International Trade Services: Features, Structure and Dynamics International statistics suggests that world trade of services is one of the fastest growing sectors of the world economy. According to the World Bank, exports of services for the 1980s 1998 grew by 3, 6 times, increasing by an average of 8% per year. An increase in trade in goods over the same period was less significant - at 2, 8 times (6% annually). In 1999, the exports of services amounted to $ 1338 billion, or 19, 5% of the export of goods.

The concept of "service" has a wide range of definitions. In general, under the service, it is customary to understand a variety of activities that do not have material form explicitly. The differences between services from goods in material form in the fact that, firstly, they are not tangible and invisible; secondly, they cannot be stored; Thirdly, the production and consumption of services, as a rule, coincide in time and place.

This causes the features of international trade in services compared to international trade in goods. Among them: 1) Exports (imports) of services often require the immediate meeting of the seller and the buyer; 2) the export of services includes providing services to foreign citizens who are at the customs territory of the seller's country; 3) the range of services offered in world markets less than their range in the domestic market and less nomenclature of goods involved in international trade; 4) Trade of services has a specific regulatory regulatory framework both at the national and international levels.

Problems of regulating the International Services Market The World Market of Services is governed by international organizations. Among some reasons that make it difficult to regulate international trade in services, the following are as follows: 1) difficulties associated with the valuation of the cost of exported services. 2) the frequent presence of both commercial and non-commercial components in the export of services. This situation is characteristic of exporting educational, medical, audit and consulting services from developed countries to developing countries and countries with economies in transition; 3) Insufficient attention paid to the issue of regulating international trade in the services of national and international organizations, for example, the absence of relevant legislative acts.

For a long time, the Services, according to the international standard classification adopted by the United Nations, belonged to "naughtious" goods, i.e., goods that are consumed in the same country where they are produced. With the development of NTP, the internationalization of economic life, some of the services were involved in the worldwood turnover and the term "traded services" appeared, which, on the recommendation of the IMF, are reflected in the balance of payments of the country

Services are also divided into: - factor services - payments arising in connection with the international movement of factors of production, primarily capital and labor (income on investment, royalties and licensing payments, salary of non-residents); - non-infact services - other types of services (transport, travel and other non-financial services).

In the past two decades, the following trends in the development of its individual segments were clearly shown in the global services: - the share of freight and other transport services decreased (from 42, 0% in 1980 to 21, 9% in 1999), which is associated with a decrease in the specific raw weight in international trade; - the share of tourism in the export of services increased, which is due to the growth of income of the population, improving the means of transport, the development of tourism infrastructure (from 28, 0% to 43, 2% in 1980 -1999); - in terms of absolute growth and significance in the total volume of global exports of services main (44, 7%) and the most dynamically developing became the "Special Private Services" segment, which includes financial, insurance, auditing, consulting and other services; - There was a reduction in the share of official and government services.

Intensive development of international trade in services in the post-war period, became the factors: - NTP, which contributed to the growth of the production of services, the emergence of their new types and expansion of their applications; - long-term economic ascent in most countries of the world, accompanied by an increase in business activity, labor productivity, the well-being of the people; - increase in the share of services in the structure of GDP in many countries of the world; - Development of international trade in goods and technologies, capital migration.

Modern features of trade in services The geographical focus of trade in services is characterized by even greater asymmetricness in favor of developed states than the international trade in goods. The share of developed countries in the world exports of services is about 90% and exceeds their share in the export of goods. Developed countries are the main exporters and importers of services. In 1999, the share of Western European countries in the world exports of services was 46, 2%, USA - 19, 5%, Japan - 4, 4%.

The share of developing countries in international trade in services at the expense of South Asian services exporters has increased: South Korea, specializing in engineering and construction services, Xianghan and Singapore, focused on financial services, etc. At the same time, these countries continue to remain mainly by the importers of the services. The top ten largest exporters are not a single developing country.

Developed countries specialize in the provision of business services, developing countries - on providing tourist services (approximately 17% of all foreign exchange earnings). The share of countries with transition economies is low - 3, 5% and 2, 9% in world exports and import services, respectively. In the region of Central and Eastern Europe, the Baltic and the CIS, the greatest specific weight in the provision of services belongs to Russia, the most competitive on the global services market of the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary.

The degree of monopolization of world trade of services is much higher than international trade in goods. Foreign share in the balancetie in the French bank "Credit Lyon", which occupies the 9th place in the world rank list, is 46, 4%. In the secondary insurance market, 32 largest insurance companies focused more than 70% of its volume in their hands. Each of the 6 largest audit companies in the world (Arthur. Andersen, KPMG, Ernst-I-Yang, Kupers and Librend, DTT, Pricewaterhus) has its own representative offices in more than 110 countries The world, and their overall share in industry income is estimated at 30%. 60% of the global consulting services market is concentrated in the hands of 40 companies.

