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The social purpose of the state Elective course in political science, grades 10-11 Compiled by G. Kushchenko, history teacher at MCOU "Gauf secondary school"

“Outside the state - the dominion of passions, war, fear, poverty, abomination, loneliness, barbarism, savagery, ignorance; in the state - the dominion of reason, security, wealth, decency, sophistication, knowledge and favor. " T. Hobbes

The social purpose of the state in society 1. The state decides common affairs, manages the people living on its territory. The state reveals the common interests of its citizens: striving for security, stability, comfort. It contributes to the preservation of public order, organizes and monitors the implementation of activities necessary for the development of society as a whole.

2. The state resolves social disputes (national, class, religious, etc.). The political elite is looking for compromises that, while preserving the foundations of the social system, would remove the danger of a head-on collision of social groups. The responsibility for resolving conflicts between individual citizens, organizations, government bodies lies with the courts. The government is also responsible for resolving external conflicts.

3. The state uses legal and legitimate violence. The legality of coercion is the compliance of coercive measures with the law. The legitimacy of violence is the degree of support for the measures taken by the population. Coercion acts in the form of criminal punishment, administrative, property and other sanctions. The legitimacy is confirmed by the data of public opinion, voting, referendums. The universal criterion for the legitimacy of coercion is its compliance with universal human values.

"Bayonets are good for everything, but you can't sit on them" Talleyrand

Functions of the state Functions of the state are the main directions of its activity, expressing the essence and purpose of the state in society. State functions internal external

Internal Political Law enforcement Social Development of health care, education, science, culture Ensuring national security Environmental Information Transport Construction of public systems (roads, irrigation, reclamation, defensive, etc.) Fighting the consequences of emergencies Economic External Diplomacy Defense Foreign policy Law enforcement Social Cultural cooperation Contribution to the strengthening of world rule of law Environmental Information Cooperation in solving global problems Foreign economic

Main internal functions 1. Political: It is conditioned by the need to balance the interests of different social groups. The state forms the parliament, ensuring democracy. The state ensures the protection of the constitutional order and state sovereignty The state carries out law-making activities

2. Economic It is expressed in the development of programs for the economic development of the country. The state sets taxes. Issues loans, investments.

3. Law enforcement It is aimed at ensuring the accurate and complete implementation of laws by all citizens, organizations and government. The state takes legal action Fights offenses with the help of the law enforcement system

4. Environmental At the present stage, it is one of the main functions of the state. The state develops environmental legislation

External functions of the state 1. Diplomatic: The state contributes to the maintenance of acceptable relations with all countries, regardless of their ideology, economic system

2. Defense function: The state keeps its armed forces on alert to repel external aggression

3. Foreign policy: The state carries out political cooperation with other states in order to exclude global armed conflicts The main bodies for coordinating the political interests of countries: the UN, the UN Security Council

5. Foreign economic: It is associated with the development of mutually beneficial cooperation with other states, manifests itself in the international division of labor, the exchange of technologies, the coordination of trade, the development of credit and financial ties.

6. Law enforcement: It consists in resolving disputes between states, protecting those states and peoples that are not able to stand up for themselves. It manifests itself in the fight against international terrorism and crime.

8. Social: It manifests itself in social assistance and support for developing countries, as well as countries in transition (aid, financial, humanitarian, etc.)

9. Cultural cooperation: Carried out on the basis of bilateral and multilateral agreements between states, non-governmental organizations (IOC). UN activities coordinated by UNESCO

10. Contribution to the establishment of global rule of law: It is manifested in the development of international law (International humanitarian law, International Charter of Human Rights)

11. Informational: Presentation of truthful information about international events to the world community and its peoples.

12.Ecological: Participation in the elimination of the consequences of environmental disasters

13. Cooperation of states in solving global problems of our time: Organization of rational use of natural resources, energy conservation, peacekeeping, demographic policy, etc.


What is a state?

State there is a special rather stable political unit representing the organization of power and administration separated from the population and claiming the supreme right to govern (demand the performance of actions) a certain territory and population, regardless of the consent of the latter; having the strength and means to implement its claims.

State there is a machine for oppressing one class by another, a machine for keeping other subordinate classes in subjection to one class. (V. Lenin)

State- this is the concentration of all the mental and moral interests of people. (Aristotle)

State is a union of people united by a common set of rights and goals. (Cicero)

State is a society of people that disposes and controls itself. (Kant)

State- a political-territorial sovereign organization of public power, which has a special apparatus for the implementation of administrative, security, protective functions and is able to make its decrees binding on the population of the entire country.

Question: Is there a difference in the above definitions of the state? Can you try to divide these definitions into some groups? How do they differ from each other?

By the way: a very interesting problem is hidden in the etymology of the origin of the term "state" in Ancient Rus and in Western Europe. In Russian, the word "state" comes from the ancient Russian "sovereign" (as the prince-ruler was called in ancient Russia), which, in turn, is associated with the word "master" and "lord". The root of the word "state" - "gosud" - also comes from the Greek word "despot". It can be assumed that since the derivatives "state", "domination" appear later than the already established meanings "sovereign", "gospodar", then in the Middle Ages in Russia the "state" was usually perceived as directly related to the possessions of the "sovereign", and the "sovereign" himself - as the owner of all subjects (slaves).

In turn, in the West, the word "state" had a completely different origin. English “state”, German “staat”, French “l’estate” has its root in Latin “status” - state, status, that is, the state of rights and obligations, or, in other words, characterizing the status of a citizen and non-citizen. Thus, in the Western European tradition, the "state" is perceived as a device or state of people.

