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Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Tashkent Medical Academy

Department of General and Radiation Hygiene

Approve

Vice Rector for Academic Affairs

Teschaev O.R.

LECTURE

"Water as a health factor"

Compiler - prof. Ponomareva L.A.

Reviewer - prof. Shaykhova G.I.

Tashkent 2013.

Topic: "Water as a health factor"

Lecture reading technology

Time -2 hours	Number of students - 50-75
Type of classes	Visualized lecture
Lecture Plan:	1. Value - the value of water in a person's life 3. Connecting about centralized and local water supply, hygienic standards of water consumption 4.Gygienic characteristics of water supply sources in Ruz 5.Gygienic requirements for the quality of water drinking 6. Connecting and essence of methods for improving the quality of drinking water
The purpose of the lecture	Familiarize students with the creature of the question and form them to aware of the importance of water supply problems in RUZ. Teach to navigate in matters of hygienic assessment of water supply systems and the nature of water sources, familiarize with hygienic requirements for the quality of drinking water, the concept and essence of the methods of improving its quality
Pedagogical tasks: Together with students consider the physiological and hygienic value of water Familiarize students with epidemiological role of water Familiarize students with modern water supply problems in Ruz Submit the concept of centralized and local water supply and hygienic standards of water consumption Give a hygienic characteristic of water sources in Ruz Familiarize with hygienic requirements for water quality drinking Give the concept and essence of methods for improving drinking water quality	The results of training activities: The student should be aware of the physiological, hygienic and epidemiological role of water in the life of a person Have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe current water supply problems in RUZ Have the concept of economic and drinking water supply systems population and hygienic water consumption standards Know on water resources and hygienic characteristics of water supply sources in Ruz Know the hygiene requirements for the quality of water drinking in accordance with GOST 950-2011 Have the concept of the nature and essence of the methods of improving the quality of drinking water
Teaching methods	Lecture, demonstration
Form of study	Frontal collective work
Means of education	Lecture text; Visual materials (slides, GOST 950-2011); Video projector; Classic school board
Conditions of education	Audience adapted to accommodate the required number of students and for TSO to work, allowing to provide contact and feedback with students
Monitoring and evaluation of results	Live communication, oral or written poll

Technological map lectures

Part of classes and time
	Teacher (issues under consideration)	Students
Part1- Introduction	Leads: 1 Name of the topic, purpose of lecture, expected results 2. Home reviewed questions	Listen, write down, clarify the concepts, ask questions
Part2 Main part	Considers and demonstrates the TC using the slides of the main materials of the topic, focuses on the main points and conclusions for each topic of the topic Answers asked questions Requires records in working notebooks	Listen, leads records of basic materials lectures, ask questions, answer questions asked by the teacher
Final	Makes a lecture Specifies questions and gives tasks for independent work	Listen, ask questions, write down tasks

The purpose of the lecture: to familiarize students with the creature of the question and form them awareness of the importance of water supply problems in RUZ, to learn to navigate the importance of water supply systems and the nature of water sources, emphasize the need and importance of sanitary supervision of drinking water quality. The lecture examined the value of water in human life (physiological, hygienic, epidemiological), covered the main problems of walking and drinking water supply in RUZ (greater need for fresh water, insufficient number of its sources, water pollution, low level of central water supply, especially in rural terrain). Special attention has been drawn to the priaral region. The concept of centralized and local water supply, as well as the concept of hygienic water consumption norms, is given, the most important norms of water consumption adopted in RUZ are given. The hygienic characteristics of the two groups of water sources in the territory of the RUZ (underground, surface), the concept of choosing sources for shopping water supply in accordance with GOST 951-2000 is given. The processes of pollution and self-purification of water water sources, the organization of sanitary protection zones of centralized water supply sources. The general requirements for the quality of drinking water according to GOST 950-2000 are characterized. The general concept of the methods of improving the quality of drinking water (main, additional), disclosed the essence and methods of basic methods.

1. Water value in man's life

water supply Uzbekistan drinking

Water is a prerequisite for human life, animal and plants. It is widely used in the national economy, for industrial and technical needs, for irrigation agriculture.

One of the main types of use of water resources is the water supply of populated areas. With water supply of the population, the maintenance of high levels of public health is associated, eliminating the risk of many epidemic diseases, the overall improvement and sanitary comfort in housing.

When the characteristic of water as a health factor, it is necessary to highlight the three of its main roles:

1 - the physiological role of water. The human body is 65% (adults) - 80% (children) consists of water. Water in the body is a universal solvent, without it, no biochemical process is impossible, it is an important structural element of cells, water is actively involved in the thermoregulation processes of the body, etc. To carry out physiological functions in a comfortable microclimate environment, it is necessary about 1.5 liters of water per day. This value characterizes the minimum physiological need for water, less than which is dehydrating the body. The loss of 5% of water is accompanied by a thirst, 10% water-functional disorders and various pathologies, 20% and more percent - death from dehydration. The optimal physiological need for water under a comfortable microclimate is 2.2 liters / day. In our climatic conditions, during the hot season, the process of sweating is increasing dramatically, and therefore the physiological need for water increases to 8-10 l / day (on average 4-5 liters / day).

2 - hygienic role of water. A large amount of water is spent by a person to meet the hygiene needs - maintain the purity of the body, clothes, dwellings, cooking, washing dishes, for hardening the body. For these purposes, several tens of liters of water per day per person are used. The growth of water consumption is most related to the improvement of the sanitary and hygienic living conditions of the population.

3 - epidemiological role of water. Water is one of the most important factors for the transfer of many infectious diseases - cholera, abdominal typhoids, paratifies, dysentery, hepatitis, brucellosis, and other, as well as some invasions (typical - rishta). This is due to the fact that many pathogenic microorganisms for a long time (from several days to several months - table) retain not only life, but also virulent properties. This is of particular importance in hot climate conditions, since the duration of survival in water pathogenic microorganisms increases. In this regard, the water factor in the transmission of infectious diseases in our republic is one of the most important. The establishment of a water nature of the outbreak of infectious diseases (water epidemic) allows you to make fast and effective measures to interrupt epidens. It should be borne in mind that the water epidemic has some characteristic features, namely: in a short period of time, a large number of infections of the same name (diseases of diseases) are registered, infectious diseases are detected from the population living in a certain place (locality), and after the detection and disposal of the water source Infectious incidence drops sharply.

2. Water supply problems in RUZ

The growth and construction of new cities and towns, the reconstruction of previously existing settlements lead to the need to use all new sources of water supply, because according to WHO, 80% of all diseases are somehow related to the consumption of poor-quality water. In this regard, the problem of ensuring the population with benign water is enough in all countries, especially since the 1.5 million cubic meters of water resources of the Earth - 97% of water - these are water seas and oceans, glaciers and icebergs, which are only insignificant small The quantities can be used for economic and drinking purposes (example - the use of desalinated seawater - Aktau, some cities in the Arab Emirates). In addition, the available sources of fresh water are unevenly distributed on land, often without the existing need for water. Thus, in Ruz, the general need for fresh water is 62-65 cc. A year (85% - agriculture, 12% - industry, 3% - utilities), and the annual stock of rivers forming in RUZ is 10 cu. km \\ year. Even the reservoir existing on the territory of the republic is not able to provide water consumption, since their total capacity is 16 cubic meters. km. In this regard, the main water consumption is ensured at the expense of the Amudarya and Syrdarya Rivers, which are emerging in other countries and provide water use not only RUZ, but also Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan.

