All mushrooms are twins. How to distinguish false mushrooms from edible ones. Distinctive features of russula yellow and fly agaric toadstool

A fascinating activity is picking mushrooms. But success in this kind of sport depends on the ability to distinguish mushrooms, to find places where they grow, to know when and how they grow.

Mushrooms bear fruit from spring to late autumn, but unevenly, but in waves, or, as they say, in layers, when many fruit bodies grow in a short period. There are three or four such layers in total.

May is the first month of the mushroom calendar. At this time, snowdrop mushrooms appear - morels and lines. There is a sign - if a lot of morels were born in the spring, expect a large harvest of other mushrooms in the summer.

Morel and stitching

They are found mainly in pine forests, especially in clearings, in places of fires, conflagrations, on sandy soil.

These mushrooms are edible, but contain the poisonous Helvelic acid. Therefore, it is best to dry them, while the poison is completely destroyed after a month.

mushrooms cooked after drying are considered a delicacy and are not inferior to porcini mushrooms in taste and aroma.

At the end of May - beginning of June, the first layer of mushrooms sets in. They are often called spikelets, since they are the same age as a rye ear. These are boletus, aspen, and even white. The second layer of mushrooms - wheatgrass - appear in the harvest, during haymaking and linden blossom (June-July). The third layer - deciduous - occurs after the departure of swifts and cuckoos, when nuts and lingonberries ripen. It is the most productive, the longest, from the middle of August, the whole of September, and in warm autumn - until the middle of October. At this time, chanterelles, mushrooms, boletus, mushrooms, mushrooms, brilliant green appear.

Boletus (birch, black mushroom)

It is found only in birch or mixed with birch forests from May to October. Moisture-loving. The mushroom grows very quickly and quickly becomes soft and flabby. After boletus, it is the most delicious of the tubular mushrooms.

Borovik (porcini mushroom)

Grows in old pine, spruce, birch and oak-deciduous forests from May to October. The tubular layer at the bottom of the cap is finely porous, at first white, later yellow-green. The leg is white with a white mesh pattern. The pulp is strong, white, does not change color at the break, it tastes slightly sweet, with an appetizing smell of slightly toasted nuts.

Mosswheel (undersheet, goat lips)

Occurs in coniferous and deciduous forests near roads, in moss, on forest edges. Usually grows singly from June to November. The tubular layer at the bottom of the cap has large, uneven, angular pores, in young ones it is bright yellow, in old ones it is greenish-yellow.

Oiler

It grows in groups mainly in young pine forests, on forest edges, near roads, in new plantations from May to October. The bottom of the cap of a young mushroom is covered with a white "veil", which then breaks, and the rest of it in the form of a ring will remain on the stem of the mushroom.

Boletus (redhead, obabok)

It is found throughout the forest zone in dry mixed forests, under young trees and in deciduous woodlands, abundantly in aspen shoots. It grows from June to the end of leaf fall, until the very frosts.

The chanterelle is real

The hat is bright yellow, for which the mushroom got its name, at first it is convex with curled edges, then funnel-shaped with strongly wavy edges. It is found abundantly in all forests, especially in wet summers. They grow in large families in the first half of summer and autumn.

In fruitful years, you can pick mushrooms every day in the same place. Therefore, the mushroom picker must take care of the safety of the mycelium. In most cap mushrooms, the mycelium is perennial and lives for 15-25 years. It is very well adapted to various environmental changes and can tolerate severe frosts and droughts without harm. In order not to damage the mycelium, it is recommended to cut off the leg of the mushroom with a sharp knife, and not pull it out of the ground, as some would-be mushroom pickers do. It is even worse when the soil is picked and trampled. Old spore-bearing testis mushrooms should not be thrown on the ground, where it will uselessly rot, but rather carefully strung on a branch or branch of a bush so that the spores dry out and disperse. As they mature, the spores fall away and are carried everywhere by wind, water, insects and animals.

We wish you success, mushroom pickers!

Attention! Among our wild-growing mushrooms there are not only edible but also poisonous ones. Some poisonous mushrooms look very similar to edible mushrooms at first glance. These doubles should be especially wary of. That is why, when gathering for mushrooms, it is imperative to remember the main differences between good edible mushrooms and poisonous counterparts.

Gall mushroom (false white)

This inedible mushroom is very similar to the porcini mushroom at a young age. The main differences from boletus are: a dark mesh pattern on the leg, a dirty pink bottom of the cap, the flesh turns pink at the break, it tastes bitter (just lick the bottom of the cap).

Death cap

This is the most poisonous, deadly mushroom. It is rare, in deciduous forests at the edges and clearings.

