as with noun, denoting the names of cubs (four children, seven kids, three will raise);3) with noun having a form of only multiple number and denoting pair or composite names (Two sled, four gates, seven days).

With mesheral nouns in indirect cases collective numerals can be replaced with numerical, indicating an integer, for example: troy children- three children, seven soldiers- seven soldiers.Numeral bothwhen combined with existing in the vinegenous case, it takes the appropriate endings of nominative or genitive cases: i see both tables- i see both riders, I see both books- i see both sisters.

Nouns, calling female or animals, are not combined with collective numerical. In such cases, combinations are used with numerical, indicating integers: three sisters, eight sheep, two bear.

Collective numerals Often perform in sentences yourself, without nouns. For example:

Three, Before the crowd,

Called her for themselves.

(V. Bryusov)

Declination of collective numerals

Collective numerals In indirect cases, have the end of full adjective plural:

Numeral bothit has common forms for male and medium kind and special for female.

	Male and Middle Rod	Feminine gender
	Both of both	Both both
	(About) both	(V) both

Ordinals

Ordinals denote the order of items with a score, for example: seventh day, fifteenth page.They are consistent with nouns in the form of genus, numbers and cases and have the case of qualitative and relative adjectives, for example: sixth day, sixth page, sixth place, sixth day.

By structure ordinals can be: 1) simple (first, tenth)2) complex (fiftieth, two hundred),3) Composite (twenty fifth, two thousand seventh).

Ordinals They are formed from the foundations of the corresponding quantitative numbers by adding the endings of full adjectives: nine- ninth, fifty- fifty, two hundred- two hundred and eighty seven- eighty seventh, two hundred seventy five- two hundred seventy fifth.

NUMBER firstand secondin relation to numeral oneand twohave a support * character (i.e., other foundations are obtained). In numeral fortiethand thousandththe word-forming suffixes of adjectives are highlighted. -and -N-.

In the text ordinal numerical The "second" can be replaced by the pronoun "other", for example:

First Exclaimed: "Brothers, destroy the palaces and chambers!" Other Exclaimed: "Brothers, destroy the whole flowing city!" (V. Bryusov)

Declination of ordinal numbers

When declining simple and complex ordinal numerical changes, the adjective model occurs:

	Male Rod	Neuter gender	Feminine gender	Multiplenumber
	Sixth (house)	Sixth (window)	Sixth (book)	Sixth (scissors)
	Sixth (at home)	Sixth (windows)	Sixth (books)	Sixth (scissors)
	Sixth (home)	Sixth (window)	Sixth (book)	Sixth (scissors)
	Sixth (House) of the Sixth (Brother)	Sixth (window)	Sixth (book)	Sixth (scissors) of the sixth (brothers)
	Sixth (house)	Sixth (window)	Sixth (book)	Poles (scissors)
	(O) sixth (home)	(O) sixth (window)	(O) Sixth (book)	(O) sixth (scissors)

* Supplement forms - the forms of the same words formed from different roots or foundations. Human- people. Take- take Speak- to tell. Few- less. Bad- worse. I- me.

For declining compound ordinal numbersonly the last word varies:

	Male rank	Neuter gender	Feminine gender	Multiple
	Thirty first (house)	Thirty first (window)	Thirty first (book)	Thirty first (scissors)
	Thirty first (at home)	Thirty first (windows)	Thirty first (books)	Thirty first (scissors)
	Thirty first (house)	Thirty first (window)	Thirty first (book)	Thirty first (scissors)
	Thirty first (house)	Thirty first (window)	Thirty first (book)	Thirty first (scissors)
	Thirty first (house)	Thirty first (window)	Thirty first (book)	Thirty first (scissors)
	(O) thirty-first (home)	(O) thirty-first (window)	(O) thirty first (book)	(O) thirty first (scissors

Morphological analysis of the name of the numeral Includes the allocation of three main constant features (discharge by value, morphological structure, peculiarities) and two non-permanent (genus, case and number, if they are). Compared to other parts of the speech, the numeral for morphological parsing at school is rarely offered. This is due to the specifics of the linguistic material (excerpts from artistic, journalistic texts).

Morphological analysis of the name of the numeral. I. Part of speech. P. Morphological signs. 1. Protective form. 2. Permanent signs: 1) discharge by value; 2) morphological structure; 3) Decay features. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) case (if any); 2) Rod (if any); 3) Number (if any). III. Syntax function. No sound disturbed deep silence, except for the distant, dying cartoral carts. (A. Kookin)

Morphological analysis of the name of the numeral. I. One- Numeric name, as it denotes the number of items. II. Morphological with signs. 1. A single form is one sound, one. 2. Permanent signs: 1) quantitative, indicates an integer; 2) a simple structure; 3) inclined as an adjective. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) nominative case; 2) Male genus; 3) the only number. III. In the numerical "one" in the proposal used at noun "sound", consistent with it, therefore, performs the function of agreed definition.

Numeral - Independent part of speech, indicating the number of items, their serial number, as well as the total. Depending on the purpose, numeratives are divided into three extensive groups, each of which is described in detail in this article. Also here are the grammatical signs of numerical and visual examples.