In the German tradition, there is a term "Reich"(from German. Reich) - "empire", "state", which has as its root the word "reiche" - a row, a system. By the way, in the Russian language there is a similar word - "order", which has as its root the word "row" - a contract.

Another interesting origin of the word "state" - from the Greek "polis" (Greek πόλις - city-state), which is also translated as "multiplication", "unification", and the Roman word "res-publica" - which is translated as "common a business".

The main directions of state activity in the management of the state are concentrated in the functions of the state, which have been constantly changing throughout the history of mankind. Even ancient thinkers believed that the main task of the state is to protect its citizens from external enemies and maintain order within the country. In the 17th century, through the mouth of the English philosopher T. Hobbes, the idea of ​​the natural state of people as a war of "all against all" was born. In this regard, the state began to be viewed as a kind of "Leviathan", which should unite society, managing its affairs, in exchange for most of the civil rights and freedoms, up to the physical destruction (execution) of a citizen in the interests of the state. The era of the Enlightenment and the emergence of capitalism gave rise to new ideals of the relationship between society and the state, which were embodied in the ideas of the English economist Adam Smith. Smith believed that in the conditions of the development of a free market, the state should perform the functions of a "night watchman", that is, without interfering with the rights and freedoms of citizens (especially in their economic relations), maintain law and order, support the army and the police on tax revenues, protect life and property of citizens, take care of the education of the lower classes, conduct foreign policy and protect society from external threats. Throughout the 19th century, A. Smith's point of view was considered decisive for the functioning of the state, until the First World War and the Great Depression gave rise to the phenomenon of a total state, which considered itself the right to interfere in any areas of the life of its citizens - “Everything for the state, nothing but the state , nothing against the state. " An alternative to it were the ideas of the "welfare state", the foundations of which were laid by the American President F.D. Roosevelt in his "New Frontiers" program, and the post-war evolution of the development of America and the countries of Western Europe, which was based on the search for a compromise between the interests of all citizens of the country and the powers the state.

SIGNS OF THE STATE

The state as an organization of power in society differs from the forms of power in pre-state primitive communities of people in a number of important features. The main ones are:

  • The presence of public authority. These are certain legislative and executive bodies, the bureaucratic apparatus, the courts, the police (the police, for example, were already in Ancient Egypt), the army.
  • Administrative-territorial organization. Under state administration, a division of the country arises according to the administrative-territorial principle. This is necessary for a more rational management of society, tax collection, etc. In a primitive society, the organization was based on kinship ties.
  • Regular tax collection. It is necessary for the maintenance of the army, the state apparatus, and public works.
  • State sovereignty. This is the state's monopoly on legislation and government within the country, as well as its independence and independence in relations with other countries.
  • Coercive apparatus.

Additional signs of the state:

  1. Language as a means of communication on the territory of a state.
  2. Unified defense and foreign policy.
  3. Unified transport, information, energy systems, common market, etc.

FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE

The functions of the state are very numerous. The main ones were inherent in ancient states, others arose with the development of civilization. The functions of the state are divided into internal and external.

The main internal functions of the state include:

  • establishment and maintenance of the rule of law and law and order in society;
  • organization of economic life, money circulation in the country;
  • implementation of socially significant works (construction of roads, bridges, irrigation systems and
    etc.);
  • social function - the organization in society of certain health care systems, education, assistance to the poor and disabled, etc.

The main external functions of the state include:

  • protection of borders and defense of the country in case of an attack from outside;
  • foreign policy activity - representing the country in relations with other countries;
  • organization of economic relations with other countries.

QUESTIONS:

1. Find the signs of the state in the list below. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Please provide all correct answers:

Answer

2. Give three examples of how the state is performing its foreign policy functions.

Answer

The following can be cited as examples of the state's performance of its foreign policy functions:

1) development of military doctrine and concept of national security;

2) maintaining a sufficient level of the country's defense capability;

3) protection of the independence and territorial integrity of the state;

4) participation in the regulation of interethnic and interethnic conflicts, etc.

3. Find the signs of the state in the list below. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Please provide all correct answers:

Answer

4. (1−4). Read the text and complete assignments 1-4.

There is a special type of power in society. Its main distinguishing feature is that the decisions made by the subject of power become binding on all members of society, the entire population. These can be decisions on a certain procedure for collecting taxes, the procedure governing property rights, the procedure for considering and resolving conflicts and disputes, and much more. This type of power is called political.

At the heart of political power lies a special type of social inequality - political inequality.<…>

... The division of people into political decision-makers, managing society, and their executors has been preserved. Only the procedure for forming a group of managers has changed, it has become more democratic, open, and the group itself has become more mobile, internally heterogeneous. This group received its own name in political science and sociology - the political elite, which ceased to coincide with the class or economic division of society.

Political inequality is based on inequality of political status. A person gets the right to make responsible political decisions precisely because of his special status in the hierarchical structure of society, becoming a member of the government, deputy of parliament, leader of a political party, etc.<…>

Political government creates the preconditions for the management of society. Indeed, to coordinate the life of society, a kind of management center, a "brain headquarters" is needed, as well as overcoming centrifugal tendencies, egoism, individual and group interests. That is why the history of society is not a history of eliminating political inequality, but a search and creation of effective ways of organizing it, so that political inequality itself does not conserve society, but promotes its development.

The reproduction of political power relations is facilitated by the rules and regulations governing this type of wearing.