Most of the existing water bodies are subjected to significant pollution: more than 6 cubic meters are reset in the republic in the republic. km. Polluted waters. The most polluted surface water sources in the alarm, Karakalpakia, in the area of \u200b\u200bplacement of industrial facilities. Not only superficial, but also underground water are exposed to pollution. In this case, contaminated surface water can be seeded in groundwater, leading to their regional pollution, and soil contamination in individual territories leads to local contamination of groundwater. Thus, due to filtering of pollution from the combined tail of the copper and lead processing factories and the dumps of the phosphogypsum of the Chemicals supply, groundwater pollution occurred in the PCTC district of the Tashkentgt region, and the excess of the MPC of such pollutants, like selenium, cadmium, phosphates were revealed 5 km from the tailing dance (Regional pollution). In the Tashlak district of the Fergana region, as a result of many years of leakage of petroleum products from underground pipelines of the oil refinery, an area of \u200b\u200binsoluble petroleum products was formed on the surface of groundwater with an area of \u200b\u200bup to 7 square meters. km with a layer power in separate areas up to 3 m.

3. The concept of centralized and local water supply

All of the above sharply worsens the water supply of the population of the republic, which cannot be considered perfect. In the cities of Ruz, the provision of the population of water supply is 78-98%, while in rural areas - an average of 48-52%.

Centralized water supply (water supply) is the best water supply option, since if, with a local water supply, the population takes water directly from the source without any cleaning, then water production is carried out with centralized water supply, its cleaning and delivery directly to the consumer. The centralized water supply of the population is in 257 settlements of the republic, however, in a number of rural settlements (28 points), the provision of tap water is from "0" to 40%. The most serious problems arise in solving the issue of centralized water supply of the population of Karakalpakstan, Khorezm, Bukhara, as well as the western part of the Samarkand region, Jizzakh, Kashkadarya and Surkhandarya regions. Since 1990, the state program of water supply of cities and towns is carried out in the republic, during these years 13.5 thousand km of water pipeline (mainly in the aralle), but in accordance with the state program of improving the population, the power of utility water pipelines must be increased from 7 to 20 million cubic meters. For a day, so to solve the problem of providing the population with drinking water still have a huge amount of work. The solution to this task will bring closer to the hygienic standards of water consumption, which depend primarily on the degree of municipal improvement of settlements.

The norms of water consumption in RUZ are determined by SNIP 2.04.01-98 "Internal water supply and sewage system". The specified document identifies the norms of water consumption for buildings of various purposes and varying degrees of comfort. So, for residential buildings, water consumption rate is:

For the hospitals of the general profile, the rate of water consumption is 115-200 liters / bed per day, for infectious hospitals - 240 liters / day, in polyclinics and ambulance - 13 l \\ patient in shift. Compared with previously used water consumption standards, the above values \u200b\u200bare lower, since the deficit factor of fresh water is taken into account.

The implementation of the state program of water supply inhabited areas requires the right choice of the water supply. An important role at the same time is given to the medical service, since the main criterion for selecting the source is its compliance with certain hygienic requirements.

4. Hygienic characteristics of water supply sources in Ruz

All used and potentially suitable water supply sources on the territory of RUZ can be divided into two groups: underground and superficial.

The predicted groundwater reserves in RUZ make up about 18 cubic meters. km, explored today - 7kub. km \\ year. Underground waters lie at various depths, in connection with which they distinguish:

Ripper: Burning depth - 0.5 - 1m. The ripper is formed above close to the surface by leaving the waterproof layers due to the seeping of atmospheric precipitation. At the same time, contamination (microorganisms, chemicals) are washed out of the soil into water, therefore, in the hygienic attitude of the rigor, it is impossible to use it for economic and drinking water supply. Such groundwater is in the territory of the Khorezm, Bukhara regions. In these areas, it is necessary to conduct an explanatory work among the population about why this water cannot be used for drinking, even if it is sufficiently transparent.

Groundwater: located in the form of several horizons at a depth of 5-30m. They are formed by seeping atmospheric precipitation, but due to the fact that water is filtered through a thick layer of the soil, water is cleared of contamination and can be used as a source of local water supply. For proper use, its deficiency is organized (or drilled), its deficiency is organized, protection against pollution (cover, roof), sanitary protection area, covering the "depression zone".

Artesian waters. There are two species - pressure and non-free. Artesian water is formed due to the melting of glaciers in the mountains, followed by moving on tens and hundreds of kilometers under the ground. The accumulation of artesian waters occurs at high depths (from 50-60 to hundreds of meters under the ground) over the waterproof layer (non-pressure water) or between two waterproof layers (pressure water). On the territory of RUZ, the main part of the reserves of artesian waters is connected with the melting of eternal snow in the mountains, the reserves of artesian waters are located in the flat locality, i.e. Accumulating water makes a path of hundreds of kilometers underground. The sanitary advantages of artesian waters are very high: they rarely require additional improvement in quality, have a relatively stable chemical composition and natural purity in bacteriological terms, characterized by high transparency, colorlessness, pleasant to taste. The salt composition of one horizon is usually constant and changes should be considered as a sign of sanitary disadvantage, as this may be a consequence of water flow from the overlying horizon, water filtration through the "windows" in the waterproof layer, pollution through the wellness of the well.

Artesian waters can be successfully used to feed small water pipes, such as autonomous water supply of hospitals.

In the presence of rumors of rocks, according to which water passes from its place of education, Spring is formed. Springs are a lot in the mountainous regions of the republic. Such springs can also be used to power the plumbing of small power. Water springs, as a rule, is characterized by good qualities and the main task when using them is to prevent water pollution at the place of way out to the surface (the organization of the trapping of the spring).

Water coastal infiltration wells. It is formed by seeping water from the river bed or other reservoirs. Water in such wells has satisfactory hygienic properties, but before it is used, it is necessary to study water quality and, if necessary, expose water to additional cleaning.

Sources that feed the water pipelines of high power, as a rule, are surface waters: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, channels. These water sources are already due to natural features (melting of snow, rains, floods) are distinguished by the impermanence of the composition of water. In addition, for surface waters, the value of anthropogenic influence is extremely large, which is mentioned above.

The most important feature in our republic is widespread use as sources of water supply a large number of reservoirs. The largest of them are Farhadskoye, Charvak, Thuya-Buguz, Kartan-Kurgan, Kuyu-Mazar, and others. Reservoirs of the republic can be divided into two types: channels (flow), for example, Charvak, Thuya-Buzuz, and bulk type (non-flow) , for example, a cascade of reservoirs on AMU Darius. An unfavorable feature of reservoirs, especially bulk type, is a gradual increase in the concentration of mineral substances, due to the evaporation of water from the surface. Another feature of the reservoir is the summer bloom of water as a result of the rapid growth of algae, mainly blue-green; After the excretion of algae, the water enrichment of the decomposing organic matter, the appearance of hydrogen sulfide, the drop in oxygen dissolved in water.

Water surface water sources requires mandatory cleaning before feeding to a plumbing network.

The choice of water sources is one of the responsible tasks of sanitary supervision. The basic principle of the choice of the source is the consideration of its sanitary reliability and the possibility of obtaining benign drinking water hygienic, technical requirements and the rules for the choice of centralized economic and drinking water sources were reflected in GOST No. 951- 2011, which indicates that, taking into account sanitary reliability, sources are chosen in the following order:

Memralast pressure water

Inter-plastic non-patural water

Groundwater and artificially replenished lightwater

Surface waters.