Numbered names are studied in grade 6. This part of speech may indicate the number of objects, the item number in order, as well as the quantity as one. Depending on this value, they are divided into 3 large groups.

Numbers can be quantified, ordinal and collective. Each of these groups of words has its own characteristics.

Table "Lexico-grammatical discharges of numerals in Russian" with examples

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For example: ten, thirty, seven hundred eleven.

The numerical discharge can have different casedes. Some quantitative numbers are determined by the form of the genus and numbers. All features of the words of this category reflect the following table.

Changing quantitative numbers

Numeral	As changing	Examples
1	By childbirth, numbers and cases	One - one, one, alone
2,3, 4	Pades and childbirth	Two, two, two, three
5-20,30	By case, as the exist of the 3rd Square.	Wed: tablecloth - ten, eleven
50-80, 200-900	According to cases, both parts change	Fifty, tramstam
40, 90, 100	On case, have only 2 forms	Forty - Soroka STO - st Ninety - ninety
1000	By cases of case. 1st SKL.	Wed: Candle - thousand
1000000,	By cases of case. 2nd SKL.	Wed: House - Million - Billion

Ordinal numerals: grammatical signs

The numerals of this discharge on grammatical features are similar to adjectives. They can also have forms of different cases, childbirth and numbers.

Ordinal numerals can also have a different structure. When declining the composite numerical discharge, only the last word changes in them. For example:

Five hundred seventy-first kilometers (I. p.) - Five hundred seventy-first kilometers (R. p.) - Five hundred seventy first kilometer (T. p.)

Collective numerals

In this lexico-grammatical group, only 11 words. According to the composition they are only simple.

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Numeral - independent part of speech, denoting number, number and order of items. Answers questions: how much? which the?

Numbers are divided into three lexico-grammatical discharges: quantitative - answer the question how much? (two, five, twenty, fifty, two hundred, three hundred fifty one), collective (both, two, five) I. ordinal - answer the question which the? (first, second, hundredth, last).

The composition of quantitative numbers includes certain quantitative and uncertain-quantitative numerals. The first indicate a certain number of units ( two, four, fifteen, one and a half, two hundred), the second is an indefinite number of units; These include words few, a lot of, lot, little, as well as locomotive numeral some, how much, somehow, how much, so many.

Cardinal number

Cardinal number - Numeral, which answers the question "How much?", "how many?", how many? " etc. Quantitatively inherent in two values.

Both certain quantitative and uncertain-quantitative numerals have a quantitative numerical value represented by two private values \u200b\u200b-

quantitative (quantity as a sign of the subject: five heads, three stools, ten days, some years) I.

numeric (abstract quantity, or number: four divided into two without a balance, three times ten - thirty; some - this is not any uncertainty: it can be three, five, ten, generally a little; oral speech).

Only certain quantitative numerals have a consideration and sequential value: they call the ordinal place of the subject, which when the score is stopped turns out to be the last in a number of homogeneous: house three (the house, the third in a row of houses, when the account is stopped, a limited number of three); eight, place thirty five (place, last in a row, when the account is stopped, limited to 35 seats).

Spelling of quantitative numerical in Russian

• Simple (consist of one base) for example: "one" (1), "two" (2), "three" (3)

  Complex (consisting of two bases) quantitative numerals are picked together, for example: "eighteen" (18), "eighty" (80), "eight hundred" (800).

  Composite (consisting of several words) quantitative numerals are written separately: "Eighty-eight thousand eight hundred eighty eight" (88888).

Spelling numerical

1. In numeral "five" - \u200b\u200b"nineteen", as well as the "twenty" and "thirty" b is written at the end, and in the numerical "fifty" - "eighty" and "five hundred" - "nine hundred" in the middle of the word.

2. Nutritive "ninety" and "hundred" have the end of about in the nominative and vinegenial cases, and in the rest of the case, the end of A. ("to spend a hundred rubles", "not enough one hundred rubles"). The numeral "forty" in the nominative and vinegenic case has a zero ending, and in the rest of the case - the end of A. ("He has no forty years"). In the nominative and vinegenial case, the numerical "two" has the ending and, and numeral "three hundred" and "four hundred" - the end of A ("There is already three hundred years").

3. Complicated numeral (and quantitative, and ordinal), consisting of two basics, are written in a punch ("sixteen", "sixteenth", "nine hundred", "nine hundred and").

4. Composite numerals are written separately, having as many words as among meaningful numbers, not counting zeros ("five hundred twenty three", "five hundred and twenty-third"; or: "Two hundred ten", "two hundred tenth"). However, ordinal numerals ending on "- thousandth», «- millionth», «- billionth", They are picked together (" Stomaty "," Two Shottridzatim Stilliard ").

5. Fractional numerals are written separately ("three fifths", "three whole (and) one second"), but numeral "dual-handed", "three-headed", "four-headed" are written in a punch. Nutritive "half and a half" and "one and a half" have only two cases: "one and a half" ("one and a half" in g.), The "one and a half" for the nominative and vinitive case and "one and a half", "one and a gun" for all other cases without generic Differences.