(Pushkareva G.V. Power as a social institution // Socio-political journal. 1995. No. 2. 87−88.)

1) Based on the text, indicate the main distinguishing feature of political power.

3) The right to make responsible political decisions, as the author notes, is given to a person with a special status in the hierarchical structure of society. Give, based on knowledge of the social science course and acts of public life, three examples of factors influencing the achievement of such a status by a person in modern society.

Answer

1.

The main distinguishing feature of political power is that the decisions made by its subject become binding on all members of society.

2. The correct answer should contain the following elements:

The peculiarities of political inequality at the present stage, according to the author, include the following:

Changing the order of formation of the political elite in the direction of strengthening democracy and openness;

The change in the political elite itself, which has ceased to coincide with the class and economic division of society, has become more mobile and internally heterogeneous.

3. The correct answer should contain the following elements:

As factors influencing the achievement of a special status by a person in the hierarchical structure of society, the following can be cited:

1) exceptional personality traits;

2) the level of education;

3) support for a political organization;

4) access to the media, etc.

4. The correct answer should contain the following elements:

As examples of these standards, the following can be indicated:

1) norms defining the status of the head of state, political elite, state institutions;

2) the norms that determine the procedure for the formation of the political elite (in democratic countries, competition in elections has become the norm, in countries with a totalitarian regime - party affiliation);

3) the norms defining the rights and obligations of managers and administrators, their mutual responsibility ("Russkaya Pravda" by Yaroslav the Wise, the Cathedral Code of Alexei Mikhailovich, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, etc.)

5. Establish a correspondence between the examples and the functions of the state that they illustrate: for each element given in the first column, match the corresponding element from the second column.

Write down the sequence of numbers.

Answer

6. (1-6). Read the text and complete assignments 1-6.

Needless to say, how commendable in the sovereign is loyalty to the given word, straightforwardness and unswerving honesty. However, we know from experience that in our time great things were only possible for those who did not try to keep their word and were able to cheat whoever needed; such princes ultimately succeeded far more than those who bet on honesty<…>You need to know that you can fight the enemy in two ways: firstly, by laws, and secondly, by force. The first way is inherent in man, the second - in the beast; but since the former is often not enough, we have to resort to the latter as well. From this it follows that the sovereign must learn what is contained in the nature of both man and the beast.<…>From which it follows that a reasonable ruler cannot and should not remain true to his promise if it harms his interests and if the reasons that prompted him to make a promise have disappeared. Such advice would be unworthy if people honestly kept their word, but people, being bad, do not keep their words, therefore you should do the same with them. And there is always a plausible excuse to break a promise<…>One must appear in the eyes of people compassionate, true to the word, merciful, sincere, pious - and be so in fact, but internally one must remain willing to show the opposite qualities, if it turns out to be necessary<…>A dispute may arise as to which is better: to be loved or to be feared. They say that it is best when they are afraid and love at the same time; however, love does not get along well with fear; therefore, if one has to choose, then it is safer to choose fear. For about people in general, we can say that they are ungrateful and fickle, prone to hypocrisy and deception, that they are frightened off by danger and attracted by profit: as long as you do them good, they are yours with all their soul, they promise nothing for you to spare: neither blood, nor life, no children, no property, but when you need them, they will immediately turn away from you. In addition, people are less wary of offending the one who inspires them with love than the one who inspires them with fear, for love is supported by gratitude, which people, being bad, can be neglected for their own benefit, while fear is supported by the threat of punishment, which cannot be neglected.<…>So, returning to the dispute about which is better: so that the sovereign is loved or that he is feared, I will say that they love the sovereigns at their own discretion, and they are afraid - at the discretion of the sovereigns, therefore it is better for a wise ruler to rely on what depends on him, and not from someone else; it is only important not to incur the hatred of your subjects in any way<…>

(Adapted from the book of N. Machiavelli)

1) Make an outline of the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

3) What feelings of subjects towards the sovereign does N. Machiavelli write about? What is his position on this issue? How does the author substantiate his position?

5) M. headed the state at a difficult moment. He promised to lead the country out of the crisis by guaranteeing the rights of owners and freedom of entrepreneurship. Soon, in order to replenish the state budget, M. announced the nationalization of oil-producing enterprises and the introduction of a number of state monopolies. How can this be explained? Provide a piece of text that can help you answer the question.

6) The assessment of N. Machiavelli's judgments as immoral is often expressed. Do you agree with this assessment? Based on the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments (explanations) in defense of your opinion.

Answer

1. In the correct answer, the points of the plan should correspond to the main semantic fragments of the text and reflect the main idea of ​​each of them. The following semantic fragments can be distinguished:

loyalty of the sovereign to his word;

ways to fight enemies;

how the people should relate to the ruler.

Other formulations of the points of the plan are possible, which do not distort the essence of the main idea of ​​the fragment, and the allocation of additional semantic blocks

2. The following qualities can be named in the correct answer:

loyalty to the given word;

straightforwardness;

unswerving honesty;

compassion;

mercy;

sincerity;

piety.

Other qualities may be named.

3. The response must contain the following elements:

two feelings in relation to people to the sovereign: love and fear;

Rationale: Fear is supported by the threat of punishment, which cannot be ignored.

4. The answer may contain the following recommendations:

you can break your promise if it harms your interests or if the situation has changed;

we must rely on what depends on you, and not on someone else;

in no case should you incur the hatred of subordinates;

you cannot trust flatterers, hypocrites.