The main criteria when choosing a water source are: water quality according to the results of analyzes, the hydrogeological characteristics of the source, the sanitary characteristic of the area in the area of \u200b\u200bthe source location, potential sources of water pollution. Depending on these characteristics, water sources are divided into three classes, and for each class GOST, it provides for the use of certain methods of water treatment.

Ensuring the population with a sufficient amount of benign water depends largely on the correctness of the organization of water intakes and methods for improving the quality of drinking water.

The purity of surface waters, as, however, and underground, is primarily determined by the sanitary condition of the territory around the place of water intake. In this regard, when using this water source around the place of the water intake, sanitary protection zones (CSO) are established. The CSO is the territory around the water source and plumbing facilities, within which a certain sanitary regime should be observed. CSO should have three belts:

1 belt - strict regime zone (water intake, pumping station, water treatment facilities and reservoir for 200 m above and below the water intake). This territory must be fenced, landscaped, have protection. The territory does not allow the placement of objects that are not related to the head facilities of the water supply.

2 belt - zone limited. The upper limit of the zone is determined by the time required for self-purification of water, and the flow rate. For water bodies with running water, the limit zone can be calculated by the formula:

30 \u003d V x t, where V is the flow rate, km / day, T- time of self-cleaning, day. This zone does not allow the placement of water pollution (industrial enterprises, discharge of household wastewater and wastewater from agricultural objects, etc.).

3 belt - observation zone. This zone includes the whole water area of \u200b\u200bthe water object; Here is recorded and controlling the incidence of water infections and animals.

5. Requirements for the quality of drinking water

Drinking water should be safe in an epidemic attitude, harmlessly in chemical composition, must have favorable organoleptic properties and be safe in radiation. The fulfillment of these requirements is achieved by consulting the quality of drinking water. The requirements of GOST RUZ 950 - 2011. "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements and quality control. "

GOST consists of two main sections: "Standards of water quality indicators and methodologies of their control" and "Water quality control in centralized drinking water supply systems".

Standards of drinking water quality indicators include:

1. Microbiological indicators: general microbial number, Kolya index, Escherichia (indicators of fresh fecal pollution), Koliphaga

3. Toxicological indicators (MPC) for: a) inorganic components (15 names) and b) organic components (4 names), pesticides (in accordance with the addition)

4. Organoleptic indicators and PDC components normed by the influence on the organoleptic properties of water (17 indicators)

5. Radioactive pollution indicators - alpha and beta activity

5.6. The concept and essence of methods for improving the quality of drinking water. The total compliance of the water of the water source requirements of GOST 950- 2011 is an uncharacteristic phenomenon for both superficial water sources and for some underground sources. In this connection, centralized water suggests water purification, and the choice of cleaning methods and the volume of the necessary purification is determined by the quality of water in the water source, i.e. Class of water source. In accordance with GOST 951-2011, water purification is not required only for underground water sources of class 1. In all other cases, the volume and methods of cleaning depend on the initial properties of water and are given in the state 951-2000.

All used water purification methods can be divided into two groups: basic and optional. Basic methods are used in almost all cases, additional - only if the water of the water source has specific pollution.

The basic methods of water purification include lightening and disinfection of water.

Lightening is the release of water from suspended particles. It has great importance for water purification of surface water sources, especially in the flood period, since at this time in water bodies in the territory of RUZ contains a large number of clay particles.

On the water supply facilities, water lightening is carried out in several stages:

1 - adding coagulant to water, forming loose flakes, exciting clay particles;

2 - Water settling, as a result of which coagulant flakes together with clay particles settle on the bottom of the sump;

3 - water filtering for final clarification.

Clarification of water is also necessary if there is a phytoplankton in water - in this case, microfiltration is carried out for clarification.

Disinfection of water is the liberation of drinking water from microorganisms. There are physical and chemical methods of disinfection physical methods - boiling, ultraviolet irradiation - are little suitable for disinfection of large volumes of water, although it is quite effective, therefore, when purifying water in centralized water supply, chemical processing methods use. The main ones are: chlorination, ozonation. When chlorination, chlorine-containing preparations (chlorine lime) are introduced into water, during the dissolution of which is formed atomic chlorine, which has a bactericidal effect. Insufficient enclosures of chlorine makes chlorination ineffective, and excess chlorine impair the organoleptic properties of water and leads to the formation of chlorophenols with carcinogenic properties. In this regard, the organization of chlorination requires control of the correctness of chlorination and the value of the so-called residual chlorine after water chlorination.

Depending on the initial properties of water, chlorination can be carried out by normal chlorine doses, in the form of hyperchlorination or chlorination with ammonization, double chlorination (before upholding and after filtration), overturning. After making a chlorrease in water, the time of contact of chlorine with water should be at least 30 minutes, after which the residual chlorine should remain in the amount of 0.3-0.5 mg \\ l.

When ozonizing water, the main active onset is ozone input. Ozone is effective, however, compared with chlorination, this method is much more expensive. After the administration of ozone into water in the mixing chamber there should be a contact of ozone with water for at least 12 minutes. With effectively disinfection of water after a mixing chamber in water, 0.1-0.3 mg \\ L of residual ozone should remain.

The chemical methods of disinfection also include electrolytic water treatment with silver (or filtering through a filter from silver granules). The method is highly efficient, however, the cost of such treatment is very high.

Additional methods of water treatment are used in the presence of some specific deviations of water quality on the requirements of GOST. These methods include:

Definery (by aeration with subsequent upholding and filtering)

Deodorization (by aeration, overwork with subsequent dechlorination, ozonation)

Softening (by limeting with soda, cationic softening, boiling)

Deprictions and desalination of water (by distillation and filtering through ion exchange filters)

Furning (filtering through aluminum oxide)

Deactivation of water - Removal of radioactive substances (coagulation, settling, filtering through ion exchange filters, distillation)

In this lecture, the most important issues of water supply of the population as one of the most important factors for the development of the human community are considered. Excessive environmental resources require the search for their replacement, and therefore new sources of energy appear, new rocks of animal and varieties of plants. But it is unlikely that even in the remote future, people will find water substitutes and air - the basis of life on earth. The limitations of water reserves, has long been published the limits of the development of the Civilizations of the Earth's dry belt, now becomes a problem for all mankind. To solve it, the methods of desalination of seawater are being developed, the redistribution of river runoff on huge territories is planned, the technology of the national economy is being improved in order to save water consumption. But first of all, it is necessary to properly use the existing water resources, be able to accurately calculate and predict the possibility of their qualitative and quantitative changes, taking into account the needs of specific territories in fresh water for all needs.

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Water as a factor in public health

GOU VPO PGMA them. Acad. E. A. Wagner

Department of General Hygiene

Water as a factor in public health

Mikhailovna

medical and prophylactic

Introduction

2. The role of water in the transfer of infectious diseases

3. The influence of the chemical composition of water on the health of the population

4. Hygienic requirements for drinking water quality

Conclusion

Bibliography

Water, you have neither color, no taste, no odor,

you cannot describe you, you enjoy

do not know what you are. It is impossible to say

what is necessary for life: You yourself life.

With you come back to us forces,

with whom we have already bought out.

By your mercy in us begin again

brightly dried rods of our heart.

1 The hygiene value of water

Water is the most important factor in the formation of the inner environment of the body and at the same time one of the factors of the external environment. Where there is no water, there is no life. All processes characteristic of living organisms inhabiting our land occur in water. Lack of water (dehydration) leads to a violation of all the functions of the body and even death. Reducing the amount of water by 10% causes irreversible changes. Fabric exchange, life processes occur in aquatic environment.