Pepper mushroom (sheep)

Outwardly, the mushroom looks like a butter dish, but smaller. A tubular layer with large uneven pores and a yellowish red tint, bitter flesh.

Fly agaric

A very poisonous mushroom. It is often found, in places very abundant in birch and mixed forests.

False fox

In contrast to the edible chanterelle, in which the edges of the cap are curved, corrugated, in the false one, the funnel-shaped cap has an even edge. The color of a real chanterelle is bright yellow, and a false one is red-orange.

Russula pungently caustic

The cap of the mushroom has red and pink shades, the stem is white, even. This russula differs from food in that it tastes bitter and pungent (if you lick the cut of the leg).

Summer has come. The days are bright June. You will enter on such a bright day into the refreshing shade of the forest, and the sharp, slightly sweet, with unique shades of mushroom smell literally envelops you. Where is he from? Indeed, there are still few mushrooms in the June forest. A fertile smell comes from the mycelium, penetrating the forest floor, rotting stumps, fallen tree trunks, twigs and the soil itself. In the forest, it is warm and damp, thanks to the abundance of heat and moisture, the mycelium grows especially intensively, gaining strength. But for mushroom pickers, June is also a good time. There is something gilded on an old birch stump: many bright yellow mushrooms covered it like a hat. These are summer mushrooms. Found two or three such hemp - and the basket is full. Honey mushrooms are one of the first summer mushrooms. And this is not surprising. The wood of stumps and felled trunks warms up faster than the soil, and retains spring moisture for quite a long time - and mushrooms appear and grow on it. But take a closer look. Among the yellow-golden, as if saturated with water, summer mushroom caps flashed a cap that was even brighter, but not golden, but with a reddish tint, a cautiously poisonous sulfur-yellow false froth.

Summer honey mushroom

A connoisseur of Russian nature, S. T. Aksakov, wrote about such dangerous twin mushrooms: "It is noteworthy that many species of edible and good mushrooms, as they are sometimes called, have, as it were, accompanying toadstools mushrooms, somewhat similar in form and color to them." Poisons of false agarics also cause very serious poisoning. Summer honey fungus sulfur-yellow false foams often grow on the same stumps. The main difference is the plates. In summer honey fungus, they are yellow-brown, and when the mushroom is completely ripe, they are brown.

False Foam gray-yellow

In the sulfur-yellow false foams, they are first greenish, then yellow-green, sulfur-colored, and when the mushroom is old - purple-brown. The autumn mushroom, whose kingdom is in September, and the winter mushroom, which replaces it in October-November, also have twins. The yellowish-brown caps of these edible mushrooms often take on a reddish tint, and then they are easily confused with the brick-red pseudo-froth that appears at the same time. Mushrooms can be distinguished again by the plates.

Autumn honey agaric

In edible autumn and winter mushrooms, even in overripe ones, they are always light white, creamy, yellowish. In brick-red pseudo-froth, at first they are also light, whitish, but as the mushrooms mature, they quickly become lilac-brown or even black-olive. Both edible mushrooms and false pigs usually grow in large groups, in each such group you can always find a mature mushroom with clearly colored plates.

False froth brown-red

On the edges of vegetable gardens, on pastures, on the manured soil of gardens and parks, mushrooms appear in June - common and field. In our middle lane, their poisonous counterparts have not yet grown - the pale grebe and some fly agarics. In June, champignons can be safely picked. But from July and later, the field mushroom, which grows at the edge of the forest, as well as the forest mushroom, is easy to confuse with the pale toadstool - one of the most dangerous mushrooms. There is no antidote for the venom of the pale toadstool yet.

The sinister fame of the pale toadstool as a deadly poisonous mushroom has long been known.

Common champignon

From the times of Ancient Rome, the legend has come down to us that the Roman emperor Claudius was poisoned with a pale toadstool. The emperor liked the delicate taste of toadstool so much that he managed to issue a decree that only this mushroom should be served at his table. Claudius was probably the only person who spoke about the taste of pale toadstool. Its poisons - phalloidin, phalloin and amanitin - are especially insidious. They act slowly. The first signs of poisoning appear only after six to twelve hours, and sometimes even after a day, when the poisons have already penetrated into the bloodstream and managed to affect all the most important organs: hematopoietic, digestive, nervous system, and when it is no longer possible to help the victim. That is why it is so important to know all the signs of this mushroom well. The pale grebe belongs to the family of poisonous fly agaric. Amanita panther, grebe and smelly fly agarics appear at the same time. With its grayish-green and whitish-yellowish cap and ring on the leg, this poisonous family resembles edible champignons. But they are given by the color of the plates. Their plates are always white or slightly creamy, while in champignons they are first whitish or dirty pink, and then dark brown or even black-brown from ripening dark-colored spores. In addition, the base of the leg in fly agarics and pale toadstools is swollen, and on it is a collar of large scales or warts. Poisonous fly agarics - grebe-like and smelly - can also be confused with russules, which have a greenish or grayish cap, since russula and fly agaric have always white plates. It is possible to confuse toadstool-like fly agaric with edible green tea. Here, in order not to be mistaken, you need to carefully examine the leg of the mushroom. Amanita must have a ring on it, or at least traces of it and a thickening at the base. Legs of russula and greenfinches without a ring, slender, smooth. Another good edible mushroom grows here, a float, with which fly agarics are similar. It appears in July - August in clearings in a variety of forests. Like many fly agarics, the base of the leg of the float is thickened, but there is no ring on it. The color of the cap is very different: from white to yellow-brown or saffron.