Other recommendations can be formulated on the basis of the text.

5. The correct answer must contain the following elements:

an explanation of the fact given in the assignment, for example: the circumstances changed, his awareness of the interests of the state, because the politician M. found it possible to break this promise.

Another explanation for the fact given in the assignment can be given.

fragment of the text: "a reasonable ruler cannot and should not remain true to his promise if it harms his interests and if the reasons that prompted him to make a promise have disappeared."

6. The correct answer must contain the following elements:

student opinion: agreement or disagreement with the given grade;

two arguments - explanations in defense of their choice, for example:

in case of consent, it may be indicated that
Machiavelli calls on the sovereign, in fact, to go beyond the bounds of morality (goodness, decency, loyalty, etc.);

Machiavelli's advice proceeds from the fact that society is immoral in nature and is guided by considerations of personal gain, and this is not true;

in case of disagreement, it may be stated that

Machiavelli's advice is realistic, they take into account the specifics of political activity;

a modern politician, in order to win democratic elections, must, on the one hand, please the voters, on the other, attract sponsors whose interests may diverge from the interests of the majority of society, and on the third, take into account the objective needs of the state; all this is difficult to implement within the framework of moral standards.

Other arguments (explanations) may be given.

John Locke (1632-1704) was a British philosopher and educator.

Studied at Oxford University. Fellow of the Royal Society (1668), Fellow of the Royal Society (1669). Combines government service in England with large-scale scientific and literary activities.

Participated in drafting the constitution for the province of Carolina in North America.

The representative of sensationalism, denied the presence of innate ideas in humans, substantiated the principle of "tabula rasa". The empiricist, considered the basis of knowledge exclusively experience, asserted the primacy of sensations received thanks to the senses, before the mind.

The author of a pedagogical system based on the principle of utilitarianism. He combined physical, mental and religious-moral education into a single complex, the purpose of which is to develop certain habits that are necessary in life.

Supporter of separation of church from state. At the same time, he considered the glorification and knowledge of God to be the purpose of man.

Supporter of the theory of social contract and constitutional monarchy. He defended the existence of natural rights and freedoms, considered the state as their guarantor, the theorist of civil society and the rule of law.

One of the authors of the doctrine of the separation of powers (into legislative, executive and federal, dealing with diplomatic issues), was the first to propose this theory. He detailed his own political views in the work "Two treatises on government" (1689).

The educator must have a good knowledge of the world, knowledge of the customs, mores, quirks, roguery and shortcomings of his time, especially the country in which he lives. He must be able to show them to his pupil ... he must teach him to understand people ... to tear off the masks imposed on them by profession and pretense, to discern what is genuine that lies deep in such an appearance ... judging people on the basis of those signs that best show what they really are, and to penetrate with our eyes into their inner being, which is often found in small things, especially when these people are not in a ceremonial setting and not on the lookout.

The well-being of the entire nation depends on the correct upbringing of children.

Where there are no laws, there is no freedom.

Make only a few laws, but make sure they are respected.

Consequently, the freedom of a person and the freedom to act according to his own will are based on the fact that he has a mind that is able to teach him the law according to which he must govern himself, and make him understand to what extent he has freedom of his own will. ... To grant him unlimited freedom before he has a mind to guide him is not to grant him the privilege of his nature to be free, but to throw him into the midst of the beasts and leave him in such a pitiful state, which is just as inferior. human dignity, as well as their condition. This is what puts power in the hands of parents so that they manage their children during their minority. God instructed them to take care of their offspring and endowed them with a corresponding inclination to tenderness and care, in order to moderate this power, in order to use it as his wisdom dictates, for the benefit of children as long as they should be under this power.

Essay topics:

1) ("Highest test", demo version, 2nd stage, 9th grade, 2013)
"The state does not exist in order to turn earthly life into paradise, but in order to prevent it from finally turning into hell."

(Nikolay Berdyaev)

2) ("Highest test", 2nd stage, 11th grade, 2013)
James Madison wrote: "The predisposition to mutual enmity is so strong in a person that even where there is no substantial basis for it, there are enough insignificant and superficial differences to arouse in people hostility to each other and plunge them into the most severe feuds." Many authors at different times have made similar observations, deriving from them various political theories. Give examples of theories of this kind known to you. What do you know and can say about Madison's political conclusions? In which institutions have they been embodied?

3. (The second round of the final stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in social studies 2014)
“The state is called the coldest of all cold monsters. It lies coldly; and this lie creeps out of his mouth: 'I, the state, am the people.'

(Friedrich Nietzsche)

4. (Second round of the final stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for Schoolchildren in Social Science 2013)
"In the present state of people, we can say that the happiness of states grows along with the misfortunes of people."

5. (Second round of the final stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for Schoolchildren in Social Science 2013)
“Love for the fatherland is a wonderful thing, but there is even more beautiful thing - love for the truth. Love for the fatherland gives birth to heroes, love for truth creates wise men. "

(P. Ya. Chaadaev)

"Power is dangerous when conscience is at odds with it."
(W. Shakespeare)

"He is deeply mistaken who considers the power based on power to be more solid and solid than the one based on love."
(S. Zweig)

3. ("Highest test", 2nd stage, 9th grade, 2014)

“A mixed republic is a combination of elements of a presidential and parliamentary republic. Borrowing from a presidential republic are broad presidential powers, including the president's right to dissolve parliament under certain circumstances, and a 4-year presidential term. The bicameral structure of parliament and the post of prime minister, separated from the post of president, are borrowed from the parliamentary republic. "

Answer

a) that the president's right to dissolve parliament is borrowed from the presidential republic (in a presidential republic, the president does not have such a right) (2 points for mentioning the item + 1 point for at least one correct example);

b) that a 4-year presidential term is borrowed from the presidential republic (firstly, a 4-year presidential term is not an essential feature of the presidential form of government. Secondly, in mixed republics, the presidential term often differs from 4 summer, for example, in Russia, France, etc.) (1 point for mentioning the item + 1 point for at least one correct example);

c) that a bicameral structure of parliament is borrowed from a parliamentary republic (a bicameral parliament is not an obligatory element of either a parliamentary or a mixed form of government).