Water is actively involved in the so-called water and salt metabolism. The processes of digestion and respiration proceed normally in case of sufficient amount of water in the body. The role of water and in the excretory function of the organism, which contributes to the normal functioning of the urinary system.

Water is a universal solvent. It dissolves all physiologically active substances. Water is a liquid phase that has a certain physical and chemical structure, which determines its ability as a solvent. Living organisms that consume water with different structure are developing and grow differently. Therefore, the structure of water can be considered as the most important biological factor. The structure of water is largely affected by the ionic composition of water.

Water molecule - electrically active connection. It has two active electrical center, which create an electric field around them.

For the structure of water molecule, two features are characterized:

2. A kind of location of atoms in space

Water molecules can exist in the following forms:

1. In the form of a single water molecule - is monohydrol, or just hydrole

2. In the form of a double water molecule - Digidol

3. In the form of a triple water molecule - trihydrol

Depending on the dynamic equilibrium between forms, certain types of water are distinguished.

20 C. Such water the body receives only with natural products.

2. Freshly water - for 70% ice-like water. It has therapeutic properties, contributes to an increase in adaptogenic properties, but quickly (after 12 hours) loses its biological properties to stimulate the biochemical reactions of the organism.

3. Free, or ordinary water. Frozening temperature 0 C.

3 air contains an average of 8-9 g of water)

2. Through the kidneys and skin

dehydration.

No food, a person can live one month, and without water up to three days.

Regulation of water exchange is carried out with the help of the central nervous system and is under the maintenance center and the thirst center.

At the heart of the appearance of the feeling of thirst lies, apparently, the change in the physicochemical composition of blood and tissues in which disorders of osmotic pressure occur due to the lack of water in them, which leads to the initiation of CNS centers.

2 Water role in the transfer of infectious diseases

The relationship between the incidence of the population and the nature of water consumption has long been noted. Even in antiquity, some signs of water dangerous to health were known. However, only in the mid-19th century, epidemiological observations and bacteriological discoveries Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch made it possible to establish that water may contain some pathogenic organisms and contribute to the emergence and dissemination of diseases among the population. Among the factors determining the occurrence of water infections can be allocated:

1. Anthropogenic water pollution (priority in pollution)

2. Isolation of the causative agent from the body and entering the reservoir

3. Stability in the aquatic environment of bacteria and viruses

4. Fit from microorganisms and viruses with water to the human body.

2. Conservation of high incidence

3. Fast drop in an epidemic wave (after eliminating the pathological factor).

Among viral diseases are intestinal viruses and enteroviruses. They fall into water with fecal masses and other human discharges. In the aquatic environment, you can detect:

· Infective hepatitis virus

· Polio virus

· Adenovirus

· Coxaki virus

The pathogenic value has a dysenteric amoeba, common in the tropics and in Central Asia. Ameb's vegetative forms quickly die, but cysts are resistant in water. Moreover, chlorination of ordinary doses is ineffective in relation to the cyst of amoeba.

organized water supply is not only an important commonary event, but also an effective specific event against the spread of intestinal infections among the population. Thus, the successful elimination of the outbreak of cholera Eltor in the USSR (1970) was more due to the fact that the prevailing part of the urban population was fenced from the danger of the water path of its distribution due to normal centralized water supply.

3 Effect of water chemical composition on public health

Chemical composition of water.

Factors defining the chemical composition of water - chemicals that can be divided into:

1. Bioelements (iodine, fluorine, copper, cobalt)

2. Chemical elements, harmful to health (lead, mercury, selenium, arsenic, nitrates, uranium, spawn, pesticides, radioactive substances, carcinogenic substances)

3. Indifferent or even useful chemicals (calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides).

Indifferent chemicals in water.

The iron is two- and trivalent is contained in all natural water sources. Iron - a necessary component of a living organism. It is used to construct important respiratory and oxidative enzymes (hemoglobin, catalase). An adult man receives tens of milligrams of iron per day, so the amount of iron incoming with water does not have significant physiological significance. In the underground waters, it is often contained by a bivalent iron. If the water is swing, then connecting on the surface with air oxygen, iron turns into trivalent, and water acquires a brown color. Thus, iron content in drinking water is limited by influence on turbidity and chromaticity. A permissible concentration according to the standard is no more than 0.3 mg / l, for underground sources - no more than 1.0 mg / l.

Manganese in groundwater is contained in the form of bicarbonates, well soluble in water. In the presence of oxygen, it turns into a manganese hydroxide and falls into a precipitate, which enhances the chrominance and turbidity of water. In the practice of centralized water supply, the need to limit the content of manganese in drinking water is associated with the deterioration of organoleptic properties. No more than 0.1 mg / l is normalized.

Aluminum is contained in drinking water subjected to processing - clarification in the coagulation process with sulfate aluminum. Excessive aluminum concentrations give water an unpleasant, astringent flavor. Residual aluminum content in drinking water (no more than 0.2 mg / l) does not cause deterioration of organoleptic properties of water (on turbidity and taste)

Calcium and its salts determine the rigidity of water. The rigidity of drinking water is an essential criterion in which the population assesss the quality of drinking water. In rigid water, vegetables and meat are poorly welded, since the calcium salts and food proteins form insoluble compounds that are poorly absorbed. Washing linen is difficult, scale (insoluble precipitate) is formed in the heating devices). Experimental studies have shown that drinking water with rigidity of 20 mg-eq / l Weight and the frequency of formation of stones were significantly larger than when using water with rigidity of 10 mM-eq / l.

Bioelements.

It is covered mainly by the daily nutritional diet. In large concentrations (3-5 mg / l), copper affects the taste of water (binding). Regulatory on this feature of no more than 1 mg / l in water.

Zinc as a trace element is found in natural underground waters. In large concentrations, zinc is found in water bodies contaminated with industrial wastewater. Zinc salts in large concentrations act irritably on the gastrointestinal tract. The value of zinc compounds in water is determined by their influence on organoleptic properties. At 30 mg / l, water acquires milk color, and an unpleasant metal taste disappears at 3 mg / l, therefore the zinc content is normalized in water no more than 3 mg / l.

Salt mineralization (macro- and trace elements) take part in the mineral exchange and life of the body, affect the growth and development of the body, blood formation, reproduction, are part of enzymes, hormones and vitamins. The human body contains iodine, fluorine, copper, zinc, bromine, manganese, aluminum, chrome, nickel, cobalt, lead, etc.

From diseases associated with adverse chemical composition of water, first of all identify endemic goiter. This disease is widespread in the territory of the Russian Federation. The causes of the disease are the absolute insufficiency of iodine in the external environment socio-hygienic conditions of the population. The daily need for iodine is 120-125 μg.

In areas for which this disease is not typical, the intake of iodine into the body comes from plant food (70 μg), from animal food (40 μg), from air (5 μg) and from water (5 μg). The drinking water in drinking water belongs to the role of the general level indicator content of this element in the external environment. Goz is distributed in rural areas, where the population is powered by the products of local origin, and in the soil little iodine. Residents of Moscow and St. Petersburg also use water with low iodine (2 μg), but there are no epidemics, since the population is powered by imported products from other areas, which provides a favorable iodine balance.

Drinking water is the main source of fluorine intake in the body than and is determined by the decisive value of fluorine drinking water in the development of endemic fluorosis.