The settlement of the basic principles of international trade in services was one of the discussion issues of the Uruguayan round of negotiations within the GATT. Until this time, on an international scale, regulation in this area took place only within the framework of specialized organizations, including codes developed in the OECD, that is, was practically absent. Already at the beginning of the negotiations, a contradiction was manifested between developed and developing countries. The first group believed that the sale of services should be included in the overall system for regulating international trade, and the second adhered to the point of view that the services should be separated from the material goods. As a result of this, at the beginning of the Uruguay Round, a separate negotiation group of services was created. As a sample and as a basis for negotiations, GATT was taken, however, due to significant differences in moving through the border of goods and services, a completely new agreement was issued - the General Agreement on Commerce Services, Gasts (General Agreement on Trade in Services, Gats).

In recent years, the share of services is approximately a quarter of the total world exports. For example, in 1991, it was 25.0%, in 1993 - 28.6, in 1996 - 23.9%. However, these figures reflect the cost of only those services that are recorded in the balance of payments and are taken into account by international statistics. According to experts, the actual amount of services involved in the international turnover is significantly higher. Such discrepancies are explained by the special features of the services.

Services are a special type of product, the consumer value of which appears mainly in an inadequacy. True, in some cases, the provision of services can be mediated by material carriers. This concerns such services as software, execution of works of art, design developments. Accordingly, tape recorders, movies, project documentation, etc. can act as material carriers.

According to the UN classification, the Services are divided into 160 species in 12 sections in 12 sections:

1. Business services, including 46 sectoral species.

2. Communication services - 25 species.

3. Construction and engineering services - 5 species.

4. Distributor services - 5 species.

5. Securing services - 5 species.

6. Environmental protection - 4 types.

7. Financial services, including insurance - 17 species.

8. Services in health and social services - 4 types.

9. Tourism and travel - 4 types.

10. Services in the field of leisure, culture and sports - 5 species.

11. Transport services - 33 species.

12. Other services.

Features of international trade in services are as follows. First, the production and consumption of most services coincides in time. This eliminates their storage and transportation. Therefore, the exchange of services is carried out mainly by direct contacts between their manufacturers and consumers. Secondly, the sale of services is closely interconnected with trade in goods. The same applies to movement through the national borders of capital and labor force, which is impossible without banking, information, transport and other similar services. Thirdly, trade in services is more controlled and protected by the state from foreign competition, compared with trade in goods. This is due to the fact that many sectors of services (transport and communications, banking and insurance services, education, health care, etc.) are directly related to the provision of national security. Fourth, not all types of services, unlike products, are suitable for broad involvement in international economic turnover. This is primarily communal and domestic services.

The structure of world exports of services dominate transport services and international tourism. At the same time, many services are not taken into account by international statistics, which leads to inclusion of the real cost of exchange of services. This applies, in particular, a significant share of information services, service and after-sales service, which accompany the movement of goods and is included in their cost.

The largest exporters of services are leading developed countries. They account for about 2/3 of world exports.

Defining international trade in services as a specific form of world economic relations for the exchange of services between sellers and buyers of different countries, experts pay attention to its features:

International trade in services is closely conjugated and (or) is interconnected with trade in physical goods. As a rule, the purchase and sale of material goods entails a whole train of services: marketing, transport, financial, insurance, service (serving). And the more technically harder and more expensive the material benefit, the wider the circle of services associated with its movement. At the same time, trade in services is increasingly promoted by the promotion of physical products in the foreign market: marketing research and analysis of markets, financial and information support, the improvement of transport support and other services "are paving the road" material goods and increase the efficiency of trade. Thus, if traditionally, the physical products "pulled" services for themselves, then at present, with very tough competition in the global market of physical goods "pushing" them in other countries is carried out using and thanks to services.

In terms of its specifics, not all services can be an object of foreign trade. According to the criterion of possible participation in international trade, all services are divided into three groups:

services that may be an object of foreign trade. For example, transport services include international tourism, financial, insurance, banking services;

services that, by virtue of their features, cannot be offered in the global market. Usually they include utility services, part of household services. Note that the circle of such services is gradually narrows;

services that can be and not to be an object of foreign trade. These include most of the services; Their spectrum expands as scientific and technological progress. So, the services of a fast food system, cultural institutions, health, sports, etc. are increasingly drawn into the foreign trade turnover.