There is one exception among this genus of amanita mushrooms hostile to man. In the southern regions of our country and in the Carpathians, the Caesar mushroom is rarely found. There is a lot of it in the countries of Central and Western Europe. On the streets of Sofia on Sunday. on the evening of August, you can see the townspeople returning from the forests. Mesh bags and clear bags are full of mushrooms that make you shiver at a glance! From there stick out bright red-orange "fly agaric", with a thickened leg, only without white scales on the cap. This is the famous royal, or Caesar, mushroom, which was served in ancient Rome only at the table of the emperor and the most noble patricians.

Death cap

In August, when there are a lot of porcini mushrooms, gall fungus, or false white, is often found. It is bitter, but is not considered poisonous in the literature. However, a gall fungus caught in a roast of whites will cause me serious poisoning. This double of white grows in pine forests in spruce forests, advantage on sandy soil, it is often found. It is very similar to white in shape and brown or brownish cap. But it is given by the color of the tubes, a dirty pink, as well as the pulp, turning pink at the break. The white mushroom is called so because both its pulp and tubules are white. Only with age, the tubules turn slightly yellow or green. There is another difference - a mesh pattern on the leg. In the porcini mushroom, it is white, and in the gall mushroom, it is black-brown, clearly visible on a light stalk. The gall mushroom usually accompanies the white one throughout September. Recently, mushroom pickers have grown fond of young raincoats. And for good reason! These mushrooms are surprisingly fragrant, although their flesh is less tender. Raincoats are edible as long as they are pure white both inside and out. With age, as they mature, their insides darken, turning into powder of brown spores. Their counterparts - false raincoats - are easy to distinguish. Even when young, they are purple-black inside with white veins and are quite tough. Pick mushrooms with care and only those you know well. It doesn't matter if you have fewer mushrooms in your basket. The trouble is if at least one poisonous one gets there.

The origin of mushrooms

Scientists suggest that fungi evolved from primitive flagellate organisms that live in water - flagellates. This was before the divergence of the main line of living organisms into plants and animals.

Mushrooms are the oldest inhabitants of the Earth. Geological data indicate that they are the same age as the primary fern plants and lungfish. Fungi already existed about 413 million years ago during the Devonian period of the Paleozoic era. They "very quickly" adapted to the environment and reached their full development in about 220-240 million years, in the Tertiary period of the Cenozoic era, when a variety of mammals, birds, insects, trees, shrubs, grasses already lived on Earth.

Along with plants and animals, fungi are an independent kingdom of living organisms - this is the point of view of most scientists. The nature of metabolism, the presence of chitin in the cell membranes brings mushrooms closer to animals, however, in the way of feeding and reproduction, in unlimited growth, they are more akin to plants. Solving the question - what are mushrooms - is one of the most interesting tasks of mycology - the science of mushrooms.

Hat mushrooms grow in 3-6 days, die in 10-14 days. But there are also centenarians among them. These are mushrooms that are part of lichens that live up to 600 years. The woody fruiting bodies of polypores live on trees for 10-20 years. As for the mycelium, in most mushrooms it is perennial, as they say, in particular, the "witch's rings".

During the period of growth of the fruiting bodies of fungi, the pressure of the contents of the cells on their membrane (turgor pressure) sharply increases. It has been established that the pressure exerted by such elastic cells and tissues on neighboring cells, tissues or surrounding objects can reach seven atmospheres, which corresponds to the pressure in the tires of a 10-ton dump truck and is more than three times higher than the pressure in the tires of a Zhiguli car. ... That is why it is often necessary to observe how mushrooms break through asphalt, cement and even concrete or the crust of desert takyrs, which is not inferior to them in hardness.

Some mushrooms

Sheep - so named two edible mushrooms from the genus of tinder fungus - branched umbrella. The mushrooms are very large, up to 4-6 kilograms. They consist of numerous caps (from several dozen to two or three hundred, and sometimes thousands), sitting on one thick leg. A ram grows at the foot of the trunks of broad-leaved trees in August-September.