Endemic fluorosis is a disease that appears in the indigenous population of certain districts of Russia, Ukraine and other countries, an early symptom, which is the defeat of the teeth in the form of enamels. It is generally accepted that spotting is not a consequence of the local action of Fluoride. Fluorine, falling into the blood, has a general oxic effect, first of all calls dentin destruction.

A daily food diet gives 0.8 mg of fluorine, and the fluorine content in drinking water is often 2-3 mg / l. There is a clear connection between the severity of the earth damage and the amount of fluorine in drinking water. A definite value for the development of fluorosis has a transferred infection, insufficient content in the diet of milk and vegetables. The disease is determined by the socio-cultural living conditions of the population. Preventive measures regarding Fluor's action can be considered:

2. Eating food and fluid with an increased calcium content (vegetables and dairy products), as calcium binds fluorine and translates it into an insoluble complex.

3. Protective role of vitamins

5. Water Defluorion.

Fluorosis is the total disease of the whole organism, although it is more particularly evident in the defeat of the teeth.

With fluorosis marks:

1. Violation of phosphorus-ring exchange

2. Violation of intracellular enzymes (phospotal)

3. Violation of the immunobiological activity of the body.

Fluorosis stage:

1. Stage - the appearance of melovoid spots

2. Stage - the appearance of pigment spots

3. and 4 stages - the appearance of defects and erosion enamel (decenter destruction)

The fluorine content is normalized by the standard, since water is harmful and with a small - 0.5-0.7 mg / l - content of fluorine, as the caries of teeth develops. The rationing is carried out by climatic areas, depending on the level of water consumption. In the first and second area - 1.5 mg / l, in the third - 1.2 mg / l, in the fourth - 0.7 mg / l. 80-90% of the total population are amazed by caries. This is a potential source of infection and intoxication. Caries is conducted to digestion disorders and chronic diseases of the stomach, heart and joints. Convincing evidence of fluoride anticarial action is the practice of water fluorination.

Mercury causes minamate disease (pronounced embryotoxic effect).

Cadmium causes ITAY-ITAY's disease (violation of lipid sharing).

Arsenic has a pronounced ability to cumulation in the body, its chronic effect is related to the impact on the peripheral nervous system and the development of polyneurite.

Bor has a pronounced gonadotoxic effect. Violasters sexual activity in men and ovarian menstrual cycle in women. Born is rich in the underground waters of Western Siberia.

A number of synthetic materials used in water supply can cause intoxication. These are primarily synthetic pipes, polyethylene, phenol formaldehyde, coagulants and flocculants, resins and membranes used in desalination. Having worried to health in the water pesticides, carcinogenic substances, nitrosmen.

SPEV (synthetic surfactants) are stable in water and are lowered, but they have an allergenic effect, and also contributes to the best absorption of carcinogenic substances and pesticides.

it is characterized by disorder of digestion, reducing the acidity of gastric juice. In this regard, in the upper intestinal sectors, nitrates are restored to nitrites. Nitrates come to drinking water due to broad chemicalization of agriculture, the use of nitrogen fertilizers. In children pH of the gastric juice is 3, which contributes to the restoration of nitrates into nitrites and the formation of methamoglobin. In addition, children do not have enzymes restoring methemoglobin to hemoglobin.

Salt composition - factor constantly and long-affording population. This is a factor of low intensity. The effect of chloride, chloride sulfate and hydrocarbonate types of water was noted on:

· Reducing the secretory and increasing motor activity of the digestive

· Uremaid

The elevated saline composition of water affects the manifestation of unsatisfactory organoleptic properties, which leads to a decrease in the "water appetite" and the restriction of its consumption.

The effect of water with low mineralization (desalinated, distilled water) causes:

· Violation of the input and salt metabolism (reduced chlorine exchange in tissues)

· Changes in the functional state of the gopofin-adrenal system, the voltage of protective-adaptive reactions

· Raging of the growth and bridge of the body.

4 Hygienic requirements for drinking water quality

2. 1. 4. 1074-01.

SanPiN is applied with regard to water intended for consumption by the population in drinking and domestic purposes, for use in the processing of food raw materials, production, transportation and storage of food products.

Drinking water should be safe epidemiological and radiation ratio, harmlessly in chemical composition and have favorable organoleptic properties.

The most common and common type of danger associated with drinking water is due to its pollution by wastewater, other waste or feces of man and animals.

each pathogenic microorganism in water is not recognized as appropriate. A more logical approach is to identify organisms usually present in human faeces and other warm-blooded animals, as indicators of fecal pollution, as well as indicators of the effectiveness of purification processes and disinfection of water. The identification of such organisms indicates the presence of feces, and consequently, on the possible presence of intestinal pathogenic agents.

Organisms - indicators of fecal pollution.

The use of typical intestinal organisms as indicators of fecal contamination (and not pathogenic agents themselves) is a generally recognized principle of monitoring and evaluating the microbiological safety of water supply.

Colimal organisms have long been considered convenient microbial indicators of drinking water quality, mainly because it is easy to detect and quantify. These are grams, they have the ability to ferment lactose at 35-37 ° C (total coliforms) and at 44-44.5 s (thermotractable coliforms) to acid and gas, oxidase-negative, do not form a dispute and include E. coli species, citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella.

Common coliform bacteria according to Sanpina must be absent in 100 ml of drinking water, and their presence indicates insufficient cleaning or secondary contamination after cleaning. In this sense, the coliform test can be used as an indicator of purification efficiency.

Termotomatic coliforms according to Sanpina must be absent in 100 ml of drinking water.

Conclusion

Water - the substance is familiar and unusual. The well-known Soviet scientist Academician Petryanov I.V. His scientific and popular book about the water called "the most unusual substance in the world", and "Entertaining physiology", written by Dr. Biological Sciences Sergeyev B. F., begins with the head of water - "Substance, which created our planet. "

Scientists are absolutely right: there is no substance on Earth, more important to us than ordinary water, and at the same time there is no other such substance, in whose properties there would be so many contradictions and anomalies as in its properties.

Bibliography

1. Magazine "Ecology and Life"

2. Handbook "General Hygiene", M., 2007

3 Effect of water chemical composition on public health

Chemical composition of water.

Factors defining the chemical composition of water - chemicals that can be divided into:

1. Bioelements (iodine, fluorine, copper, cobalt)

2. Chemical elements, harmful to health (lead, mercury, selenium, arsenic, nitrates, uranium, spawn, pesticides, radioactive substances, carcinogenic substances)

3. Indifferent or even useful chemicals (calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides).

Indifferent chemicals in water.

Bioelements.

Copper in low concentrations occurs in natural underground waters and is a true biomicro-element. The need for it (mainly for blood formation) adult is not large - 2-3 g per day. It is covered mainly by the daily nutritional diet. In large concentrations (3-5 mg / l), copper affects the taste of water (binding). Regulatory on this feature of no more than 1 mg / l in water.

The development of medical science made it possible to expand the ideas about the peculiarities of the chemical (salt and microelement) composition of the water, its biological role and the possible harmful influence on the health of the population.

Drinking water is the main source of fluorine intake in the body than and is determined by the decisive value of fluorine drinking water in the development of endemic fluorosis.

1. Use of water with a large content of mineral salts

2. Eating food and fluid with an increased calcium content (vegetables and dairy products), as calcium binds fluorine and translates it into an insoluble complex.

3. Protective role of vitamins

5. Water Defluorion.

Fluorosis is the total disease of the whole organism, although it is more particularly evident in the defeat of the teeth.