4) ("Highest test", 2nd stage, 10th grade, 2014)

“One of the features of Thomas Hobbes's theory of social contract is that the social contract is concluded between the people and the future sovereign. The sovereign is the bearer of the people's will, but his power can be rejected after he performs an act considered illegitimate by the people. However, in justifying the uprising against the illegitimate monarch, Hobbes remains the theorist of absolute power. "

Answer

The following statements are erroneous:

a) that in Hobbes's theory a social contract is concluded between the people and the future sovereign (in this theory, the future sovereign is not a party to the treaty) (3 points);

b) that the power of the sovereign can be rejected after committing an illegitimate (from the point of view of the people) actions and / or that Hobbes justified the legality of the uprising against the illegitimate monarch (4 points + 1 point for mentioning Locke as the theorist of the overthrow of the illegitimate monarch ).

The state carries out the following main external functions:

1. Defense function.

Accordingly, one of the most important directions of the foreign policy of the Russian state is ensuring its military security.

According to this function, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are intended to repel aggression directed against the Russian Federation, for the armed protection of the integrity and inviolability of the territory of Russia, as well as for performing tasks in accordance with its international treaties.

2. Diplomatic function. The fulfillment of this function contributes to the maintenance of acceptable relations with all countries, regardless of what ideology they adhere to, what system of management they use. Normal good-neighborly relations are the minimum of communication in the international arena that allows achieving stability and prosperity for all mankind.

3. Foreign policy function. It consists in the political cooperation of states in order to exclude global armed conflicts. The main international body coordinating the political interests of modern states is the UN, while the Security Council, a permanent body of the UN, is involved in the political settlement of conflicts. The maintenance of political stability and security in the world is also promoted by regional international organizations (League of Arab States, Organization of African Unity, Organization of American States, Association of Pacific Rim, etc.).

4.Contribution to the establishment of global legitimacy. This activity acquires an independent character and is manifested in participation in the development of the norms of international law.

5. Foreign economic function. This function is associated with the development of mutually beneficial cooperation between states, which is manifested in the international division of labor, specialization and cooperation of production, the exchange of new technologies, the coordination of trade, the development of credit and financial ties. Economic cooperation is most effective between countries that are territorially related to each other (countries of the EEC, CIS, etc.).

6. Law enforcement function. It consists in ensuring world law and order, resolving disputes between states, protecting those states and peoples who are not able to independently resist the aggressors or defend their rights. It also manifests itself in the fight against international terrorism, crime that knows no borders (Interpol), etc.

7. Social function. It is crystallizing more and more vividly. Social assistance and support is carried out in relation to developing countries, as well as countries in transition (for example, the CIS countries). Various forms of assistance are used here, ranging from the allocation of targeted funds (for the development of the banking education system , health care, birth control, etc.) and ending with humanitarian aid.

8. Environmental function. This function is currently being promoted to the category of external ones. It is understood that environmental disasters, such as accidents of oil tankers, nuclear power plants, etc., in individual countries ultimately strike the interests of all peoples, and elimination of their consequences cannot to remain only an internal matter.

9. Information function. Its allocation is only just being outlined, but even now countries that block the flow of truthful information about events in the world for their peoples are being condemned.

In the modern world, the external activity of states will be effective only if it is based on universal values, international legal acts, takes into account national, economic, cultural and other peculiarities and interests of all peoples in the world community.

10. Cultural cooperation. It is carried out on the basis of bilateral and multilateral agreements between states, non-governmental organizations (International Union of Architects, International Chess Federation, Olympic Committee, etc.) Within the framework of the UN, this cultural activity is coordinated by UNESCO.

11. Cooperation of states in solving global problems of our time. It is carried out on such problems as ensuring lasting peace, international security and world law and order, the fight against international terrorism, rational use of natural resources, energy conservation, conducting demographic policy, problems of space exploration and the safety of the planet, protecting the oceans, protecting flora and fauna, combating epidemics and the most dangerous diseases, preventing and eliminating the consequences of major industrial accidents, disasters, etc., affecting the interests of all peoples.

12.The function of cooperation and strengthening ties with the CIS countries.

This new main function arose for the Russian state due to the fact that with the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, relations with the newly independent states on the borders of Russia, the all-round development of the CIS were placed at the forefront of Russia's foreign policy. This is a sphere of special responsibility and special mutual interests of Russia and its neighbors.

In carrying out this function, the Russian state advocates for the strengthening of the commonwealth, primarily through the formation of an economic union, a common CIS market, a collective security system, joint border protection; a comprehensive solution to the problem of compliance with internationally recognized standards in the field of human rights and national minorities throughout the territory of the former USSR , citizenship and protection of migrants, caring for Russians who find themselves outside the Russian Federation; creation of a single information space. A clear expression of new moments, prospects and development trends of this function are such documents as the Treaty on the Union of Belarus and Russia and the Declaration on the Further Unity of Russia and Belarus, the Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership between the Russian Federation and Ukraine, the Treaty between the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian Federation on deepening integration in the economic and humanitarian fields.