International trade in services to a greater extent than trade in physical goods:

secondly protected from foreign competition. Many countries believe that large-scale service imports may pose a threat to sovereignty and security. Therefore, international trade in services is regulated by the state more rigidly;

monopolized. "Foreign share in the French bank" Credit Lyon, which occupies the ninth place in the world rating list, is 46.4%. In the secondary insurance market, 32 largest insurance companies focused more than 70% of its volume in their hands. Each of the six largest audit The world companies have their own offices in more than 110 countries of the world, and their total industry share is estimated at 30%, 60% of the global consulting services market is concentrated in the hands of 40 companies ";

International services are developed by high rates. According to the VTO SecretariatThe capacity of the global service market in 1998 was more than 3 trillion. dollars However, the statistics of international trade services registered the cost of world exports of 1.8 trillion services. dollars. This is due to the imperfection of statistical accounting systems of all four ways to sell services. PO is estimated, in 2020 Mirways the export of services can be compared with world exports of goods.

The leading growth rates of international trade in services and the expansion of their positions in the economy of all countries are a characteristic feature of the development of the modern world economy.

The dynamics of services of services determines a number of long-term factors of economic development.

Scientific and Technical Progress - This is one of the main circumstances, changing not only the place of services in the economy, but also the traditional idea of \u200b\u200bthis sector of the economy. Segal services are high-tech industries that use the latest information technology.

The very concept of "service" is determined today by a group of educational sectors such as transport, global telecommunication systems, financial and credit and banking services, combined with electronics, computer and information services, modern health care, education. In the mid-90s, 80% of information technology, Great Britain and Japan was sent to the US scope of US services - about 75%.

In the field of services, the formation of large and largest transnational corporations intensified. Here are characteristic figures illustrating this process. In 1997, among the next TNCs of the world, according to Forchun magazine, 48 was in the service sector, and 52 in industry.

In the 80s and 90s, the scope of services (their production and international exchange) has become a major sector of business operations. The share of services is 55-68% in the inner gross product of most countries of the world. In the production of services is employed by 55-70% of the economy. The share of services in international trade in goods and services exceeded 20% of their total cost.

The development of the structure of the service sector occurs in several directions.

Previously, this is the emergence of absolutely new types of services, such as computer services, information networks, e-commerce, logistics (or commodity flow management), global transport systems that use many types of transport combined into continuous transport chains, etc.

Further, it is active incense and allocation of a number of services that previously wore an intramed auxiliary nature into independent branches. This one refers to marketing services, advertising, auditing, accounting and legal services and many other types of services that have become independent business spheres.

Finally, the formation of large integrated companies supplying the consumer "Package" of services, which makes it possible to use one service provider, not having improving other specific service providers with a noticeable phenomenon. According to such a principle, large transport companies that take on all the transport chains associated with the transport chain and the delivery of services and provide the consumer of transport services the possibility of shipping "from door to doors" and "exactly at the appointed time".

As a result, a multifaceted, multifunctional world market was developed and an acute need arose in creating an adequate system of multilateral regulation of international trade in services. Thus, in the mid-80s, for the first time, international exchange of services became the subject of comprehensive international negotiations, and from January 1995 began to operate as part of the All-Russian Trade Organization (WTO).

Tovara And international trade services are closely interrelated and interact with each other, and this is one of the reasons for the inclusion of services in the maintenance of the WTO. Many types of services stood out in independent sectors of international trade at a certain level of development of the exchange of goods. So, international transport, banking and insurance, logistics and many other branches of services arose. However, they retained a close connection with trade in goods. Any foreign trade operation with goods would be impossible without the use of transport, telecommunications, banking services, insurance, electronic storage and information processing systems and many others. On the one hand, many types of services are in demand, as they serve trade. Therefore, when servicing international trade in goods, internationally exchange services depends on the growth rates, structure and geographical distribution of commodity flows in international trade. On the other hand, it would be a serious mistake to not be noted that the development of international trade in goods and services depends on a number of common depths, global processes occurring in the world. This determined the structure of this work, the main purpose of which is to give the reader a fairly complete and systemic understanding of international trade in services and the current regulatory system acting within the WTO of the Multilateral system against the background of the growing internationalization and globalization of the economy.

Trade in goods and services along with some other items are included in the current payment balance operations of any country. Negotiations on the liberalization of trade in services are carried out in parallel with the negotiations on the liberalization of trade in goods. However, there are serious qualitative differences between goods and services, as well as in the organization and technology of international trade. Table 13 presents the main indicators that distinguish products from services.

Table 13.

Differences of goods and services

It is because of the infections and invisibility of most services, trade in them is sometimes called invisible exports and imports. Unlike products, the production of services is often combined with their exports within a single contract and requires the immediate meeting of the seller and the buyer. However, in this case there are numerous exceptions. For example, some services are quite tangible (printed consultant report or a computer program on a diskette), quite visible (model haircut or theatrical representation), can be stored (telephone autistic service) and not always require direct interaction of the buyer and seller (automatic issuance of money in the bank on receivables).