6. B composite quantitative numerals inclined all the formulations of their words ("two hundred fifty six" - "two hundred and fifty six", "two hundred and fifty-six"), with both fractional numerals also change both parts ("three fifth" - "three fifths" - "Three fifth" - "three fifth" - "About three fifths").

7. But When declining the composite sequence, only the end of the last component ("two hundred and fifty-sixth" - "two hundred and fifty-sixth" - "two hundred fifty sixth").

8. The word "thousand" is inclined as a noun feminine genus; The words "Million" and "Billion" are inclined as a noun male race with the basis for consonants.

9. Note: Nutitive "both" (m. And cf. r.) And "both" (g.) Are inclined in different ways: in a numeral "both" the basis for declining is "wallpaper" ("both" , "Both", "both"), and in the numeral "both" - the basis of "both-" ("both", "both", "both").

10. Note: With a mixed number, the noun is controlled by the shot, and it is used in the parental case of the only number: 1 2/3 m ("one whole and two third meters").

Numbered names are, in fact, the numbers recorded by words. In Russian, there are several types of numbers: quantitative, ordinal, fractional and collective. The article describes in detail each view, with characteristic features, structure and visual examples.

The numbers recorded by words are numeral names. They are used to create high precision in the text, so numerical most often found in the texts of scientific style.

Numbered names in Russian grammar are divided into several groups.

Quantitative and ordinal numeral

Some linguists believe that these numbered can only be quantitative, since they denote the amount, and ordinal numerals are simply a kind of adjective. But the grammatical features of ordinal numbers are characterized by certain features that are not characteristic of adjective.

Cardinal numbers They are considered non-derivatives: they did not occur against some other significant speech parts. The ordinal were formed from quantitative: Five - the fifth; Two - the second; One hundred - hundredth, thousand - thousandth etc.

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Ordinals They differ from quantitative not only by the value, but also methods of change, as well as a syntactic role. If the quantitative changes have a form, characteristic of nouns of different decons, then the ordinal is inclined by the example of adjectives. For example:

From Pyat and (quantity Number. in R. p.) - from life and (SUB. 3rd SKL. in R. p.);

In million e. (quantity. numbers in P. p.) - in the house e. (SUB. 2nd Skl. in P. p.).

Pyat wow (order. numbers. in m. r. R. p.) - good wow

(adjustment in m. r. R. p.); sixteenth oh (order. Number. in g. r. D. p.) - light oh (adj. in g. r. d.p.).

Collective numerals

A characteristic feature of data is numerical is that they can be combined with all words. So, for example, can not be three Sisters, Five Books, Seven Kabanov. Usually collective numerals are used with words denoting something or someone often assembled together and forming a specific group. Therefore, with animation, words like two, three, eight and so on. Used much more often than with inanimal.

Fractional name numeral

With the help of the words of this category, fractions are written on the letter: five sixth, seven eighth, two ninthetc.

In its structure, these numerals can only be complex.

The fraction always includes quantitative and ordinal numerical. With the help of the first, the numerator is expressed, with the help of the second - the denominator. Fractional numerals are syntactically indivisible combinations.

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Quantitative numerals are one of the groups of numeral names. Quantitative numerals have a quantitative and numerical value, answer the question "How much?"
Examples of quantitative value: three (tanker), twelve (chairs), three hundred sixty-five (days).
An example of a numerical value: twice two - four, zero without a stick.

Allocate the following quantitative discharges:

• Numeral designating integers: five, twelve, one hundred forty;
• Fractional numerals: two fifths, three tenths;
• Collective numerals: two, three.

Denoting integers

In numeral 5-19 and 20-30, the letter b is written at the end, in the numeral 50-80 and 500-900 - in the middle of the word (between the two bases).

The numerical one is consistent with nouns in all cases, as an adjective: one table, one table. It often descends when used with nouns: a liter of water is included in the bank.

In colloquial speech when using numerical ligaments with noun minutes, hour, year, degrees, gasoline, etc. The nouns themselves are often lowered. Examples: On the street minus ten, I twenty, already nine, refuel ninety-fifth. In book speech, nouns are usually used. Examples: On the street minus ten degrees, I am twenty years old.

If the noun is standing before numerical, it is believed that it is not the exact number of anything, and the approximate: the distance of forty kilometers (accurate) is the distance of kilometers of forty (approx.), One hundred rubles (accurate) - one hundred rubles (approx. ).

Some scholars of the words are thousands, a million, a billion and other, denoting the numbers of a larger category, relate to nouns.

The noun in a bundle with composite quantitative, ends on one, two, one, is put in the nominative case: one hundred one Dalmatian, one thousand one night, twenty one point. If the composite is numerant ends on two, two, three, four, then the noun is put in the most part of the only number: thirty-two teeth, thirty-three cows. Numbered names denoting integers are changed by case.

Ordinals

Almost all words of this lexico-grammatical group were formed from quantitative numerals with zero suffixes: ten - tenth, seven - seventh.Unproves are only words first and second.

These numerals change the same as adjectives. When declining composite sequence numbers, the form of the last word changes, all other parts of the numerical preserve the original look.