13.Function of integration into the world economy and cooperation with other countries.In an independent main function, this direction of activity of the Russian state took shape only in the last period of its development.

Mutually beneficial cooperation with other states is a variety of activities of the state aimed at establishing and developing equal economic, political, cultural and other relations that harmoniously combine the interests of this state with the specific and common interests of all states. The modern level of development of society objectively requires the integration of economic, political and the cultural life of all civilized states, combining their common efforts for a more effective solution of the internal problems of each state separately and the world community in a chain. Such cooperation presupposes a broad and mutually beneficial approach to integration issues, the ability to jointly find the most rational solutions that meet the interests not only of this country, but also of all participants in cooperation.

The new nature of international relations has opened up favorable opportunities for a more effective implementation of Russia's interests in the field of economy, trade, business, scientific and technical cooperation through its integration into the world economy. In this direction, Russia joined the main international economic organizations, entered into a Partnership Agreement and cooperation with the European Union. Currently, work is underway to establish, on the basis of the principle of partnership, full-fledged interaction with the United States, with the states of Western Europe, with most of which bilateral documents have been signed, as well as with India, China and other states of the Asia-Pacific and other regions. the economy was the lifting of restrictions on its foreign economic relations.

The introduction of Russia into the world economy has led to the reconstruction of the entire mechanism of its foreign economic activity, through which the domestic market is closely linked with the world one. The state monopoly in foreign economic relations has been eliminated. Economic cooperation is also carried out on the basis of bilateral treaties between states; however, such cooperation is limited by the economic capabilities of only these states.

In the political field, cooperation between states is manifested primarily in matters of peace and war. The current level of development of the world community of states makes it possible to avoid global armed conflicts. Political cooperation between states is carried out at all levels of state power: inter-parliamentary, intergovernmental, at the level of local self-government bodies8.

They understand a certain direction of his activity. The functions of the state concretize its social purpose.

There are several approaches to understanding the functions of the state, but most scientists adhere to the most developed theory, according to which the functions of the state are divided into external(to ensure the independence of the state outside) and internal(to ensure the supremacy of power within the country and the management of common affairs).

Internal functions of the state:

  • economic - organization and regulation of economic life;
  • stabilization- maintaining stability and peace in society;
  • coordination - ensuring social harmony and unity;
  • social - social security, fair distribution of benefits;
  • cultural and educational- support for culture and spiritual values;
  • legal - rule-making, protection of the constitutional order, rights, legality;
  • ecological - protection of nature, ensuring a healthy environment.

External functions of the state:

  • defending national interests at the international level- ensuring mutually beneficial international cooperation, coordinating efforts in solving global problems of mankind, ensuring the work of a number of government organizations - the UN, the Council of Europe, etc .;
  • organization of defense and protection of state security - protection of state sovereignty, the implementation of military operations against other states, etc.

Internal functions of the state

Internal functions of the state are divided into:

  • basic;
  • non-core.

The main name functions that can only be performed by the state.

Ensuring public order, security, rights and freedoms of citizens, including:

  • the fight against crime;
  • registration and registration of the population;
  • prevention of various disasters;
  • measures to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters.
  • Establishment and protection of general rules of social life: economic, political and other social relations (civil law, labor law, etc.).
  • Monetary and financial regulation(the issue is especially highlighted - the issue of money).
  • Budgetary regulation, collection of taxes, duties; distribution of income and expenses in the budget.

Minor functions can be subdivided into traditional (historically formed) and "new" ones that emerged in the 20th century.

Traditional functions are not performed by all states. They are not the same, each state has its own historically formed functions.

In Russia, the traditional functions include:

  • transport and communication management;
  • education and health management;
  • protection of handicapped persons and assistance to them;
  • media management.

Sometimes some traditional functions become redundant and the state refuses to fulfill them. In particular, this happened with the management of the media, in Russia they were privatized, and now the state nominally controls only two channels on television: the first - as a shareholder - and the second (channel "Russia").

The “new” features include the following.

  • State entrepreneurship. The state is directly involved in production in the defense sector and in other areas, where it must exercise control over production on behalf of society. This function was the main one in the socialist countries, where the state was both the owner and the entrepreneur.
  • Influence on economic processes to maintain stable development of the national economy. The state carries out this function both by economic and administrative measures.
  • Social services. Under the influence of the struggle of the working people, the state is engaged in social security, that is, it pays various pensions, benefits for large families, unemployment benefits, housing benefits for the poor, etc.

External functions of the state

External functions of the state

  • The use of the armed forces of the day for solving the foreign policy tasks of the state.
  • Realization of the geopolitical and global interests of the country through diplomatic activity. Geopolitical interests are associated with neighboring states, global ones concern the situation around the world (non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, environmental problems).
  • Stimulating international economic activity, protecting and supporting the country's economic interests abroad.
  • Protection of the economic space from adverse external influences on the economy (customs; system of measures regulating imports and exports).

External functions are the main ones, since they are performed only by the state.

Internal functions

In the modern period, the following are inherent in the Russian state main internal functions: economic, political, social, fiscal, environmental, law enforcement.