With fluorosis marks:

1. Violation of phosphorus-ring exchange

2. Violation of intracellular enzymes (phospotal)

3. Violation of the immunobiological activity of the body.

Fluorosis stage:

1. Stage - the appearance of melovoid spots

2. Stage - the appearance of pigment spots

3. and 4 stages - the appearance of defects and erosion enamel (decenter destruction)

Mercury causes minamate disease (pronounced embryotoxic effect).

Cadmium causes ITAY-ITAY's disease (violation of lipid sharing).

Arsenic has a pronounced ability to cumulation in the body, its chronic effect is related to the impact on the peripheral nervous system and the development of polyneurite.

Bor has a pronounced gonadotoxic effect. Violasters sexual activity in men and ovarian menstrual cycle in women. Born is rich in the underground waters of Western Siberia.

SPEV (synthetic surfactants) are stable in water and are lowered, but they have an allergenic effect, and also contributes to the best absorption of carcinogenic substances and pesticides.

When using water containing elevated concentrations of nitrates, breast-age children are ill-nitrate methemaglobinemia. Easy form of the disease can be in adults. This disease is characterized by disorder of digestion, reducing the acidity of gastric juice. In this regard, in the upper intestinal sectors, nitrates are restored to nitrites. Nitrates come to drinking water due to broad chemicalization of agriculture, the use of nitrogen fertilizers. In children pH of the gastric juice is 3, which contributes to the restoration of nitrates into nitrites and the formation of methamoglobin. In addition, children do not have enzymes restoring methemoglobin to hemoglobin.

Salt composition - factor constantly and long-affording population. This is a factor of low intensity. The effect of chloride, chloride sulfate and hydrocarbonate types of water was noted on:

· Water-salt exchange

· Purin exchange

· Reducing the secretory and increasing motor activity of the digestive

· Uremaid

· Blood formation

· Cardiovascular diseases (Hypertensive disease atherosclerosis)

The elevated saline composition of water affects the manifestation of unsatisfactory organoleptic properties, which leads to a decrease in the "water appetite" and the restriction of its consumption.

The effect of water with low mineralization (desalinated, distilled water) causes:

· Violation of the input and salt metabolism (reduced chlorine exchange in tissues)

· Changes in the functional state of the gopofin-adrenal system, the voltage of protective-adaptive reactions

· Raging of the growth and bridge of the body.

The minimum permissible level of total mineralization of the desalination water should be at least 100 mg / l.

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Atmospheric pressure and health

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Effect of environmental pollution on public health

The effect of hereditary factors on the physical and mental development of a child of younger school age

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The influence of various factors on the health of the population

Water and health

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Basic Principles and Directions of Health Policy

Reproductive health of the population

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Water as factor
Health

Plan lectures

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Physiological, hygienic and
The national economic value of water.
Hygienic assessment of sources
Water supply of the population.
Pollution, self-cleaning and sanitary
Protection of water sources.
Hygienic requirements for drinking quality
water.
Effect of water quality on people's health.

"Water is life, and life is an animal water" (Dubua Reonim)

According to authoritative scientists,
few years remain before
Clean fresh water will become the main
goods in the global market.
Now in the conditions of its chronic
The deficit lives 1.1 billion earthlings, and by 2025
The year their number will reach 3 billion, i.e.
Fresh a water crisis.

On average, 70% of fresh water consumed is used
agriculture, 22% - industry, and the remaining 8%
Go to domestic needs. This ratio varies in
Depending on the country's income: in low- and middle countries
income of 82% is used for agriculture, 10% - for
Industry and 8% - on domestic needs; In countries with high
Income these figures are 30, 59 and 11%.
Due to the inefficient work of irrigation systems, especially in
developing countries, 60% of water used for rural
The farms evaporates or returns to the reservoirs.
In the XX century, the scale of water use increased six times and
More than twice exceeded the growth rate of the population.
It is estimated that for the production of one glass of orange
The juice in Brazil is required to irrigate plantations 25 glasses
water. Production of 1 kg of wheat costs 500 liters of water, 1 kg
Bread - in 1000 l, and 1 kg of meat - 5000 liters.

Water - hydrogen oxide (H2O) is a colorless liquid without smell and taste.

Water - hydrogen oxide (H2O) colorless liquid odorless and taste.
5

Hydrosphere - Water Sheath
Earth. It includes oceans, seas,
lakes, rivers, reservoirs, swamps,
Glaciers, groundwater.
Water objects occupy ¾
Earth surfaces.

Water resources of the planet

Specified fresh water on
The planet is 2.5%.
In Russia, 1 resident is accounted for
30000 liters of fresh water per day.

Mineralization of water salts content (g / l)

Ultraspic water is less than 0.2 g / l.
Fresh water - no more than 1 g / l.
Salon water - from 1 to 2.5 g / l.
Cole water - more than 2.5 g / l.
Brines - more than 50 g / l.
Mineralization of the Water of the Dead Sea - 290 g / l.

10.

Physiological
And economic
Water value
10

11. The physiological value of water

Universal solvent majority
gaseous, liquid, solid organic and
inorganic substances.
Promotes electrolytic dissociation
contained in it acids, alkalis, salts and
Maintaining the most important constants of the body.
Is a catalyst of metabolic processes.
Provides all chemical, physical and
Colloidal metabolic processes in
organism.
11

12. Physiological value of water

Participates in the thermoregulation of the body,
evaporating from the skin surface and
respiratory tract.
Transport plastic I.
Energy substances.
Covers from 1 to 10% need
organism in minerals.

13. The physiological value of water

Water content in the body:
newborn - 80%;
adult - 65%
older people - no more than 60%
Water as structural
Element of the body
13

14. The physiological value of water

Water as a structural element
organism.
Plasma of blood - 90% water.
Leather and muscle - 70-80% water.
Skeleton - 22% water.
14

15. The specific need of the body in water

for newborns
150 g per kg of body weight;
For adult - 35-45 g / kg.

16. The need of the body in water

The average daily need of an adult is 2.5 liters.
Of them:
Driving with a drink - 1 l.
Admission with food - 1.2 liters.
It is formed in the body (endogenous water) - 0.3 liters.
16

17. Removal of water from the body

Through the kidneys - 1.5 liters.
Through the lungs - 0.35-0.4 liters.
Calves - 0.1-0.15 liters.
From then - 0.4-0.6 liters.
17

18.

Regulation of water replenishment
The organism reserves are carried out at
help of humoral and reflex
mechanisms: the physicochemical properties of blood change, signals with
receptors of the oral cavity and pharynx
transmitted to central nervous
system, which leads to a feeling
Thirst.

19. The physiological value of water

Water loss in quantity of 2% by weight
Body (1-1.5 l) is manifested by thirst.
With a loss of 10% (7 liters) of water violated
metabolism appear
hallucinations.
Loss of 20% of water is incompatible with
Life.
19

20. Hygienic, household water importance

Hygienic, economic viability of water
Water is necessary to maintain body cleanliness,
laundry laundry, washing dishes, vegetables, berries, fruit,
harvesting residential and public buildings, watering streets,
Green plantings, for fire aims,
The functioning of the alloy sewage system.
Water is a powerful means of hardening,
used for wiping, douse, baths,
massage, has a healing action (warm
Relaxes, cold tones).

21. The norms of household water consumption

The norms of economic resources consumption
in the presence of water supply, sewage and absence
Baths - 125-160 l per day per person;
In the presence of water supply, sewage and baths -
160-250 l;
in the presence of water supply, sewage, baths,
Central hot water supply
- 250-350 l;
Under the use of water columns
(without water supply and sewage) - 30-50 liters.

22.