Blagushka is a forest mushroom. It got its name from the word "good" that is, good, edible. Unlike its relatives - the champignon, lovers of open spaces - meadows, pastures, steppes, blagus grows in the forest and often in an unusual place - on anthills! It is assumed that our ants, like tropical ants, feed on its mycelium.

Veselka is a mushroom from the group of raincoats or nutreviks, with a strong, unpleasant odor that attracts flies, carriers of its spores. It is also called a "smelly morel" for a folded, like a morel, cap. The record holder in terms of growth rate is five millimeters per minute. Young mushroom, egg-shaped, white, edible. The mucous membrane of a young fungus is used in folk medicine for rheumatism ("earth oil"). Grows in deciduous forests in July - September.

Oyster mushroom is an edible lamellar mushroom that grows on dead wood or weakened deciduous trees. Appears in May, hence - "spring mushroom", "oyster mushroom". In the Caucasus, this mushroom is called "plane trees", probably because it grows there on the trunks of broad-leaved trees, including the eastern plane tree, or plane tree. The mushroom is successfully grown in artificial conditions from a specially prepared mycelium. Can be grown on waste wood throughout the country.

Gladysh, euphorbia is an edible mushroom with abundant milky juice, hence its second name. The reddish-yellow cap is very dense, fleshy, smooth, which is why the mushroom was named - smooth. In salting, it will not yield to mushroom. Grows in deciduous and mixed forests in August - September.

Mushroom cabbage is an edible mushroom from the horned family with a morel flavor and a hazelnut scent. It resembles a loose head of cabbage. Grows on soil in pine forests in August - September, is very rare.

Whites, chanterelles, honey agarics, champignons, russula ... Russian forests boast an abundance of various mushrooms. The variety of their species just leads to severe poisoning, reports of which with the beginning of each mushroom season appear in the media. Going on a "quiet hunt", it will not be superfluous to remember what the doubles of mushrooms look like, how they differ from the representatives that are so desirable in our basket. After all, being informed is a reliable way to avoid the grave consequences of poisoning with the "wrong" gifts of the forest.

There are no mushrooms more toxic than pale toadstools - the insidious counterparts of russula and champignon mushrooms. Many believe that its appearance should resemble something foul-smelling, fragile and subtle. In fact, the appearance of this poisonous mushroom inspires confidence: a large, rather fleshy fruit with a "skirt" on a leg and a good smell. At a young age, the grebe resembles an oblong egg. The color of the cap is white, yellowish olive or light green. This one can be found from June to October in both coniferous and deciduous forests. Tasting the pale toadstool is usually fatal. Moreover, the symptoms of poisoning manifest themselves only after a day and quickly pass. On days 7-10, a person dies from acute renal or liver failure.

The often dangerous counterparts of the mushrooms bear an incredible resemblance to their edible twins. So, the gall mushroom, which is found in coniferous forests from mid-summer to September, can be easily confused with white. Experienced mushroom pickers identify the gall mushroom by the white tubular layer, pinking pulp and bitterness. This mushroom is not poisonous. At the same time, it is inedible. If it accidentally ends up in a cooked dish, it will be impossible to correct the bitter taste of food.

Satanic is less like a white mushroom than a gall mushroom, however, and it sometimes ends up on the dinner table. Dangerous and can be identified by the pulp. It has a yellowish color, turns blue or slightly reddens on the cut.

There are duplicates of mushrooms known as common honey agarics. There are several species of false honey agarics growing in large groups on decaying wood. The most dangerous are two of these: sulfur-yellow and brick-red false mushrooms. It is important to be able to distinguish between poisonous and edible honey mushrooms, for which it is enough to carefully look at the characteristic color of the cap and the absence of scales on it. There is no “skirt” ring on the leg of the poisonous honey fungus. If a pleasant, typically mushroom smell comes from a real honey fungus, then false ones smell unpleasant.

Mushroom twins, very similar to chanterelles, are considered conditionally edible. They are also called chanterelles, only false. You can meet orange-red mushrooms with caps wrapped in a funnel on the stumps and trunks of coniferous trees.

Mushroom pickers collect gifts from the forest in order to extract undeniable health benefits from them. But almost all have their antipodes, which, if not deadly poisonous, are unfit for human consumption. You can save yourself from many troubles that the doubles of edible mushrooms deliver if you bypass the dubious ones and send only those mushrooms to the basket that you are 100 percent sure of.

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Kira Stoletova

Sometimes in the basket instead of the desired, everyone's favorite mushrooms, poisonous varieties, which include the counterparts of the "king of the forests" - the porcini mushroom, are included.