International trade of services compared to trade in goods has the following features:

· it is not regulated on the border, but within the country the relevant provisions of domestic legislation . The absence or availability of the fact of intersection of the border service cannot act as a criterion for exporting services (as well as a currency in which this service is paid);

· services are not subject to storage . They are produced and at the same time consumed. Therefore, most types of services are based on direct contracts between their manufacturers and consumers;

· production and implementation of services have greater state protection than the scope of material production and trade . Transport, communication, financial and insurance services, science, education, health care in many countries are in full or partial ownership of the state or under strict control;

· international Trade Services is in close relationship with trade in goods and has a strong impact on it. . For example, the impact of the field of services to trade in high-tech goods, requiring large amounts of maintenance, information and various consulting services;

· not all types of services, unlike goods, may be the subject of trade. . Services coming mainly in personal consumption cannot be involved in an international economic turnover.

The key in the trade in the service is that in most cases at some point there should be a physical contact of the buyer and the seller service. Only in this case, the transaction of international purchase and sale services will take place. Exists several transaction mechanismsaccording to international trade in services:

· Buyer mobility . Buyers of services that are residents of one country come to the seller of services that is a resident of another country. The buyer's mobility is usually based on the fact that he can get a service, which is either absent in his country (tourism), or the quality of which is higher (education, medical care), or its value below (warehousing of goods, repair of ships).

· Mobility of the seller . The seller of services, which is a resident of one country comes to the buyer of services that is a resident of another country. The mobility of the seller is usually based on either the fact that his recipient is abroad and cannot move to the seller (audit and accounting services for enterprises), or on a specific nature of the service itself (construction).

· Simultaneous Mobility of the Seller and Buyer or mobile nature of the service itself. Both the seller, and the buyer or at the same time together use the service (international telephone conversation), or gather in the third country (International Conference), or the Seller provides the buyer through a service in a third country (sending foreign specialists from the World Bank Representative Office to the CIS countries to provide technical assistance).

International statistics suggests that the sale of services is one of the fastest growing sectors of the world economy.

The causes of such growth are very diverse. A sharp reduction in transport costs increased the degree of mobility of manufacturers and consumer services; New forms and means of satellite communications and video equipment in some cases make it possible to completely abandon the personal contact of the seller and the buyer. The technological process made it possible to increase the demand for those services that previously had a commodity form. This applies to financial services, services of banks, insurance firms.

There are certain difficulties in statistical accounting of the volumes of services provided. The difficulty of counting is related to the fact that, as a rule, services are provided complete with goods. Moreover, the cost of the service often constitutes a significant proportion of the price of goods. Often services are featured in intra-profit exchange. In this case, it is often impossible to express and determine their cost, because these types of services there are no market at all. In some cases, the service department is impossible (for example, treatment of a patient with drugs).

From the statistical report "drop out" revenues on banking and insurance transactions, if they are reinvested in the same country in which they were obtained.

In this regard, according to a number of scientists, the official statistics of the balance of payments, which indicates the annual turnover under the article "Services" can not give an accurate understanding of the extent of international trade in services, whose magnitude, according to a number of experts, turns out to be understated
by 40-50%.

The geographical distribution of trade in services provided by individual countries is extremely uneven in favor of developed states.

On the global services market, eight leading countries are currently dominated by more than 50% of exports and import services. The share of the first five is about 40% of exports. At the same time, four countries: USA, Great Britain, Germany, France account for more than 35% of all world exports of services.

For developing countries, the presence of a negative balance in foreign trade in services is characterized, while some of them are large exporters of services. So, for example, the Republic of Korea specializes in engineering and consulting and construction services, Mexico - on tourist, Singapore is a major financial center. Many small island states are obtained by the main part of export revenue at the expense of tourism.

As for Russia, other CIS countries and the Baltic countries, then although they have potential reserves for the development of tourism, transport services (organize shipping), their widespread exports are hampered by a weak material base as well as the disadvantages of the economic mechanism. For its part, Western European countries are high quality of their services complement the use of a wide range of restrictions on the use of foreign services, including from the CIS countries.

If we talk about the distribution of the cost of services for individual species, tourism and transport are most important in world trade. The world's largest trading fleet belongs to Japan, followed by the United Kingdom, Germany and Norway. Shipping is 50% of the export of services of this country. In the market of freight and passenger transport services dominate the United States, further - the United Kingdom, France. They also hold the palm of championship in the field of foreign tourism. France, Italy, Canada, Switzerland, where tourism brings 40-50% of export revenue to be a large amount of tourism services.

For Turkey, Spain and a number of Mediterranean states, the export of labor in the form of departure of non-discorded workers to work is important.