Sources
WATER
22

23. 24. Atmospheric waters: rain and snow. The genesis of education is a condensant.

as a water source used in
low-water arid areas desert and
Far North;
have small mineralization, so
unfavorable in organoleptic and
biological relationship;
in the modern world environmentally
prosperous territories almost left
Therefore, atmospheric waters have
non-permanent composition and properties that
depend on the quality of air where it happened
The formation of precipitation ("acid" rains,
Dust storms).
24

25. 26. The breeds of the earth's crust

Plumby - sand,
Gravel, fractured limestone.
Waterproof - granite, clay,
solid limestone, dense
sandstone.

27. Scheme of groundwater

28. Underground water sources. According to the genesis of education - this is the filtrate

Soil water - moisture contained
in the soil.
Groundwater - Filtered deep into
soil and are located on the first from
Earth surface with a waterproof layer
Soil.
Inter-plastic waters - occupy the most
Deep aquifer between
waterproof layers
(Artesian Waters). Sometimes have
Exit to the surface in the form of springs.
28

29. 30. Underground water sources: soil

poorly cleaned;
Different variety I.
inconstancy;
For drinking is unsuitable, although often
Used in rural areas
(Wells).
30

31. Underground water sources: inter-slash

In hygienic attitude
Most preferred:
Possess good organoleptic
properties characterized almost complete
lack of bacteria;
have a permanent composition and quality;
Wide use of groundwater in
the quality of the water source is limited to them
Insufficient quantity (probit).
31

32. 33. Hygienic characteristics of surface waters

mineralized little;
unfavorable to organoleptic
relation;
contaminated;
water quality is inconstant;
dangerous in epidemic and toxic
relationships;
Significant flow rate (water volume).
33

34.

POLLUTION,
Self-cleaning I.
Sanitary
SECURITY
Water sources
34

35. Sources of pollution of water bodies

waste industrial wastewater
enterprises;
development of reservoir fields;
Economic fecal stocks
settlements;
Sewage water
animal farms;
rain, melt waters;
water transport;
Natural precipitation flushing from
Atmospheric Chemicals.
35

36.

The main reasons for pollution
Natural Water
Reset of untreated industrial
agricultural and domestic wastewater.
Square washed with agricultural land
Chemicals protection of plants and fertilizers.
Neous unnoticed wells,
Polluting underground aquifers.
Blurry, erosion of mining branches,
containing toxic substances. Petroleum pollution
(when mining, transportation, processing, etc.).
Low effectiveness of prevention measures
Water pollution: non-compliance with sanitary protection zones,
violation of the regulatory order
water management.
Intensive uneven exploitation of water intake
Wells promoting the formation of depression
funnel.

37. Elimination of water pollution

Self-cleaning
Sanitary
security
37

38. Factors of self-cleaning of open reservoirs

Physical factors:
Hydraulic
processes
Dilution
and
mixing pollutants with the bulk
water;
Mechanical precipitation processes of suspended
particles;
Lower
Water temperature is restrained
self-cleaning process;
Ultraviolet
solar
radiation
and
Increase temperature accelerate
process
self-cleaning of water.

39. Factors of self-cleaning of water bodies

Chemical factors - organic oxidation and
inorganic substances. Organic substances
Mineralized due to the activities of microorganisms.
Biochemical oxidation processes end
the formation of finite products - nitrates,
Carbonates, sulfates.

40. Factors of self-cleaning of water bodies

Biological factors - the interaction of water
vegetable
organisms
algae
Microscopic mushrooms, bacteriophages with organisms
incoming effluents. In this case, death occurs
Saprofit and pathogenic microorganisms.

41. Self-cleaning of reservoirs

Self-cleaning of groundwater occurs mainly
By filtering through the soil and due to processes
mineralization, which necessitates the liberation of water from
Organic impurities and microorganisms.
When self-cleaning surface water occurs
Dilution, deposition (sedimentation) pollutants
substances, mini microflora under the action of UFO,
low temperature, mineralization of organic substances.
Self-cleaning speed depends on the power of the reservoir and
The degree of pollution. In small and non-pecifications
The ability to self-cleaning is small.

42. Self-cleaning of water bodies

The greatest self-cleaning
Ability possess the flow
reservoirs in the warm season,
the smallest - closed, especially
Artificial.
42

43. Self-cleaning of water bodies

Indicator of water pollution
organic substances and intensity
The self-cleaning process is
Biochemical oxygen consumption
(BOD) - this is the amount of oxygen required
for complete biochemical oxidation of substances
contained in 1 l of water at a temperature of 20 ° C.

44.

Sanitary guard
Water sources
Legislative measures.
Hygienic rationing.
Administrative measures.
Technological measures.
Sanitary measures.
44

45. Events on sanitary protection of water sources

Technological
the change
Technology - anhydrous
production,
Reverse
water supply,
Reduction number
Wastewater;
Disposal
harmful
Substances, capture
valuable impurities.
Sanitary equipment
dilution,
disinfection
Wastewater;
Cleaning methods
effluents -
physical
chemical
biological.
Auxiliary
regulation
discharge;
separation of waste;
sanitary
control for
condition
Water sources.

46.

Properties I.
Water quality.
Hygienic
REQUIREMENTS TO
Quality of water
46

47.

Properties of water
Water quality
Health of the population
47

48. Water properties

Organoleptic
Chemical
Epidemiological
Radiation
color
smell
flavor
turbidity
Concentration of chemicals of natural
Origin
Concentration of chemicals
Anthropogenic origin
Availability
Availability
Availability
Availability
pathogenic bacteria
pathogenic simplest
pathogenic viruses
Gelming
Total -Radoactivity
Total -Radoactivity
48

49. Organoleptic properties

these are the qualities that can be determined from
The help of the senses, namely: color, smell,
taste, turbidity;
In natural sources, water can be
different colors: from brown, which give
Humine substances, to green, blue
due to the vital activity of algae;
The scene can also be the smell and taste
- from bitter and salted to hydrogen sulfide
(sulfur iron);
muddy water usually happens in superficial
reservoirs, especially due to their pollution.
49

50. The value of organoleptic indicators

form the relationship of the consumer to
water;
Determine the drinking mode,
Digestive activities
glands, secretory activities
stomach;
Specify contamination.
50

51. Chemical (salt) composition of water

Water natural sources has
a large amount of chemicals
Natural and anthropogenic
Origin.
Health depends on their concentration,
The incidence of man.
Water with inadequate content of chemical
Elements causes among the population
Development of endemic diseases.
51

52.

Hygienic requirements K.
Quality of water
Drinking water should be:
Safe B.
Epidemiological I.
radiation relationship;
harmless chemical
composition;
favorable by
Organoleptic properties.
52

53. Regulatory documents regulating water quality

GOST 27.61-84 "Sources of centralized
Economic and drinking water supply.
Hygienic and technical requirements and
Selection rules. "
Sanpin 2.1.4.1074-01 "Drinking water.
Hygienic requirements for water quality
Centralized drinking systems
water supply. Quality control".
Sanpin 2.1.1175-02 "Hygienic requirements
to the quality of the water of the non-centralized
water supply. Sanitary guard
Water sources. "

54.

The effect of water quality
on human health
54

55. Structure of the formation of a total (integral) risk of health

56.

According to WHO experts,
Non-free drinking water -
second after poverty risk factor
People's health violations. Availability for
population of drinking water sources
is one of the quality indicators
Life.
In the modern world about 800 million
man that is 13% of the population
The globe, annually suffer from
diseases transmitted through
Non-qualified water. Consumption
unsuitable water and lack
Elementary sanitary conditions are
The cause of annual death about 25
millions of people.