Economic function

In the theory of state and law of the Soviet period, this function was designated as economic and organizational. Its role was great due to the complete nationalization of the economy, which, as we noted earlier, led to negative consequences for it - an economic crisis (began to manifest itself in the second half of the 70s of the XX century), which, in turn, led to a crisis in all spheres of society.

In the 1980s, this function shifted somewhat towards some expansion of the independence of enterprises, but this did not give the expected result. Since the beginning of the 1990s, the economic function of the state in Russia has changed dramatically: the state, in essence, has withdrawn from the economy, letting it into the element of market relations. However, this approach, as the other extreme, did not bring a positive effect.

As practice has shown, these extreme approaches do not contribute to the effective development of the economy. Currently, there are trends in the change in the economic function of the state towards its greater interference in the economy within reasonable limits, which, on the one hand, allows to properly stimulate labor, and on the other hand, to prevent distortions leading to the closure of enterprises, unemployment, and the export of capital abroad. to the detriment of national interests, liquidation of highly developed sectors of the economy, etc.

In conditions of demonopolization, the economic function covers the following areas of state activity:

  • real support for manufacturers, including small businesses (subsidies, preferential taxation, defending the interests of Russian companies in the domestic and world markets, etc.);
  • preferential support for strategic, highly competitive in the world market and socially significant industries for Russia (creation of special zones, customs policy);
  • targeted investment policy (attracting domestic and foreign capital);
  • creation of an effective economic mechanism for the agricultural sector, and above all ensuring the right of private ownership of land;
  • a gradual decrease in inflation and a slowdown in price growth;
  • training and retraining of personnel; suspension of the "brain drain" process.

Political function

This is the direction of the state's activity in the political sphere. It has as its strategic focus the creation of a viable democratic society and the provision of democracy in various forms. This will be discussed in more detail in other chapters of the tutorial.

Social function

The social function is the direction of the state's activity in the social sphere. In Art. 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states that the Russian Federation is a social state.

Based on the meaning of this article, it follows that the content of this function consists of:

  • v provision of all citizens of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the state should pay special attention to the living standards of the socially disadvantaged strata of the population (pensioners, students, disabled people, etc.) through the payment of pensions, allowances, scholarships, the creation and operation of homes for the elderly, and the provision of other types of social assistance. To implement the social function, it is necessary to mitigate and overcome such costs of the current transition period as poverty, deepening inequality and rising unemployment. The state should pay attention to a more even distribution of the burden of economic hardship among different groups of the population;
  • public health by creating medical institutions, monitoring the cleanliness of the environment, the quality of food, providing the population with medicines;
  • protection of childhood, motherhood, paternity by creating a network of preschool institutions, orphanages, boarding schools, providing assistance to families in need, etc .;
  • guaranteeing the minimum wage by establishing an appropriate amount of such payment;
  • at all enterprises, regardless of the form of ownership, by establishing appropriate legislation and monitoring its observance;
  • helping the population in extreme situations(flood, earthquake, fire, armed conflict, ethnic harassment, etc.) by creating conditions for the activities of insurance institutions, providing housing, paying lump-sum benefits, etc.

An integral part of the social function is the activity of the state in development of culture, science and education(in the legal literature, this activity is designated as a separate function).

The development of science is implemented:

  • the creation of favorable conditions for the creative activity of scientific teams and for the free competition of various scientific schools;
  • by creating and supporting scientific institutes, laboratories, testing grounds, financing scientific research, training scientific personnel, holding conferences, etc.
  • support for the priority development of fundamental theoretical research and fundamentally new technologies.

Development of culture implemented by supporting art, literature, theater, cinema, music, painting; development of physical culture and sports; improving the work of radio, television and other media; preservation of historical and cultural monuments, historical complexes, protected areas, archives, museums, libraries.

Development of education implemented by creating state educational institutions and conditions for non-state educational institutions, improving the quality of education in all educational institutions.

Environmental function

The main content of the ecological function is nature protection and rational use of natural resources. To implement this function, the state must coordinate and control the activities of all enterprises, institutions, and individuals in the field of environmental protection, environmental management, and environmental safety. The ecological function should contribute to the improvement and improvement of the quality of the environment, the preservation of natural resources.

Fiscal function (taxation and tax collection function)

It should be noted that the function under consideration is faced not only with the task of optimal collection of taxes to the treasury, but also with the task of regulating the impact on the economy.

Law enforcement function

It includes the activities of the state in three major areas:

  • protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens;
  • protection of all forms of ownership;
  • law enforcement.

Each of these inextricably linked components of the content of this triune function is currently undergoing significant changes.

So, in a state governed by the rule of law (namely, Russia is such, according to the Constitution), the rights and freedoms of citizens are the highest value of society. As you know, this principle was not previously recognized.

The state's law enforcement activities are also undergoing changes. Currently, the authorities, primarily the security forces, are required to take tough, swift and decisive measures to timely prevent and suppress bandit attacks by terrorists.

External functions

The main external functions are: the defense of the country, peace and maintenance of world order, international cooperation.

Country defense function

The Armed Forces, in accordance with this function, are designed to repel aggression directed against the state, for the armed protection of the integrity and inviolability of the country's territory, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with its international treaties.

In each state, a significant share of the state budget is allocated for the maintenance of the armed forces. And so far, there are no tendencies to cut costs. This is largely due to the difficult political situation in the world, which is clearly seen from the events that took place in Yugoslavia in 1999, when this country was bombed by NATO forces, according to the events in Iraq, which was invaded by American troops with allied troops, without the appropriate international powers.

The function of maintaining peace and maintaining world order

Without the implementation of this function, humanity has no future. A new world war will lead to the death of civilization. In turn, local military conflicts can lead to global military confrontation.

The international cooperation

This function is realized through the development of multilateral relations with other states, the conclusion of treaties in various spheres of the life of the world community.

In the legal literature, the function of international cooperation is divided into a number of narrower functions, for example, the function of cooperation and strengthening ties with the CIS countries, the function of cooperation with other countries in solving global problems, etc.

The function of cooperation and strengthening ties with the CIS countries arose in the Russian state with the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

In carrying out this function, the Russian state advocates strengthening the commonwealth, first of all:

  • through the formation of an economic union;
  • collective security systems;
  • joint border protection;
  • a comprehensive solution to the problem of compliance with internationally recognized standards in the field of human rights and national minorities, citizenship and protection of migrants throughout the territory of the former USSR;
  • caring for Russians who find themselves outside the Russian Federation;
  • creation of a single information space.

It should be noted that while implementing this function, new problems may arise for Russia. Hotbeds of conflicts near all borders, a protracted crisis of the economy, and even statehood itself in a number of CIS countries pose a serious threat to the security of our country.

An important aspect of the international cooperation function is interaction of Russia with other countries the world community in solving global problems affecting the interests of each people and humanity as a whole. These are the problems of space exploration and the safety of the planet, the protection of the World Ocean, the protection of flora and fauna, the prevention and elimination of the consequences of major industrial accidents, disasters, the fight against epidemics and the most dangerous diseases, etc.

The following can also be distinguished as separate external functions:

  • the function of combating international terrorism;
  • ecological function.

In terms of their content, these functions are both external and internal.

The social purpose of the state Elective course in political science, grades 10-11 Compiled by GV Kushchenko, history teacher at the Gauffskaya secondary school “Outside the state - the dominion of passions, war, fear, poverty, abomination, loneliness, barbarism, savagery, ignorance; in the state - the dominion of reason, security, wealth, decency, sophistication, knowledge and favor. " T. Hobbes The social purpose of the state in society    1. The state decides common affairs, manages the people living on its territory. The state reveals the common interests of its citizens: striving for security, stability, comfort. It contributes to the preservation of public order, organizes and monitors the implementation of activities necessary for the development of society as a whole     2. The state resolves social disputes (national, class, religious, etc.). The political elite is looking for compromises that, while preserving the foundations of the social system, would remove the danger of a head-on collision of social groups. The responsibility for resolving conflicts between individual citizens, organizations, government bodies lies with the courts. The state authority is also responsible for settling external conflicts    3. The state uses legal and legitimate violence. The legality of coercion is the compliance of coercive measures with the law. The legitimacy of violence is the degree of support for the measures taken by the population.  Compulsion acts in the form of criminal punishment,  administrative, property and other sanctions.   Legitimacy is confirmed by the data of public opinion, voting, referendums. The universal criterion for the legitimacy of coercion is its compliance with universal human values. "Bayonets are suitable for everything, but you cannot sit on them" Talleyrand Functions of the state Functions of the state are the main directions of its activity, expressing the essence and purpose of the state in society. Functions of the state internal external Internal Political Law enforcement External Diplomacy Defense Foreign political  Law enforcement Social Development of health care, education, science, culture Ensuring national security and others) Fighting the consequences of emergencies Cooperation in resolving global problems Economic Foreign economic Main internal functions 1. Political: It is conditioned by the need to balance the interests of different social groups The state forms the parliament, ensuring democracy.  The state ensures the protection of the constitutional order and state sovereignty  The state carries out law-making activities   2. Economic It is expressed in the development of programs for the country's economic development  The state establishes taxes  Issues loans, investments    Establishes benefits for business entities Creates the legal basis of the market Manages enterprises owned by    3. Law enforcement It is aimed at ensuring the accurate and complete implementation of laws by all citizens, organizations and government. By the authorities The state applies measures of legal influence Fights against offenses with the help of the system of law enforcement bodies    4. Environmental At the present stage, it is one of the main functions of the state. The state develops environmental legislation External functions of the state 1. Diplomatic:  The state contributes to the maintenance of acceptable relations with all countries, regardless of their ideology, economic system   2. Defense function: The state keeps its armed forces on alert to repel external aggression 3. Foreign policy:   The state carries out political cooperation with other states in order to exclude global armed conflicts Main bodies for coordinating the political interests of countries: UN, UN Security Council 5. Foreign economic:  Associated with the development of mutually beneficial cooperation with other states, manifests itself in the international division of labor, exchange technologies, coordination of goods turnover, development of credit and financial ties. 6. Law enforcement:   It consists in resolving disputes between states, protecting those states and peoples that are not able to stand up for themselves. It manifests itself in the fight against international terrorism and crime. 8. Social:  It manifests itself in social assistance and support to developing countries, as well as countries in transition (aid, financial, humanitarian, etc.) 9. Cultural cooperation:   It is carried out on the basis of bilateral and multilateral agreements between states, non-governmental organizations (IOC). Activities within the framework of the UN are coordinated by UNESCO 10. Contribution to the establishment of global rule of law:  It manifests itself in the development of international law (International Humanitarian Law, International Charter of Human Rights) 11. Informational:  Presenting truthful information about international events to the world community and its peoples. 12.Ecological:  Participation in the elimination of the consequences of environmental disasters 13. Cooperation of states in solving global problems of our time:  Organization of rational use of natural resources, energy conservation, peacekeeping, demographic policy, etc.