57. Number of the population of the Russian Federation, exposed to adverse factors of habitat and lifestyle

The population of the Russian Federation - 143 million people.
Insufficient motor activity - 116.4 million (81.4%).
Smoking - 50 million (35%).
Violation of water quality in microbiological
Indicators - 13 million (9.1%).
Violation of water quality by sanitary-chemical
Indicators - 10 million (6.7%).
Pollution of atmospheric air (over 5 PDC) - 5 million
(3,5%).
Alcohol abuse - 2.5 million (1.4%).
57

58. Endemic diseases

These are mass noncommunicable
diseases that develop
due to lack or excess
Certain chemical in water
and soil.
Registered on certain
Territories, called
Geochemical provinces.
58

59. Endemia

Endemic goiter (violation of iodine
balance, pathology of the thyroid gland,
Cretinism in children) - Mountain Altai, Urals,
Tomsk region.
Excess fluorine in water (more than 1.5 mg / l) leads to
Fluorosis of teeth in the population.
Lack of fluorine in drinking water (less than 0.5
mg / l) causes caries. This is explained
influence of fluorine on phosphoric calcium
exchange.
Effective primary measure
Prevention of caries is
artificial fluoridation of drinking water
(0.7-1.5 mg / l).
59

60. Regional water-related issues

On the territory of the Tomsk region wide
Durable diseases associated
with water factor: caries teeth and
opisthorchosis.
Ob-Irtysh Water Pool
is the world's largest natural
The focus of opistorhoz.
Low water quality in rural
terrain, lack of proper cleaning
water, use of groundwater with
high content of iron and
manganese.
60

61. The influence of the salt composition of water on the development of diseases

Component
PDK
Hygienic value
Fluorides
1.5 mg / l
Caries, fluorosis
Nitrate
45 mg / l
Methemoglobin formation
Sulfates
500 mg / l
Dispersal phenomena
Chlorida
350 mg / l
Violation of gastric
secretion, hypertension
Hardness of water
7-10 mg-eq / l
Urolithiaz
Iron
0.3 mg / l
Change of organolepticic
properties of water
Manganese
0.1 mg / l
Change of organolepticic
properties of water
Lead
0.03 mg / l
Defeat of the nervous system
Molybdenum
0.25 mg / l
Molybdenum Gout
Mercury
0.0005 mg / l
Minaamata's disease
Cadmium
0.001 mg / d
ITAY-ITAY DISEASE

62. Epidemiological value of water

The pathogens are transmitted by water:
Bacterial infections: cholera, abdominal
typhoid, parathy, dysentery, leptospirosis,
Tularevia (drinking water pollution
rodents), brucellosis, tuberculosis;
viral diseases: enterovirus,
infectious hepatitis, polio, as well as
caused by adenoviruses, coke virus, virus
basin conjunctivitis, etc.;
diseases caused by the simplest:
Amebiaza, Giardiasis, Balantidiasis.
Gelminthnosis: Askaridoza, Enterobiosis,
opisthorchosis; caused by the authorities and Rishta.

63. Epidemiological value of the water Rodnik "God's dew" Requirements for water of open natural pools

Place on reservoirs with running water
possessing self-cleaning;
Place the pool at a distance of 20-250 m
upstream of pollution sources;
On the surface of the water should not be visible
pollution;
Water transparency: white disk with a diameter of 20 cm
It should be visible at a depth of 4 m;
Depth of the pool for sports
swimming - not less than 1.7 m; For jumping into water with
heights 5 m - 3.8 m; From a height of 10 m - 4.5 m.

Water can not be replaced - it is different from almost all types of raw materials and fuel. Water can replace only the water itself!

Without water there is no life. Life on Earth arose when water appeared on it. Where there is water, look for a life nearby. On earth it is a lot, about 70% of the surface of the planet is covered with seas and oceans, but it is salt water. All major land ecosystems including human, depend on the presence of fresh water containing less than 0.01% of salts.

Modern consumption in the world of this precious mineral reaches 4000 m3 per year, i.e. Water for each resident of the planet accounts for 900 m3. This is a huge amount.

If only the physiological needs of a person were satisfied, they would have needed the minimum part of the specified value - about 2.5 liters per day per person. But this meager amount of water is not everywhere. The fifth of humanity feels a lack of fresh water and its poor quality.

It is known that an adult per day should receive 2.5-3 liters of water. So much to remove from the body. That is, in the human body there is a water balance. If he is broken, a person can just die. For example, a loss of a person of only 1-2% of the water will cause thirst, and 5% increases the body temperature due to the violation of thermoregulation. Heartbeat arises, there is muscle weakness, hallucinations. With loss of 10% and more water in the body there are such changes that can already be irreversible. A man will perceive from dehydration.

Water performs the main function in living organisms, it carries power cells. The absorption of water by the cell is a consequence of the difference in osmotic pressure on both sides of the membrane and can occur only if the concentration of salts is less than in the intracellular fluid. That is why fresh water needs for living organisms. A person who will drink sea water will die from dehydration of the body, as water will not be able to feed the cage.

The process of aging the body comes against the background of its dehydration. The human embryo contains 97% of water, a one-year-old child is 66%, faces aged 18 to 50 years -61%. In women, the level of decline in the dehydration of the body can reach 54%. The critical threshold of dehydration men cannot be below 57%.

Dirty water - habitat and broth for reproduction of a set of bacteria: cholera, abdominal typhoid, dysentery, Siberian ulcers, etc.

The water belongs to the most important role in the formation of the entire live matter of the planet. Being a natural universal solvent, it homogenizes all the necessary nutrients and ensures their cells of living organisms. And on what composition is water, such nutrition will be brought to live systems! Whether this is water devoid of pollutants, whether it is a hazardous chemical solution for a living matter.

The main sources of pollution of the hydrosphere: industrial wastewater, household, drainage water with irrigated land, organized and unorganized drains from the territory of settlements and industrial sites, water transport, etc.

According to the United Nations, the world is produced up to 1 million items per year not previously existing products. Including up to 100 thousand chemical compounds, of which more than 15 thousand are potential toxicants. According to expert estimates, up to 80% of all chemical compounds entering the external environment, sooner or later enters the water sources. It is estimated that more than 420 km3 of wastewater is emitted annually in the world, which are able to make up the use of about 7 thousand km3 clean water, which is 1.5 times the most river drain of the former USSR.

Many rivers used as drinking water sources contain, not less than 10% of purified wastewater. All over the world has already about 100 million people consume drinking water with a large content of sewage. If, in relation to surface water, efforts in the fight against pollution have some success, then purification from groundwater pollution is a more difficult task. Groundwater gives about 50% of drinking water in cities and up to 90% in rural areas. When water leakage into the aquifer, not all toxic substances are processed by microorganisms or filtered with soil. The most stable pollutants include chlorinated hydrocarbons, in particular trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, tetrachloromethane. Even bottled water from artesian wells contains acetaldehyde, benzene, dichlorpropane, diethyl alcohol, toluene, etc.

The main thing with hygienic positions requirement to the quality of drinking water is its safety in epidemiological terms. According to WHO, about 80% of all infectious diseases in the world are associated with unsatisfactory quality of drinking water. Most of the intestinal infections are transmitted by water: cholera, abdominal typhoids, parotitis, salmonellosis, etc. The role of water is proved in the spread of such diseases as hepatitis A and polio, helminthiasis.